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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vows,_ordination_and_canonry_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vows,_ordination_and_canonry_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Vows, ordination and canonry experience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vows,_ordination_and_canonry_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Travels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Paris </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_visit_to_England_(1499–1500)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_visit_to_England_(1499–1500)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 First visit to England (1499–1500) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_visit_to_England_(1499–1500)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_and_Brabant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_Brabant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 France and Brabant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_Brabant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_visit_to_England_(1505–1506)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_visit_to_England_(1505–1506)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Second visit to England (1505–1506) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_visit_to_England_(1505–1506)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_visit_to_England_(1510–1515)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_visit_to_England_(1510–1515)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.6 Third visit to England (1510–1515) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_visit_to_England_(1510–1515)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flanders_and_Brabant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flanders_and_Brabant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.7 Flanders and Brabant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flanders_and_Brabant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basel_(1521–1529)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basel_(1521–1529)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.8 Basel (1521–1529) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basel_(1521–1529)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freiburg_(1529–1535)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freiburg_(1529–1535)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.9 Freiburg (1529–1535) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freiburg_(1529–1535)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fates_of_friends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fates_of_friends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Fates of friends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fates_of_friends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_in_Basel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_in_Basel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Death in Basel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_in_Basel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought_and_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought_and_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Thought and views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thought_and_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Thought and views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Thought_and_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manner_of_thinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manner_of_thinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Manner of thinking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manner_of_thinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manner_of_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manner_of_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Manner of expression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manner_of_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Irony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copiousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copiousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Copiousness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copiousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacifism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacifism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pacifism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacifism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-Christian_religious_toleration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-Christian_religious_toleration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Intra-Christian religious toleration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-Christian_religious_toleration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heresy_and_sedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heresy_and_sedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Heresy and sedition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heresy_and_sedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outsiders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outsiders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Outsiders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outsiders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4.1 Turks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4.2 Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4.3 Slaves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Religious reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Personal reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1.1 Sacraments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Catholic reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutional_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2.1 Institutional reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-fraternalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-fraternalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2.2 Anti-fraternalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-fraternalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Protestant reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increasing_disagreement_with_Luther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_disagreement_with_Luther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3.1 Increasing disagreement with Luther </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_disagreement_with_Luther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_on_free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_on_free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3.2 Dispute on free will </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_on_free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"False_evangelicals"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"False_evangelicals""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3.3 "False evangelicals" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"False_evangelicals"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_Erasmus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_Erasmus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Philosophy and Erasmus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_Erasmus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Classical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-scholasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-scholasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Anti-scholasticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-scholasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophia_Christi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophia_Christi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Philosophia Christi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophia_Christi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_of_Erasmus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_of_Erasmus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Theology of Erasmus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology_of_Erasmus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Accommodation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inverbation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverbation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Inverbation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inverbation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scopus_christi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scopus_christi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Scopus christi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scopus_christi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mystical_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mystical_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Mystical theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mystical_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 Theological writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Notable writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_evaluations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_evaluations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy and evaluations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_evaluations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Personal </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signet_ring_and_personal_motto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signet_ring_and_personal_motto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Signet ring and personal motto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signet_ring_and_personal_motto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Representations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Name used </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhumation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhumation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Exhumation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhumation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Non-English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-English_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-English_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Non-English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-English_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Erasmus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_von_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus von Rotterdam – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Erasmus von Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إيراسموس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيراسموس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_de_Rotterdam" title="Erasmo de Rotterdam – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Erasmo de Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmu_de_Rotterdam" title="Erasmu de Rotterdam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Erasmu de Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdaml%C4%B1_Erazm" title="Rotterdamlı Erazm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rotterdamlı Erazm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Эразм Ратэрдамскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эразм Ратэрдамскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Эразм Ратэрдамскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эразм Ратэрдамскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Еразъм Ротердамски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еразъм Ротердамски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazmo_Roterdamski" title="Erazmo Roterdamski – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Erazmo Roterdamski" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasme_de_Rotterdam" title="Erasme de Rotterdam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erasme de Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Rotterdamsk%C3%BD" title="Erasmus Rotterdamský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Erasmus Rotterdamský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmu_da_Rotterdam" title="Erasmu da Rotterdam – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Erasmu da Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_af_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus af Rotterdam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erasmus af Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_von_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus von Rotterdam – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Erasmus von Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_von_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus von Rotterdam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erasmus von Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Rotterdamist" title="Erasmus Rotterdamist – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erasmus Rotterdamist" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έρασμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έρασμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_de_R%C3%B3terdam" title="Erasmo de Róterdam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erasmo de Róterdam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_de_Roterdamo" title="Erasmo de Roterdamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Erasmo de Roterdamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_Rotterdamgoa" title="Erasmo Rotterdamgoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erasmo Rotterdamgoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="دسیدریوس اراسموس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دسیدریوس اراسموس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rasme" title="Érasme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Érasme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desidearius_Erasmus" title="Desidearius Erasmus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Desidearius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_as_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus as Rotterdam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Erasmus as Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_de_Rotterdam" title="Erasmo de Rotterdam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Erasmo de Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C%EB%8D%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%97%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%AE%88%EC%8A%A4" title="데시데리위스 에라스뮈스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데시데리위스 에라스뮈스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Էրազմ Ռոտերդամցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրազմ Ռոտերդամցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8" title="इरेज़मस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इरेज़मस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazmo_Roterdamski" title="Erazmo Roterdamski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Erazmo Roterdamski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_de_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus de Rotterdam – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Erasmus de Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderio_Erasmo" title="Desiderio Erasmo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Desiderio Erasmo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_da_Rotterdam" title="Erasmo da Rotterdam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erasmo da Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9D" title="ארסמוס מרוטרדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארסמוס מרוטרדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ერაზმუს როტერდამელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაზმუს როტერდამელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Роттердамдық Эразм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роттердамдық Эразм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_wa_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus wa Rotterdam – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Erasmus wa Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эразм Роттердамский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эразм Роттердамский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus_Roterodamus" title="Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roterdamas_Erasms" title="Roterdamas Erasms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roterdamas Erasms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_vu_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus vu Rotterdam – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Erasmus vu Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazmas_Roterdamietis" title="Erazmas Roterdamietis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erazmas Roterdamietis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo" title="Erasmo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Erasmo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdami_Erasmus" title="Rotterdami Erasmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rotterdami Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Еразмо Ротердамски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еразмо Ротердамски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡെസിഡീറിയസ് ഇറാസ്മസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡെസിഡീറിയസ് ഇറാസ്മസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ايراسموس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايراسموس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="အီရက်ဇမတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရက်ဇမတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9" title="デジデリウス・エラスムス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジデリウス・エラスムス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_faan_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus