CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ENIAC - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e855688a-909c-407c-a89d-97ab1d5a43af","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"ENIAC","wgTitle":"ENIAC","wgCurRevisionId":1258671388,"wgRevisionId":1258671388,"wgArticleId":66572,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1 maint: url-status","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from March 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from October 2020","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles with hAudio microformats","Commons link from Wikidata","1940s computers","Military computers", "One-of-a-kind computers","Vacuum tube computers","Computer-related introductions in 1945","Artillery components","Artillery operation","Military electronics of the United States","University of Pennsylvania","Decimal computers","Serial computers","Walnut Street (Philadelphia)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"ENIAC","wgRelevantArticleId":66572,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 80000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":39.9523,"lon":-75.1906},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169399","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg/1200px-ENIAC_Penn1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="904"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg/800px-ENIAC_Penn1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="602"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg/640px-ENIAC_Penn1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="482"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="ENIAC - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ENIAC rootpage-ENIAC skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=ENIAC" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=ENIAC" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=ENIAC" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=ENIAC" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Development and design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_and_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development and design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Components </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Operation times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Reliability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Programming </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Programming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Programming subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Programmers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Programming languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_hydrogen_bomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_hydrogen_bomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Role in the hydrogen bomb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_hydrogen_bomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_development_of_the_Monte_Carlo_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_development_of_the_Monte_Carlo_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_development_of_the_Monte_Carlo_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later developments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later developments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_the_development_of_the_EDVAC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_the_development_of_the_EDVAC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Role in the development of the EDVAC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_the_development_of_the_EDVAC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Improvements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_early_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_early_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Comparison with other early computers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_with_other_early_computers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparison with other early computers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_early_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Public knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Patent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Main parts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_parts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Main parts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Main_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parts_on_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_on_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Parts on display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_on_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ENIAC</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Numerical_Integrator_and_Computer" title="Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83" title="إنياك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنياك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="এনিয়াক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনিয়াক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%9D%D0%86%D0%90%D0%9A" title="ЭНІАК – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ЭНІАК" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="انیاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انیاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Numerical_Integrator_And_Computer" title="Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%8B%88%EC%95%85" title="에니악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에니악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%95" title="एनिऐक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एनिऐक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A7" title="אניאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אניאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ອີນິແອັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອີນິແອັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%98%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Електронски нумерички интегратор и компјутер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронски нумерички интегратор и компјутер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="എനിയാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എനിയാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%90%D0%9A" title="ЭНИАК – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ЭНИАК" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%90%D0%9A" title="ЭНИАК – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="ЭНИАК" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniac" title="Eniac – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eniac" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ئینیاک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینیاک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="எனியாக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எனியாக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="อีนิแอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อีนิแอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Numerical_Integrator_and_Computer" title="Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC%E7%A7%AF%E5%88%86%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="电子数值积分计算机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子数值积分计算机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="ENIAC" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8%E5%80%BC%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F" title="電子數值積分計算機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子數值積分計算機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ENIAC" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:ENIAC" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ENIAC">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/ENIAC">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/ENIAC" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/ENIAC" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&oldid=1258671388" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=ENIAC&id=1258671388&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FENIAC">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FENIAC">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=ENIAC&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169399" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ENIAC&params=39.9523_N_75.1906_W_region:US-PA_type:landmark">39°57′08″N 75°11′26″W / 39.9523°N 75.1906°W / 39.9523; -75.1906</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First electronic general-purpose digital computer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">ENIAC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding: 0 1px;"><div style="padding: 2px; background-color: navy"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers">Pennsylvania Historical Marker</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ENIAC_Penn1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg/220px-ENIAC_Penn1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg/330px-ENIAC_Penn1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg/440px-ENIAC_Penn1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Four ENIAC panels and one of its three function tables at the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> Department of Computer and Information Science, 3330 <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ENIAC&params=39.9523_N_75.1906_W_region:US-PA_type:landmark">39°57′08″N 75°11′26″W / 39.9523°N 75.1906°W / 39.9523; -75.1906</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built/founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers">PHMC</a> dedicated</th><td class="infobox-data">Thursday, June 15, 2000</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/220px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/330px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/440px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Glenn A. Beck (background) and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Snyder</a> (foreground) program ENIAC in <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">BRL</a> building 328. (U.S. Army photo, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1947–1955)</figcaption></figure> ENIAC (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛniæk/</a>; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENIACstory-2">[2]</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programmable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a>, general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a>, completed in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Other computers had some of these features, but ENIAC was the first to have them all. It was <a href="/wiki/Turing-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing-complete">Turing-complete</a> and able to solve "a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> ENIAC was designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a> to calculate <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">firing tables</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">Ballistic Research Laboratory</a> (which later became a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">Army Research Laboratory</a>).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993214-8">[8]</a> However, its first program was a study of the feasibility of the <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear weapon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to work for practical purposes on December 10, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-trial-11">[11]</a> ENIAC was formally dedicated at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> on February 15, 1946, having cost $487,000 (equivalent to $6,900,000 in 2023), and called a "Giant Brain" by the press.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It had a speed on the order of one thousand times faster than that of <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-mechanical">electro-mechanical</a> machines.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> ENIAC was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. It was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen,_Maryland" title="Aberdeen, Maryland">Aberdeen, Maryland</a> in 1947, where it was in continuous operation until 1955. The 1948 <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a> was the first machine to contain all the elements essential to a modern electronic digital computer, as it could be reprogrammed electronically to hold <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored programs</a> instead of requiring setting of switches to program as ENIAC did. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_design">Development and design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development and design">edit</a>]</div> ENIAC's design and construction was financed by the United States Army, Ordnance Corps, Research and Development Command, led by Major General <a href="/wiki/Gladeon_M._Barnes" title="Gladeon M. Barnes">Gladeon M. Barnes</a>. The total cost was about $487,000, equivalent to $6,900,000 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The conception of ENIAC began in 1941, when Friden calculators and <a href="/wiki/Differential_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential analyzer">differential analyzers</a> were used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Ordnance Department">United States Army Ordnance Department</a> to compute firing tables for artillery, which was done by graduate students under John Mauchly's supervision. Mauchly began to wonder if electronics could be applied to mathematics for faster calculations. He partnered up with research associate <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a>, as Mauchly wasn't an electronics expert, to draft an electronic computer that could work at an excellent pace. In 1942, Mauchly proposed an all-electronic calculating machine that could help the U.S. Army calculate complex ballistics tables.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The U.S. Army Ordnance accepted their plan, giving the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> a six-months research contract for $61,700.<a href="#cite_note-UNIVAC-16">[16]</a> The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943; work on the computer began in secret at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering" title="Moore School of Electrical Engineering">Moore School of Electrical Engineering</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> the following month, under the code name "Project PX", with <a href="/wiki/John_Grist_Brainerd" title="John Grist Brainerd">John Grist Brainerd</a> as principal investigator. <a href="/wiki/Herman_H._Goldstine" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman H. Goldstine">Herman H. Goldstine</a> persuaded the Army to fund the project, which put him in charge to oversee it for them.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Assembly for the computer began in June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-UNIVAC-16">[16]</a> ENIAC was designed by <a href="/wiki/Ursinus_College" title="Ursinus College">Ursinus College</a> physics professor <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a> of the University of Pennsylvania, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-19">[19]</a> The team of design engineers assisting the development included Robert F. Shaw (function tables), <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Chuan_Chu" title="Jeffrey Chuan Chu">Jeffrey Chuan Chu</a> (divider/square-rooter), Thomas Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Frank Mural (master programmer), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burks" title="Arthur Burks">Arthur Burks</a> (multiplier), <a href="/wiki/Harry_Huskey" title="Harry Huskey">Harry Huskey</a> (reader/printer) and Jack Davis (accumulators).<a href="#cite_note-eniac-on-trial-20">[20]</a> Significant development work was undertaken by the female mathematicians who handled the bulk of the ENIAC programming: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Jean Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Wescoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlyn Wescoff">Marlyn Wescoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Lichterman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Lichterman">Ruth Lichterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Snyder">Betty Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Bilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Bilas">Frances Bilas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kay_McNulty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay McNulty">Kay McNulty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> In 1946, the researchers resigned from the University of Pennsylvania and formed the <a href="/wiki/Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly_Computer_Corporation" title="Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation">Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation</a>. ENIAC was a large, modular computer, composed of individual panels to perform different functions. Twenty of these modules were accumulators that could not only add and subtract, but hold a ten-digit <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> number in memory. Numbers were passed between these units across several general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">buses</a> (or trays, as they were called). In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive numbers, compute, save the answer and trigger the next operation, all without any moving parts. Key to its versatility was the ability to branch; it could trigger different operations, depending on the sign of a computed result. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a>]</div> By the end of its operation in 1956, ENIAC contained 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a>, 7,200 <a href="/wiki/Crystal_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal diode">crystal diodes</a>, 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>, 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a>, 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>, and approximately 5,000,000 hand-<a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">soldered</a> joints. It weighed more than 30 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a> (27 t), was roughly 8 ft (2 m) tall, 3 ft (1 m) deep, and 100 ft (30 m) long, occupied 300 sq ft (28 m2) and consumed 150 kW of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-BRLreport-23">[23]</a> Input was possible from an IBM <a href="/wiki/Card_reader_(punched_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="Card reader (punched card)">card reader</a> and an IBM <a href="/wiki/Card_punch" class="mw-redirect" title="Card punch">card punch</a> was used for output. These cards could be used to produce printed output offline using an <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> accounting machine, such as the <a href="/wiki/IBM_405" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 405">IBM 405</a>. While ENIAC had no system to store memory in its inception, these punch cards could be used for external memory storage.