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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Synopsis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Synopsis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Synopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Act_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Act 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Act 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Act 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Act_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Act_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Act 4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Macbeth</i> (Verdi)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Macbeth (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Macbeth (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(ooper)" title="Macbeth (ooper) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Macbeth (ooper)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Macbeth (ópera) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macbeth (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A8%D8%AB_(%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="مکبث (اپرا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکبث (اپرا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macbeth (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Macbeth (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC)" title="맥베스 (오페라) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥베스 (오페라)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9_(%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1)" title="Մակբեթ (օպերա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մակբեթ (օպերա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%AA%27_(%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99)" title="מקבת' (ורדי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקבת' (ורדי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Macbeth (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9_(%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3)" title="マクベス (ヴェルディ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクベス (ヴェルディ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makbet_(opera)" title="Makbet (opera) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Makbet (opera)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(%C3%B3pera)" title="Macbeth (ópera) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macbeth (ópera)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(oper%C4%83)" title="Macbeth (operă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Macbeth (operă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Макбет (опера) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макбет (опера)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Магбет (опера) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магбет (опера)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(ooppera)" title="Macbeth (ooppera) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Macbeth (ooppera)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Macbeth (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(opera)" title="Macbeth (opera) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Macbeth (opera)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Макбет (опера) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макбет (опера)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Macbeth (Verdi)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E7%99%BD_(%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87)" title="馬克白 (歌劇) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬克白 (歌劇)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Opera by Giuseppe Verdi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic;"><i>Macbeth</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lix_-_Auguste_Trichon_-_Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Macbeth_(1865_revision)_-_Original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lix_-_Auguste_Trichon_-_Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Macbeth_%281865_revision%29_-_Original.jpg/290px-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lix_-_Auguste_Trichon_-_Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Macbeth_%281865_revision%29_-_Original.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lix_-_Auguste_Trichon_-_Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Macbeth_%281865_revision%29_-_Original.jpg/435px-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lix_-_Auguste_Trichon_-_Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Macbeth_%281865_revision%29_-_Original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lix_-_Auguste_Trichon_-_Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Macbeth_%281865_revision%29_-_Original.jpg/580px-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lix_-_Auguste_Trichon_-_Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Macbeth_%281865_revision%29_-_Original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="3229" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Illustration by Frédéric Lix of the 1865 version's première</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Librettist</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave" title="Francesco Maria Piave">Francesco Maria Piave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Maffei" title="Andrea Maffei">Andrea Maffei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Italian (1847)</li> <li>French (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data">Shakespeare's play <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Premiere</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="vevent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>14 March 1847<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1847-03-14</span>)</span> (Italian)</li> <li>21 April 1865<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1865-04-21</span>)</span> (French)</li></ul> </div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="summary"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola" title="Teatro della Pergola">Teatro della Pergola</a>, Florence</span> (Italian)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique" title="Théâtre Lyrique">Théâtre Lyrique</a>, Paris</span> (French)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Macbeth</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈmakbet;<span class="wrap"> </span>makˈbɛt]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an opera in four acts by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, with an Italian <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave" title="Francesco Maria Piave">Francesco Maria Piave</a> and additions by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Maffei" title="Andrea Maffei">Andrea Maffei</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">play of the same name</a>. Written for the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola" title="Teatro della Pergola">Teatro della Pergola</a> in Florence, <i>Macbeth</i> was Verdi's tenth opera and premiered on 14 March 1847. It was the first Shakespeare play that Verdi adapted for the operatic stage. Almost twenty years later, <i>Macbeth</i> was revised and expanded into a French version and given in Paris on 21 April 1865. </p><p>After the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Attila_(opera)" title="Attila (opera)">Attila</a></i> in 1846, by which time the composer had become well-established, <i>Macbeth</i> came before the great successes of 1851 to 1853 (<i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i>) which propelled him into universal fame. As sources, Shakespeare's plays provided Verdi with lifelong inspiration: some, such as an adaption of <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i> (as <i><a href="/wiki/Re_Lear" title="Re Lear">Re Lear</a></i>) were never realized, but he wrote his two final operas using <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i> as the basis for <i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> (1887) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></i> as the basis for <i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> (1893). </p><p>The first version of <i>Macbeth</i> was completed during the time that Verdi described as his "galley years," which ranged over 16 years<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one that saw the composer produce 22 operas. By the standards of the subject matter of almost all Italian operas during the first fifty years of the 19th century, <i>Macbeth</i> was highly unusual. The 1847 version was very successful, and it was presented widely. Pleased with his opera and with its reception, Verdi wrote to Antonio Barezzi, his former father-in-law and long-time supporter, about two weeks after the premiere: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have long intended to dedicate an opera to you, who have been father, benefactor, and friend to me. It was a duty I should have fulfilled sooner if imperious circumstances had not prevented me. Now, I send you <i>Macbeth</i> which I prize above all my other operas, and therefore deem worthier to present to you.