faan Rotterdam – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Erasmus faan Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_fr%C3%A5_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus frå Rotterdam – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Erasmus frå Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rasme" title="Érasme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Érasme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasme" title="Erasme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Erasme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazm_rotterdamlik" title="Erazm rotterdamlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Erazm rotterdamlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ايراسموس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايراسموس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasm_da_Rotterdam" title="Erasm da Rotterdam – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Erasm da Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazm_z_Rotterdamu" title="Erazm z Rotterdamu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erazm z Rotterdamu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmo_de_Roterd%C3%A3o" title="Erasmo de Roterdão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erasmo de Roterdão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_din_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus din Rotterdam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Erasmus din Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эразм Роттердамский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эразм Роттердамский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-la-s-mo" title="I-la-s-mo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="I-la-s-mo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmu_dae_Rotterdam" title="Erasmu dae Rotterdam – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Erasmu dae Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazmo_Roterdami" title="Erazmo Roterdami – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Erazmo Roterdami" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmu_da_Rotterdam" title="Erasmu da Rotterdam – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Erasmu da Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazmus_Rotterdamsk%C3%BD" title="Erazmus Rotterdamský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Erazmus Rotterdamský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazem_Rotterdamski" title="Erazem Rotterdamski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Erazem Rotterdamski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ئیراسموس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیراسموس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Еразмо Ротердамски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еразмо Ротердамски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazmo_Roterdamski" title="Erazmo Roterdamski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Erazmo Roterdamski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Rotterdamilainen" title="Erasmus Rotterdamilainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erasmus Rotterdamilainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_av_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus av Rotterdam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Erasmus av Rotterdam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="எராஸ்மஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எராஸ்மஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="เอรัสมุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอรัสมุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Еразм Ротердамський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еразм Ротердамський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%B0%9F" title="德西德里乌斯·伊拉斯谟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德西德里乌斯·伊拉斯谟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%AC%A8" title="伊拉斯謨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊拉斯謨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Desiderius Erasmus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Desiderius Erasmus" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Erasmus (disambiguation)">Erasmus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus" title="Works of Erasmus">Works of Erasmus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Desiderius Erasmus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Holbein-erasmus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/220px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/330px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Holbein-erasmus.jpg/440px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="2290" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" title="Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam">Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> (1523), <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam#London" title="Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam">"arguably…the most important portrait in England"</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 28 October 1466 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a>, Burgundian Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 July 1536(1536-07-12) (aged 69) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Old Swiss Confederacy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> translations and exegesis, satire, <a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">pacificism</a>, letters, author and editor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Counsellor to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V.</a> (hon.)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Montaigu" title="Collège de Montaigu">University of Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge" title="Queens' College, Cambridge">Queens' College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a> (<a href="/wiki/D.D." class="mw-redirect" title="D.D.">STD</a>, 1506)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel#Canonical_gospels:_Matthew,_Mark,_Luke_and_John" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a></li> <li>Jean Vitrier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Leuven</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Bonae litterae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism of Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">The Praise of Folly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_a_Christian_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of a Christian Knight">Handbook of a Christian Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Civility_in_Children" title="On Civility in Children">On Civility in Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Excluded_from_Heaven" title="Julius Excluded from Heaven">Julius Excluded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_a_Christian_Prince" title="The Education of a Christian Prince">The Education of a Christian Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Novum Instrumentum omne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">On Free Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Philosophia Christi</li> <li>Biblical <a href="/wiki/Ad_fontes" title="Ad fontes">ad fontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmian_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmian pronunciation">Erasmian pronunciation</a></li> <li>Critique of <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(religion)" title="Accommodation (religion)">accommodation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectio_difficilior_potior" title="Lectio difficilior potior">Lectio difficilior potior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Capito" title="Wolfgang Capito">Wolfgang Capito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A3o_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Damião de Góis">Damião de Góis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_De_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis De Sales">Francis De Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ecclesiastical career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">25 April 1492</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌdɛzɪˈdɪəriəs ɪˈræzməs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">DEZ-i-DEER-ee-əs irr-AZ-məs</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Dutch: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˌdeːziˈdeːrijʏs eːˈrɑsmʏs]</a>; 28 October c. 1466 – 12 July 1536), commonly known in English as Erasmus of Rotterdam or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian humanist">Christian humanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Educationalist">educationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menippean_satire" title="Menippean satire">satirist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>. Through his <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus" title="Works of Erasmus">vast number</a> of translations, books, essays, prayers and letters, he is considered one of the most influential thinkers of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> and one of the major figures of Dutch and Western culture.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Erasmus was an important figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a spontaneous, copious and natural <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a> developing <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">humanist techniques</a> for working on texts, he prepared pioneering new <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Greek">Greek</a> scholarly editions of the <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">New Testament</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, with annotations and commentary that were immediately and vitally influential in both the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a>. He also wrote <a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">On Free Will</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">The Praise of Folly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus#The_Complaint_of_Peace_(1517)" title="Works of Erasmus">The Complaint of Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_a_Christian_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of a Christian Knight">Handbook of a Christian Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_Civility_in_Children" title="On Civility in Children">On Civility in Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a> and many other popular and pedagogical works. Erasmus lived against the backdrop of the growing European religious <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformations</a>. He developed a biblical humanistic theology in which he advocated the religious and civil necessity both of peaceable concord and of pastoral tolerance on <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Christianity" title="Adiaphora">matters of indifference</a>. He remained a member of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> all his life, remaining committed to reforming the church from within. He promoted the traditional doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a>, which some prominent reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> rejected in favor of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergism</a>. His influential <a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">middle-road</a> approach disappointed, and even angered, partisans in both camps. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus's almost 70 years may be divided into quarters.<a href="#cite_note-6">[note 2]</a> <ul><li>First was his <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Dutch childhood, ending with his being orphaned and impoverished;</li> <li>Second, his struggling years as <a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">a canon</a> (a kind of semi-monk), a clerk, a priest, a failing and sickly university student, a would-be poet, and a tutor;</li> <li>Third, his flourishing but peripatetic <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> years of increasing focus and literary productivity following his 1499 contact with a reformist English circle notably <a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, then with radical French Franciscan Jean Vitrier (or Voirier),<a href="#cite_note-8">[note 3]</a> and later with the Greek-speaking Aldine New Academy in Venice; and</li> <li>Fourth, his financially more secure <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> years near the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>: as a prime influencer of European thought through his New Testament and increasing public opposition to aspects of Lutheranism, first in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and then as a Catholic religious refugee in <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Desiderius Erasmus is reported to have been born in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> on 27 or 28 October ("the vigil of Simon and Jude")<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a> in the late 1460s. He was named<a href="#cite_note-10">[note 4]</a> after <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Formia" title="Erasmus of Formia">Erasmus of Formiae</a>, whom Erasmus' father Gerard (Gerardus Helye)<a href="#cite_note-new-11">[7]</a> personally favored.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> Although associated closely with Rotterdam, he lived there for only four years, never to return afterwards. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg/180px-Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg/270px-Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg/360px-Rotterdam_standbeeld_Erasmus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Erasmus" title="Statue of Erasmus">Statue of Erasmus</a> in Rotterdam. Gilded bronze statue by <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_de_Keyser" title="Hendrick de Keyser">Hendrick de Keyser</a> (1622), replacing a stone (1557), and a wooden (1549).</figcaption></figure> The year of Erasmus' birth is unclear: in later life he calculated his age as if born in 1466, but frequently his remembered age at major events actually implies 1469.<a href="#cite_note-vredeveld-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-demolen-15">[11]</a>: 8  (This article currently gives 1466 as the birth year.<a href="#cite_note-seop2009-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-gleason1979-17">[13]</a> To handle this disagreement, ages are given first based on 1469, then in parentheses based on 1466: e.g., "20 (or 23)".) Furthermore, many details of his early life must be gleaned from a fictionalized third-person account he wrote in 1516 (published in 1529) in a letter to a fictitious Papal secretary, Lambertus Grunnius ("Mr. Grunt").<a href="#cite_note-epistles-18">[14]</a> His parents could not be legally married: his father, Gerard, was a Catholic priest<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19">[15]</a> who may have spent up to six years in the 1450s or 60s in Italy as a scribe and scholar.<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 196  His mother was Margaretha Rogerius (Latinized form of Dutch surname Rutgers),<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a> the daughter of a doctor from <a href="/wiki/Zevenbergen" title="Zevenbergen">Zevenbergen</a>. She may have been Gerard's housekeeper.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Although he was born out of wedlock, Erasmus was cared for by his parents, with a loving household and the best education, until their early deaths from <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">the bubonic plague</a> in 1483. His only sibling Peter might have been born in 1463, and some writers suggest Margaret was a widow and Peter was the half-brother of Erasmus; Erasmus on the other hand called him his brother.<a href="#cite_note-demolen-15">[11]</a> There were legal and social restrictions on the careers and opportunities open to the children of unwed parents. Erasmus' own story, in the possibly forged 1524 Compendium vitae Erasmi was along the lines that his parents were engaged, with the formal marriage blocked by his relatives (presumably a young widow or unmarried mother with a child was not an advantageous match); his father went to Italy to study Latin and Greek, and the relatives misled Gerard that Margaretha had died, on which news grieving Gerard romantically took Holy Orders, only to find on his return that Margaretha was alive; many scholars dispute this account.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> In 1471 his father became the vice-curate of the small town of <a href="/wiki/Woerden" title="Woerden">Woerden</a> (where young Erasmus may have attended the local vernacular school to learn to read and write) and in 1476 was promoted to vice-curate of <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-new-11">[7]</a> Erasmus was given the highest education available to a young man of his day, in a series of monastic or semi-monastic schools. In 1476, at the age of 6 (or 9), his family moved to Gouda and he started at the school of Pieter Winckel,<a href="#cite_note-new-11">[7]</a> who later became his guardian (and, perhaps, squandered Erasmus and Peter's inheritance.) Historians who date his birth in 1466 have Erasmus in Utrecht at the choir school at this period.