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1953, a 100-<a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">word</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">magnetic-core memory</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a> was added to ENIAC.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> ENIAC used <a href="/wiki/Serial_decimal" title="Serial decimal">ten-position</a> <a href="/wiki/Ring_counter" title="Ring counter">ring counters</a> to store digits; each digit required 36 vacuum tubes, 10 of which were the dual triodes making up the <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">flip-flops</a> of the ring counter. Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and generating carry pulses if the counter "wrapped around", the idea being to electronically emulate the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Adding_machine" title="Adding machine">adding machine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> ENIAC had 20 ten-digit signed <a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)" title="Accumulator (computing)">accumulators</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Ten%27s_complement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten's complement">ten's complement</a> representation and could perform 5,000 simple addition or subtraction operations between any of them and a source (e.g., another accumulator or a constant transmitter) per second. It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher, due to parallel operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstineGoldstine1946-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classic_shot_of_the_ENIAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Classic_shot_of_the_ENIAC.jpg/250px-Classic_shot_of_the_ENIAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Classic_shot_of_the_ENIAC.jpg/375px-Classic_shot_of_the_ENIAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Classic_shot_of_the_ENIAC.jpg/500px-Classic_shot_of_the_ENIAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Cpl. Irwin Goldstein (foreground) sets the switches on one of ENIAC's function tables at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. (U.S. Army photo)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></figcaption></figure> It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another accumulator to perform arithmetic with double the precision, but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of three or more for even higher precision. ENIAC used four of the accumulators (controlled by a special multiplier unit) to perform up to 385 multiplication operations per second; five of the accumulators were controlled by a special divider/square-rooter unit to perform up to 40 division operations per second or three <a href="/wiki/Square_root" title="Square root">square root</a> operations per second. The other nine units in ENIAC were the initiating unit (started and stopped the machine), the cycling unit (used for synchronizing the other units), the master programmer (controlled loop sequencing), the reader (controlled an IBM punch-card reader), the printer (controlled an IBM card punch), the constant transmitter, and three function tables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948Section_I:_General_Description_of_the_ENIAC_–_The_Function_Tables-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1946-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_times">Operation times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operation times">edit</a>]</div> The references by Rojas and Hashagen (or Wilkes)<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-19">[19]</a> give more details about the times for operations, which differ somewhat from those stated above. The basic machine cycle was 200 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microseconds</a> (20 cycles of the 100 kHz clock in the cycling unit), or 5,000 cycles per second for operations on the 10-digit numbers. In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number from a register, or add/subtract two numbers. A multiplication of a 10-digit number by a d-digit number (for d up to 10) took d+4 cycles, so the multiplication of a 10-digit number by 10-digit number took 14 cycles, or 2,800 microseconds—a rate of 357 per second. If one of the numbers had fewer than 10 digits, the operation was faster. Division and square roots took 13(d+1) cycles, where d is the number of digits in the result (quotient or square root). So a division or square root took up to 143 cycles, or 28,600 microseconds—a rate of 35 per second. (Wilkes 1956:20<a href="#cite_note-Wilkes-19">[19]</a> states that a division with a 10-digit quotient required 6 milliseconds.) If the result had fewer than ten digits, it was obtained faster. ENIAC was able to process about 500 <a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOPS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> compared to <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer#Performance_metrics" title="Supercomputer">modern supercomputers'</a> <a href="/wiki/Petascale_computing" title="Petascale computing">petascale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exascale_computing" title="Exascale computing">exascale</a> computing power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability">Reliability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reliability">edit</a>]</div> ENIAC used common <a href="/wiki/Octal_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Octal tube">octal-base</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio tube">radio tubes</a> of the day; the decimal <a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)" title="Accumulator (computing)">accumulators</a> were made of <a href="/wiki/6SN7" title="6SN7">6SN7</a> <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)" title="Flip-flop (electronics)">flip-flops</a>, while 6L7s, 6SJ7s, 6SA7s and 6AC7s were used in logic functions.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/6L6" title="6L6">6L6s</a> and <a href="/wiki/6V6" title="6V6">6V6s</a> served as line drivers to drive pulses through cables between rack assemblies. Several tubes burned out almost every day, leaving ENIAC nonfunctional about half the time. Special high-reliability tubes were not available until 1948. Most of these failures, however, occurred during the warm-up and cool-down periods, when the tube heaters and cathodes were under the most thermal stress. Engineers reduced ENIAC's tube failures to the more acceptable rate of one tube every two days. According to an interview in 1989 with Eckert, "We had a tube fail about every two days and we could locate the problem within 15 minutes."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1954, the longest continuous period of operation without a failure was 116 hours—close to five days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming">Programming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Programming">edit</a>]</div> ENIAC could be programmed to perform complex sequences of operations, including loops, branches, and subroutines. However, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computers</a> that exist today, ENIAC was just a large collection of arithmetic machines, which originally had programs set up into the machine<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Plugboard" title="Plugboard">plugboard</a> wiring and three portable function tables (containing 1,200 ten-way switches each).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The task of taking a problem and mapping it onto the machine was complex, and usually took weeks. Due to the complexity of mapping programs onto the machine, programs were only changed after huge numbers of tests of the current program.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> After the program was figured out on paper, the process of getting the program into ENIAC by manipulating its switches and cables could take days. This was followed by a period of verification and debugging, aided by the ability to execute the program step by step. A programming tutorial for the modulo function using an ENIAC simulator gives an impression of what a program on the ENIAC looked like.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> ENIAC's six primary programmers, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kay McNulty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Betty Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Wescoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Fran Bilas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Lichterman</a>, not only determined how to input ENIAC programs, but also developed an understanding of ENIAC's inner workings.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The programmers were often able to narrow bugs down to an individual failed tube which could be pointed to for replacement by a technician.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmers">Programmers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Programmers">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_women_operating_ENIAC_(full_resolution).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Two_women_operating_ENIAC_%28full_resolution%29.jpg/250px-Two_women_operating_ENIAC_%28full_resolution%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Two_women_operating_ENIAC_%28full_resolution%29.jpg/375px-Two_women_operating_ENIAC_%28full_resolution%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Two_women_operating_ENIAC_%28full_resolution%29.jpg/500px-Two_women_operating_ENIAC_%28full_resolution%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Programmers <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Betty Jean Jennings</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Fran Bilas</a> (right) operating ENIAC's main control panel at the <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering" title="Moore School of Electrical Engineering">Moore School of Electrical Engineering</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1945 (U.S. Army photo from the archives of the ARL Technical Library)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ENIAC_Programmers_(As_Told_By_U.S._Chief_Technology_Officer_Megan_Smith).ogg" title="File:The ENIAC Programmers (As Told By U.S. Chief Technology Officer Megan Smith).ogg">The ENIAC Programmers (As Told By U.S. Chief Technology Officer Megan Smith)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="The_ENIAC_Programmers_(As_Told_By_U.S._Chief_Technology_Officer_Megan_Smith).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/15/The_ENIAC_Programmers_%28As_Told_By_U.S._Chief_Technology_Officer_Megan_Smith%29.ogg/The_ENIAC_Programmers_%28As_Told_By_U.S._Chief_Technology_Officer_Megan_Smith%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/The_ENIAC_Programmers_%28As_Told_By_U.S._Chief_Technology_Officer_Megan_Smith%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> needed to compute ballistics trajectories, many women were interviewed for this task. At least 200 women were hired by the <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Moore School of Engineering">Moore School of Engineering</a> to work as "<a href="/wiki/Computer_(occupation)" title="Computer (occupation)">computers</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> and six of them were chosen to be the programmers of ENIAC. <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kay McNulty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Wescoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Lichterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Betty Jean Jennings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Fran Bilas</a>, programmed the ENIAC to perform calculations for ballistics trajectories electronically for the Army's <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">Ballistic Research Laboratory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SWE-Spr19-44">[44]</a> While men having the same education and experience were designated as "professionals", these women were unreasonably designated as "subprofessionals", though they had professional degrees in mathematics, and were highly trained mathematicians.<a href="#cite_note-SWE-Spr19-44">[44]</a> These women were not "refrigerator ladies", i.e., models posing in front of the machine for press photography, as then computer scientist undergrad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathryn_Kleiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathryn Kleiman (page does not exist)">Kathryn Kleiman</a> discovered in her own research as opposed to what she was told by a historian in computing.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a> However, some of the women did not receive recognition for their work on the ENIAC in their entire lifetimes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> After the war ended, the women continued to work on the ENIAC. Their expertise made their positions difficult to replace with returning soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Later In the 1990s Kleiman learned that most of the ENIAC programmers were not invited to the ENIAC’s 50th anniversary event. So she made it her mission to track them down and record their oral histories. The documentary, intended to inspire young women and men to get involved in programming. "They were shocked to be discovered," Kleiman says. "They were thrilled to be recognized, but had mixed impressions about how they felt about being ignored for so long."<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a> Kleiman released a book on the six female ENIAC programmers in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> These early programmers were drawn from a group of about two hundred women employed as <a href="/wiki/Computer_(occupation)" title="Computer (occupation)">computers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering" title="Moore School of Electrical Engineering">Moore School of Electrical Engineering</a> at the University of Pennsylvania. The job of computers was to produce the numeric result of mathematical formulas needed for a scientific study, or an engineering project. They usually did so with a mechanical calculator. The women studied the machine's logic, physical structure, operation, and circuitry in order to not only understand the mathematics of computing, but also the machine itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> This was one of the few technical job categories available to women at that time.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a> (née Snyder) continued on to help write the first generative programming system (<a href="/wiki/Mainframe_sort_merge" title="Mainframe sort merge">SORT/MERGE</a>) and help design the first commercial electronic computers, the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC" title="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BINAC" title="BINAC">BINAC</a>, alongside Jean Jennings.<a href="#cite_note-beyer-49">[49]</a> McNulty developed the use of <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a> in order to help increase ENIAC's computational capability.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> selected the programmers, whom he called operators, from the computers who had been calculating ballistics tables with mechanical desk calculators, and a differential analyzer prior to and during the development of ENIAC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> Under Herman and <a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldstine" title="Adele Goldstine">Adele Goldstine</a>'s direction, the computers studied ENIAC's blueprints and physical structure to determine how to manipulate its switches and cables, as <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> did not yet exist. Though contemporaries considered programming a clerical task and did not publicly recognize the programmers' effect on the successful operation and announcement of ENIAC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> McNulty, Jennings, Snyder, Wescoff, Bilas, and Lichterman have since been recognized for their contributions to computing.<a href="#cite_note-invisible-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-secret-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-siff-53">[53]</a> Three of the current (2020) Army supercomputers Jean, Kay, and Betty are named after <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Jean Bartik</a> (Betty Jennings), <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kay McNulty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Snyder</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The "programmer" and "operator" job titles were not originally considered professions suitable for women. The labor shortage created by World War II helped enable the entry of women into the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> However, the field was not viewed as prestigious, and bringing in women was viewed as a way to free men up for more skilled labor. Essentially, women were seen as meeting a need in a temporary crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> For example, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics said in 1942, "It is felt that enough greater return is obtained by freeing the engineers from calculating detail to overcome any increased expenses in the computers' salaries. The engineers admit themselves that the girl computers do the work more rapidly and accurately than they would. This is due in large measure to the feeling among the engineers that their college and industrial experience is being wasted and thwarted by mere repetitive calculation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> Following the initial six programmers, an expanded team of a hundred scientists was recruited to continue work on the ENIAC. Among these were several women, including <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Gordon_Bolotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Gordon Bolotsky">Gloria Ruth Gordon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapobit-55">[55]</a> Adele Goldstine wrote the original technical description of the ENIAC.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_languages">Programming languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Programming languages">edit</a>]</div> Several language systems were developed to describe programs for the ENIAC, including: <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Chief developers </th></tr> <tr> <td>1943–46 </td> <td>ENIAC coding system </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td>ENIAC Short Code </td> <td>Richard Clippinger, <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> after <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td>Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing system (Notation) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>ARC Assembly </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Booth" title="Kathleen Booth">Kathleen Booth</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>Curry notation system </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Haskell Curry</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_hydrogen_bomb">Role in the hydrogen bomb</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in the hydrogen bomb">edit</a>]</div> Although the Ballistic Research Laboratory was the sponsor of ENIAC, one year into this three-year project <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>, a mathematician working on the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>, became aware of the ENIAC.