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 1865 revision, produced in a French translation and with several additions, was first given on 21 April. It was less successful, and the opera largely faded from public view until the mid-20th century revivals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_history">Composition history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_1847_version">Original 1847 version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Original 1847 version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maffei,_Andrea_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maffei%2C_Andrea_1862.jpg/170px-Maffei%2C_Andrea_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maffei%2C_Andrea_1862.jpg/255px-Maffei%2C_Andrea_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maffei%2C_Andrea_1862.jpg/340px-Maffei%2C_Andrea_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Andrea Maffei, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>Influenced by his friendship in the 1840s with <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Maffei" title="Andrea Maffei">Andrea Maffei</a>, a poet and man of letters who had suggested both Schiller's <i><a href="/wiki/Die_R%C3%A4uber" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Räuber">Die Räuber</a></i> (<i>The Robbers</i>) and Shakespeare's play <i>Macbeth</i> as suitable subjects for operas,<sup id="cite_ref-Budden_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Giuseppe Verdi received a commission from <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola" title="Teatro della Pergola">Teatro della Pergola</a>, but no particular opera was specified.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He only started working on <i>Macbeth</i> in September 1846, the reason for that choice was the availability of a particular singer, the baritone <a href="/wiki/Felice_Varesi" title="Felice Varesi">Felice Varesi</a> who would sing the title role.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Varesi under contract, Verdi could focus on the music for <i>Macbeth</i>. (Maffei was already writing a libretto for <i><a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a></i>, which was based on the suggested Schiller play, but it could have been substituted for <i>Macbeth</i> had the baritone not been available.) As a result of various complications, including Verdi's illness, that work was not to receive its premiere until July 1847. </p><p>Piave's text was based on a prose translation by Carlo Rusconi that had been published in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> in 1838. Verdi did not encounter Shakespeare's original work until after the opera's first performance. However, he had read Shakespeare in translation for many years, as noted in an 1865 letter: "He is one of my favorite poets. I have had him in my hands from my earliest youth".<sup id="cite_ref-Budden_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budden-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing to Piave, Verdi made it clear how important this subject was to him: "....This tragedy is one of the greatest creations of man... If we can't make something great out of it, let us at least try to do something out of the ordinary."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite disagreements and Verdi's need to constantly bully Piave into correcting his drafts (to the point where Maffei had a hand in re-writing some scenes of the libretto, especially the witches' chorus in Act 3 and the sleepwalking scene),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their version follows Shakespeare's play quite closely, but with some changes. Instead of using <a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">three witches</a> as in the play, there is a large female chorus of witches, singing in three-part harmony (they are divided in three groups, and every group sings as a single witch, using "I" and not "we"). The last act begins with an assembly of refugees on the English border and, in the revised version, ends with a chorus of bards celebrating victory over the tyrant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1865_revised_version_for_Paris">1865 revised version for Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1865 revised version for Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verdi_in_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Verdi_in_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Verdi in 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as 1852, Verdi was requested to revise his <i>Macbeth</i> for Paris. At first, nothing transpired, but in 1864 Verdi was asked again to provide additional music – a ballet and a final chorus – for a production planned at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyrique" title="Théâtre Lyrique">Théâtre Lyrique</a> (Théâtre-Lyrique Impérial du Châtelet) in Paris. In a letter to his publisher, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Ricordi" title="Giulio Ricordi">Giulio Ricordi</a>, asking for a copy of the score, Verdi stated, "I would like to lengthen several pieces to give the opera more character."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, he quickly realized that the proposed additions would not be sufficient and that an overhaul of the opera was required. He went ahead to advise the impresario of the Lyrique, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Carvalho" title="Léon Carvalho">Léon Carvalho</a>, that more time was needed and urged patience: "I am labouring, labouring, labouring" he assured the impresario<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stressed that he wanted to look at the big picture and not try to hurry along a re-working of an opera he had written so many years before. </p><p>So began a revising the original version of 1847 over the winter of 1864/65. Verdi's librettist from years before, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Piave" title="Francesco Maria Piave">Francesco Maria Piave</a>, was pressed into service to expand the opera. The composer exerted his usual pressures on him as he had done from their first collaboration: "No, no, my dear Piave, it won't do!" was a typical reaction to a first draft—in this case, it was of Lady Macbeth's new act 2 aria "La luce langue,"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the result of which (notes biographer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Mary Jane Phillips-Matz</a>) was "from Verdi's insistence came Lady Macbeth's gripping scene."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the addition of music for Lady Macbeth, Macbeth's aria in Act 3 was completely re-written—as was a considerable amount of the rest of Act 3; a ballet was added in Act 3; a newly composed chorus to an old text began Act 4; and the ending of Act 4 was also changed, Verdi, being determined to drop Macbeth's final aria <i>Mal per me che m'affidai</i> ("Trusting in the prophecies of Hell") in favor of an off-stage death, to end with the triumphal chorus. </p><p>As if all these specific demands placed on Piave were not enough, Verdi wrote a lengthy letter to Ricordi outlining what he saw as the dramatic demands of the revision. Some relate to crucial elements in the drama, especially how Banquo's appearance as a ghost should be presented. Ultimately however, Verdi had little power over the staged production, but— regarding the translation—he did insist that the translator, when considering the Act 2 duet between the Macbeth couple, retain the words "Folie follie" as written to emphasize the dramatic impact which those words created.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One final letter, this time in February to Escudier, relates to what Verdi saw as "the three roles in this opera, and there can only be three". He then lays out that there is "<i>Lady Macbet, (</i>sic<i>) Macbet,</i> (<i>sic</i>) [and the] <i>Chorus of Witches,</i>" discounting the role of Macduff,<sup id="cite_ref-VERDI_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VERDI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he continues by noting that, for him, "the Witches rule the drama.....They are truly a character and a character of greatest importance."<sup id="cite_ref-VERDI_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VERDI-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new version was first performed on 21 April 1865 in a French translation by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis-%C3%89tienne_Nuitter" title="Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter">Charles-Louis-Étienne Nuitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Beaumont" title="Alexandre Beaumont">Alexandre Beaumont</a>. However, Verdi had asked for it to be done by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Duprez" title="Gilbert Duprez">Gilbert Duprez</a>, the tenor-turned-teacher in whom he had great confidence and whom he knew from his performances in his first opera for Paris, <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a>,</i> in 1847. The composer refused to attend the Paris performance but provided directions via his publisher, others directly to Escudier. Initially, the reports from Escudier were favorable. Still, the first performance was poorly received by the critics, something which puzzled the composer: "I thought I had done quite well with it...it appears I was mistaken" he stated when he wrote to his Paris publisher, Escudier.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later performances in Paris fared no better. </p><p>In Italian, the opera was given at La Scala in the autumn of 1865, but few, if any, others in Italy appear to have been presented. Since its revival in Europe in the 1960s, the revised version of <i>Macbeth</i> in Italian remains the preferred version for modern performances, although occasionally the death scene from the first version is interpolated in the last scene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Performance history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locandina_macbeth_a_firenze,_1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locandina_macbeth_a_firenze%2C_1847.jpg/260px-Locandina_macbeth_a_firenze%2C_1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Locandina_macbeth_a_firenze%2C_1847.jpg/390px-Locandina_macbeth_a_firenze%2C_1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Locandina_macbeth_a_firenze%2C_1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the premiere of Verdi's <i>Macbeth</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1847 version, after it was first given on 14 March of that year in Florence, was successful and was performed all over Italy in some 21 locations (some repeated) <sup id="cite_ref-ITLIB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITLIB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the revised version appeared in 1865. At that time it was recorded that it was given only in Turin (1867), Vicenza (1869), Firenze (1870), and Milan (1874).