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> In 1478, at the age of 9 (or 12), he and his older brother Peter were sent to one of the best Latin schools in the Netherlands, located at <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> and owned by the chapter clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Lebu%C3%AFnuskerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebuïnuskerk">Lebuïnuskerk</a> (St. Lebuin's Church).<a href="#cite_note-seop2009-16">[12]</a> A notable previous student was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a>. Towards the end of his stay there the curriculum was renewed by the new principal of the school, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hegius" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hegius">Alexander Hegius</a>, a correspondent of pioneering rhetorician <a href="/wiki/Rudolphus_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolphus Agricola">Rudolphus Agricola</a>. For the first time in Europe north of the Alps, Greek was taught at a lower level than a university<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> and this is where he began learning it.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> His education there ended when plague struck the city about 1483,<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> and his mother, who had moved to provide a home for her sons, died from the infection; then his father. Following the death of his parents, as well as 20 fellow students at his school,<a href="#cite_note-demolen-15">[11]</a> he moved back to his patria (Rotterdam?)<a href="#cite_note-new-11">[7]</a> where he was supported by Berthe de Heyden,<a href="#cite_note-:7-28">[24]</a> a compassionate widow.<a href="#cite_note-demolen-15">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Triptych_of_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_-_WGA2585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Triptych_of_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_-_WGA2585.jpg/475px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Triptych_of_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_-_WGA2585.jpg" decoding="async" width="475" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Triptych_of_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_-_WGA2585.jpg/713px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Triptych_of_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_-_WGA2585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Triptych_of_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_-_WGA2585.jpg/950px-Hieronymus_Bosch_-_Triptych_of_Temptation_of_St_Anthony_-_WGA2585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hieronymous_Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymous Bosch">Hieronymous Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triptych_of_the_Temptation_of_St._Anthony" title="Triptych of the Temptation of St. Anthony">Temptation of St Anthony</a>, triptych (c. 1501), painted in <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>, later owned by his friend <a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A3o_de_Gois" class="mw-redirect" title="Damião de Gois">Damião de Gois</a> </figcaption></figure> In 1484, around the age 14 (or 17), he and his brother went to a cheaper<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> grammar school or seminary at <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>:<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[note 5]</a> Erasmus' Epistle to Grunnius satirizes them as the "Collationary Brethren"<a href="#cite_note-epistles-18">[14]</a> who select and sort boys for monkhood. He was exposed there to the <a href="/wiki/Devotio_moderna" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotio moderna">Devotio moderna</a> movement and the Brethren's famous book <a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_of_Christ" title="The Imitation of Christ">The Imitation of Christ</a> but resented the harsh rules and strict methods of the religious brothers and educators.<a href="#cite_note-seop2009-16">[12]</a> The two brothers made an agreement that they would resist the clergy but attend the university;<a href="#cite_note-:7-28">[24]</a> Erasmus longed to study in Italy, the birthplace of Latin, and have a degree from an Italian university.<a href="#cite_note-vredeveld-14">[10]</a>: 804  Instead, Peter left for the <a href="/wiki/Canon_regular#Canons_Regular_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Canon regular">Augustinian</a> canonry in <a href="/wiki/Stein,_South_Holland" title="Stein, South Holland">Stein</a>, which left Erasmus feeling betrayed.<a href="#cite_note-:7-28">[24]</a> Around this time he wrote forlornly to his friend Elizabeth de Heyden "Shipwrecked am I, and lost, 'mid waters chill'."<a href="#cite_note-demolen-15">[11]</a> He suffered <a href="/wiki/Quartan_fever" title="Quartan fever">Quartan fever</a> for over a year. Eventually Erasmus moved to the same abbey as a postulant in or before 1487,<a href="#cite_note-new-11">[7]</a> around the age of 16 (or 19.)<a href="#cite_note-32">[note 6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vows,_ordination_and_canonry_experience">Vows, ordination and canonry experience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vows, ordination and canonry experience">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmus(buste).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Erasmus%28buste%29.jpg/180px-Erasmus%28buste%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Erasmus%28buste%29.jpg/270px-Erasmus%28buste%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Erasmus%28buste%29.jpg/360px-Erasmus%28buste%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Bust by <a href="/wiki/Hildo_Krop" title="Hildo Krop">Hildo Krop</a> (1950) in <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a>, where Erasmus spent his youth</figcaption></figure> Poverty<a href="#cite_note-cmsmlw-33">[27]</a> had forced the sickly, bookish, teenaged orphan Erasmus into the consecrated life, entering the novitiate in 1487<a href="#cite_note-xivxv-34">[28]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Canonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonry">canonry</a> at rural <a href="/wiki/Stein,_South_Holland" title="Stein, South Holland">Stein</a>, very near <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda, South Holland</a>: the Chapter of Sion community<a href="#cite_note-35">[note 7]</a> largely borrowed its rule from the larger monkish <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Windesheim" title="Congregation of Windesheim">Congregation of Windesheim</a> who had historical associations with the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>, but also with the notable pastoral, mystical<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a>: ch1  and anti-speculative <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Post-scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">post-scholastic</a> theologians <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a><a href="#cite_note-books-37">[30]</a>: 315  and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Biel" title="Gabriel Biel">Gabriel Biel</a>: positions associated also with Erasmus.<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a>: 46–48  In 1488–1490, the surrounding region was plundered badly by armies fighting the <a href="/wiki/Squire_Francis_War" title="Squire Francis War">Squire Francis War</a> of succession and then suffered a famine.<a href="#cite_note-vredeveld-14">[10]</a>: 759  Erasmus professed his vows as a <a href="/wiki/Canon_regular" title="Canon regular">Canon regular</a> of St. Augustine<a href="#cite_note-42">[note 8]</a> there in late 1488 at age 19 (or 22).<a href="#cite_note-xivxv-34">[28]</a> Historian Fr. Aiden Gasquet later wrote: "One thing, however, would seem to be quite clear; he could never have had any vocation for the religious life. His whole subsequent history shows this unmistakably."<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a> But according to one Catholic biographer, Erasmus had a spiritual awakening at the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-spirituality-44">[36]</a> Certain abuses in <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> were among the chief objects of his later calls to reform the Western Church from within, particularly coerced or tricked recruitment of immature boys (the fictionalized account in the Letter to Grunnius calls them "victims of Dominic and Francis and Benedict"): Erasmus felt he had belonged to this class, joining "voluntarily but not freely" and so considered himself, if not morally bound by his vows, certainly legally, socially and honour- bound to keep them, yet to look for his true vocation.<a href="#cite_note-demolen1-39">[32]</a>: 439  While at Stein, 18-(or 21-)year-old Erasmus fell in unrequited love, forming what he called a "passionate attachment" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: fervidos amores), with a fellow canon, Servatius Rogerus,<a href="#cite_note-45">[note 9]</a> and wrote a series of love letters<a href="#cite_note-47">[note 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[38]</a> in which he called Rogerus "half my soul",<a href="#cite_note-49">[note 11]</a> writing that "it was not for the sake of reward or out of a desire for any favour that I have wooed you both unhappily and relentlessly. What is it then? Why, that you love him who loves you."<a href="#cite_note-50">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[note 12]</a> This correspondence contrasts with the generally detached and much more restrained attitude he usually showed in his later life, though he had a capacity to form and maintain deep male friendships,<a href="#cite_note-52">[note 13]</a> such as with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More#Personality_according_to_Erasmus" title="Thomas More">More</a>, Colet, and Ammonio.<a href="#cite_note-lost-53">[note 14]</a> No mentions or sexual accusations were ever made of Erasmus during his lifetime. His works notably <a href="#On_the_Institution_of_Christian_Marriage_(1526)">praise</a> moderate sexual desire in marriage between men and women.<a href="#cite_note-54">[40]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Circle of Latin Secretaries</div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vergara" title="Juan de Vergara">Juan de Vergara</a> • Pietro Carmeliano<a href="#cite_note-55">[41]</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sadoleto" title="Jacopo Sadoleto">Jacopo Sadoleto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pace" title="Richard Pace">Richard Pace</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ammonio" title="Andrea Ammonio">Andrea Ammonio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Emser" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymus Emser">Hieronymus Emser</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Grapheus" title="Cornelius Grapheus">Cornelius Grapheus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Secundus" title="Johannes Secundus">Johannes Secundus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan de Valdés">Juan de Valdés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Alfonso de Valdés">Alfonso de Valdés</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vannes" title="Peter Vannes">Peter Vannes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Gillis" title="Pieter Gillis">Pieter Gillis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gentian_Hervetus" title="Gentian Hervetus">Gentian Hervetus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski" title="Jan Łaski">Jan Łaski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Germain_de_Brie" title="Germain de Brie">Germain de Brie</a> • Pierre Barbier • Lambert Grunnius (fictitious)<a href="#cite_note-epistles-18">[14]</a>: 337  Latin Secretaries became a significant part of Erasmus' later network of correspondents and friends.<a href="#cite_note-57">[note 15]</a></div></div> </div> In 1493, his prior arranged for him to leave the Stein house<a href="#cite_note-58">[43]</a> and take up the post of Latin Secretary to the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Bishop of Cambrai</a>, Henry of Bergen, on account of his great skill in Latin and his reputation as a man of letters.<a href="#cite_note-59">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[note 16]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">ordained</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priesthood">Catholic priesthood</a> either on 25 April 1492,<a href="#cite_note-cmsmlw-33">[27]</a> or 25 April 1495, at age 25 (or 28.)<a href="#cite_note-62">[note 17]</a> Either way, he did not actively work as a choir priest for very long,<a href="#cite_note-63">[46]</a> though his many works on confession and penance suggests experience of dispensing them. From 1500, he avoided returning to the canonry at Stein even insisting the diet and hours would kill him,<a href="#cite_note-64">[note 18]</a> though he did stay with other Augustinian communities and at monasteries of other orders in his travels. Rogerus, who became prior at Stein in 1504, and Erasmus corresponded over the years, with Rogerus demanding Erasmus return after his studies were complete. Nevertheless, the library of the canonry<a href="#cite_note-65">[note 19]</a> ended up with by far the largest collection of Erasmus' publications in the Gouda region.<a href="#cite_note-66">[47]</a> In 1505, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> granted a <a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensation (canon law)">dispensation</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[48]</a> from the vow of poverty to the extent of allowing Erasmus to hold certain benefices, and from the control and <a href="#Clothing">habit</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Canon_regular#Reforms" title="Canon regular">order</a>, though he remained a priest and, formally, an Augustinian canon regular<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 20]</a> the rest his life.<a href="#cite_note-demolen1-39">[32]</a> In 1517, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> granted legal dispensations for Erasmus' defects of natality<a href="#cite_note-69">[note 21]</a> and confirmed the previous dispensation, allowing the 48-(or 51-)year-old his independence<a href="#cite_note-70">[49]</a> but still, as a canon, capable of holding office as a prior or abbot.<a href="#cite_note-demolen1-39">[32]</a> In 1525, Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a> granted, for health reasons, a dispensation to eat meat and dairy in Lent and on fast days.<a href="#cite_note-letter16-71">[50]</a>: 410  <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div style="float:left;border:1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);width:100%"><div style="text-align:left; padding:1em; font-size:95%; margin:1em; background:transparent"><div style="width:100%; position:relative; left:-0.2em; top:0.8em; clear:both; height:2.5em"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:1.3333333333333%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Birth?</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:25.333333333333%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Orphaned</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:30.666666666667%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Vows</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:36%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Ordained?