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In December 1945, the ENIAC was used to calculate <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear reaction">thermonuclear reactions</a> using <a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">equations</a>. The data was used to support research on building a hydrogen bomb.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_development_of_the_Monte_Carlo_methods">Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in development of the Monte Carlo methods">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method#History" title="Monte Carlo method">History of Monte Carlo method</a></div> Related to ENIAC's role in the hydrogen bomb was its role in the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo method</a> becoming popular. Scientists involved in the original nuclear bomb development used massive groups of people doing huge numbers of calculations ("computers" in the terminology of the time) to investigate the distance that neutrons would likely travel through various materials. <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a> realized the speed of ENIAC would allow these calculations to be done much more quickly.<a href="#cite_note-mbv01-62">[62]</a> The success of this project showed the value of Monte Carlo methods in science.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Later developments">edit</a>]</div> A press conference was held on February 1, 1946,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> and the completed machine was announced to the public the evening of February 14, 1946,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> featuring demonstrations of its capabilities. Elizabeth Snyder and Betty Jean Jennings were responsible for developing the demonstration trajectory program, although Herman and Adele Goldstine took credit for it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> The machine was formally dedicated the next day<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> at the University of Pennsylvania. None of the women involved in programming the machine or creating the demonstration were invited to the formal dedication nor to the celebratory dinner held afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The original contract amount was $61,700; the final cost was almost $500,000 (approximately equivalent to $9,000,000 in 2023). It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955, when it was retired in favor of the more efficient <a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ORDVAC" title="ORDVAC">ORDVAC</a> computers.<a href="#cite_note-ENIACstory-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_the_development_of_the_EDVAC">Role in the development of the EDVAC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Role in the development of the EDVAC">edit</a>]</div> A few months after ENIAC's unveiling in the summer of 1946, as part of "an extraordinary effort to jump-start research in the field",<a href="#cite_note-Mac-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> invited "the top people in electronics and mathematics from the United States and Great Britain"<a href="#cite_note-Mac-67">[67]</a> to a series of forty-eight lectures given in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; all together called The Theory and Techniques for Design of Digital Computers—more often named the <a href="/wiki/Moore_School_Lectures" title="Moore School Lectures">Moore School Lectures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mac-67">[67]</a> Half of these lectures were given by the inventors of ENIAC.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> ENIAC was a one-of-a-kind design and was never repeated. The freeze on design in 1943 meant that it lacked some innovations that soon became well-developed, notably the ability to store a program. Eckert and Mauchly started work on a new design, to be later called the <a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a>, which would be both simpler and more powerful. In particular, in 1944 Eckert wrote his description of a memory unit (the mercury <a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">delay line</a>) which would hold both the data and the program. John von Neumann, who was consulting for the Moore School on the EDVAC, sat in on the Moore School meetings at which the stored program concept was elaborated. Von Neumann wrote up an incomplete set of notes (<a href="/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC" title="First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC">First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC</a>) which were intended to be used as an internal memorandum—describing, elaborating, and couching in formal logical language the ideas developed in the meetings. ENIAC administrator and security officer <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Herman Goldstine</a> distributed copies of this First Draft to a number of government and educational institutions, spurring widespread interest in the construction of a new generation of electronic computing machines, including <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Delay_Storage_Automatic_Calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator">Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator</a> (EDSAC) at Cambridge University, England and <a href="/wiki/SEAC_(computer)" title="SEAC (computer)">SEAC</a> at the U.S. Bureau of Standards.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improvements">Improvements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Improvements">edit</a>]</div> A number of improvements were made to ENIAC after 1947, including a primitive read-only stored programming mechanism using the function tables as program <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1947-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> after which programming was done by setting the switches.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The idea has been worked out in several variants by Richard Clippinger and his group, on the one hand, and the Goldstines, on the other,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b44–45-76">[76]</a> and it was included in the ENIAC <a href="#Patent">patent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b44-77">[77]</a> Clippinger consulted with von Neumann on what instruction set to implement.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948INTRODUCTION-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993233-234,_270;_search_string:_''eniac_Adele_1947''-79">[79]</a> Clippinger had thought of a three-address architecture while von Neumann proposed a one-address architecture because it was simpler to implement. Three digits of one accumulator (#6) were used as the program counter, another accumulator (#15) was used as the main accumulator, a third accumulator (#8) was used as the address pointer for reading data from the function tables, and most of the other accumulators (1–5, 7, 9–14, 17–19) were used for data memory. In March 1948 the converter unit was installed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b47–48-80">[80]</a> which made possible programming through the reader from standard IBM cards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948Section_VIII:_Modified_ENIAC-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The "first production run" of the new coding techniques on the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo</a> problem followed in April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b47–48-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> After ENIAC's move to Aberdeen, a register panel for memory was also constructed, but it did not work. A small master control unit to turn the machine on and off was also added.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2016113–114-84">[84]</a> The programming of the stored program for ENIAC was done by Betty Jennings, Clippinger, Adele Goldstine and others.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1947-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> It was first demonstrated as a <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computer</a> in April 1948,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2016153-87">[87]</a> running a program by <a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldstine" title="Adele Goldstine">Adele Goldstine</a> for John von Neumann. This modification reduced the speed of ENIAC by a factor of 6 and eliminated the ability of parallel computation, but as it also reduced the reprogramming time<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993233-234,_270;_search_string:_''eniac_Adele_1947''-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> to hours instead of days, it was considered well worth the loss of performance. Also analysis had shown that due to differences between the electronic speed of computation and the electromechanical speed of input/output, almost any real-world problem was completely <a href="/wiki/I/O_bound" title="I/O bound">I/O bound</a>, even without making use of the original machine's parallelism. Most computations would still be I/O bound, even after the speed reduction imposed by this modification. Early in 1952, a high-speed shifter was added, which improved the speed for shifting by a factor of five. In July 1953, a 100-word expansion <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">core memory</a> was added to the system, using <a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">binary-coded decimal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excess-3" title="Excess-3">excess-3</a> number representation. To support this expansion memory, ENIAC was equipped with a new Function Table selector, a memory address selector, pulse-shaping circuits, and three new orders were added to the programming mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_early_computers">Comparison with other early computers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Comparison with other early computers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ENIAC_Pennsylvania_state_historical_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ENIAC_Pennsylvania_state_historical_marker.jpg/200px-ENIAC_Pennsylvania_state_historical_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ENIAC_Pennsylvania_state_historical_marker.jpg/300px-ENIAC_Pennsylvania_state_historical_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/ENIAC_Pennsylvania_state_historical_marker.jpg/400px-ENIAC_Pennsylvania_state_historical_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers" title="List of Pennsylvania state historical markers">Pennsylvania state historical marker</a> on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>'s campus in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> Mechanical computing machines have been around since <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>' time (see: <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a>), but the 1930s and 1940s are considered the beginning of the modern computer era. ENIAC was, like the IBM <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/Z3_(computer)" title="Z3 (computer)">Z3</a>, able to run an arbitrary sequence of mathematical operations, but did not read them from a tape. Like the British <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a>, it was programmed by plugboard and switches. ENIAC combined full, <a href="/wiki/Turing-complete" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing-complete">Turing-complete</a> programmability with electronic speed. The <a href="/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atanasoff–Berry Computer">Atanasoff–Berry Computer</a> (ABC), ENIAC, and Colossus all used <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">thermionic valves (vacuum tubes)</a>. ENIAC's registers performed decimal arithmetic, rather than binary arithmetic like the Z3, the ABC and Colossus. Like the Colossus, ENIAC required rewiring to reprogram until April 1948.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In June 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a> ran its first program and earned the distinction of first electronic <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b48–54-91">[91]</a> Though the idea of a stored-program computer with combined memory for program and data was conceived during the development of ENIAC, it was not initially implemented in ENIAC because World War II priorities required the machine to be completed quickly, and ENIAC's 20 storage locations would be too small to hold data and programs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_knowledge">Public knowledge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Public knowledge">edit</a>]</div> The Z3 and Colossus were developed independently of each other, and of the ABC and ENIAC during World War II. Work on the ABC at <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> was stopped in 1942 after <a href="/wiki/John_Atanasoff" class="mw-redirect" title="John Atanasoff">John Atanasoff</a> was called to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, to do physics research for the U.S. Navy, and it was subsequently dismantled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeland2006106-92">[92]</a> The Z3 was destroyed by the Allied bombing raids of Berlin in 1943. As the ten Colossus machines were part of the UK's war effort their existence remained secret until the late 1970s, although knowledge of their capabilities remained among their UK staff and invited Americans. ENIAC, by contrast, was put through its paces for the press in 1946, "and captured the world's imagination". Older histories of computing may therefore not be comprehensive in their coverage and analysis of this period. All but two of the Colossus machines were dismantled in 1945; the remaining two were used to decrypt Soviet messages by <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a> until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeland20062-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The public demonstration for ENIAC was developed by Snyder and Jennings who created a demo that would calculate the trajectory of a missile in 15 seconds, a task that would have taken several weeks for a <a href="/wiki/Human_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Human computer">human computer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patent">Patent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Patent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_v._Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell v. Sperry Rand">Honeywell v. Sperry Rand</a></div> For a variety of reasons – including Mauchly's June 1941 examination of the <a href="/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_computer" title="Atanasoff–Berry computer">Atanasoff–Berry computer</a> (ABC), prototyped in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/John_Atanasoff" class="mw-redirect" title="John Atanasoff">John Atanasoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Berry" title="Clifford Berry">Clifford Berry</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3120606">U.S. patent 3,120,606</a> for ENIAC, applied for in 1947 and granted in 1964, was voided by the 1973<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> decision of the landmark federal court case <a href="/wiki/Honeywell,_Inc._v._Sperry_Rand_Corp." title="Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp.">Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp.</a>. The decision included: that the ENIAC inventors had derived the subject matter of the electronic digital computer from Atanasoff; gave legal recognition to Atanasoff as the inventor of the first electronic digital computer; and put the invention of the electronic digital computer in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_parts">Main parts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Main parts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ENIAC,_Ft._Sill,_OK,_US_(78).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ENIAC%2C_Ft._Sill%2C_OK%2C_US_%2878%29.jpg/220px-ENIAC%2C_Ft._Sill%2C_OK%2C_US_%2878%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ENIAC%2C_Ft._Sill%2C_OK%2C_US_%2878%29.jpg/330px-ENIAC%2C_Ft._Sill%2C_OK%2C_US_%2878%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ENIAC%2C_Ft._Sill%2C_OK%2C_US_%2878%29.jpg/440px-ENIAC%2C_Ft._Sill%2C_OK%2C_US_%2878%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The bottoms of three accumulators at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, US</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ENIAC_function_table_at_Aberdeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ENIAC_function_table_at_Aberdeen.jpg/220px-ENIAC_function_table_at_Aberdeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ENIAC_function_table_at_Aberdeen.jpg/330px-ENIAC_function_table_at_Aberdeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/ENIAC_function_table_at_Aberdeen.jpg/440px-ENIAC_function_table_at_Aberdeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A function table from ENIAC on display at Aberdeen Proving Ground museum</figcaption></figure> The main parts were 40 panels and three portable function tables (named A, B, and C). The layout of the panels was (clockwise, starting with the left wall): <dl><dt>Left wall</dt></dl> <ul><li>Initiating Unit</li> <li>Cycling Unit</li> <li>Master Programmer – panel 1 and 2</li> <li>Function Table 1 – panel 1 and 2</li> <li>Accumulator 1</li> <li>Accumulator 2</li> <li>Divider and Square Rooter</li> <li>Accumulator 3</li> <li>Accumulator 4</li> <li>Accumulator 5</li> <li>Accumulator 6</li> <li>Accumulator 7</li> <li>Accumulator 8</li> <li>Accumulator 9</li></ul> <dl><dt>Back wall</dt></dl> <ul><li>Accumulator 10</li> <li>High-speed Multiplier – panel 1, 2, and 3</li> <li>Accumulator 11</li> <li>Accumulator 12</li> <li>Accumulator 13</li> <li>Accumulator 14</li></ul> <dl><dt>Right wall</dt></dl> <ul><li>Accumulator 15</li> <li>Accumulator 16</li> <li>Accumulator 17</li> <li>Accumulator 18</li> <li>Function Table 2 – panel 1 and 2</li> <li>Function Table 3 – panel 1 and 2</li> <li>Accumulator 19</li> <li>Accumulator 20</li> <li>Constant Transmitter – panel 1, 2, and 3</li> <li>Printer – panel 1, 2, and 3</li></ul> An IBM card reader was attached to Constant Transmitter panel 3 and an IBM card punch was attached to Printer Panel 2. The Portable Function Tables could be connected to Function Table 1, 2, and 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parts_on_display">Parts on display</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parts on display">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ENIAC_Penn2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ENIAC_Penn2.jpg/250px-ENIAC_Penn2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ENIAC_Penn2.jpg/375px-ENIAC_Penn2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ENIAC_Penn2.jpg/500px-ENIAC_Penn2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tubes</a></figcaption></figure> Pieces of ENIAC are held by the following institutions: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania</a> has four of the original forty panels (Accumulator #18, Constant Transmitter Panel 2, Master Programmer Panel 2, and the Cycling Unit) and one of the three function tables (Function Table B) of ENIAC (on loan from the Smithsonian).