<sup id="cite_ref-ITLIB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITLIB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first version was given its United States premiere in April 1850 at <a href="/wiki/Niblo%27s_Garden" title="Niblo's Garden">Niblo's Garden</a> in New York with <a href="/wiki/Angiolina_Bosio" title="Angiolina Bosio">Angiolina Bosio</a> as Lady Macbeth and <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Badiali" title="Cesare Badiali">Cesare Badiali</a> as Banco, while the United Kingdom premiere took place in October 1860 in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. </p><p>After the 1865 premiere of the revised version, followed by only 13 more performances, the opera generally fell from popularity. It was given in Paris in April 1865 and then occasionally up to about 1900. However, after that, it was rarely performed until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_beyond">20th century and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US premiere of the later version did not occur until 24 October 1941 in New York<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it was staged by the New Opera Company at <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/44th_Street_Theatre" title="44th Street Theatre">44th Street Theatre</a> with conductor <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Busch" title="Fritz Busch">Fritz Busch</a>. The cast included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jess_Walters_(baritone)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jess Walters (baritone) (page does not exist)">Jess Walters</a> in the title role, <a href="/wiki/Florence_Kirk" title="Florence Kirk">Florence Kirk</a> as Lady Macbeth, Robert Silva as Banquo, Robert Marshall as Macduff, John Hamill as Malcolm, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Lipton" title="Martha Lipton">Martha Lipton</a> as the Lady-in-waiting, and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lishner" title="Leon Lishner">Leon Lishner</a> as the Doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, two European productions, in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in the 1930s and at <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera" title="Glyndebourne Festival Opera">Glyndebourne</a> in 1938 and 1939, were important in helping the 20th-century revival. The 1938 production was the UK premiere of the revised version and the first to combine the death of Macbeth from the 1847 version with the triumphal ending from the 1865 version, something totally against Verdi's wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glyndebourne revived it in the 1950s, as did <a href="/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro alla Scala">Teatro alla Scala</a> in 1952 with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a> as Lady Macbeth, but it was not until 1959 that it appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a>'s roster for the first time and has often been performed there since then.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Opera Guild of Montreal presented the Canadian premiere of <i>Macbeth</i> in January 1959, beating the Metropolitan Opera by two weeks. Similarly, the first presentations at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Tito_Gobbi" title="Tito Gobbi">Tito Gobbi</a> (and others in the title role) took place on 30 March 1960, with other productions presented in 1981 and 2002. The visiting "Kirov Opera" (as today's <a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Opera</a> was then known) presented it in London at Covent Garden in 2001. </p><p>In recent times, the opera has appeared more frequently in the repertories of companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Opera" title="Washington National Opera">Washington National Opera</a> (2007) and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera" title="San Francisco Opera">San Francisco Opera</a> (Nov/Dec 2007) and in many other opera houses worldwide, but almost all productions stage the revised version in Italian. </p><p>However, the 1847 version was given in concert at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> on 27 June 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and both the original and the revised versions were presented in 2003 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Opera" title="Sarasota Opera">Sarasota Opera</a>'s "Verdi Cycle" of all the composer's operas in their different versions. </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Grand Théâtre de Genève">Grand Théâtre de Genève</a> presented a production of the opera under the direction of Christof Loy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Verdi's <i>Macbeth</i> receives many performances at opera houses worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felice_Varesi-1843-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Felice_Varesi-1843-detail.jpg/170px-Felice_Varesi-1843-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Felice_Varesi-1843-detail.jpg/255px-Felice_Varesi-1843-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Felice_Varesi-1843-detail.jpg/340px-Felice_Varesi-1843-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Felice Varesi, the first Macbeth (Litho by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kriehuber" title="Josef Kriehuber">Josef Kriehuber</a>, 1843)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarbieriNini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BarbieriNini.jpg/170px-BarbieriNini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BarbieriNini.jpg/255px-BarbieriNini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BarbieriNini.jpg/340px-BarbieriNini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Marianna Barbieri-Nini, the first Lady Macbeth</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Role </th> <th>Voice type </th> <th>Premiere cast, 14 March 1847<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Conductor: Giuseppe Verdi </th> <th>Revised version, in French<br />Premiere cast, 19 April 1865<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Conductor: <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Deloffre" title="Adolphe Deloffre">Adolphe Deloffre</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a> (always called "Macbetto" in the libretto) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Felice_Varesi" title="Felice Varesi">Felice Varesi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean-Vital_Jammes" title="Jean-Vital Jammes">Jean-Vital Jammes (Ismaël)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marianna_Barbieri-Nini" title="Marianna Barbieri-Nini">Marianna Barbieri-Nini</a> </td> <td>Amélie Rey-Balla </td></tr> <tr> <td>Banco (<a href="/wiki/Banquo" title="Banquo">Banquo</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> </td> <td>Nicola Benedetti </td> <td>Jules-Émile Petit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Macduff_(thane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macduff (thane)">Macduff</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> </td> <td>Angelo Brunacci </td> <td>Jules-Sébastien Monjauze </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lady-in-waiting </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> </td> <td>Faustina Piombanti </td> <td>Mairot </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_(Macbeth)" title="Malcolm (Macbeth)">Malcolm</a> </td> <td>tenor </td> <td>Francesco Rossi </td> <td>Auguste Huet </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctor </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Giuseppe Romanelli </td> <td>Prosper Guyot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Servant to Macbeth </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Giuseppe Romanelli </td> <td>Péront </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">Herald</a> </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Giuseppe Bertini </td> <td>Gilland </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assassin </td> <td>bass </td> <td>Giuseppe Bertini </td> <td>Caillot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three apparitions </td> <td>2 sopranos and 1 bass </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Duncano (<a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan</a>), <i>King of Scotland</i> </td> <td>Silent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fleanzio (<a href="/wiki/Fleance" title="Fleance">Fleance</a>), <i>son of Banco</i> </td> <td>Silent </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i>Witches, messengers, nobles, attendants, refugees – chorus</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note: there are several differences between the 1847 and the 1865 versions which are noted below in text in indented brackets</i> </p> <dl><dd>Place: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></dd> <dd>Time: 11th century</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_1">Act 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Act 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: A heath</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbeth-meets_the_witches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Macbeth-meets_the_witches.jpg/310px-Macbeth-meets_the_witches.