</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:53.333333333333%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Julius II</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:69.333333333333%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Leo X</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:80%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Clement VII</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:94.666666666667%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Death</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:5.3333333333333%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:40%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓</div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:53.333333333333%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Dispensations</div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:36%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Netherlands</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFDEAD;width:17.333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">France</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:4%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Italy</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFFD4;width:8%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">England</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:8%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Brabant</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#00BFFF;width:10.666666666667%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Basel</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:8%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Freiburg</div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:white"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:45.333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFFD4;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">England</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:2.6666666666667%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFF00;width:2.6666666666667%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Brabant</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFFD4;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">England</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:6.6666666666667%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#FFDEAD;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">France</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:2.6666666666667%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#00BFFF;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Basel</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#00BFFF;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Basel</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFFD4;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">England</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#00BFFF;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Basel</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#7FFFD4;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">England</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:18.666666666667%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:#00BFFF;width:1.3333333333333%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Basel</div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%;max-width:100%;border-top:0.1em solid black;height:1em;"></div><div id="Scale" style="clear:both;position:relative;top:-1.4em;left:-0.2em;width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em"><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.333333333333%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1465</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.333333333333%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1475</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.333333333333%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1485</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.333333333333%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1495</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.333333333333%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1505</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.333333333333%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1515</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:13.333333333333%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1525</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:0%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.75em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1535</div></div></div><div style="clear:both; text-align:center">Life timeline</div></div></div><div style="clear:left;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Travels">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249493202">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><div><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;margin-left:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Cities and Routes of Erasmus</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">Walsingham </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BSicon_eKHSTa.svg/20px-BSicon_eKHSTa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/BSicon_KRWl.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWl.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">London </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">Reading </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_KBHFaq.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_KBHFaq.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/BSicon_KBHFaq.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_ABZgr.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZgr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_ABZgr.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZgr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BSicon_ABZgr.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZgr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Canterbury</div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BSicon_fKBHFa.svg/20px-BSicon_fKBHFa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BSicon_fKBHFa.svg/30px-BSicon_fKBHFa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BSicon_fKBHFa.svg/40px-BSicon_fKBHFa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Deventer </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BSicon_uWASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_uWASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BSicon_uWASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_uWASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/BSicon_uWASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_uWASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BSicon_fBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_fBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BSicon_fBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_fBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BSicon_fBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_fBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Woerden </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Calais</div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_fKHSTeq.svg/30px-BSicon_fKHSTeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/BSicon_fKHSTeq.svg/40px-BSicon_fKHSTeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BSicon_fHST.svg/20px-BSicon_fHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BSicon_fHST.svg/30px-BSicon_fHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BSicon_fHST.svg/40px-BSicon_fHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Stein, Gouda </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BSicon_ABZgl.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZgl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BSicon_ABZgl.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZgl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BSicon_ABZgl.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZgl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_fENDE.svg/20px-BSicon_fENDE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_fENDE.svg/30px-BSicon_fENDE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/BSicon_fENDE.svg/40px-BSicon_fENDE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BSicon_fHST.svg/20px-BSicon_fHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BSicon_fHST.svg/30px-BSicon_fHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BSicon_fHST.svg/40px-BSicon_fHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Rotterdam </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">St Omer </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BSicon_fBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_fBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BSicon_fBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_fBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/BSicon_fBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_fBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">'s-Hertogenbosch </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">Cambrai/Bergen </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZgl%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/20px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/30px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/40px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/20px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/30px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/40px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_ABZqlr%2Blr.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZqlr%2Blr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_ABZqlr%2Blr.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZqlr%2Blr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_ABZqlr%2Blr.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZqlr%2Blr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/20px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/30px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/BSicon_BHFq.svg/40px-BSicon_BHFq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_fSTRr.svg/20px-BSicon_fSTRr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_fSTRr.svg/30px-BSicon_fSTRr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/BSicon_fSTRr.svg/40px-BSicon_fSTRr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Brussels, Antwerp </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">Paris </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Louvain </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">Orléans </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BSicon_ABZgl.svg/20px-BSicon_ABZgl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BSicon_ABZgl.svg/30px-BSicon_ABZgl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BSicon_ABZgl.svg/40px-BSicon_ABZgl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/BSicon_STR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_STR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Lyon</div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_eKHSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_eKHSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_eKHSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_eKHSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_eKHSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_eKHSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BSicon_nSTR%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_nSTR%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BSicon_nSTR%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_nSTR%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BSicon_nSTR%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_nSTR%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/20px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/30px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/40px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Liège, Cologne </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_nCONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_nCONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_nCONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_nCONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BSicon_nCONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_nCONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BSicon_exnSTR.svg/20px-BSicon_exnSTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BSicon_exnSTR.svg/30px-BSicon_exnSTR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/BSicon_exnSTR.svg/40px-BSicon_exnSTR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_STRl.svg/20px-BSicon_STRl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_STRl.svg/30px-BSicon_STRl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/BSicon_STRl.svg/40px-BSicon_STRl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/BSicon_STRgq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRgq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/BSicon_STRgq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRgq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/BSicon_STRgq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRgq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/20px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/30px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/40px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BSicon_TEEeq.svg/20px-BSicon_TEEeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BSicon_TEEeq.svg/30px-BSicon_TEEeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BSicon_TEEeq.svg/40px-BSicon_TEEeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Mainz </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Turin</div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSicon_eKBHFa.svg/20px-BSicon_eKBHFa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSicon_eKBHFa.svg/30px-BSicon_eKBHFa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/BSicon_eKBHFa.svg/40px-BSicon_eKBHFa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BSicon_nSTRr.svg/20px-BSicon_nSTRr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BSicon_nSTRr.svg/30px-BSicon_nSTRr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/BSicon_nSTRr.svg/40px-BSicon_nSTRr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/20px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/30px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/BSicon_ueHST.svg/40px-BSicon_ueHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Strasbourg </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2">Bologna </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BSicon_nSTR2%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_nSTR2%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BSicon_nSTR2%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_nSTR2%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/BSicon_nSTR2%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_nSTR2%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Freiburg im Breisgau </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_KRW%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_KRWlr.svg/20px-BSicon_KRWlr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_KRWlr.svg/30px-BSicon_KRWlr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BSicon_KRWlr.svg/40px-BSicon_KRWlr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg/20px-BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg/30px-BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_KRW%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_nSTR2%2B4.svg/20px-BSicon_nSTR2%2B4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_nSTR2%2B4.svg/30px-BSicon_nSTR2%2B4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_nSTR2%2B4.svg/40px-BSicon_nSTR2%2B4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSicon_eKHSTaq.svg/20px-BSicon_eKHSTaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSicon_eKHSTaq.svg/30px-BSicon_eKHSTaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSicon_eKHSTaq.svg/40px-BSicon_eKHSTaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BSicon_uBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_uBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_KBHFeq.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_KBHFeq.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/BSicon_KBHFeq.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Besançon, Basel † </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Florence, Ferrara</div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_nSTRl%2B4.svg/20px-BSicon_nSTRl%2B4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_nSTRl%2B4.svg/30px-BSicon_nSTRl%2B4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_nSTRl%2B4.svg/40px-BSicon_nSTRl%2B4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BSicon_nCONTfq.svg/20px-BSicon_nCONTfq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BSicon_nCONTfq.svg/30px-BSicon_nCONTfq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/BSicon_nCONTfq.svg/40px-BSicon_nCONTfq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BSicon_ueKHSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_ueKHSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BSicon_ueKHSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_ueKHSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/BSicon_ueKHSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_ueKHSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Konstanz </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Sienna,</div> Padua </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/20px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/30px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BSicon_eHST.svg/40px-BSicon_eHST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Rome,</div> Venice </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_eBHF.svg/20px-BSicon_eBHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_eBHF.svg/30px-BSicon_eBHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_eBHF.svg/40px-BSicon_eBHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/20px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/30px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/BSicon_KBHFe.svg/40px-BSicon_KBHFe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi">Cumae</div> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_eKHSTe.svg/20px-BSicon_eKHSTe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_eKHSTe.svg/30px-BSicon_eKHSTe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BSicon_eKHSTe.svg/40px-BSicon_eKHSTe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;text-align:right;padding:0px 5px 5px;">Green: early life Dark circles: residence Thin line: alpine crossings Red and green lines: horseback, carriage Blue lines: Rhine and English Channel </td></tr></tbody></table> Erasmus traveled widely and regularly, for reasons of poverty, "escape"<a href="#cite_note-maarten-72">[51]</a>: 154  from his <a href="/wiki/Stein,_South_Holland" title="Stein, South Holland">Stein</a> canonry (to <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>), education (to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>), escape from the <a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness" title="Sweating sickness">sweating sickness</a> plague (to <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>), employment (to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>), searching libraries for manuscripts, writing (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>), royal counsel (<a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>), patronage, tutoring and chaperoning (North <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), networking (<a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>), seeing books through printing in person (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvain">Louvain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>), and avoiding the persecution of religious fanatics (to <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>). He enjoyed horseback riding.