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">[96]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a> has five panels (Accumulators 2, 19, and 20; Constant Transmitter panels 1 and 3; Divider and Square Rooter; Function Table 2 panel 1; Function Table 3 panel 2; High-speed Multiplier panels 1 and 2; Printer panel 1; Initiating Unit)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">[96]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">[21]</a> (but apparently not currently on display).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a> in London has a receiver unit on display.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> in Mountain View, California has three panels (Accumulator #12, Function Table 2 panel 2, and Printer Panel 3) and portable function table C on display (on loan from the Smithsonian Institution).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">[96]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in Ann Arbor has four panels (two accumulators, High-speed Multiplier panel 3, and Master Programmer panel 2),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">[96]</a> salvaged by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burks" title="Arthur Burks">Arthur Burks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Ordnance Museum">United States Army Ordnance Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, where ENIAC was used, has Portable Function Table A.</li> <li>The U.S. Army Field Artillery Museum in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a>, as of October 2014, obtained seven panels of ENIAC that were previously housed by The Perot Group in Plano, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> There are accumulators #7, #8, #11, and #17;<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> panel #1 and #2 that connected to function table #1,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">[96]</a> and the back of a panel showing its tubes. A module of tubes is also on display.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at West Point, New York, has one of the data entry terminals from the ENIAC.</li> <li>The Heinz Nixdorf Museum in Paderborn, Germany, has three panels (Printer panel 2 and High-speed Function Table)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">[96]</a> (on loan from the Smithsonian Institution). In 2014 the museum decided to rebuild one of the accumulator panels – reconstructed part has the look and feel of a simplified counterpart from the original machine.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> ENIAC was named an <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestone</a> in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ENIAC_on_a_Chip,_University_of_Pennsylvania_(1995)_-_Computer_History_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ENIAC_on_a_Chip%2C_University_of_Pennsylvania_%281995%29_-_Computer_History_Museum.jpg/220px-ENIAC_on_a_Chip%2C_University_of_Pennsylvania_%281995%29_-_Computer_History_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ENIAC_on_a_Chip%2C_University_of_Pennsylvania_%281995%29_-_Computer_History_Museum.jpg/330px-ENIAC_on_a_Chip%2C_University_of_Pennsylvania_%281995%29_-_Computer_History_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/ENIAC_on_a_Chip%2C_University_of_Pennsylvania_%281995%29_-_Computer_History_Museum.jpg/440px-ENIAC_on_a_Chip%2C_University_of_Pennsylvania_%281995%29_-_Computer_History_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>ENIAC on a Chip, University of Pennsylvania (1995) - Computer History Museum</figcaption></figure> In 1996, in honor of the ENIAC's 50th anniversary, The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> sponsored a project named "ENIAC-on-a-Chip", where a very small <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">silicon computer chip</a> measuring 7.44 mm by 5.29 mm was built with the same functionality as ENIAC. Although this 20 MHz chip was many times faster than ENIAC, it had but a fraction of the speed of its contemporary microprocessors in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 1997, the six women who did most of the programming of ENIAC were inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Technology_International#1997_inductees" title="Women in Technology International">Technology International Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-invisible-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-proto-106">[106]</a> The role of the ENIAC programmers is treated in a 2010 documentary film titled <a href="/wiki/Top_Secret_Rosies:_The_Female_%22Computers%22_of_WWII" title="Top Secret Rosies: The Female "Computers" of WWII">Top Secret Rosies: The Female "Computers" of WWII</a> by LeAnn Erickson.<a href="#cite_note-secret-52">[52]</a> A 2014 documentary short, The Computers by Kate McMahon, tells of the story of the six programmers; this was the result of 20 years' research by Kathryn Kleiman and her team as part of the ENIAC Programmers Project.<a href="#cite_note-siff-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2022 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central Publishing</a> released Proving Ground by Kathy Kleiman, a hardcover biography about the six ENIAC programmers and their efforts to translate block diagrams and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_schematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic schematic">electronic schematics</a> of the ENIAC, then under construction, into programs that would be loaded into and run on ENIAC once it was available for use.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2011, in honor of the 65th anniversary of the ENIAC's unveiling, the city of Philadelphia declared February 15 as ENIAC Day.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The ENIAC celebrated its 70th anniversary on February 15, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">History of computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Women in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum-tube_computers" title="List of vacuum-tube computers">List of vacuum-tube computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="List of military electronics of the United States">List of military electronics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_computers" title="Military computers">Military computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisys" title="Unisys">Unisys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burks" title="Arthur Burks">Arthur Burks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Frances Bilas Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jennings_Bartik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jennings Bartik">Jean Jennings Bartik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kathleen Antonelli (Kay McNulty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Lichterman_Teitelbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum">Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Eckert Jr., John Presper and Mauchly, John W.; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, United States Patent Office, US Patent 3,120,606, filed 1947-06-26, issued 1964-02-04; invalidated 1973-10-19 after court ruling in <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_v._Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell v. Sperry Rand">Honeywell v. Sperry Rand</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ENIACstory-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENIACstory_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENIACstory_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeik" class="citation journal cs1">Weik, Martin H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814181522/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html">"The ENIAC Story"</a>. Ordnance (January–February 1961). Washington, DC: American Ordnance Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ordnance&rft.atitle=The+ENIAC+Story&rft.issue=January%E2%80%93February+1961&rft.aulast=Weik&rft.aufirst=Martin+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.arl.mil%2F~mike%2Fcomphist%2Feniac-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308160220/https://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node10.html">"3.2 First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953)"</a>. www.phy.ornl.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/ov/node10.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phy.ornl.gov&rft.atitle=3.2+First+Generation+Electronic+Computers+%281937-1953%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phy.ornl.gov%2Fcsep%2Fov%2Fnode10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209080918/http://www.ushistory.org:80/more/eniac/public.htm">"ENIAC on Trial – 1. Public Use"</a>. www.ushistory.org. Search for 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/more/eniac/public.htm">the original</a> on February 9, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2018. <q>The ENIAC machine [...] was reduced to practice no later than the date of commencement of the use of the machine for the Los Alamos calculations, December 10, 1945.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushistory.org&rft.atitle=ENIAC+on+Trial+%E2%80%93+1.+Public+Use&rft.pages=Search+for+%27%271945%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fmore%2Feniac%2Fpublic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstineGoldstine1946">Goldstine & Goldstine 1946</a>, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShurkin1996" class="citation book cs1">Shurkin, Joel (1996). Engines of the mind: the evolution of the computer from mainframes to microprocessors. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31471-7"><bdi>978-0-393-31471-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engines+of+the+mind%3A+the+evolution+of+the+computer+from+mainframes+to+microprocessors&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31471-7&rft.aulast=Shurkin&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoye1996" class="citation web cs1">Moye, William T. (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521072638/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/96summary/index.html">"ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution"</a>. US Army Research Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/96summary/index.html">the original</a> on May 21, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENIAC%3A+The+Army-Sponsored+Revolution&rft.pub=US+Army+Research+Laboratory&rft.date=1996-01&rft.aulast=Moye&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.arl.mil%2F~mike%2Fcomphist%2F96summary%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993214-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993214_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstine1993">Goldstine 1993</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes1995">Rhodes 1995</a>, p. 251, chapter 13: The first problem assigned to the first working electronic digital computer in the world was the hydrogen bomb. […] The ENIAC ran a first rough version of the thermonuclear calculations for six weeks in December 1945 and January 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCartney1999">McCartney 1999</a>, p. 103: "ENIAC correctly showed that Teller's scheme would not work, but the results led Teller and Ulam to come up with another design together." </li> <li id="cite_note-trial-11"><a href="#cite_ref-trial_11-0">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/more/eniac/public.htm">"ENIAC on Trial – 1. Public Use"</a>. www.ushistory.org. Search for 1945. Retrieved May 16, 2018. <q>The ENIAC machine […] was reduced to practice no later than the date of commencement of the use of the machine for the Los Alamos calculations, December 10, 1945.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushistory.org&rft.atitle=ENIAC+on+Trial+%E2%80%93+1.+Public+Use&rft.pages=Search+for+%27%271945%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fmore%2Feniac%2Fpublic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/books/061499mccartney-book-review.html">"'ENIAC': Creating a Giant Brain, and Not Getting Credit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27ENIAC%27%3A+Creating+a+Giant+Brain%2C+and+Not+Getting+Credit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fbooks%2F061499mccartney-book-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104011455/http://www.thocp.net/hardware/eniac.htm">"ENIAC USA 1946"</a>. The History of Computing Project. History of Computing Foundation. March 13, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/hardware/eniac.htm">the original</a> on January 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Computing+Project&rft.atitle=ENIAC+USA+1946&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thocp.net%2Fhardware%2Feniac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalakov" class="citation web cs1">Dalakov, Georgi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Electronic/ENIAC.html">"ENIAC"</a>. History of Computers. Georgi Dalakov. Retrieved May 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Computers&rft.atitle=ENIAC&rft.aulast=Dalakov&rft.aufirst=Georgi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2FModernComputer%2FElectronic%2FENIAC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/birth-of-the-computer/4/78">"ENIAC - CHM Revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. Retrieved November 9, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=ENIAC+-+CHM+Revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Fbirth-of-the-computer%2F4%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNIVAC-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNIVAC_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNIVAC_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComputer_History_Museum2008" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> (August 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h4wQJfdhOlU">UNIVAC - Information Age: Then and Now</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Retrieved November 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNIVAC+-+Information+Age%3A+Then+and+Now&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.au=Computer+History+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dh4wQJfdhOlU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">cite AV media</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstineGoldstine1946">Goldstine & Goldstine 1946</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayle_Ronan_Sims2004" class="citation web cs1">Gayle Ronan Sims (June 22, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130170611/http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/finding_aids/mathoral/pmcxgoldstine.htm">"Herman Heine Goldstine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/finding_aids/mathoral/pmcxgoldstine.htm">the original</a> on November 30, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2017 – via www.princeton.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Herman+Heine+Goldstine&rft.date=2004-06-22&rft.au=Gayle+Ronan+Sims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fmudd%2Ffinding_aids%2Fmathoral%2Fpmcxgoldstine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkes-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkes_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Wilkes, M. V.</a> (1956). Automatic Digital Computers. New York: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. QA76.W5 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automatic+Digital+Computers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eniac-on-trial-20"><a href="#cite_ref-eniac-on-trial_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812225517/https://www.ushistory.org/more/eniac/inventors.htm">"ENIAC on Trial"</a>. USHistory.org. Independence Hall Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushistory.org/more/eniac/inventors.htm">the original</a> on August 12, 2019. Retrieved November 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USHistory.org&rft.atitle=ENIAC+on+Trial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushistory.org%2Fmore%2Feniac%2Finventors.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELight1999-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELight1999_21-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFLight1999">Light 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/ENIAC">"ENIAC"</a>. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=ENIAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FENIAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRLreport-23"><a href="#cite_ref-BRLreport_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeik1955" class="citation book cs1">Weik, Martin H. (December 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-e-h.html#ENIAC">Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971: A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems</a>. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: United States Department of Commerce Office of Technical Services. p. 41. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballistic+Research+Laboratories+Report+No.+971%3A+A+Survey+of+Domestic+Electronic+Digital+Computing+Systems&rft.place=Aberdeen+Proving+Ground%2C+MD&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Commerce+Office+of+Technical+Services&rft.date=1955-12&rft.aulast=Weik&rft.aufirst=Martin+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fed-thelen.org%2Fcomp-hist%2FBRL-e-h.html%23ENIAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seas.upenn.edu/about-seas/eniac/operation.php">"ENIAC in Action: What it Was and How it Worked"</a>. ENIAC: Celebrating Penn Engineering History. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved May 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENIAC%3A+Celebrating+Penn+Engineering+History&rft.atitle=ENIAC+in+Action%3A+What+it+Was+and+How+it+Worked&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seas.upenn.edu%2Fabout-seas%2Feniac%2Foperation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1998" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Jason (December 17, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2001/cmsc411/projects/ramguide/pastandfuture/pastandfuture.html">"Past and Future Developments in Memory Design"</a>. Past and Future Developments in Memory Design. University of Maryland. Retrieved May 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Future+Developments+in+Memory+Design&rft.atitle=Past+and+Future+Developments+in+Memory+Design&rft.date=1998-12-17&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.umd.edu%2Fclass%2Ffall2001%2Fcmsc411%2Fprojects%2Framguide%2Fpastandfuture%2Fpastandfuture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeddie2013" class="citation book cs1">Peddie, Jon (June 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6a8_AAAAQBAJ&q=ENIAC+used+ten-position+ring+counters+to+store+digits;+each+digit+required+36+vacuum+tubes,&pg=PA147">The History of Visual Magic in Computers: How Beautiful Images are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-4932-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4471-4932-3"><bdi>978-1-4471-4932-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Visual+Magic+in+Computers%3A+How+Beautiful+Images+are+Made+in+CAD%2C+3D%2C+VR+and+AR&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4471-4932-3&rft.aulast=Peddie&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6a8_AAAAQBAJ%26q%3DENIAC%2Bused%2Bten-position%2Bring%2Bcounters%2Bto%2Bstore%2Bdigits%3B%2Beach%2Bdigit%2Brequired%2B36%2Bvacuum%2Btubes%2C%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstineGoldstine1946-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstineGoldstine1946_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstineGoldstine1946">Goldstine & Goldstine 1946</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgarashiAltmanFunadaKamiyama2014" class="citation book cs1">Igarashi, Yoshihide; Altman, Tom; Funada, Mariko; Kamiyama, Barbara (May 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58ySAwAAQBAJ&q=ENIAC+had+20+ten-digit+signed+accumulators,+which+used+ten's+complement+representation&pg=PA154">Computing: A Historical and Technical Perspective</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-2741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-2741-3"><bdi>978-1-4822-2741-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computing%3A+A+Historical+and+Technical+Perspective&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-2741-3&rft.aulast=Igarashi&rft.aufirst=Yoshihide&rft.au=Altman%2C+Tom&rft.au=Funada%2C+Mariko&rft.au=Kamiyama%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58ySAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DENIAC%2Bhad%2B20%2Bten-digit%2Bsigned%2Baccumulators%2C%2Bwhich%2Bused%2Bten%27s%2Bcomplement%2Brepresentation%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The original photo can be seen in the article: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1946" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Allen (April 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=niEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA83">"Lightning Strikes Mathematics"</a>. Popular Science: 83–86. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Lightning+Strikes+Mathematics&rft.pages=83-86&rft.date=1946-04&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DniEDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948Section_I:_General_Description_of_the_ENIAC_–_The_Function_Tables-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948Section_I:_General_Description_of_the_ENIAC_–_The_Function_Tables_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClippinger1948">Clippinger 1948</a>, Section I: General Description of the ENIAC – The Function Tables. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1946-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1946_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstine1946">Goldstine 1946</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/supercomputers-then-and-now/">"The incredible evolution of supercomputers' powers, from 1946 to today"</a>. Popular Science. March 18, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=The+incredible+evolution+of+supercomputers%27+powers%2C+from+1946+to+today&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fsupercomputers-then-and-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurks1947">Burks 1947</a>, pp. 756–767 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2006" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Alexander 5th (February 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/108568/Q_A_A_lost_interview_with_ENIAC_co_inventor_J._Presper_Eckert">"A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert"</a>. Computer World. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+lost+interview+with+ENIAC+co-inventor+J.+Presper+Eckert&rft.pub=Computer+World&rft.date=2006-02-14&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Alexander+5th&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Fs%2Farticle%2F108568%2FQ_A_A_lost_interview_with_ENIAC_co_inventor_J._Presper_Eckert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrier2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grier, David (July–September 2004). "From the Editor's Desk". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 26 (3): 2–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2004.9">10.1109/MAHC.2004.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7822223">7822223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=From+the+Editor%27s+Desk&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-3&rft.date=2004-07%2F2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2004.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7822223%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz2013" class="citation web cs1">Cruz, Frank (November 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/eniac.html">"Programming the ENIAC"</a>. Programming the ENIAC. Columbia University. Retrieved May 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Programming+the+ENIAC&rft.atitle=Programming+the+ENIAC&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fcomputinghistory%2Feniac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlt1972" class="citation journal cs1">Alt, Franz (July 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361454.361528">"Archaeology of computers: reminiscences, 1945-1947"</a>. Communications of the ACM. 15 (7): 693–694. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361454.361528">10.1145/361454.361528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28565286">28565286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Archaeology+of+computers%3A+reminiscences%2C+1945-1947&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=693-694&rft.date=1972-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F361454.361528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28565286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F361454.361528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapranow2006" class="citation web cs1">Schapranow, Matthieu-P. (June 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107125516/http://placebo.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/webhome/matthieu.schapranow/eniac/modulo/">"ENIAC tutorial - the modulo function"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://placebo.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/webhome/matthieu.schapranow/eniac/modulo/">the original</a> on January 7, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENIAC+tutorial+-+the+modulo+function&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.aulast=Schapranow&rft.aufirst=Matthieu-P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplacebo.hpi.uni-potsdam.de%2Fwebhome%2Fmatthieu.schapranow%2Feniac%2Fmodulo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Description of Lehmer's program computing the exponent of modulo 2 prime </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_MolBullynck2008">De Mol & Bullynck 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eniacprogrammers.org/eniac-programmers-project/">"ENIAC Programmers Project"</a>. eniacprogrammers.org. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENIAC+Programmers+Project&rft.pub=eniacprogrammers.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feniacprogrammers.org%2Feniac-programmers-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson_James2007" class="citation web cs1">Donaldson James, Susan (December 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=3951187&page=1&singlePage=true">"First Computer Programmers Inspire Documentary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=First+Computer+Programmers+Inspire+Documentary&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Donaldson+James&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3951187%26page%3D1%26singlePage%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritz1996" class="citation journal cs1">Fritz, W. Barkley (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052225/http://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~csci203/2012-fall/hw/hw06/assets/womenOfENIAC.pdf">"The Women of ENIAC"</a> (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 18 (3): 13–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.511940">10.1109/85.511940</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~csci203/2012-fall/hw/hw06/assets/womenOfENIAC.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Women+of+ENIAC&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=13-28&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.511940&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=W.+Barkley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eg.bucknell.edu%2F~csci203%2F2012-fall%2Fhw%2Fhw06%2Fassets%2FwomenOfENIAC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWE-Spr19-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SWE-Spr19_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SWE-Spr19_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe2019" class="citation news cs1">McCabe, Seabright (June 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/11_csuKxT-rprQO1CvlGEP0pBl1-1TcRT/view">"The Programming Pioneers of ENIAC"</a>. All Together. No. Spring 2019. Society of Women Engineers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225110455/https://drive.google.com/file/d/11_csuKxT-rprQO1CvlGEP0pBl1-1TcRT/view">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2023. Retrieved July 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Together&rft.atitle=The+Programming+Pioneers+of+ENIAC&rft.issue=Spring+2019&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Seabright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F11_csuKxT-rprQO1CvlGEP0pBl1-1TcRT%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/53160/meet-refrigerator-ladies-who-programmed-eniac">"Meet the 'Refrigerator Ladies' Who Programmed the ENIAC"</a>. Mental Floss. October 13, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+Floss&rft.atitle=Meet+the+%27Refrigerator+Ladies%27+Who+Programmed+the+ENIAC&rft.date=2013-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F53160%2Fmeet-refrigerator-ladies-who-programmed-eniac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spin.atomicobject.com/2016/07/31/eniac-programmers/">"ENIAC Programmers: A History of Women in Computing"</a>. Atomic Spin. July 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atomic+Spin&rft.atitle=ENIAC+Programmers%3A+A+History+of+Women+in+Computing&rft.date=2016-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspin.atomicobject.com%2F2016%2F07%2F31%2Feniac-programmers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiman2022" class="citation book cs1">Kleiman, Kathy (2022). Proving Ground. London: Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787388628" title="Special:BookSources/9781787388628"><bdi>9781787388628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proving+Ground&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781787388628&rft.aulast=Kleiman&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrier2007" class="citation book cs1">Grier, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whencomputerswer00davi">When Computers Were Human</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400849369" title="Special:BookSources/9781400849369"><bdi>9781400849369</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Computers+Were+Human&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781400849369&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhencomputerswer00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beyer-49"><a href="#cite_ref-beyer_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Kurt (2012). Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age. London, Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262517263" title="Special:BookSources/9780262517263"><bdi>9780262517263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper+and+the+Invention+of+the+Information+Age&rft.place=London%2C+Cambridge&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780262517263&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2014" class="citation web cs1">Isaacson, Walter (September 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212003245/http://fortune.com/2014/09/18/walter-isaacson-the-women-of-eniac/">"Walter Isaacson on the Women of ENIAC"</a>. Fortune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2014/09/18/walter-isaacson-the-women-of-eniac/">the original</a> on December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Walter+Isaacson+on+the+Women+of+ENIAC&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2014%2F09%2F18%2Fwalter-isaacson-the-women-of-eniac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-invisible-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-invisible_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-invisible_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.witi.com/wire/articles/3/Invisible-Computers:-The-Untold-Story-of-the-ENIAC-Programmers/1/">"Invisible Computers: The Untold Story of the ENIAC Programmers"</a>. Witi.com. Retrieved March 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invisible+Computers%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+ENIAC+Programmers&rft.pub=Witi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.witi.com%2Fwire%2Farticles%2F3%2FInvisible-Computers%3A-The-Untold-Story-of-the-ENIAC-Programmers%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secret_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumbrecht2011" class="citation news cs1">Gumbrecht, Jamie (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/08/women.rosies.math/#">"Rediscovering WWII's female 'computers'"</a>. CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+WWII%27s+female+%27computers%27&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Gumbrecht&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FTECH%2Finnovation%2F02%2F08%2Fwomen.rosies.math%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-siff-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siff_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-siff_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810131728/http://www.siff.net/festival-2014/computers">"Festival 2014: The Computers"</a>. SIFF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siff.net/festival-2014/computers">the original</a> on August 10, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIFF&rft.atitle=Festival+2014%3A+The+Computers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siff.net%2Ffestival-2014%2Fcomputers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/article/242062/army_researchers_acquire_two_new_supercomputers">"Army researchers acquire two new supercomputers"</a>. U.S. Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory Public Affairs. December 28, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Army+DEVCOM+Army+Research+Laboratory+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Army+researchers+acquire+two+new+supercomputers&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Farticle%2F242062%2Farmy_researchers_acquire_two_new_supercomputers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapobit-55"><a href="#cite_ref-wapobit_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2009" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Patricia (July 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/25/AR2009072502045.html">"Gloria Gordon Bolotsky, 87; Programmer Worked on Historic ENIAC Computer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved August 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gloria+Gordon+Bolotsky%2C+87%3B+Programmer+Worked+on+Historic+ENIAC+Computer&rft.date=2009-07-26&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F07%2F25%2FAR2009072502045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arl.army.mil/www/default.cfm?page=148">"ARL Computing History | U.S. Army Research Laboratory"</a>. Arl.army.mil. Retrieved June 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARL+Computing+History+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Army+Research+Laboratory&rft.pub=Arl.army.mil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arl.army.mil%2Fwww%2Fdefault.cfm%3Fpage%3D148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, Kathleen. "Machine Language for Automatic Relay Computer". Birkbeck College Computation Laboratory. University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Birkbeck+College+Computation+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Machine+Language+for+Automatic+Relay+Computer&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Campbell-Kelly, Martin "The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)", The Birkbeck College Machines, in (1982) Annals of the History of Computing 4(2) April 1982 IEEE </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstine1993">Goldstine 1993</a>, p. 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYost2017" class="citation book cs1">Yost, Jeffrey R. (2017). Making IT Work: A History of the Computer Services Industry. MIT Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262036726" title="Special:BookSources/9780262036726"><bdi>9780262036726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+IT+Work%3A+A+History+of+the+Computer+Services+Industry&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780262036726&rft.aulast=Yost&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes1995">Rhodes 1995</a>, chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-mbv01-62"><a href="#cite_ref-mbv01_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazhdrakovBenovValkanov2018" class="citation book cs1">Mazhdrakov, Metodi; Benov, Dobriyan; Valkanov, Nikolai (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0BqDwAAQBAJ&q=the+monte+carlo+method+engineering+applications+mazhdrakov">The Monte Carlo Method. Engineering Applications</a>. ACMO Academic Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-619-90684-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-619-90684-3-4"><bdi>978-619-90684-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monte+Carlo+Method.+Engineering+Applications&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=ACMO+Academic+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-619-90684-3-4&rft.aulast=Mazhdrakov&rft.aufirst=Metodi&rft.au=Benov%2C+Dobriyan&rft.au=Valkanov%2C+Nikolai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt0BqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bmonte%2Bcarlo%2Bmethod%2Bengineering%2Bapplications%2Bmazhdrakov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKean2010" class="citation book cs1">Kean, Sam (2010). The Disappearing Spoon. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 109–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-05163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-05163-7"><bdi>978-0-316-05163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disappearing+Spoon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-316-05163-7&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1946" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, T. R. Jr. (February 15, 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710220137/http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/eckertmauchly/design.html">"Electronic Computer Flashes Answers"</a>. New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learn.fi.edu/learn/case-files/eckertmauchly/design.html">the original</a> on July 10, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Electronic+Computer+Flashes+Answers&rft.date=1946-02-15&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=T.+R.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearn.fi.edu%2Flearn%2Fcase-files%2Feckertmauchly%2Fdesign.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite><a href="/wiki/Honeywell,_Inc._v._Sperry_Rand_Corp." title="Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp.">Honeywell, Inc. v. Sperry Rand Corp.