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Macbeth-meets_the_witches.jpg/465px-Macbeth-meets_the_witches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Macbeth-meets_the_witches.jpg/620px-Macbeth-meets_the_witches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Macbeth meets the witches</figcaption></figure> <p>Groups of witches gather in a wood beside a battlefield, exchanging stories of the evils they have done. The victorious generals Macbeth and Banco enter. The witches hail Macbeth as Thane of Glamis (a title he already holds by inheritance), Thane of Cawdor, and king "hereafter." Banco is greeted as "lesser than Macbeth, but greater", never a king himself, but the progenitor of a line of future kings. The witches vanish, and messengers from the king appear naming Macbeth Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth protests that the holder of that title is still alive, but the messengers reply that the former Thane has been executed as a traitor. Banco, mistrusting the witches, is horrified to find that they have spoken the truth. In a duet, Macbeth and Banco muse that the first of the witches' prophecies has been fulfilled. Macbeth ponders how close he is to the throne, and whether fate will crown him without his taking action, yet dreams of blood and treachery: while Banco ponders on whether the minions of Hell will sometimes reveal an honest truth in order to lead one to future damnation. </p><p><i>Scene 2: Macbeth's castle</i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a> reads a letter from her husband telling of the encounter with the witches. She is determined to propel Macbeth to the throne – by fair means or foul. </p> <dl><dd>[Revised version, 1865: <i>Vieni! t'affretta!</i>/ "Come! Hurry!"].</dd></dl> <p>Lady Macbeth is advised that <a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">King Duncan</a> will stay in the castle that night; she is determined to see him killed (<i>Or tutti, sorgete</i> / "Arise now, all you ministers of hell"). When Macbeth returns she urges him to take the opportunity to kill the King. The King and the nobles arrive and Macbeth is emboldened to carry out the murder (<i>Mi si affaccia un pugnal?</i> / "Is this a dagger which I see before me?"), but afterwards is filled with horror. Disgusted at his cowardice, Lady Macbeth completes the crime, incriminating the sleeping guards by smearing them with Duncan's blood and planting on them Macbeth's dagger. <a href="/wiki/Macduff_(thane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macduff (thane)">Macduff</a> arrives for an appointment with the King, while Banco stands guard, only for Macduff instead to discover the murder. He rouses the castle while Banco also bears witness to the fact of Duncan's murder. The chorus calls on God to avenge the killing (<i>Schiudi, inferno, . .</i> / "Open wide thy gaping maw, O Hell"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_2">Act 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Act 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Scene 1: A room in the castle</i> </p><p>Macbeth is now king: Duncan's son Malcolm has fled the country, suspicion having conveniently fallen on him for his father's murder: but Macbeth is still disturbed by the prophecy that Banco, not he, will found a great royal line. To prevent this he tells his wife that he will have both Banco and his son murdered as they come to a banquet. There follows her aria <i>Trionfai!</i> / <i>I have triumphed!</i>. </p> <dl><dd>[1865 revised version: In her aria, <i>La luce langue</i> / "The light fades", Lady Macbeth exults in the powers of darkness]</dd></dl> <p><i>Scene 2: Outside the castle</i> </p><p>A gang of murderers lie in wait. Banco, sensing danger, shares his misgivings with his son. (<i>Come dal ciel precipita</i> / "O, how the darkness falls from heaven"). The murderers attack and stab him to death, but his son escapes. </p><p><i>Scene 3: A dining hall in the castle</i> </p><p>Macbeth receives the guests and Lady Macbeth sings a <a href="/wiki/Brindisi_(music)" title="Brindisi (music)">brindisi</a> (<i>Si colmi il calice</i> / "Fill up the cup"). The assassination is reported to Macbeth, but when he returns to the table the ghost of Banco is sitting in his place. Macbeth raves at the ghost and the horrified guests believe he has gone mad. Lady Macbeth manages to calm the situation once – and even mocks it by calling for a toast to the absent Banco (whose death is not yet public knowledge), only for the ghost to appear a second time and terrify Macbeth into insanity again. Macduff resolves to leave the country, saying it is ruled by a cursed hand and only the wicked may remain: the other guests are terrified by Macbeth's talk of ghosts, phantoms and witches. The banquet ends abruptly with their hurried, frightened departure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_3">Act 3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Act 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The witches' cave</i> </p><p>The witches gather around a cauldron in a dark cave. Macbeth enters and they conjure up three apparitions for him. The first advises him to beware of Macduff. The second tells him that he cannot be harmed by a man 'born of woman'. The third that he cannot be conquered till Birnam Wood marches against him. (Macbeth: <i>O lieto augurio</i> / "O, happy augury! No wood has ever moved by magic power") </p><p>Macbeth is then shown the ghost of Banco and his descendants, eight future Kings of Scotland, verifying the original prophecy. (Macbeth: <i>Fuggi regal fantasima</i> / "Begone, royal phantom that reminds me of Banco"). He collapses, but regains consciousness in the castle. </p> <dl><dd>[Original 1847 version: The act ends with Macbeth recovering and resolving to assert his authority: <i>Vada in fiamme, e in polve cada</i> / "Macduff's lofty stronghold shall / Be set fire....".]<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Albright_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>A herald announces the arrival of the Queen (Duet: <i>Vi trovo alfin!</i> / "I've found you at last"). Macbeth tells his wife about his encounter with the witches and they resolve to track down and kill Banco's son, as well as Macduff (of whose flight they do not yet know) and his family. (Duet: <i>Ora di morte e di vendetta</i> / "Hour of death and of vengeance"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_4">Act 4</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Act 4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bnilssonlmacbeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bnilssonlmacbeth.jpg/220px-Bnilssonlmacbeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bnilssonlmacbeth.jpg/330px-Bnilssonlmacbeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bnilssonlmacbeth.jpg/440px-Bnilssonlmacbeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a> as Lady Macbeth, 1947</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Scene 1: Near the border between England and Scotland</i> </p><p>Scottish refugees stand near the English border (Chorus: <i>Patria oppressa</i> / "Down-trodden country"): </p> <dl><dd>[Original 1847 version: While each version uses the same libretto, the music of this chorus is different. It begins with a less ominous, much shorter orchestral introduction and is sung straight through by the entire chorus.]<sup id="cite_ref-Albright_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>[1865 revised version: the music is divided into sections for the male and female members, then it unites them towards the end. The revised version is 2 minutes longer than the original.]<sup id="cite_ref-Albright_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albright-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In the distance lies Birnam Wood. Macduff is determined to avenge the deaths of his wife and children at the hands of the tyrant (<i>Ah, la paterna mano</i> / "Ah, the paternal hand"). He is joined by Malcolm, the son of King Duncan, and the English army. Malcolm orders each soldier to cut a branch from a tree in Birnam Wood and carry it as they attack Macbeth's army. They are determined to liberate Scotland from tyranny (Chorus: <i>La patria tradita</i> / "Our country betrayed"). </p><p><i> Scene 2: Macbeth's castle</i> </p><p>A doctor and a servant observe the Queen as she walks in her sleep, wringing her hands and attempting to clean them of blood (<i>Una macchia è qui tuttora!</i> / "Yet here's a spot"). She raves about the deaths of both Duncan and Banco, and even about the deaths of Macduff's family, and that all the perfumes of Arabia would not clean the blood off her hands: all are things that the horrified witnesses would never dare to repeat to any living man. </p><p><i>Scene 3: The battlefield</i> </p><p>Macbeth has learned that an army of Scottish rebels backed by England is advancing against him, but is reassured by remembering the words of the apparitions, that no man born of woman can harm him. However, in an aria (<i>Pietà, rispetto, amore</i> / "Compassion, honour, love") he contemplates the fact that he is already hated and feared: there will be no compassion, honour and love for him in his old age even if he wins this battle, nor kind words on a royal tomb, only curses and hatred. He receives the news of the Queen's death with indifference. Rallying his troops he learns that Birnam Wood has indeed come to his castle. Battle is joined. </p> <dl><dd>[Original 1847 version's ending: Macduff pursues and fights Macbeth who falls. He tells Macbeth that he was not "born of woman" but "ripped" from his mother's womb. Fighting continues. Mortally wounded, Macbeth, in a final aria – <i>Mal per me che m'affidai</i> / "Trusting in the prophecies of Hell" – proclaims that trusting in these prophecies has caused his downfall. He dies on stage, while Macduff's men proclaim Malcolm to be the new King.]