<a href="#cite_note-73">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paris">Paris</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paris">edit</a>]</div> In 1495 with Bishop Henry's consent and a stipend, Erasmus went on to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Montaigu" title="Collège de Montaigu">Collège de Montaigu</a>, a centre of reforming zeal,<a href="#cite_note-74">[note 22]</a> under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Standonck" title="Jan Standonck">Jan Standonck</a>, of whose rigors he complained.<a href="#cite_note-75">[53]</a> The university was then the chief seat of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> learning but already coming under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> humanism.<a href="#cite_note-76">[54]</a> For instance, Erasmus became an intimate friend of an Italian humanist <a href="/wiki/Publio_Fausto_Andrelini" title="Publio Fausto Andrelini">Publio Fausto Andrelini</a>, poet and "professor of humanity" in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-77">[55]</a> During this time, Erasmus developed a deep aversion to exclusive or excessive <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[56]</a> and started finding work as a tutor/chaperone to visiting English and Scottish aristocrats. There is no record of him graduating. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_visit_to_England_(1499–1500)">First visit to England (1499–1500)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First visit to England (1499–1500)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> English circle.<a href="#cite_note-circle-79">[57]</a> </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Linacre" title="Thomas Linacre">Thomas Linacre</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Grocyn" title="William Grocyn">William Grocyn</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lily_(grammarian)" title="William Lily (grammarian)">William Lily</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ammonio" title="Andrea Ammonio">Andrea Ammonio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bullock" title="Henry Bullock">Henry Bullock</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lupset" title="Thomas Lupset">Thomas Lupset</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Urswick" title="Christopher Urswick">Christopher Urswick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich_(bishop)" title="Robert Aldrich (bishop)">Robert Aldrich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whitford" title="Richard Whitford">Richard Whitford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio" title="Lorenzo Campeggio">Lorenzo Campeggio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reynolds_(martyr)" title="Richard Reynolds (martyr)">Richard Reynolds</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a> Patrons: <a href="/wiki/William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy">William Blount</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Longland" title="John Longland">John Longland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> "I can truly say that no place in the world has given me so many friends—true, learned, helpful, and illustrious friends—as the single city of London." Letter to Colet, 1509<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a></div></div> </div> Erasmus stayed in England at least three times.<a href="#cite_note-80">[note 23]</a> In between he had periods studying in Paris, Orléans, Leuven and other cities. In 1499 he was invited to England by <a href="/wiki/William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy">William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy</a>, who offered to accompany him on his trip to England.<a href="#cite_note-:3-81">[58]</a> His time in England was fruitful in the making of lifelong friendships with the leaders of English thought in the days of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. During his first visit to England in 1499, he studied or taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. There is no record of him gaining any degree. Erasmus was particularly impressed by the Bible teaching of <a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a>, who pursued a style more akin to the <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">church fathers</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Scholastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastics">Scholastics</a>. Through the influence of the humanist John Colet, his interests turned towards theology.<a href="#cite_note-:3-81">[58]</a> Other distinctive features of Colet's thought that may have influenced Erasmus are his pacifism,<a href="#cite_note-82">[59]</a> reform-mindedness,<a href="#cite_note-83">[60]</a> anti-Scholasticism and pastoral esteem for the sacrament of Confession.<a href="#cite_note-tracy-84">[61]</a>: 94  This prompted him, upon his return from England to Paris, to intensively study the Greek language, which would enable him to study theology on a more profound level.<a href="#cite_note-85">[62]</a>: 518  Erasmus also became <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More#Personality_according_to_Erasmus" title="Thomas More">fast friends</a> with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, a young law student considering becoming a monk, whose thought (e.g., on conscience and equity) had been influenced by 14th century French theologian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[64]</a> and whose intellect had been developed by his powerful patron Cardinal <a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cardinal)" title="John Morton (cardinal)">John Morton</a> (d. 1500) who had famously attempted reforms of English monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-88">[65]</a> Erasmus left London with a full purse from his generous friends, to allow him to complete his studies. However, he had been provided with bad legal advice by his friends: the English Customs officials confiscated all the gold and silver, leaving him with nothing except a night fever that lasted several months. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France_and_Brabant">France and Brabant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France and Brabant">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> French circle</div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Jean Vitrier (or Vourier) • Jacob/James Batt • <a href="/wiki/Publio_Fausto_Andrelini" title="Publio Fausto Andrelini">Publio Fausto Andrelini</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josse_Bade" class="mw-redirect" title="Josse Bade">Josse Bade</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Berquin" title="Louis de Berquin">Louis de Berquin</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisher_(priest)" title="Robert Fisher (priest)">Robert Fisher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whitford" title="Richard Whitford">Richard Whitford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset">Thomas Grey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Hector Boece</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gaguin" title="Robert Gaguin">Robert Gaguin</a> • Christopher Fisher Opponents: Noël Béda (or Bédier) Patrons: Bishop Henry of Bergen,<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_1st_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset">Thomas Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_van_Borselen" title="Anna van Borselen">Lady of Veere</a></div></div> </div> Following his first trip to England, Erasmus returned first to poverty in Paris, where he started to compile the Adagio for his students, then to Orléans to escape the plague, and then to semi-monastic life, scholarly studies and writing in France, notably at the Benedictine <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Bertin" title="Abbey of Saint Bertin">Abbey of Saint Bertin</a> at St Omer (1501,1502) where he wrote the initial version of the Enchiridion (<a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_the_Christian_Knight" title="Handbook of the Christian Knight">Handbook of the Christian Knight</a>.) A particular influence was his encounter in 1501 with Jean (Jehan) Vitrier, a radical Franciscan who consolidated Erasmus' thoughts against excessive valorization of monasticism,<a href="#cite_note-tracy-84">[61]</a>: 94, 95  ceremonialism<a href="#cite_note-90">[note 24]</a> and fasting<a href="#cite_note-91">[note 25]</a> in a kind of conversion experience,<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 213, 219  and introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[67]</a> In 1502, Erasmus went to Brabant, ultimately to the university at Louvain. In 1504 he was hired by the leaders of the Brabantian "Provincial States" to deliver one of his few public speeches, a very long formal <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip "the Fair"</a>, Duke of Burgundy and later King of Castille: the first half being the conventional extravagant praise, but the second half being a strong treatment of the miseries of war, the need for neutrality and concilliation (with the neighbours France and England),<a href="#cite_note-93">[68]</a> and the excellence of peaceful rulers: that real courage in a leader was not to wage war but to put a bridle on greed, etc.<a href="#cite_note-94">[69]</a>: 71  This was later published as Panegyricus. Erasmus then returned to Paris in 1504. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_visit_to_England_(1505–1506)">Second visit to England (1505–1506)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second visit to England (1505–1506)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Erasmus by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris.</figcaption></figure> For Erasmus' second visit, he spent over a year staying at recently married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s house, now a lawyer and Member of Parliament, honing his translation skills.<a href="#cite_note-circle-79">[57]</a> Erasmus preferred to live the life of an independent scholar and made a conscious effort to avoid any actions or formal ties that might inhibit his individual freedom.<a href="#cite_note-:5-95">[70]</a> In England Erasmus was approached with prominent offices but he declined them all, until the <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VII">King</a> himself offered his support.<a href="#cite_note-:5-95">[70]</a> He was inclined, but eventually did not accept and longed for a stay in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-:5-95">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Italian circle</div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Camillo" title="Giulio Camillo">Giulio Camillo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleander">Aleander</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Bombasius" title="Paulus Bombasius">Bombasius</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Musurus" title="Marcus Musurus">Marcus Musurus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Janus_Lascaris" title="Janus Lascaris">Janus Lascaris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Viterbo" title="Giles of Viterbo">Giles of Viterbo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egnazio" title="Egnazio">Egnazio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Germain_de_Brie" title="Germain de Brie">Germain de Brie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Carondelet" title="Ferry Carondelet">Ferry Carondelet</a> • Urbano Valeriani • <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Inghirami" title="Tommaso Inghirami">Tommaso Inghirami</a> • Scipio Carteromachus • <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Grimani" title="Domenico Grimani">Domenico Grimani</a> Opponents: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_III_Pio,_Prince_of_Carpi" title="Alberto III Pio, Prince of Carpi">Alberto Pío</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gin%C3%A9s_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda">Sepúlveda</a> Patrons: Popes <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul III">Paul III</a>, King <a href="/wiki/James_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="James IV">James IV</a></div></div> </div> In 1506 he was able to accompany and tutor the sons of the <a href="/wiki/Physician_to_the_King" title="Physician to the King">personal physician</a> of the English King through Italy to Bologna.<a href="#cite_note-:5-95">[70]</a> His discovery <a href="/wiki/Park_Abbey" title="Park Abbey">en route</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a>'s New Testament Notes was a major event in his career and prompted Erasmus to study the New Testament using <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[71]</a> In 1506 they passed through Turin and he arranged to be awarded the degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Sacred Theology</a> (Sacra Theologia)<a href="#cite_note-van-97">[72]</a>: 638  from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-95">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Per_saltum" title="Per saltum">per saltum</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[73]</a> at age 37 (or 40.) Erasmus stayed tutoring in Bologna for a year; in the winter, Erasmus was present when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> entered victorious into the conquered Bologna which he had besieged before.<a href="#cite_note-:5-95">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius-Horace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Book_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius-Horace.jpg/220px-Book_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius-Horace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Book_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius-Horace.jpg/330px-Book_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius-Horace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Book_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius-Horace.jpg/440px-Book_printed_by_Aldus_Manutius-Horace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Book printed and illuminated at the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a>, Venice (1501): <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, Works</figcaption></figure> Erasmus travelled on to Venice, working on an expanded version of his Adagia at the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a> of the famous printer <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>, advised him which manuscripts to publish,<a href="#cite_note-99">[74]</a> and was an honorary member of the graecophone Aldine "New Academy" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Neakadêmia (Νεακαδημία)).<a href="#cite_note-100">[75]</a> From Aldus he learned the in-person workflow that made him productive at Froben: making last-minute changes, and immediately checking and correcting printed page proofs as soon as the ink had dried. Aldus wrote that Erasmus could do twice as much work in a given time as any other man he had ever met.<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a> In 1507, according to his letters, he studied advanced Greek in Padua with the Venetian natural philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Camillo" title="Giulio Camillo">Giulio Camillo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[76]</a> He found employment tutoring and escorting Scottish nobleman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a>, the 24-year old Archbishop of St Andrews, through Padua, Florence, and Siena<a href="#cite_note-103">[note 26]</a> Erasmus made it to Rome in 1509, visiting some notable libraries and cardinals, but having a less active association with Italian scholars than might have been expected. In 1509, William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Mountjoy lured him back to England, now ruled by what was hoped would be a wise and benevolent king (<a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>) educated by humanists. Warham and Mountjoy sent Erasmus £10 to cover his expenses on the journey.<a href="#cite_note-104">[78]</a> On his trip over the Alps via Splügen Pass, and down the Rhine toward England, Erasmus began to compose The Praise of Folly.<a href="#cite_note-105">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_visit_to_England_(1510–1515)">Third visit to England (1510–1515)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Third visit to England (1510–1515)">edit</a>]</div> In 1510, Erasmus arrived at More's bustling house, was confined to bed to recover from his recurrent illness, and wrote The Praise of Folly, which was to be a best-seller. More was at that time the <a href="/wiki/Undersheriff" title="Undersheriff">undersheriff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_More,_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sir_Thomas_More%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/180px-Sir_Thomas_More%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sir_Thomas_More%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/270px-Sir_Thomas_More%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sir_Thomas_More%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg/360px-Sir_Thomas_More%2C_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a></figcaption></figure> After his glorious reception in Italy, Erasmus had returned broke and jobless,<a href="#cite_note-108">[note 27]</a> with strained relations with former friends and benefactors on the continent, and he regretted leaving Italy, despite being horrified by papal warfare. There is a gap in his usually voluminous correspondence: his so-called "two lost years", perhaps due to self-censorship of dangerous or disgruntled opinions;<a href="#cite_note-lost-53">[note 14]</a> he shared lodgings with his friend <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ammonio" title="Andrea Ammonio">Andrea Ammonio</a> (Latin secretary to Mountjoy, and the next year, to Henry VIII) provided at the London <a href="/wiki/Austin_Friars" title="Austin Friars">Austin Friars</a>' compound, skipping out after a disagreement with the friars over rent that caused bad blood.