</a></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/more/eniac/public.htm">180 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 673</a>, p. 20, finding 1.1.3 (U.S. District Court for the District of Minnesota, Fourth Division 1973) ("The ENIAC machine which embodied 'the invention' claimed by the ENIAC patent was in public use and non-experimental use for the following purposes, and at times prior to the critical date: ... Formal dedication use February 15, 1946 ..."). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2018" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Claire L. (March 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ouDwAAQBAJ&q=broad%20band%20evans&pg=PP1">Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet</a>. Penguin. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735211766" title="Special:BookSources/9780735211766"><bdi>9780735211766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broad+Band%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Women+Who+Made+the+Internet&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.isbn=9780735211766&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Claire+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8ouDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbroad%2520band%2520evans%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_67-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCartney1999">McCartney 1999</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCartney1999">McCartney 1999</a>, p. 140: "Eckert gave eleven lectures, Mauchly gave six, Goldstine gave six. von Neumann, who was to give one lecture, didn't show up; the other 24 were spread among various invited academics and military officials." </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_69-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epictechnologyforgreatjustice.weebly.com/eniac.html">"Eniac"</a>. Epic Technology for Great Justice. Retrieved January 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Epic+Technology+for+Great+Justice&rft.atitle=Eniac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepictechnologyforgreatjustice.weebly.com%2Feniac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1947-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1947_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1947_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstine1947">Goldstine 1947</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstine1993">Goldstine 1993</a>, pp. 233–234, 270, search string: "eniac Adele 1947" </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> By July 1947 von Neumann was writing: "I am much obliged to Adele for her letters. Nick and I are working with her new code, and it seems excellent." </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClippinger1948">Clippinger 1948</a>, Section IV: Summary of Orders </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b</a>, pp. 44–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh1995" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bc8BGhSOawgC&q=eniac%20rewiring&pg=PA353">"Notes to Pages 132-135"</a>. Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology. MIT Press. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262161473" title="Special:BookSources/9780262161473"><bdi>9780262161473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+to+Pages+132-135&rft.btitle=Building+IBM%3A+Shaping+an+Industry+and+Its+Technology&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780262161473&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Emerson+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBc8BGhSOawgC%26q%3Deniac%2520rewiring%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b44–45-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b44–45_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b44-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b44_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948INTRODUCTION-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948INTRODUCTION_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClippinger1948">Clippinger 1948</a>, INTRODUCTION. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993233-234,_270;_search_string:_''eniac_Adele_1947''-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993233-234,_270;_search_string:_''eniac_Adele_1947''_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstine1993233-234,_270;_search_string:_''eniac_Adele_1947''_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldstine1993">Goldstine 1993</a>, 233-234, 270; search string: eniac Adele 1947. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b47–48-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b47–48_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b47–48_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948Section_VIII:_Modified_ENIAC-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClippinger1948Section_VIII:_Modified_ENIAC_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClippinger1948">Clippinger 1948</a>, Section VIII: Modified ENIAC. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritz1949" class="citation journal cs1">Fritz, W. Barkley (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eniacinaction.com/the-articles/2-engineering-the-miracle-of-the-eniac-implementing-the-modern-code-paradigm/">"Description and Use of the ENIAC Converter Code"</a>. Technical Note (141). Section 1. – Introduction, p. 1. <q>At present it is controlled by a code which incorporates a unit called the Converter as a basic part of its operation, hence the name ENIAC Converter Code. These code digits are brought into the machine either through the Reader from standard IBM cards*or from the Function Tables (...). (...) *The card control method of operation is used primarily for testing and the running of short highly iterative problems and is not discussed in this report.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Note&rft.atitle=Description+and+Use+of+the+ENIAC+Converter+Code&rft.issue=141&rft.pages=Section+1.+-+Introduction%2C+p.+1&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=W.+Barkley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feniacinaction.com%2Fthe-articles%2F2-engineering-the-miracle-of-the-eniac-implementing-the-modern-code-paradigm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014c" class="citation journal cs1">Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (July–September 2014c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eniacinaction.com/the-articles/3-los-alamos-bets-on-eniac-nuclear-monte-carlo-simulations-1947-8/">"Los Alamos Bets On ENIAC: Nuclear Monte Carlo Simulations 1947-48"</a>. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (3): 42–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.40">10.1109/MAHC.2014.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17470931">17470931</a>. Retrieved November 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Los+Alamos+Bets+On+ENIAC%3A+Nuclear+Monte+Carlo+Simulations+1947-48&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=42-63&rft.date=2014-07%2F2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.40&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17470931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Priestley%2C+Mark&rft.au=Rope%2C+Crispin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feniacinaction.com%2Fthe-articles%2F3-los-alamos-bets-on-eniac-nuclear-monte-carlo-simulations-1947-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2016113–114-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2016113–114_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2016">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2016</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClippinger1948">Clippinger 1948</a>, INTRODUCTION </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2016153-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2016153_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2016">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2016</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> See <a href="#Improvements">#Improvements</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/programming-the-eniac-an-example-of-why-computer-history-is-hard/">"Programming the ENIAC: an example of why computer history is hard | @CHM Blog"</a>. Computer History Museum. May 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Programming+the+ENIAC%3A+an+example+of+why+computer+history+is+hard+%7C+%40CHM+Blog&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fprogramming-the-eniac-an-example-of-why-computer-history-is-hard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014a" class="citation journal cs1">Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (January–March 2014a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eniacinaction.com/the-articles/1-reconsidering-the-stored-program-concept/">"Reconsidering the Stored Program Concept"</a>. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (1): 9–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.2013.56">10.1109/mahc.2013.56</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18827916">18827916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+the+Stored+Program+Concept&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-10&rft.date=2014-01%2F2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.2013.56&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18827916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Priestley%2C+Mark&rft.au=Rope%2C+Crispin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feniacinaction.com%2Fthe-articles%2F1-reconsidering-the-stored-program-concept%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b48–54-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope2014b48–54_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2014b</a>, pp. 48–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeland2006106-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopeland2006106_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeland20062-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopeland20062_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2014" class="citation cs2">Ward, Mark (May 5, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26714967">"How GCHQ built on a colossal secret"</a>, BBC News</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+GCHQ+built+on+a+colossal+secret&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-26714967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jva.cs.iastate.edu/courtcase.php">"Atanasoff-Berry Computer Court Case"</a>. Retrieved September 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atanasoff-Berry+Computer+Court+Case&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjva.cs.iastate.edu%2Fcourtcase.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264_96-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264_96-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaighPriestleyRope201646,_264_96-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2016">Haigh, Priestley & Rope 2016</a>, pp. 46, 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cse.engin.umich.edu/about/beyster-building/eniac-display/">"ENIAC display"</a>. University of Mochagan]. Retrieved June 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENIAC+display&rft.pub=University+of+Mochagan%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcse.engin.umich.edu%2Fabout%2Fbeyster-building%2Feniac-display%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeador2014" class="citation news cs1">Meador, Mitch (October 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406033844/http://www.swoknews.com/local/eniac-first-generation-computation-should-be-big-attraction-sill">"ENIAC: First Generation Of Computation Should Be A Big Attraction At Sill"</a>. The Lawton Constitution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swoknews.com/local/eniac-first-generation-computation-should-be-big-attraction-sill">the original</a> on April 6, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lawton+Constitution&rft.atitle=ENIAC%3A+First+Generation+Of+Computation+Should+Be+A+Big+Attraction+At+Sill&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Meador&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swoknews.com%2Flocal%2Feniac-first-generation-computation-should-be-big-attraction-sill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Haigh. et al. list accumulators 7, 8, 13, and 17, but 2018 photos show 7, 8, 11, and 17.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/meet-the-iphones-30-ton-ancestor-inside-the-project-to-rebuild-one-of-the-first-computers/">"Meet the iPhone's 30-ton ancestor: Inside the project to rebuild one of the first computers"</a>. TechRepublic. November 23, 2016. Bringing the Eniac back to life.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&rft.atitle=Meet+the+iPhone%27s+30-ton+ancestor%3A+Inside+the+project+to+rebuild+one+of+the+first+computers&rft.pages=Bringing+the+Eniac+back+to+life&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fmeet-the-iphones-30-ton-ancestor-inside-the-project-to-rebuild-one-of-the-first-computers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105172749/http://www.hnf.de/en/museum/die-erfindung-des-computers/eniac-life-size-model-of-the-first-vacuum-tube-computer.html">"ENIAC – Life-size model of the first vacuum-tube computer"</a>. Germany: Heinz Nixdorf Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnf.de/en/museum/die-erfindung-des-computers/eniac-life-size-model-of-the-first-vacuum-tube-computer.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENIAC+%E2%80%93+Life-size+model+of+the+first+vacuum-tube+computer&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Heinz+Nixdorf+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnf.de%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fdie-erfindung-des-computers%2Feniac-life-size-model-of-the-first-vacuum-tube-computer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Electronic_Numerical_Integrator_and_Computer,_1946">"Milestones:Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, 1946"</a>. IEEE Global History Network. IEEE. Retrieved August 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AElectronic+Numerical+Integrator+and+Computer%2C+1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3AElectronic_Numerical_Integrator_and_Computer%2C_1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-scientist.com/news/looking-back-at-eniac-commemorating-a-half-century-of-computers-in-the-reviewing-system-58406">"Looking Back At ENIAC: Commemorating A Half-Century Of Computers In The Reviewing System"</a>. The Scientist Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientist+Magazine&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+At+ENIAC%3A+Commemorating+A+Half-Century+Of+Computers+In+The+Reviewing+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-scientist.com%2Fnews%2Flooking-back-at-eniac-commemorating-a-half-century-of-computers-in-the-reviewing-system-58406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Spiegel1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Van Der Spiegel, Jan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011185032/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/printout/archive/v12/4/chip.html">"ENIAC-on-a-Chip"</a>. PENN PRINTOUT. Vol. 12, no. 4. The University of Pennsylvania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/computing/printout/archive/v12/4/chip.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PENN+PRINTOUT&rft.atitle=ENIAC-on-a-Chip&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fcomputing%2Fprintout%2Farchive%2Fv12%2F4%2Fchip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Spiegel1995" class="citation web cs1">Van Der Spiegel, Jan (May 9, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~jan/eniacproj.html">"ENIAC-on-a-Chip"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENIAC-on-a-Chip&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1995-05-09&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seas.upenn.edu%2F~jan%2Feniacproj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-proto-106"><a href="#cite_ref-proto_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1997" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Janelle (May 8, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/1997/05/3711">"Wired: Women Proto-Programmers Get Their Just Reward"</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wired%3A+Women+Proto-Programmers+Get+Their+Just+Reward&rft.date=1997-05-08&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Janelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fculture%2Flifestyle%2Fnews%2F1997%2F05%2F3711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eniacprogrammers.org/">"ENIAC Programmers Project"</a>. ENIAC Programmers Project. Retrieved November 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENIAC+Programmers+Project&rft.atitle=ENIAC+Programmers+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feniacprogrammers.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiman2022" class="citation book cs1">Kleiman, Kathy (July 2022). Proving Ground: The Untold Story of the Six Women Who Programmed the World's First Modern Computer. Grand Central Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5387-1828-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5387-1828-5"><bdi>978-1-5387-1828-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proving+Ground%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Six+Women+Who+Programmed+the+World%27s+First+Modern+Computer&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2022-07&rft.isbn=978-1-5387-1828-5&rft.aulast=Kleiman&rft.aufirst=Kathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.phila.gov/attachments/11036.pdf">"Resolution No. 110062: Declaring February 15 as "Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) Day" in Philadelphia and honoring the University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"</a> (PDF). February 10, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+No.+110062%3A+Declaring+February+15+as+%22Electronic+Numerical+Integrator+And+Computer+%28ENIAC%29+Day%22+in+Philadelphia+and+honoring+the+University+of+Pennsylvania+School+of+Engineering+and+Applied+Sciences.&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegislation.phila.gov%2Fattachments%2F11036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140219035354/http://www.phillymag.com/articles/philly-post-trending-philly-vs-iowa-for-the-soul-of-the-computer/">"Philly Post: Trending: Philly Vs. Iowa for the Soul of the Computer"</a>. January 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillymag.com/articles/philly-post-trending-philly-vs-iowa-for-the-soul-of-the-computer/">the original</a> on February 19, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philly+Post%3A+Trending%3A+Philly+Vs.+Iowa+for+the+Soul+of+the+Computer&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillymag.com%2Farticles%2Fphilly-post-trending-philly-vs-iowa-for-the-soul-of-the-computer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222152027/http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/4171">"ENIAC Day to celebrate dedication of Penn's historic computer"</a>. February 10, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/4171">the original</a> on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ENIAC+Day+to+celebrate+dedication+of+Penn%27s+historic+computer&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fpennnews%2Fcurrent%2Fnode%2F4171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2016" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Meeri (February 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyvoice.com/70-years-ago-six-philly-women-eniac-digital-computer-programmers/">"70 years ago, six Philly women became the world's first digital computer programmers"</a>. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via www.phillyvoice.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=70+years+ago%2C+six+Philly+women+became+the+world%27s+first+digital+computer+programmers&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Meeri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyvoice.com%2F70-years-ago-six-philly-women-eniac-digital-computer-programmers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurks1947" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burks" title="Arthur Burks">Burks, Arthur</a> (1947). "Electronic Computing Circuits of the ENIAC". Proceedings of the I.R.E. 35 (8): 756–767. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fjrproc.1947.234265">10.1109/jrproc.1947.234265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+I.R.E.&rft.atitle=Electronic+Computing+Circuits+of+the+ENIAC&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=756-767&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjrproc.1947.234265&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurksBurks1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burks" title="Arthur Burks">Burks, Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alice_Burks" title="Alice Burks">Burks, Alice R.</a> (1981). "The ENIAC: The First General-Purpose Electronic Computer". Annals of the History of Computing. 3 (4): 310–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.1981.10043">10.1109/mahc.1981.10043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14205498">14205498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=The+ENIAC%3A+The+First+General-Purpose+Electronic+Computer&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=310-389&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.1981.10043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14205498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burks&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Burks%2C+Alice+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClippinger1948" class="citation journal cs1">Clippinger, R. F. (September 29, 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103050402/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/48eniac-coding/">"A Logical Coding System Applied to the ENIAC"</a>. Ballistic Research Laboratories Report (673). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/48eniac-coding/">the original</a> on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ballistic+Research+Laboratories+Report&rft.atitle=A+Logical+Coding+System+Applied+to+the+ENIAC&rft.issue=673&rft.date=1948-09-29&rft.aulast=Clippinger&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.arl.mil%2F~mike%2Fcomphist%2F48eniac-coding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADB205179">original source</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Copeland, B. Jack</a>, ed. (2006). Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192840554" title="Special:BookSources/9780192840554"><bdi>9780192840554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+The+Secrets+of+Bletchley+Park%27s+Codebreaking+Computers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780192840554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_MolBullynck2008" class="citation book cs1">De Mol, Liesbeth; Bullynck, Maarten (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vIHRnE-Ie2kC&pg=PA167PG">"A Week-End Off: The First Extensive Number-Theoretical Computation on ENIAC"</a>. In Beckmann, Arnold; Dimitracopoulos, Costas; Löwe, Benedikt (eds.). Logic and Theory of Algorithms: 4th Conference on Computability in Europe, CiE 2008 Athens, Greece, June 15-20, 2008, Proceedings. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 158–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540694052" title="Special:BookSources/9783540694052"><bdi>9783540694052</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Week-End+Off%3A+The+First+Extensive+Number-Theoretical+Computation+on+ENIAC&rft.btitle=Logic+and+Theory+of+Algorithms%3A+4th+Conference+on+Computability+in+Europe%2C+CiE+2008+Athens%2C+Greece%2C+June+15-20%2C+2008%2C+Proceedings&rft.pages=158-167&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783540694052&rft.aulast=De+Mol&rft.aufirst=Liesbeth&rft.au=Bullynck%2C+Maarten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvIHRnE-Ie2kC%26pg%3DPA167PG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">Eckert, J. Presper</a>, The ENIAC (in Nicholas Metropolis, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Howlett" title="Jack Howlett">J. Howlett</a>, Gian-Carlo Rota, (editors), A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 525–540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">Eckert, J. Presper</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">John Mauchly</a>, 1946, Outline of plans for development of electronic computers, 6 pages. (The founding document in the electronic computer industry.)</li> <li>Fritz, W. Barkley, The Women of ENIAC (in IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol. 18, 1996, pp. 13–28)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstine1946" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstine, Adele (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/46eniac-report/chap1.html">"A Report on the ENIAC"</a>. FTP.arl.mil. 1 (1). Chapter 1 -- Introduction: 1.1.2. The Units of the ENIAC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FTP.arl.mil&rft.atitle=A+Report+on+the+ENIAC&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=Chapter+1+--+Introduction%3A+1.1.2.+The+Units+of+the+ENIAC&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Goldstine&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.arl.mil%2F~mike%2Fcomphist%2F46eniac-report%2Fchap1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA622372">original source</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstineGoldstine1946" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstine, Herman H.; Goldstine, Adele K. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1946-0018977-0">"The electronic numerical integrator and computer (ENIAC)"</a>. Mathematics of Computation. 2 (15): 97–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1946-0018977-0">10.1090/S0025-5718-1946-0018977-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-5718">0025-5718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+of+Computation&rft.atitle=The+electronic+numerical+integrator+and+computer+%28ENIAC%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=97-110&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0025-5718-1946-0018977-0&rft.issn=0025-5718&rft.aulast=Goldstine&rft.aufirst=Herman+H.&rft.au=Goldstine%2C+Adele+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252FS0025-5718-1946-0018977-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"> (also reprinted in The Origins of Digital Computers: Selected Papers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982, pp. 359–373)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstine1947" class="citation book cs1">Goldstine, Adele K. (July 10, 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eniacinaction.com/the-articles/2-engineering-the-miracle-of-the-eniac-implementing-the-modern-code-paradigm/">Central Control for ENIAC</a>. p. 1. <q>Unlike the later 60- and 100-order codes this one [51 order code] required no additions to ENIAC's original hardware. It would have worked more slowly and offered a more restricted range of instructions but the basic structure of accumulators and instructions changed only slightly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Control+for+ENIAC&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1947-07-10&rft.aulast=Goldstine&rft.aufirst=Adele+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feniacinaction.com%2Fthe-articles%2F2-engineering-the-miracle-of-the-eniac-implementing-the-modern-code-paradigm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstine1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Goldstine, Herman H.</a> (1993) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FvELn2KiUYC">The Computer: from Pascal to von Neumann</a>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691023670" title="Special:BookSources/9780691023670"><bdi>9780691023670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computer%3A+from+Pascal+to+von+Neumann&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780691023670&rft.aulast=Goldstine&rft.aufirst=Herman+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3FvELn2KiUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b" class="citation journal cs1">Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (April–June 2014b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eniacinaction.com/the-articles/2-engineering-the-miracle-of-the-eniac-implementing-the-modern-code-paradigm/">"Engineering 'The Miracle of the ENIAC': Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm"</a>. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 36 (2): 41–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.15">10.1109/MAHC.2014.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24359462">24359462</a>. Retrieved November 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Engineering+%27The+Miracle+of+the+ENIAC%27%3A+Implementing+the+Modern+Code+Paradigm&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-59&rft.date=2014-04%2F2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24359462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Priestley%2C+Mark&rft.au=Rope%2C+Crispin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feniacinaction.com%2Fthe-articles%2F2-engineering-the-miracle-of-the-eniac-implementing-the-modern-code-paradigm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2016" class="citation book cs1">Haigh, Thomas; Priestley, Mark; Rope, Crispin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oqBCwAAQBAJ">ENIAC in Action: Making and Remaking the Modern Computer</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53517-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-53517-5"><bdi>978-0-262-53517-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ENIAC+in+Action%3A+Making+and+Remaking+the+Modern+Computer&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-262-53517-5&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Priestley%2C+Mark&rft.au=Rope%2C+Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oqBCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight1999" class="citation journal cs1">Light, Jennifer S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122025204/http://pcfly.info/doc/Computers/18.pdf">"When Computers Were Women"</a> (PDF). Technology and Culture. 40 (3): 455–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.1999.0128">10.1353/tech.1999.0128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X">0040-165X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25147356">25147356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:108407884">108407884</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcfly.info/doc/Computers/18.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on November 22, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=When+Computers+Were+Women&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-483&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0040-165X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A108407884%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25147356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftech.1999.0128&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcfly.info%2Fdoc%2FComputers%2F18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mauchly" title="John Mauchly">Mauchly, John</a>, The ENIAC (in Metropolis, Nicholas, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Howlett" title="Jack Howlett">Howlett, Jack</a>; Rota, Gian-Carlo. 1980, A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century, <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-491650-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-491650-3">0-12-491650-3</a>, pp. 541–550, "Original versions of these papers were presented at the International Research Conference on the History of Computing, held at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Scientific_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory">Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory</a>, 10–15 June 1976.")</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney1999" class="citation book cs1">McCartney, Scott (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eniac00scot">ENIAC: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the World's First Computer</a>. Walker & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1348-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1348-3"><bdi>978-0-8027-1348-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ENIAC%3A+The+Triumphs+and+Tragedies+of+the+World%27s+First+Computer&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1348-3&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feniac00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rhodes" title="Richard Rhodes">Rhodes, Richard</a> (1995). Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80400-2"><bdi>978-0-684-80400-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Sun%3A+The+Making+of+the+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80400-2&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rojas, Raúl; Hashagen, Ulf, editors. The First Computers: History and Architectures, 2000, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-18197-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-18197-5">0-262-18197-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Brian L. (2018). "Simulating the ENIAC [Scanning Our Past]". Proceedings of the IEEE. 106 (4): 761–772. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2813678">10.1109/JPROC.2018.2813678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Simulating+the+ENIAC+%5BScanning+Our+Past%5D&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=761-772&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2813678&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Brian L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2843998">"Programming the ENIAC [Scanning Our Past]"</a>. Proceedings of the IEEE. 106 (9): 1760–1770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2843998">10.1109/JPROC.2018.2843998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Programming+the+ENIAC+%5BScanning+Our+Past%5D&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1760-1770&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2843998&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FJPROC.2018.2843998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Brian L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2878986">"Debugging the ENIAC [Scanning Our Past]"</a>. Proceedings of the IEEE. 106 (12): 2331–2345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2878986">10.1109/JPROC.2018.2878986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Debugging+the+ENIAC+%5BScanning+Our+Past%5D&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2331-2345&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJPROC.2018.2878986&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Brian+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FJPROC.2018.2878986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Berkeley, Edmund. GIANT BRAINS or machines that think. John Wiley & Sons, inc., 1949. Chapter 7 Speed – 5000 Additions a Second: Moore School's ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(science_historian)" title="George Dyson (science historian)">Dyson, George</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turingscathedral0000dyso">Turing's Cathedral: The Origins of the Digital Universe</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42277-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42277-5"><bdi>978-0-375-42277-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Cathedral%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Digital+Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42277-5&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturingscathedral0000dyso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Gumbrecht, Jamie (February 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/innovation/02/08/women.rosies.math/index.html?hpt=C2">"Rediscovering WWII's 'computers'"</a>. CNN.com. Retrieved February 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+WWII%27s+%27computers%27&rft.date=2011-02-08&rft.aulast=Gumbrecht&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2FTECH%2Finnovation%2F02%2F08%2Fwomen.rosies.math%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3DC2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hally, Mike. Electronic Brains: Stories from the Dawn of the Computer Age, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-09630-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-09630-8">0-309-09630-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Lukoff" title="Herman Lukoff">Lukoff, Herman</a> (1979). From Dits to Bits: A personal history of the electronic computer. Portland, OR: Robotics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89661-002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89661-002-6"><bdi>978-0-89661-002-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79-90567">79-90567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Dits+to+Bits%3A+A+personal+history+of+the+electronic+computer&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Robotics+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79-90567&rft.isbn=978-0-89661-002-6&rft.aulast=Lukoff&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tompkins, C. B.; Wakelin, J. H.; High-Speed Computing Devices, <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1950.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stern, Nancy (1981). From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An Appraisal of the Eckert–Mauchly Computers. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Press">Digital Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932376-14-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932376-14-5"><bdi>978-0-932376-14-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+ENIAC+to+UNIVAC%3A+An+Appraisal+of+the+Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly+Computers&rft.pub=Digital+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-932376-14-5&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/univOfPennsylvania/eniac/ENIAC_Operating_Manual_Jun46.pdf">"ENIAC Operating Manual"</a> (PDF). www.bitsavers.