</dd></dl> <p>Macduff pursues and fights Macbeth who falls wounded. He tells Macbeth that he was not "born of woman" but "untimely ripped" from his mother's womb. Macbeth responds in anguish (<i>Cielo!</i> / "Heaven") and the two continue fighting, then disappear from view. Macduff returns indicating to his men that he has killed Macbeth. He then turns to Malcolm, hailing him as King. The scene ends with a hymn to victory sung by bards, soldiers, and Scottish women (<i>Salve, o re!</i>/ "Hail, oh King!). Malcolm as King, and Macduff as hero, together swear to restore the realm to greatness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing in the <i>New Grove Dictionary</i>, musicologist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a> sees the opera as revealing Verdi's "attention to detail and sureness of effect unprecedented in earlier works. This holds true as much for the 'conventional' numbers....as for formal experiments like the Macbeth-Banquo duettino in act 1."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a>, in his 1964 essay "Shakespeare into Music", argues that <i>Macbeth</i> is inferior to both Verdi's later works inspired by Shakespeare (<i>Otello</i>, <i>Falstaff</i>) and the Bard's original: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Only during the present Verdi craze could his <i>Macbeth</i> be seriously set beside its tremendous original. What can we make of a Macbeth who pursues his fatal vision through a musical desert of the old fustian recitative, or a Lady Macbeth whose prayer to be unsexed is a barn-storming martial cabaletta? In the "Grand scena di sonnambulismo", admittedly, Verdi did so magically stroke the big strumming guitar of his orchestra, and so chasten the vocal pride of Italian '<i>bel canto</i>, as to foreshadow his achievements of some forty years later.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Baldini's analysis of the structure of the score in relation to the drama (and the comparison between the two versions) is highly detailed and worthy of examination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> He notes that it is not always the 1865 material which is better or more suited than that from 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he is not alone in raising the issue of the contrast between the 1847 version and that of 1865 ("the passage of 18 years was just too long to allow him to re-enter his original conception at every point"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), in the final analysis for musicologist Julian Budden, the disparity between the versions cannot be reconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, along with Parker, he does concede that "even the traditional elements are better handled than in <i>Attila</i> or <i>Alzira</i> [and] the arias grow organically from the implications of their own material, rather than from the deliberate elaboration of a formula."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></i></p><i><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Macbeth_discography" title="Macbeth discography"><i>Macbeth</i> discography</a></div></i> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dipionline.it/dizionario/ricerca?lemma=Macbeth">Macbeth</a>" - DiPI Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Clara Maffei, 12 May 1858, in Phillips-Matz, p. 379. He wrote: "From <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i>, you may say, I have never had one hour of peace. Sixteen years in the galleys!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Barezzi, 25 March 1847, in Werfel and Stefan, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budden-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budden_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budden_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, pp. 269-270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldini, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Piave, 4 September 1846, in Budden, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Ricordi, 11 April 1857, in Budden, p. 274: Maffei's contributions were "with the consent of Piave himself"),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Ricordi, 2 November 1864, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 476</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Escudier, 2 December 1864, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 479</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Piave, 20 December 1864, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 479/80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 479/80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Ricordi, 23 January 1865, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 481</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VERDI-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VERDI_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VERDI_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Escudier, 8 February 1865, in Phillips-Matz 1993, p. 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verdi to Escudier, 3 June 1865, in Budden, p.278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITLIB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITLIB_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITLIB_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librettodopera.it/public/ricerca/query/ope/5174%7C4820">Performances of the first version up to 1863 on librettodopera.it</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Kimbell 2001, in Holden, p. 984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/variety144-1941-10/page/n313/mode/1up">"Opera Reviews"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>. October 29, 1941. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Opera+Reviews&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1941-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvariety144-1941-10%2Fpage%2Fn313%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacbeth+%28Verdi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-america_1941-11-10_61_17/page/6/mode/1up?q=%22Martha+Lipton%22">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Macbeth' and 'Pique Dame' Given by New Opera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Musical_America" title="Musical America">Musical America</a></i>. November 10, 1941. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musical+America&rft.atitle=%27Macbeth%27+and+%27Pique+Dame%27+Given+by+New+Opera&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1941-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_musical-america_1941-11-10_61_17%2Fpage%2F6%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3D%2522Martha%2BLipton%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacbeth+%28Verdi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, p.310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metropolitan Opera's performance archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rohcollections.org.uk/work.aspx?work=233&row=0&letter=M&genre=Opera&">Royal Opera House performances database</a> on rohcollections.org.uk Retrieved 24 June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1112.geneveopera.com/production_12">Geneva Opera company website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104003524/http://1112.geneveopera.com/production_12">Archived</a> 2012-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operabase.com/oplist.cgi?id=none&lang=en&is=macbeth&by=verdi&loc=&stype=abs&sd=1&sm=1&sy=2016&etype=abs&ed=31&em=12&ey=2020">"Operabase"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operabase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foperabase.com%2Foplist.cgi%3Fid%3Dnone%26lang%3Den%26is%3Dmacbeth%26by%3Dverdi%26loc%3D%26stype%3Dabs%26sd%3D1%26sm%3D1%26sy%3D2016%26etype%3Dabs%26ed%3D31%26em%3D12%26ey%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacbeth+%28Verdi%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">List of singers taken from Budden, Julian: <i>The Operas of Verdi</i>, vol 1, p. 268. New York: Cassell, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casaglia, Gherardo (2005).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almanac-gherardo-casaglia.com/index.php?Giorno=19&Mese=04&Anno=1865&Testo=Macbeth&Parola=Stringa"> "<i>Macbeth</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>19 April 1865"</a>. L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Libretto accompanying the Opera Rara CD recording, pp. 148/150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albright-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albright_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albright_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albright_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Albright, "Verdi's <i>Macbeth</i>, The Critical Edition", <i>Opera Today</i>, 20 November 2005, retrieved 10 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooke, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldini, pp. 111–122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, pp. 309–312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budden, p. 311</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li>Baldini, Gabriele, (trans. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Roger Parker</a>) (1980), <i>The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera</i>. Cambridge, <i>et al</i>: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29712-5">0-521-29712-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Budden" title="Julian Budden">Budden, Julian</a> (1984), <i>The Operas of Verdi</i>, Vol 1, 3rd edition, New York: Cassell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816261-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816261-8">0-19-816261-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Cooke, Deryck</a> (1964), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vindications0000cook/page/178/mode/2up">Shakespeare into Music"</a> in <i>Vindications: Essays on Romantic Music</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28947-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28947-5">0-521-28947-5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28947-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28947-4">978-0-521-28947-4</a></li> <li>De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), <i>Verdi’s Theater: Creating Drama Through Music</i>. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14369-4">0-226-14369-4</a> (hardback), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14370-8">0-226-14370-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gossett" title="Philip Gossett">Gossett, Philip</a> (2006), <i>Divas and Scholar: Performing Italian Opera</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30482-5">0-226-30482-5</a></li> <li>Kimbell, David (2001), in <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (Ed.), <i>The New Penguin Opera Guide</i>, New York: Penguin Putnam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4">0-14-029312-4</a></li> <li>Martin, George (1983), <i> Verdi: His Music, Life and Times</i>, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08196-7">0-396-08196-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Melitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Melitz (page does not exist)">Melitz, Leo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Melitz" class="extiw" title="de:Leo Melitz">de</a>]</span> (1921), <i>The Opera Goer's Complete Guide</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Osborne_(music_writer)" title="Charles Osborne (music writer)">Osborne, Charles</a> (1969), <i>The Complete Opera of Verdi</i>, New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80072-1">0-306-80072-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (1998), "<i>Macbeth</i>" in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>, (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, vol. 3, pp. 111–113. London: Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5">1-56159-228-5</a></li> <li>Parker, Roger (2007), <i>The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas</i>, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531314-7">978-0-19-531314-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Phillips-Matz" title="Mary Jane Phillips-Matz">Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane</a> (1993), <i>Verdi: A Biography</i>, London & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-313204-4">0-19-313204-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Pistone" title="Danièle Pistone">Pistone, Danièle</a> (1995), <i>Nineteenth-Century Italian Opera: From Rossini to Puccini</i>, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-931340-82-9">0-931340-82-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Toye" title="Francis Toye">Toye, Francis</a> (1931), <i>Giuseppe Verdi: His Life and Works</i>, New York: Knopf</li> <li>Walker, Frank, <i>The Man Verdi</i> (1982), New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-87132-0">0-226-87132-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">Warrack</a>, John and West, Ewan (1992), <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i> New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Werfel, Franz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stefan" title="Paul Stefan">Stefan, Paul</a> (trans. Edward Downes) (1973), <i>Verdi: The Man in his Letters</i>, New York: Vienna House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8443-0088-8">0-8443-0088-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macbeth_(Verdi)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Macbeth_(opera)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Macbeth (opera)">Macbeth (opera)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041101090732/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/">Verdi 200</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/opere/libretti/macbeth/index.html">Libretto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222013359/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/visInglese/page.asp?IDCategoria=3648&IDSezione=25410">Synopsis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi,_Giuseppe)" class="extiw" title="scores:Macbeth (Verdi, Giuseppe)"><i>Macbeth</i></a>: Scores at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aria-database.com/search.php?sid=53c550aed81a0dd8caa8e51ebe0d284b&X=2&f0=operaName&t0=exact&fC=1&searching=1&dT=Full&dS=arias&s0=Macbeth">Aria Database: List of Arias in Macbeth (11)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operatoday.com/content/2005/11/verdis_macbeth_.php">Daniel Albright, <i>Opera Now</i>, 20 November 2005. 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Giuseppe_Verdi350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Template talk:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Giuseppe Verdi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Giuseppe_Verdi350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Oberto_(opera)" title="Oberto (opera)">Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio</a></i> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_giorno_di_regno" title="Un giorno di regno">Un giorno di regno</a></i> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i> (1842)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_Lombardi_alla_prima_crociata" title="I Lombardi alla prima crociata">I Lombardi alla prima crociata</a></i> (1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernani" title="Ernani">Ernani</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_due_Foscari" title="I due Foscari">I due Foscari</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giovanna_d%27Arco" title="Giovanna d'Arco">Giovanna d'Arco</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Alzira_(opera)" title="Alzira (opera)">Alzira</a></i> (1845)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Attila_(opera)" title="Attila (opera)">Attila</a></i> (1846)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macbeth</a></i> (1847/65) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_masnadieri" title="I masnadieri">I masnadieri</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9rusalem" title="Jérusalem">Jérusalem</a></i> (1847)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_corsaro" title="Il corsaro">Il corsaro</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_battaglia_di_Legnano" title="La battaglia di Legnano">La battaglia di Legnano</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> (1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Stiffelio" title="Stiffelio">Stiffelio</a></i> (1850)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> (1851) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> (1853) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes" title="Les vêpres siciliennes">Les vêpres siciliennes</a></i> (June 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/I_vespri_siciliani" title="I vespri siciliani">I vespri siciliani</a></i> (December 1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boccanegra" title="Simon Boccanegra">Simon Boccanegra</a></i> (1857/81)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aroldo" title="Aroldo">Aroldo</a></i> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera" title="Un ballo in maschera">Un ballo in maschera</a></i> (1859) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino" title="La forza del destino">La forza del destino</a></i> (1862/69) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> (1867/84) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></i> (1871) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> (1887) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i> (1893)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Anvil_Chorus" title="Anvil Chorus">Anvil Chorus</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bella_figlia_dell%27amore" title="Bella figlia dell'amore">Bella figlia dell'amore</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Celeste_Aida" title="Celeste Aida">Celeste Aida</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Di_quella_pira" title="Di quella pira">Di quella pira</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile" title="La donna è mobile">La donna è mobile</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Libiamo_ne%27_lieti_calici" title="Libiamo ne' lieti calici">Libiamo ne' lieti calici</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Un_d%C3%AC,_felice,_eterea" title="Un dì, felice, eterea">Un dì, felice, eterea</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Va,_pensiero" title="Va, pensiero">Va, pensiero</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nowrap">Opera discographies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_discography" title="Aida discography"><i>Aida</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_discography" title="Don Carlos discography"><i>Don Carlos</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_discography" title="Falstaff discography"><i>Falstaff</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_forza_del_destino_discography" title="La forza del destino discography"><i>La forza del destino</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_discography" title="Macbeth discography"><i>Macbeth</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_discography" title="Otello