<a href="#cite_note-109">[note 28]</a> He assisted his friend John Colet by authoring Greek textbooks and securing members of staff for the newly established <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School,_London" title="St Paul's School, London">St Paul's School</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[82]</a> and was in contact when Colet gave his notorious 1512 <a href="/wiki/John_Colet#Colet's_convocation_sermon_(1512)" title="John Colet">Convocation sermon</a> which called for a reformation of ecclesiastical affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Seebohm-111">[83]</a>: 230–250  At Colet's instigation, Erasmus started work on De copia. In 1511, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>'s chancellor, <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>, arranged for Erasmus to be (or to study to prepare to be) the <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret%27s_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity">Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity</a>, though whether he actually was accepted for it or took it up is contested by historians.<a href="#cite_note-112">[84]</a> He studied and taught Greek and researched and lectured on <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-circle-79">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[note 29]</a> Erasmus mainly stayed at <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens' College">Queens' College</a> while lecturing at the university,<a href="#cite_note-115">[86]</a> between 1511 and 1515.<a href="#cite_note-116">[note 30]</a> Erasmus' rooms were located in the "I" staircase of Old Court.<a href="#cite_note-117">[87]</a> Despite a chronic shortage of money, he succeeded in mastering Greek by an intensive, day-and-night study of three years, taught by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Linacre" title="Thomas Linacre">Thomas Linacre</a>, continuously begging in letters that his friends send him books and money for teachers.<a href="#cite_note-118">[88]</a> Erasmus suffered from poor health and was especially concerned with heating, clean air, ventilation, draughts, fresh food and unspoiled wine: he complained about the draughtiness of English buildings.<a href="#cite_note-119">[89]</a> He complained that Queens' College could not supply him with enough decent wine<a href="#cite_note-120">[note 31]</a> (wine was the Renaissance medicine for gallstones, from which Erasmus suffered).<a href="#cite_note-121">[90]</a> As Queens' was an unusually humanist-leaning institution in the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College,_Cambridge#Old_Court" title="Queens' College, Cambridge">Queens' College Old Library</a> still houses many first editions of Erasmus's publications, many of which were acquired during that period by bequest or purchase, including Erasmus's New Testament translation, which is signed by friend and Polish religious reformer <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski" title="Jan Łaski">Jan Łaski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[91]</a> By this time More was a judge on the poorman's equity court (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Requests_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Requests (England)">Master of Requests</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Counsellor">Privy Counsellor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flanders_and_Brabant">Flanders and Brabant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flanders and Brabant">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Burgundy/Louvain circle</div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian of Utrecht">Adrian of Utrecht</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Gillis" title="Pieter Gillis">Pieter Gillis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Dorpius" title="Martinus Dorpius">Martin Dorp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_van_Busleyden" title="Hieronymus van Busleyden">Hieronymus van Busleyden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Martens" title="Dirk Martens">Dirk Martens</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Cleynaerts" title="Nicolas Cleynaerts">Nicolas Cleynaerts</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Grapheus" title="Cornelius Grapheus">Cornelius Grapheus</a> • Jan van Borssele • Jean de Neve • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a> Opponents: <a href="/wiki/Latomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Latomus">Latomus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_(bishop)" title="Edward Lee (bishop)">Edward Lee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a> • <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaas_Baechem" class="extiw" title="nl:Nicolaas Baechem">Nicolaas Baechem</a> (Egmondanus) Patrons: <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></div></div> </div> His residence at Leuven, where he lectured at the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University</a>, exposed Erasmus to much criticism from those ascetics, academics and clerics hostile to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Ad_fontes#Counter_views" title="Ad fontes">literary</a> and religious reform to which he was devoting his life.<a href="#cite_note-123">[92]</a> In 1514, en route to Basel, he made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Hermannus_Buschius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermannus Buschius">Hermannus Buschius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a> who introduced him to the Hebrew language in Mainz.<a href="#cite_note-124">[93]</a> In 1514, he suffered a fall from his horse and injured his back. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinten_Massijs_-_Portret_van_Peter_Gilles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quinten_Massijs_-_Portret_van_Peter_Gilles.JPG/220px-Quinten_Massijs_-_Portret_van_Peter_Gilles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quinten_Massijs_-_Portret_van_Peter_Gilles.JPG/330px-Quinten_Massijs_-_Portret_van_Peter_Gilles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Quinten_Massijs_-_Portret_van_Peter_Gilles.JPG/440px-Quinten_Massijs_-_Portret_van_Peter_Gilles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quinten_Matsys" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinten Matsys">Quinten Matsys</a> – Portrait of Peter Gillis or Gilles (1517), half of a diptych with a portrait of Erasmus below, painted as a gift from them for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kaminska-125">[94]</a></figcaption></figure> Erasmus may have made several other short visits to England or English territory while living in Brabant.<a href="#cite_note-circle-79">[57]</a> Happily for Erasmus, More and Tunstall were posted in Brussels or Antwerp on government missions around 1516, More for six months, Tunstall for longer. Their circle include <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Gillis" title="Pieter Gillis">Pieter Gillis</a> of Antwerp, in whose house <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s wrote <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a> (pub. 1516) with Erasmus' encouragement,<a href="#cite_note-127">[note 32]</a> Erasmus editing and perhaps even contributing fragments.<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-128">[96]</a> His old Cambridge friend <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a> was <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a> running the nearby <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Tournai" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Tournai">diocese of Tournai</a>. In 1516, Erasmus accepted an honorary position as a Councillor to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> with an annuity of 200 guilders (over US$100,000), rarely paid,<a href="#cite_note-129">[97]</a> and tutored Charles' brother, the teenage future Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand of Hapsburg</a>. In 1516, Erasmus published the first edition of his scholarly Latin-Greek <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">New Testament</a> with annotations, his complete works of Jerome, and <a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_a_Christian_Prince" title="The Education of a Christian Prince">The Education of a Christian Prince</a> (Institutio principis Christiani) for Charles and Ferdinand. In 1517, he supported the foundation at the university of the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Trilingue" title="Collegium Trilingue">Collegium Trilingue</a> for the study of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, Latin, and Greek<a href="#cite_note-tracy_low-130">[98]</a>: s1.14.14 —after the model of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Cisneros" title="Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros">Cisneros</a>' College of the Three Languages at the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid#History" title="Complutense University of Madrid">University of Alcalá</a>—financed by his late friend <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_van_Busleyden" title="Hieronymus van Busleyden">Hieronymus van Busleyden</a>'s will.<a href="#cite_note-131">[99]</a> On being asked by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Sauvage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Le Sauvage">Jean Le Sauvage</a>, former Chancellor of Brabant and now Chancellor of Burgundy, Erasmus wrote <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus#The_Complaint_of_Peace_(1517)" title="Works of Erasmus">The Complaint of Peace</a>. In 1517, his great friend Ammonio died in England of the <a href="/wiki/Sweating_Sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweating Sickness">Sweating Sickness</a>. In 1518, Erasmus was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/The_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="The plague">the plague</a>; despite the danger, he was taken in and cared for in the home of his Flemish friend and publisher <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Martens" title="Dirk Martens">Dirk Martens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> for a month and recovered.<a href="#cite_note-132">[100]</a> By 1518, he reported to <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Bombasius" title="Paulus Bombasius">Paulus Bombasius</a> that his income was over 300 ducats<a href="#cite_note-134">[note 33]</a> per year (over US$150,000) without including patronage.<a href="#cite_note-letters594-135">[102]</a>: 350  By 1522 he reported his annual income as 400 gold florins<a href="#cite_note-ron2-136">[103]</a>: 50  (over US$200,000.) <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/480px-British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="480" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/720px-British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/960px-British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5089" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a>, showing King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> arriving at left. The figure on horseback with raised sword ahead of Henry VIII is <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset">Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset</a>, a former pupil of Erasmus.</figcaption></figure> In 1520 he was present at the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a> with <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a>, probably his last meetings with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More#Personality_according_to_Erasmus" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a><a href="#cite_note-soward-137">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a>. His friends and former students and old correspondents were the incoming political elite, and he had risen with them.<a href="#cite_note-kings-138">[note 34]</a> He stayed in various locations including Anderlecht (near Brussels) in the summer of 1521.<a href="#cite_note-139">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basel_(1521–1529)">Basel (1521–1529)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Basel (1521–1529)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Swiss circle<a href="#cite_note-serikoff-140">[106]</a>: 56, 63 </div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Froben" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Froben">Johannes Froben</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Froben" title="Hieronymus Froben">Hieronymus Froben</a> • <a href="/wiki/Beatus_Rhenanus" title="Beatus Rhenanus">Beatus Rhenanus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius_Amerbach" title="Bonifacius Amerbach">Bonifacius Amerbach</a> • Bruno Amerbach • <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a> • <a href="/wiki/Johann_Faber" title="Johann Faber">Johann Faber</a> • <a href="/wiki/Simon_Grynaeus" title="Simon Grynaeus">Simon Grynaeus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brandt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian Brandt">Sebastian Brandt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Capito" title="Wolfgang Capito">Wolfgang Capito</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A3o_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Damião de Góis">Damião de Góis</a> • Gilbert Cousin • Jakob Näf • <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Mair" class="extiw" title="de:Augustin Mair">Augustinus Marius</a> Opponents: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Œcolampadius</a> Patrons: <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Dammartin#House_of_Vergy" title="Counts of Dammartin">Antoine I. de Vergy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_Utenheim" title="Christoph von Utenheim">Christoph von Utenheim</a></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cognatus-erasmus.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cognatus-erasmus.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Cognatus-erasmus.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cognatus-erasmus.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Cognatus-erasmus.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cognatus-erasmus.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Cognatus-erasmus.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Desiderius Erasmus dictating to his ammenuensis Gilbert Cousin or Cognatus. From a book by Cousin, and itself claimed to be based on fresco in Cousin's house in <a href="/wiki/Nozeroy" title="Nozeroy">Nozeroy</a>, Burgundy. Engraving possibly by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Luc" class="extiw" title="fr:Claude Luc">fr:Claude Luc</a>. </figcaption></figure> From 1514, Erasmus regularly traveled to <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> to coordinate the printing of his books with <a href="/wiki/Froben" class="mw-redirect" title="Froben">Froben</a>. He developed a lasting association with the great Basel publisher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Froben" title="Johann Froben">Johann Froben</a> and later his son <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Froben" title="Hieronymus Froben">Hieronymus Froben</a> (Eramus' <a href="/wiki/Godson" class="mw-redirect" title="Godson">godson</a>) who together published over 200 works with Erasmus,<a href="#cite_note-:8-141">[107]</a> working with expert scholar-correctors who went on to illustrious careers.<a href="#cite_note-serikoff-140">[106]</a> His initial interest in Froben's operation was aroused by his discovery of the printer's folio edition of the Adagiorum Chiliades tres (<a href="/wiki/Adagia" title="Adagia">Adagia</a>) (1513).<a href="#cite_note-142">[108]</a> Froben's work was notable for using the new <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a> (rather than <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a>) and Aldine-like Italic and Greek fonts, as well as elegant layouts using borders and fancy capitals;<a href="#cite_note-serikoff-140">[106]</a>: 59  Hans Holbein (the Younger) cut several woodblock capitals for Erasmus' editions. The printing of many his books was supervised by his Alsatian friend, the Greek scholar <a href="/wiki/Beatus_Rhenanus" title="Beatus Rhenanus">Beatus Rhenanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[note 35]</a> In 1521 he settled in Basel.<a href="#cite_note-144">[109]</a> He was weary of the controversies and hostility at Louvain, and feared being dragged further into the Lutheran controversy.<a href="#cite_note-145">[110]</a> He agreed to be the Froben press' literary superintendent writing dedications and prefaces<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a> for an annuity and profit share.<a href="#cite_note-cheng_davies-113">[85]</a> Apart from Froben's production team, he had his own household<a href="#cite_note-147">[note 36]</a>with a formidable housekeeper, stable of horses, and up to eight boarders or paid servants: who acted as assistants, correctors, amanuenses, dining companions, international couriers, and carers.<a href="#cite_note-blair-148">[112]</a> It was his habit to sit at times by a ground-floor window, to make it easier to see and be seen by strolling humanists for chatting.