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bitsavers.org&rft.atitle=ENIAC+Operating+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fpdf%2FunivOfPennsylvania%2Feniac%2FENIAC_Operating_Manual_Jun46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AENIAC" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" class="extiw" title="commons:ENIAC">ENIAC</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zuse-z1.zib.de/simulations/eniac/">ENIAC simulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicsimulations.com/eniac.html">Another ENIAC simulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.drexel.edu/~bls96/eniac/eniac.html">Pulse-level ENIAC simulator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:4164825">3D printable model of the ENIAC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/article/2561813/computer-hardware/q-a--a-lost-interview-with-eniac-co-inventor-j--presper-eckert.html">Q&A: A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/eckert.htm">Interview with Eckert</a> Transcript of a video interview with Eckert by David Allison for the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution on February 2, 1988. An in-depth, technical discussion on ENIAC, including the thought process behind the design.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107275">Oral history interview with J. Presper Eckert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Eckert, a co-inventor of ENIAC, discusses its development at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering; describes difficulties in securing patent rights for ENIAC and the problems posed by the circulation of John von Neumann's 1945 <a href="/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC" title="First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC">First Draft of the Report on EDVAC</a>, which placed the ENIAC inventions in the public domain. Interview by Nancy Stern, 28 October 1977.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107216">Oral history interview with Carl Chambers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Chambers discusses the initiation and progress of the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1941–46). Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 30 November 1977.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107688">Oral history interview with Irven A. Travis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Travis describes the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania (1941–46), the technical and leadership abilities of chief engineer Eckert, the working relations between John Mauchly and Eckert, the disputes over patent rights, and their resignation from the university. Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 21 October 1977.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107704">Oral history interview with S. Reid Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Warren served as supervisor of the EDVAC project; central to his discussion are J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly and their disagreements with administrators over patent rights; discusses John von Neumann's 1945 draft report on the EDVAC, and its lack of proper acknowledgment of all the EDVAC contributors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123114642/http://www.eniacprogrammers.org/index.shtml">ENIAC Programmers Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,3711,00.html">The women of ENIAC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/eniac.html">Programming ENIAC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041014180109/http://www4.wittenberg.edu/academics/mathcomp/bjsdir/ENIACSquareRoot.htm">How ENIAC took a Square Root</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909174756/http://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/comphist/48eniac-coding/..">Mike Muuss: Collected ENIAC documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803150905/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/61ordnance/chap2.html">ENIAC</a> chapter in Karl Kempf, Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, November 1961</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814181522/http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html">The ENIAC Story</a>, Martin H. Weik, Ordnance Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1961</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~museum/index.html">ENIAC museum</a> at the University of Pennsylvania</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-e-h.html#ENIAC">ENIAC specifications</a> from Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971 December 1955, (A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/2009-1006_3-6037980.html">A Computer Is Born</a>, Michael Kanellos, 60th anniversary news story, CNet, February 13, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bGk9W65vXNA">1946 film restored, Computer History Archives Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mainframes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mainframes" title="Template:Mainframes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mainframes" title="Template talk:Mainframes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mainframes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mainframes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mainframes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SILLIAC" title="SILLIAC">SILLIAC</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WEIZAC" title="WEIZAC">WEIZAC</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FACOM" title="FACOM">FACOM</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FUJIC" title="FUJIC">FUJIC</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARA_(computer)" title="SARA (computer)">SARA</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACIT_EDB" title="FACIT EDB">EDB-1</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRASK_(computer)" title="TRASK (computer)">TRASK</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BESM-6" title="BESM-6">BESM-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ES-2701&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ES-2701 (page does not exist)">ES-2701</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%A1-2701" class="extiw" title="ru:ЕС-2701">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_(computer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mars (computer) (page does not exist)">Mars</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A1_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="ru:МАРС (компьютер)">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS-2000" title="PS-2000">PS-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PS-3000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PS-3000 (page does not exist)">PS-3000</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%A1-3000" class="extiw" title="ru:ПС-3000">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SVS_(computer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SVS (computer) (page does not exist)">SVS</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%92%D0%A1_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80)" class="extiw" title="ru:СВС (компьютер)">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbrus_(computer)" title="Elbrus (computer)">Elbrus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronika_SS_VLSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electronika SS VLSI (page does not exist)">Electronika SS VLSI</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1_%D0%91%D0%98%D0%A1" class="extiw" title="ru:Электроника СС БИС">ru</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Soviet_computer_systems" title="Template:List of Soviet computer systems">Soviet computer systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IAS_machine" title="IAS machine">IAS family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1950s" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC" title="ILLIAC">ILLIAC</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIDAC" title="AVIDAC">AVIDAC</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BESK" title="BESK">BESK</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">IBM 701</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOHNNIAC" title="JOHNNIAC">JOHNNIAC</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORACLE_(computer)" title="ORACLE (computer)">ORACLE</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORDVAC" title="ORDVAC">ORDVAC</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEIZAC" title="WEIZAC">WEIZAC</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASK" title="DASK">DASK</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARA_(computer)" title="SARA (computer)">SARA</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILLIAC" title="SILLIAC">SILLIAC</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANIAC_I" title="MANIAC I">MANIAC I</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANIAC_II" title="MANIAC II">MANIAC II</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISTIC" title="MISTIC">MISTIC</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSASINO-1" title="MUSASINO-1">MUSASINO-1</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACIT_EDB" title="FACIT EDB">EDB-1</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FACIT_EDB" title="FACIT EDB">EDB-2/3</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_(computer)" title="Cyclone (computer)">Cyclone</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FACOM_201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FACOM 201 (page does not exist)">FACOM 201</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRASK_(computer)" title="TRASK (computer)">TRASK</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ORDVAC" title="ORDVAC">ORDVAC</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_I" title="ILLIAC I">ILLIAC I</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_II" title="ILLIAC II">ILLIAC II</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_III" title="ILLIAC III">ILLIAC III</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC_IV" title="ILLIAC IV">ILLIAC IV</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC#CEDAR" title="ILLIAC">CEDAR</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC#ILLIAC_6" title="ILLIAC">ILLIAC 6</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILLIAC#Trusted_ILLIAC" title="ILLIAC">Trusted ILLIAC</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_II" title="Harvard Mark II">Harvard Mark II</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_III" title="Harvard Mark III">Harvard Mark III</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_IV" title="Harvard Mark IV">Harvard Mark IV</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IBM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template:IBM vacuum tube computers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Template talk:IBM vacuum tube computers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM vacuum tube computers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM_vacuum_tube_computers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">IBM vacuum tube computers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC" title="IBM 305 RAMAC">305 RAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_610" title="IBM 610">610</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_650" title="IBM 650">650</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_701" title="IBM 701">701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_702" title="IBM 702">702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_705" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 705">705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_709" title="IBM 709">709</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">SAGE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-7_Combat_Direction_Central" title="AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central">AN/FSQ-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AN/FSQ-8_Combat_Control_Central" title="AN/FSQ-8 Combat Control Central">AN/FSQ-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_mainframes" title="Template:IBM mainframes">IBM mainframes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ENIAC</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly_Computer_Corporation" title="Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation">EMCC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sperry_Rand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry Rand">Sperry Rand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_II" title="UNIVAC II">UNIVAC II</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_UNIVAC_products" title="List of UNIVAC products">Computers built 1955 through 1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Raytheon Technologies">Raytheon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAYDAC" title="RAYDAC">RAYDAC</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_computer" title="Transistor computer">Transistor computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transistorized_computers" title="List of transistorized computers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum-tube_computer" title="Vacuum-tube computer">Vacuum-tube computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vacuum-tube_computers" title="List of vacuum-tube computers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169399#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4555162-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99013537">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007556677605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&oldid=1258671388">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&oldid=1258671388</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_computers" title="Category:1940s computers">1940s computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_computers" title="Category:Military computers">Military computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:One-of-a-kind_computers" title="Category:One-of-a-kind computers">One-of-a-kind computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vacuum_tube_computers" title="Category:Vacuum tube computers">Vacuum tube computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-related_introductions_in_1945" title="Category:Computer-related introductions in 1945">Computer-related introductions in 1945</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artillery_components" title="Category:Artillery components">Artillery components</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artillery_operation" title="Category:Artillery operation">Artillery operation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_electronics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military electronics of the United States">Military electronics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Category:University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Decimal_computers" title="Category:Decimal computers">Decimal computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serial_computers" title="Category:Serial computers">Serial computers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Category:Walnut Street (Philadelphia)">Walnut Street (Philadelphia)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">CS1 maint: url-status</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020">Articles with incomplete citations from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use American English from March 2024">Use American English from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2020">Use mdy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 23:13 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ENIAC&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-s7r2r","wgBackendResponseTime":2052,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.488","walltime":"1.856","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13715,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":256085,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9584,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":354852,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1617.377 1 -total"," 33.87% 547.848 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.28% 328.054 6 Template:Navbox"," 11.99% 193.941 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.38% 184.006 38 Template:Sfn"," 9.50% 153.628 39 Template:Cite_web"," 8.06% 130.351 1 Template:Mainframes"," 7.40% 119.763 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.15% 115.577 24 Template:Cite_book"," 5.92% 95.732 1 Template:Infobox_PAhistoric"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.890","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11425094,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlt1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurks1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurksBurks1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClippinger1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComputer_History_Museum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopeland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalakov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_MolBullynck2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson_James2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritz1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayle_Ronan_Sims2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstine1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstine1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstine1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstineGoldstine1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrier2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumbrecht2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2014c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaighPriestleyRope2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgarashiAltmanFunadaKamiyama2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKean2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleiman2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLight1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazhdrakovBenovValkanov2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCabe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCartney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeador2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoye1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeddie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugh1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchapranow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShurkin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart2018\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Spiegel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Der_Spiegel1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeik1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYost2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 39,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 5,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 15,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox PAhistoric\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Mainframes\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 38,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"US patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-s7r2r","timestamp":"20241122140407","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"ENIAC","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ENIAC","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169399","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169399","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-01T10:42:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T23:13:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6c\/ENIAC_Penn1.jpg","headline":"electronic general-purpose computer"}</script> </body> </html>