discography"><i>Otello</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto_discography" title="Rigoletto discography"><i>Rigoletto</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore_discography" title="Il trovatore discography"><i>Il trovatore</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_traviata_discography" title="La traviata discography"><i>La traviata</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Un_ballo_in_maschera_discography" title="Un ballo in maschera discography"><i>Un ballo in maschera</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Suona_la_tromba" title="Suona la tromba">Suona la tromba</a></i> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Inno_delle_nazioni" title="Inno delle nazioni">Inno delle nazioni</a></i> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Verdi)" title="String Quartet (Verdi)">String Quartet in E minor</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)" title="Requiem (Verdi)">Messa da Requiem</a> (1874) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Requiem_discography" title="Verdi Requiem discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Quattro_pezzi_sacri" title="Quattro pezzi sacri">Quattro pezzi sacri</a></i> (1889–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi">Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Theatres named after Verdi (<a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Brindisi)" title="Teatro Verdi (Brindisi)">Brindisi</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Giuseppe Verdi">Busseto</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Verdi_(Florence)" title="Teatro Verdi (Florence)">Florence</a> - <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Lirico_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi">Trieste</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Milan_Conservatory" title="Milan Conservatory">Milan Conservatory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_Monument" title="Giuseppe Verdi Monument">Giuseppe Verdi Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orchestra_Sinfonica_di_Milano_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi">Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_(crater)" title="Verdi (crater)">Verdi (crater)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Inlet" title="Verdi Inlet">Verdi Inlet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Range" title="Verdi Range">Verdi Range</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/3975_Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="3975 Verdi">3975 Verdi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_California" title="Verdi, California">Verdi, California</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Kansas" title="Verdi, Kansas">Verdi, Kansas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_Nevada" title="Verdi, Nevada">Verdi, Nevada</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi">Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi_(film)" title="Giuseppe Verdi (film)">Giuseppe Verdi</a></i> (1938 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Verdi,_the_King_of_Melody" title="Verdi, the King of Melody">Verdi, the King of Melody</a></i> (1953 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Verdi_(miniseries)" title="The Life of Verdi (miniseries)">The Life of Verdi</a></i> (1982 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/After_Aida" title="After Aida">After Aida</a></i> (1985 play)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Risorgimento!" title="Risorgimento!">Risorgimento!</a></i> (2011 opera)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1906_film)" title="Otello (1906 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1953_film)" title="Aida (1953 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/La_Traviata_(1983_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Traviata (1983 film)"><i>La Traviata</i></a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Otello_(1986_film)" title="Otello (1986 film)"><i>Otello</i></a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1987_film)" title="Macbeth (1987 film)"><i>Macbeth</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aida_(1987_film)" title="Aida (1987 film)"><i>Aida</i></a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi%27s_Rigoletto_Story" title="Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story"><i>Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto Story</i></a> (2005)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Riposo_per_Musicisti" title="Casa di Riposo per Musicisti">Casa di Riposo per Musicisti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Transcriptions_(Finnissy)" title="Verdi Transcriptions (Finnissy)"><i>Verdi Transcriptions</i> (Finnissy)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Verdi" title="Villa Verdi">Villa Verdi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Category:Giuseppe Verdi">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Macbeth284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macbeth" title="Template:Macbeth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macbeth" title="Template talk:Macbeth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macbeth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macbeth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Macbeth284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth#Characters" title="Macbeth">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(character)" title="Macbeth (character)">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquo" title="Banquo">Banquo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macduff_(Macbeth)" title="Macduff (Macbeth)">Macduff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Duncan" title="King Duncan">King Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_(Macbeth)" title="Malcolm (Macbeth)">Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donalbain_(Macbeth)" title="Donalbain (Macbeth)">Donalbain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleance" title="Fleance">Fleance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macduff" title="Lady Macduff">Lady Macduff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macduff%27s_son" title="Macduff's son">Macduff's son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Murderer" title="Third Murderer">Third Murderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Siward" title="Young Siward">Young Siward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspirations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth, King of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruoch" title="Gruoch">Gruoch of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siward,_Earl_of_Northumbria" title="Siward, Earl of Northumbria">Siward, Earl of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_(play)" title="The Witch (play)"><i>The Witch</i> (play)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_on_screen" title="Macbeth on screen">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1908_film)" title="Macbeth (1908 film)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1909_French_film)" title="Macbeth (1909 French film)">1909 (French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1909_Italian_film)" title="Macbeth (1909 Italian film)">1909 (Italian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1911_film)" title="Macbeth (1911 film)">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1913_film)" title="Macbeth (1913 film)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1915_film)" title="Macbeth (1915 film)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1916_film)" title="Macbeth (1916 film)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1922_film)" title="Macbeth (1922 film)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1948_film)" title="Macbeth (1948 film)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(unfinished_film)" title="Macbeth (unfinished film)">Unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1971_film)" title="Macbeth (1971 film)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(2006_film)" title="Macbeth (2006 film)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(2015_film)" title="Macbeth (2015 film)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth_(2021_film)" title="The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021 film)"><i>The Tragedy of Macbeth</i> (2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth_(2021_film)" title="List of accolades received by The Tragedy of Macbeth (2021 film)">accolades</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1954_film)" title="Macbeth (1954 film)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1960_American_film)" title="Macbeth (1960 American film)">1960 US TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1960_Australian_film)" title="Macbeth (1960 Australian film)">1960 Australian TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1961_film)" title="Macbeth (1961 film)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1979_film)" title="Macbeth (1979 film)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1982_film)" title="Macbeth (1982 film)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare#Macbeth" title="BBC Television Shakespeare">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare:_The_Animated_Tales#Macbeth" title="Shakespeare: The Animated Tales">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(2010_film)" title="Macbeth (2010 film)">2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV / film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Real_Thing_at_Last" title="The Real Thing at Last">The Real Thing at Last</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marmayogi" title="Marmayogi">Marmayogi</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_MacBeth" title="Joe