<a href="#cite_note-tracey_sponge-149">[113]</a> In collaboration with Froben and his team, the scope and ambition of Erasmus' Annotations, Erasmus' long-researched project of philological notes of the New Testament along the lines of Valla's Adnotations, had grown to also include a lightly revised Latin Vulgate, then the Greek text, then several edifying essays on methodology, then a highly revised Vulgate—all bundled as his <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Novum testamentum omne</a> and pirated individually throughout Europe— then finally his amplified Paraphrases. In 1522, Erasmus' compatriot, former teacher (c. 1502) and friend from University of Louvain unexpectedly became <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[note 37]</a> after having served as Regent (and/or Grand Inquisitor) of Spain for six years. Like Erasmus and Luther, he had been influenced by the Brethren of the Common Life. He tried to entice Erasmus to Rome. His reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> which he hoped would meet the objections of many Lutherans were stymied (party because the Holy See was broke), though re-worked at the Council of Trent, and he died in 1523.<a href="#cite_note-153">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pop_adrian_VI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pop_adrian_VI.JPG/220px-Pop_adrian_VI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pop_adrian_VI.JPG/330px-Pop_adrian_VI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Pop_adrian_VI.JPG/440px-Pop_adrian_VI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Pope Adrian VI</figcaption></figure> As the popular and nationalist responses to Luther gathered momentum, the social disorders, which Erasmus dreaded and Luther disassociated himself from, began to appear, including the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a> (1524–1525), the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> insurrections in Germany and in the Low Countries, iconoclasm, and the radicalisation of peasants across Europe. If these were the outcomes of reform, Erasmus was thankful that he had kept out of it. Yet he was ever more bitterly accused of having started the whole "tragedy" (as Erasmus dubbed the matter).<a href="#cite_note-154">[note 38]</a> In 1523, he provided financial support to the impoverished and disgraced former Latin Secretary of Antwerp <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Grapheus" title="Cornelius Grapheus">Cornelius Grapheus</a>, on his release from the newly introduced Inquisition.<a href="#cite_note-hirsch-155">[117]</a>: 558  In 1525, a former student of Erasmus who had served at Erasmus' father's former church at Woerden, <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Bakker" title="Jan de Bakker">Jan de Bakker</a> (Pistorius) was the first priest to be executed as a heretic in the Netherlands. In 1529, his French translator and friend <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Berquin" title="Louis de Berquin">Louis de Berquin</a> was burnt in Paris, following his condemnation as an anti-Rome heretic by the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">Sorbonne</a> theologians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freiburg_(1529–1535)">Freiburg (1529–1535)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Freiburg (1529–1535)">edit</a>]</div> Following sudden, violent, iconoclastic rioting in early 1529<a href="#cite_note-157">[note 39]</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Œcolampadius</a> his former assistant, in which elected Catholic councilmen were deposed, the city of Basel definitely adopted the Reformation—finally banning the Catholic Mass on April 1, 1529.<a href="#cite_note-158">[119]</a> Erasmus, in company with other Basel Catholic priests including Bishop <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Mair" class="extiw" title="de:Augustin Mair">Augustinus Marius</a>, left Basel on the 13 April 1529<a href="#cite_note-159">[note 40]</a> and departed by ship to the Catholic university town of <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> to be under the protection of his former student, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Ferdinand of Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 210  Erasmus wrote somewhat dramatically to Thomas More of his frail condition at the time: "I preferred to risk my life rather than appear to approve a programme like theirs. There was some hope of a return to moderation."<a href="#cite_note-160">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Damiao_de_gois-albertina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Damiao_de_gois-albertina.png/220px-Damiao_de_gois-albertina.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Damiao_de_gois-albertina.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A3o_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Damião de Góis">Damião de Góis</a></figcaption></figure> In Spring early 1530 Erasmus was bedridden for three months with an intensely painful infection, likely carbunculosis, that, unusually for him, left him too ill to work.<a href="#cite_note-letters16-161">[121]</a>: 411  He declined to attend the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a> to which both the Bishop of Augsburg and the Papal legate Campeggio had invited him, and he expressed doubt on non-theological grounds, to Campeggio and Melanchthon, that reconciliation was then possible: he wrote to Campeggio "I can discern no way out of this enormous tragedy unless God suddenly appears like a deus ex machina and changes the hearts of men"<a href="#cite_note-letters16-161">[121]</a> : 331  and later "What upsets me is not so much their teaching, especially Luther's, as the fact that, under the pre-text of the gospel, I see a class of men emerging whom I find repugnant from every point of view."<a href="#cite_note-letters16-161">[121]</a>: 367  He stayed for two years on the top floor of <a href="/wiki/The_Whale_House" title="The Whale House">the Whale House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[122]</a> then following another rent dispute<a href="#cite_note-163">[note 41]</a> bought and refurbished a house of his own, where he took in scholar/assistants as table-boarders<a href="#cite_note-164">[123]</a> such as Cornelius Grapheus' friend <a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A3o_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Damião de Góis">Damião de Góis</a>, some of them fleeing persecution. Despite increasing frailty<a href="#cite_note-166">[note 42]</a> Erasmus continued to work productively, notably on a new magnum opus, his manual on preaching Ecclesiastes, and his small book on preparing for death. His boarder for five months, the Portuguese scholar/diplomat Damião de Góis,<a href="#cite_note-hirsch-155">[117]</a> worked on his lobbying on the plight of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a> in Sweden and the Ethiopian church, and stimulated<a href="#cite_note-herwaarden-167">[125]</a>: 82  Erasmus' increasing awareness of foreign missions.<a href="#cite_note-169">[note 43]</a> There are no extant letters between More and Erasmus from the start of More's period as Chancellor until his resignation (1529–1533), almost to the day. Erasmus wrote several important non-political works under the surprising patronage of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire" title="Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire">Thomas Bolyn</a>: his Ennaratio triplex in Psalmum XXII or Triple Commentary on Psalm 23 (1529); his catechism to counter Luther Explanatio Symboli or <a href="/wiki/A_Playne_and_Godly_Exposition_or_Declaration_of_the_Commune_Crede" title="A Playne and Godly Exposition or Declaration of the Commune Crede">A Playne and Godly Exposition or Declaration of the Commune Crede</a> (1533) which sold out in three hours at the Frankfurt Book Fair, and Praeparatio ad mortem or Preparation for Death (1534) which would be one of Erasmus' most popular and most hijacked works.<a href="#cite_note-mackay-170">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[note 44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fates_of_friends">Fates of friends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fates of friends">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Warham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/William_Warham.jpg/220px-William_Warham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/William_Warham.jpg/330px-William_Warham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/William_Warham.jpg/440px-William_Warham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a>, Archbishop of Canterbury</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuthbert_Tunstall_(1474%E2%80%931559),_Bishop_of_Durham_(Auckland_Castle).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cuthbert_Tunstall_%281474%E2%80%931559%29%2C_Bishop_of_Durham_%28Auckland_Castle%29.jpg/220px-Cuthbert_Tunstall_%281474%E2%80%931559%29%2C_Bishop_of_Durham_%28Auckland_Castle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cuthbert_Tunstall_%281474%E2%80%931559%29%2C_Bishop_of_Durham_%28Auckland_Castle%29.jpg/330px-Cuthbert_Tunstall_%281474%E2%80%931559%29%2C_Bishop_of_Durham_%28Auckland_Castle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Cuthbert_Tunstall_%281474%E2%80%931559%29%2C_Bishop_of_Durham_%28Auckland_Castle%29.jpg/440px-Cuthbert_Tunstall_%281474%E2%80%931559%29%2C_Bishop_of_Durham_%28Auckland_Castle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a>, Bishop of Durham</figcaption></figure> In the 1530s, life became more dangerous for Spanish Erasmians when Erasmus' protector, the Inquisitor General <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Manrique_de_Lara" title="Alonso Manrique de Lara">Alonso Manrique de Lara</a> fell out of favour with the royal court and lost power within his own organization to friar-theologians. In 1532 Erasmus' friend, <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vergara" title="Juan de Vergara">Juan de Vergara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Cisneros" title="Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros">Cisneros</a>' Latin secretary who had worked on the <a href="/wiki/Complutensian_Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Complutensian Polyglot">Complutensian Polyglot</a> and published <a href="/wiki/Stunica" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunica">Stunica</a>'s criticism of Erasmus) was arrested by the Spanish Inquisition and had to be ransomed from them by the humanist Archbishop of Toledo <a href="/wiki/Alonso_III_Fonseca" title="Alonso III Fonseca">Alonso III Fonseca</a>, also a correspondent of Erasmus', who had previously rescued <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a> from them.<a href="#cite_note-ingram-172">[128]</a>: 80  There was a generational change in the Catholic hierarchy. In 1530, the reforming French bishop <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bri%C3%A7onnet_(bishop_of_Meaux)" title="Guillaume Briçonnet (bishop of Meaux)">Guillaume Briçonnet</a> died. In 1532 his beloved long-time mentor English Primate <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">Warham</a> died of old age,<a href="#cite_note-173">[note 45]</a> as did reforming cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Viterbo" title="Giles of Viterbo">Giles of Viterbo</a> and Swiss bishop <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hohenlandenberg" title="Hugo von Hohenlandenberg">Hugo von Hohenlandenberg</a>. In 1534 his distrusted protector <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a> (the "inclement Clement"<a href="#cite_note-bietenholz-174">[129]</a>: 72 ) died, his recent Italian ally Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a> (widely tipped as the next pope) died, and his old ally Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio" title="Lorenzo Campeggio">Campeggio</a> retired. As more friends died (in 1533, his friend <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Gillis" title="Pieter Gillis">Pieter Gillis</a>; in 1534, <a href="/wiki/William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy">William Blount</a>; in early 1536, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>;) and as Luther and some Lutherans and some powerful Catholic theologians renewed their personal attacks on Erasmus, his letters are increasingly focused on concerns on the status of friendships and safety as he considered moving from bland Freiburg despite his health.<a href="#cite_note-175">[note 46]</a> In 1535, Erasmus' friends <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a> and Brigittine <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reynolds_(martyr)" title="Richard Reynolds (martyr)">Richard Reynolds</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[note 47]</a> were executed as pro-Rome traitors by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, who Erasmus and More had first met as a boy. Despite illness Erasmus wrote the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More#Personality_according_to_Erasmus" title="Thomas More">first biography</a> of More (and Fisher), the short, anonymous Expositio Fidelis, which Froben published, at the instigation of de Góis.<a href="#cite_note-hirsch-155">[117]</a> After Erasmus' time, numerous of Erasmus' translators later met similar fates at the hands of Anglican, Catholic and Reformed sectarians and autocrats: including <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Pole">Margaret Pole</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a>. Others, such as Charles V's Latin secretary <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan de Valdés">Juan de Valdés</a>, fled and died in self-exile. Erasmus' friend and collaborator Bishop <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a> eventually died in prison under Elizabeth I for refusing the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a>. Erasmus' correspondent Bishop <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a>, who he had known as a teenaged student in Paris and Cambridge,<a href="#cite_note-178">[131]</a> was later imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> for five years under <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> for impeding Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-180">[note 48]</a> Damião de Góis was tried before the Portuguese Inquisition at age 72,<a href="#cite_note-hirsch-155">[117]</a> detained almost incommunicado, finally exiled to a monastery, and on release perhaps murdered.<a href="#cite_note-181">[133]</a> His amanuensis Gilbert Cousin died in prison at age 66, shortly after being arrested on the personal order of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius V">Pius V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blair-148">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_in_Basel">Death in Basel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death in Basel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmus_grafsteen_M%C3%BCnster_van_Bazel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Erasmus_grafsteen_M%C3%BCnster_van_Bazel.JPG/180px-Erasmus_grafsteen_M%C3%BCnster_van_Bazel.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Erasmus_grafsteen_M%C3%BCnster_van_Bazel.JPG/270px-Erasmus_grafsteen_M%C3%BCnster_van_Bazel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Erasmus_grafsteen_M%C3%BCnster_van_Bazel.JPG/360px-Erasmus_grafsteen_M%C3%BCnster_van_Bazel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Epitaph for Erasmus in the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">Basel Minster</a></figcaption></figure> When his strength began to fail, he finally decided to accept an invitation by <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Queen Mary of Hungary, Regent of the Netherlands</a> (sister of his former student Archduke Ferdinand I and Emperor Charles V), to move from Freiburg to <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>. In 1535, he moved back to the Froben compound in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in preparation (<a href="/wiki/Oecolampadius" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecolampadius">Œcolampadius</a> having died, and private practice of his religion now possible) and saw his last major works such as <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_of_Erasmus" title="Ecclesiastes of Erasmus">Ecclesiastes</a> through publication, though he grew more frail. On July 12, 1536, he died at an attack of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[134]</a> "The most famous scholar of his day died in peaceful prosperity and in the company of celebrated and responsible friends."<a href="#cite_note-183">[135]</a> His last words, as recorded by his friend and biographer <a href="/wiki/Beatus_Rhenanus" title="Beatus Rhenanus">Beatus Rhenanus</a>, were apparently "Lord, put an end to it" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: domine fac finem, the same last words as Melanchthon)<a href="#cite_note-kurasawa-184">[136]</a> then "Dear God" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Lieve God).<a href="#cite_note-185">[137]</a> He had remained loyal to Roman Catholicism,<a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_1989-186">[138]</a> but biographers have disagreed whether to treat him as an insider or an outsider.<a href="#cite_note-Church_1924-187">[note 49]</a> He may not have received or had the opportunity to receive the <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a> of the Catholic Church;<a href="#cite_note-188">[note 50]</a> the contemporary reports of his death do not mention whether he asked for a Catholic priest or not,<a href="#cite_note-190">[note 51]</a> if any were secretly or privately in Basel. He was buried with great ceremony in the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">Basel Minster</a> (the former cathedral). The Protestant city authorities remarkably allowed his funeral to be an ecumenical Catholic <a href="/wiki/Requiem_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem Mass">requiem Mass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[140]</a> Erasmus had received dispensations (from Ferdinand Archduke of Austria, and from Emperor Charles V in 1530) to make a will rather than have his wealth revert to his order (the Chapter of Sion), or to the state, and had long pre-sold most of his personal library of almost 500 books to Polish humanist Jan Łaski.