MacBeth">Joe MacBeth</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Blood" title="Throne of Blood">Throne of Blood</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmayogi_(1964_film)" title="Marmayogi (1964 film)"><i>Marmayogi</i></a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(1987_film)" title="Macbeth (1987 film)"><i>Macbeth</i> (Verdi opera)</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_of_Respect" title="Men of Respect">Men of Respect</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scotland,_PA" title="Scotland, PA">Scotland, PA</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makibefo" title="Makibefo">Makibefo</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqbool" title="Maqbool">Maqbool</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShakespeaRe-Told#Macbeth" title="ShakespeaRe-Told">2005</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_King_of_Scotland_(film)" title="The Last King of Scotland (film)">The Last King of Scotland</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Must_Die" title="Shakespeare Must Die">Shakespeare Must Die</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thane_of_East_County" title="Thane of East County">Thane of East County</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeram_(2016_film)" title="Veeram (2016 film)">Veeram</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joji_(film)" title="Joji (film)">Joji</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwab-e-Hasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwab-e-Hasti">Khwab-e-Hasti</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Macbeth" title="Voodoo Macbeth">Voodoo Macbeth</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacBird!" title="MacBird!">MacBird!</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UMabatha" title="UMabatha">uMabatha</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbett" title="Macbett">Macbett</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dogg%27s_Hamlet,_Cahoot%27s_Macbeth" title="Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth">Cahoot's Macbeth</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MacHomer" title="MacHomer">MacHomer</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_Macbeth!" title="Just Macbeth!">Just Macbeth!</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_No_More_(2009_play)" title="Sleep No More (2009 play)">Sleep No More</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dunsinane_(play)" title="Dunsinane (play)">Dunsinane</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleep_No_More_(2011_play)" title="Sleep No More (2011 play)">Sleep No More</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macbeth</a></i> (1847, Verdi) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_discography" title="Macbeth discography">discography</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Bloch)" title="Macbeth (Bloch)">Macbeth</a></i> (1910, Bloch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyrd_Sisters" title="Wyrd Sisters">Wyrd Sisters</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_King_of_Scotland" title="The Last King of Scotland">The Last King of Scotland</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Nesb%C3%B8_novel)" title="Macbeth (Nesbø novel)">Macbeth</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_from_Macbeth" title="Music from Macbeth">Music from Macbeth</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(album)" title="Macbeth (album)">Macbeth</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thane_to_the_Throne" title="Thane to the Throne">Thane to the Throne</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Macbeth_%E2%80%93_A_Tragedy_in_Steel" title="Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel">Shakespeare's Macbeth – A Tragedy in Steel</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Macbeth (album)">Lady Macbeth</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pity_(William_Blake)" title="Pity (William Blake)">Pity</a></i> (1795)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_of_Enitharmon%27s_Joy" title="The Night of Enitharmon's Joy">The Night of Enitharmon's Joy</a></i> (1795)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_Seizing_the_Daggers" title="Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers">Lady Macbeth Seizing the Daggers</a></i> (1812 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry_as_Lady_Macbeth" title="Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth">Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_(sculpture)" title="Lady Macbeth (sculpture)">Lady Macbeth</a></i> (1905 sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scenes and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Knocking_at_the_Gate_in_Macbeth" title="On the Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth">On the Knocking at the Gate in <i>Macbeth</i></a>" (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking_scene" title="Sleepwalking scene">Sleepwalking Scene (5.1)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_and_tomorrow_and_tomorrow" title="Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow">Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/What%27s_done_is_done" title="What's done is done">What's done is done</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Crack_of_doom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crack of doom">Crack of doom</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play" title="The Scottish Play">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_of_Cawdor" title="Thane of Cawdor">Thane of Cawdor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Macbeth" title="Cultural references to Macbeth">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels, film and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Work_Again" title="We Work Again">We Work Again</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_Thickens" title="Light Thickens">Light Thickens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Deadly_Affair" title="The Deadly Affair">The Deadly Affair</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9canisme_de_la_physionomie_humaine" title="Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine">Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play_(Graham_Holliday_play)" title="The Scottish Play (Graham Holliday play)">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burke_%26_Hare_(2010_film)" title="Burke & Hare (2010 film)">Burke & Hare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Witch%27s_Tangled_Hare" title="A Witch's Tangled Hare">A Witch's Tangled Hare</a>" (1959, <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bellero_Shield" title="The Bellero Shield">The Bellero Shield</a>" (1964, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)" title="The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)">The Outer Limits</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Movies_(The_Goodies)" title="The Movies (The Goodies)">The Movies</a>" (1975, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goodies" title="The Goodies">The Goodies</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Senility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense and Senility">Sense and Senility</a>" (1987, <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder_the_Third" title="Blackadder the Third">Blackadder the Third</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Enemy_(The_Simpsons)" title="Sleeping with the Enemy (The Simpsons)">Sleeping with the Enemy</a>" (2004, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Coup_(The_Office)" title="The Coup (The Office)">The Coup</a>" (2006, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office" title="The Office">The Office</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dial_%27N%27_for_Nerder" title="Dial 'N' for Nerder">Dial 'N' for Nerder</a>" (2008, <i>The Simpsons</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Women_and_a_Manicure" title="Four Great Women and a Manicure">Four Great Women and a Manicure</a>" (2009, <i>The Simpsons</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Shower_Principle" title="The Shower Principle">The Shower Principle</a>" (2012, <i><a href="/wiki/30_Rock" title="30 Rock">30 Rock</a></i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Understudy_(Inside_No._9)" title="The Understudy (Inside No. 9)">The Understudy</a>" (2014, <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_No._9" title="Inside No. 9">Inside No. 9</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Strauss)" title="Macbeth (Strauss)">Macbeth</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Strauss">Johann Strauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play_(Lee_Blessing_play)" title="The Scottish Play (Lee Blessing play)"><i>The Scottish Play</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trios,_Op._70_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Trios, Op. 70 (Beethoven)">Piano Trios, Op. 70</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_of_Cawdor" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ruins of Cawdor">The Ruins of Cawdor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cards_(British_TV_series)" title="House of Cards (British TV series)">House of Cards</a></i> (UK, 1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Cards_(American_TV_series)" title="House of Cards (American TV series)">House of Cards</a></i> (US, 2013–2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Something_Wicked_This_Way_Comes_(novel)" title="Something Wicked This Way Comes (novel)">Something Wicked This Way Comes</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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