<a href="#cite_note-192">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[142]</a> As his heir or executor he instated <a href="/wiki/Bonifacius_Amerbach" title="Bonifacius Amerbach">Bonifacius Amerbach</a> to give seed money<a href="#cite_note-194">[note 52]</a> to students and the needy.<a href="#cite_note-195">[note 53]</a> One of the eventual recipients was the impoverished Protestant humanist <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio">Sebastian Castellio</a>, who had fled from Geneva to Basel, who subsequently translated the Bible into Latin and French, and who worked for the repair of the breach and divide of Western Christianity in its Catholic, Anabaptist, and Protestant branches.<a href="#cite_note-196">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought_and_views">Thought and views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thought and views">edit</a>]</div> Biographers, such as <a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a>, frequently draw connections between many of Erasmus' convictions and his early biography: esteem for the married state and appropriate marriages, support for priestly marriage, concern for improving marriage prospects for females, opposition to inconsiderate rules (notably, institutional dietary rules), a desire to make education engaging for the participants, interest in classical languages, horror of poverty and spiritual hopelessness, distaste for friars begging when they could study or work, unwillingness to be under the direct control of authorities, laicism, the need for those in authority to act in the best interest of their charges, a prizing of mercy and peace, an anger over unnecessary war, especially between avaricious princes, an awareness of mortality, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manner_of_thinking">Manner of thinking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Manner of thinking">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus had a distinctive manner of thinking, a Catholic historian suggests: one that is capacious in its perception, agile in its judgments, and unsettling in its irony with "a deep and abiding commitment to human flourishing".<a href="#cite_note-martinirony-197">[144]</a> "In all spheres, his outlook was essentially pastoral."<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 225  Erasmus has been called a seminal rather than a consistent or systematic thinker,<a href="#cite_note-198">[145]</a> notably averse to over-extending from the specific to the general; who nevertheless should be taken very seriously as a <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">pastoral</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[note 54]</a> and rhetorical theologian, with a philological and historical approach—rather than a metaphysical approach—to interpreting Scripture<a href="#cite_note-201">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[note 55]</a> and interested in the <a href="/wiki/Four_senses_of_Scripture#Four_types_of_interpretation" title="Four senses of Scripture">literal and tropological senses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 145  French theologian Louis Bouyer commented, "Erasmus was to be one of those who can get no edification from exegesis where they suspect some misinterpretation."<a href="#cite_note-bouyer1-203">[148]</a> A theologian has written of "Erasmus' preparedness completely to satisfy no-one but himself."<a href="#cite_note-chester-204">[149]</a> He has been called moderate, judicious and constructive even when being critical or when mocking extremes;<a href="#cite_note-ocker-book-205">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[note 56]</a> but thin-skinned against slanders of heterodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-207">[note 57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manner_of_expression">Manner of expression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Manner of expression">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irony">Irony</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Irony">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus often wrote in a highly ironical idiom,<a href="#cite_note-martinirony-197">[144]</a> especially in his letters,<a href="#cite_note-slippery-208">[note 58]</a> which makes them prone to different interpretations when taken literally rather than ironically. <ul><li>Ulrich von Hutten claimed that Erasmus was secretly a Lutheran; Erasmus chided him saying that von Hutten had not detected the irony in his public letters enough.<a href="#cite_note-tracey_sponge-149">[113]</a>: 27 </li> <li>Antagonistic scholar J.W. Williams denies that Erasmus' letter to Ammonius, "let your own interests be your standard in all things," was in apparent jest, as claimed by those more sympathetic to Erasmus.<a href="#cite_note-williams-209">[151]</a></li> <li>Erasmus' aphoristic quote on the persecution of Reuchlin, "If it is Christian to hate Jews, we are all abundantly Christians here," is taken literally by Theodor Dunkelgrün<a href="#cite_note-dunkel-210">[152]</a>: 320  and Harry S. May<a href="#cite_note-may-211">[153]</a> as being approving of such hatred; the alternative view would be that it was sardonic and challenging.</li></ul> He frequently wrote about controversial subjects using the <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a> to avoid direct statements clearly attributable to himself.<a href="#cite_note-212">[note 59]</a> For Martin Luther, he was an eel,<a href="#cite_note-213">[154]</a> slippery, evasive and impossible to capture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copiousness">Copiousness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Copiousness">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus' literary theory of "copiousness" endorses a large stockpile of rich <a href="/wiki/Adages" class="mw-redirect" title="Adages">adages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">tropes</a> and symbolic figures, which leads to compressed communication of complex ideas (between those educated in the stockpile) but some of which, to modern sensibilities, may promote as well as play off <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">stereotypes</a>. <ul><li>Erasmus' lengthy collections of proverbs, the Adagia, established a vocabulary he and his contemporaries then used extensively and habitually: according to philosopher Heinz Kimmerle<a href="#cite_note-214">[155]</a>, it is necessary to know the explanations of various proverbs given by Erasmus' Adages to adequately understand many passages in Erasmus' and Luther's written debate on free will (see below).<a href="#cite_note-215">[156]</a></li> <li>When Erasmus wrote of 'Judaism,' he most frequently (though not always) was not referring to Jews:<a href="#cite_note-216">[note 60]</a> instead he referred to those Catholic Christians of his time, especially in the monastic lifestyle, who mistakenly promoted excessive external ritualism over interior piety, by analogy with <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>. <ul><li>"Judaism I call not Jewish impiety, but prescriptions about external things, such as food, fasting, clothes, which to a certain degree resemble the rituals of the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-217">[157]</a></li> <li>Erasmus' counter-accusation to Spanish friars of "Judaizing" may have been particularly sharp and bold, given the prominent role that some friars with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> were playing in the lethal persecution of some <a href="/wiki/Conversos" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversos">conversos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[note 61]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Terence J. Martin identifies an "Erasmian pattern" that the supposed (by the reader) otherness (of Turks, Lapplanders, Indians, Amerindans,<a href="#cite_note-220">[note 62]</a> Jews, and even women and heretics) "provides a <a href="/wiki/Foil_(narrative)" title="Foil (narrative)">foil</a> against which the failures of Christian culture can be exposed and criticized."<a href="#cite_note-221">[159]</a> <ul><li>In a 1518 letter to <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>, Erasmus wrote: "The cunning of princes and the effrontery of the Roman curia can go no further; and it looks as though the state of the common people would soon be such that the tyranny of the Grand Turk would be more bearable."<a href="#cite_note-letters594-135">[102]</a>: 70 </li> <li>In de bello Turcico, Erasmus personifies that we should "kill the Turk, not the man.[...]If we really want to heave the Turks from our necks, we must first expel from our hearts a more loathsome race of Turks: avarice, ambition, the craving for power, self-satisfaction, impiety, extravagance, the love of pleasure, deceitfulness, anger, hatred, envy."<a href="#cite_note-222">[note 63]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacifism">Pacifism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pacifism">edit</a>]</div> Peace, peaceableness, and peacemaking, in all spheres from the domestic to the religious to the political, were central distinctives of Erasmus' writing on Christian living and his mystical theology:<a href="#cite_note-223">[160]</a> "the sum and summary of our religion is peace and unanimity" <a href="#cite_note-224">[note 64]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> "the angels sang not the glories of war, nor a song of triumph, but a hymn of peace.":<a href="#cite_note-225">[161]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">He (Christ) conquered by gentleness; He conquered by kindness; he conquered by truth itself <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Method of True Theology, 4 <a href="#cite_note-226">[note 65]</a>: 570 </cite></div></blockquote> Erasmus was not an absolute <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> but promoted political <a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">pacificism</a> and religious <a href="/wiki/Irenicism" title="Irenicism">Irenicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ronpeace-227">[162]</a> Notable writings on irenicism include De Concordia, On the War with the Turks, The Education of a Christian Prince, On Restoring the Concord of the Church, and The Complaint of Peace. Erasmus' ecclesiology of peacemaking held that the church authorities had a divine mandate to settle religious disputes,<a href="#cite_note-228">[note 66]</a> in an as non-excluding way as possible, including by the preferably-minimal <a href="/wiki/Development_of_doctrine" title="Development of doctrine">development of doctrine</a>. In the latter, Lady Peace insists on peace as the crux of Christian life and for understanding Christ: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I give you my peace, I leave you my peace" (John 14:27). You hear what he leaves his people? Not horses, bodyguards, empire or riches – none of these. What then? He gives peace, leaves peace – peace with friends, peace with enemies.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Complaint of Peace<a href="#cite_note-The_Complaint_of_Peace-229">[163]</a></cite></div></blockquote> A historian has called him "The 16th Century's Pioneer of Peace Education and a Culture of Peace".<a href="#cite_note-230">[note 67]</a> Erasmus' emphasis on peacemaking reflects a typical pre-occupation of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass#Vernacular_and_laity_in_the_medieval_and_Reformation_eras" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">medieval lay spirituality</a> as historian John Bossy (as summarized by Eamon Duffy) puts it: "medieval Christianity had been fundamentally concerned with the creation and maintenance of peace in a violent world. "Christianity" in medieval Europe denoted neither an ideology nor an institution, but a community of believers whose religious ideal—constantly aspired to if seldom attained—was peace and mutual love."<a href="#cite_note-231">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War">War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Complaint_of_Peace_(1517)">Erasmus § The Complaint of Peace (1517)</a></div> Historians have written that "references to conflict run like a red thread through the writings of Erasmus."<a href="#cite_note-vollerthun-5">[4]</a>: 34  Erasmus had experienced war as a child and was particularly concerned about wars between Christian kings, who should be brothers and not start wars; a theme in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_a_Christian_Prince" title="The Education of a Christian Prince">The Education of a Christian Prince</a>. His Adages included "War is sweet to those who have never tasted it" (Dulce bellum inexpertis from <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pindar" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Pindar">Pindar</a>'s Greek.)<a href="#cite_note-233">[note 68]</a> He promoted and was present at the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Cloth_of_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Field of Cloth of Gold">Field of Cloth of Gold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[166]</a> and his wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/List_of_Erasmus%27s_correspondents" title="List of Erasmus's correspondents">correspondence</a> frequently related to issues of peacemaking.<a href="#cite_note-236">[note 69]</a> He saw a key role of the Church in peacemaking by arbitration<a href="#cite_note-237">[168]</a> and mediation,<a href="#cite_note-vollerthun-5">[4]</a>: 50  and the office of the Pope was necessary to rein in tyrannical princes and bishops.<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a>: 195  He questioned the practical usefulness and abuses<a href="#cite_note-238">[note 70]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Just_War_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War theory">Just War theory</a>, further limiting it to feasible defensive actions with popular support and that "war should never be undertaken unless, as a last resort, it cannot be avoided."<a href="#cite_note-239">[169]</a> Defeat should be endured rather than fighting to the end. In his Adages he discusses (common translation) "<a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Desiderius Erasmus">A disadvantageous peace is better than a just war</a>", which owes to <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Renaissance_and_Christian_Humanists" title="Just war theory">Cicero and John Colet</a>'s "Better an unjust peace than the justest war." Expansionism could not be justified.<a href="#cite_note-240">[note 71]</a> Taxes to pay for war should cause the least possible hardship on the poor.<a href="#cite_note-ron2-136">[103]</a>: 20  He hated sedition as, often, a cause of oppression. Erasmus was highly critical of the warlike way of important European princes of his era, including some princes of the church.<a href="#cite_note-241">[note 72]</a> He described these princes as corrupt and greedy. Erasmus believed that these princes "collude in a game, of which the outcome is to exhaust and oppress the commonwealth".<a href="#cite_note-tracy_low-130">[98]</a>: s1.7.4  He spoke more freely about this matter in letters sent to his friends like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beatus_Rhenanus" title="Beatus Rhenanus">Beatus Rhenanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrianus_Barlandus" title="Adrianus Barlandus">Adrianus Barlandus</a>: a particular target of his criticisms was the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a>, whom Erasmus blamed for allegedly preventing the Netherlands from signing a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[170]</a> and other schemes to cause wars in order to extract money from his subjects.<a href="#cite_note-243">[note 73]</a> One of his approaches was to send and publish congratulatory and lionizing letters to princes who, though in a position of strength, negotiated peace with neighbours, such as King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> of Poland in 1527.<a href="#cite_note-herwaarden-167">[125]</a>: 75  Erasmus "constantly and consistently" opposed the mooted idea of a Christian "universal monarch" with an over-extended empire who could supposedly defeat the Ottoman forces: such universalism did not "hold any promise of generating less conflict than the existing political plurality;" instead, advocating concord between princes, both temporal and spiritual.<a href="#cite_note-vollerthun-5">[4]</a>: 44, 45  The spiritual princes, by their arbitration and mediation do not "threaten political plurality, but acts as its defender."<a href="#cite_note-vollerthun-5">[4]</a>: 50  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intra-Christian_religious_toleration">Intra-Christian religious toleration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Intra-Christian religious toleration">edit</a>]</div> He referred to his irenical disposition in the Preface to <a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">On Free Will</a> as a secret inclination of nature that would make him even prefer the views of the <a href="/wiki/Sceptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sceptics">Sceptics</a> over intolerant assertions, though he sharply distinguished <a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Christianity" title="Adiaphora">adiaphora</a> from what was uncontentiously explicit in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">New Testament</a> or absolutely mandated by <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Church teaching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[171]</a> Concord demanded unity and assent: Erasmus was anti-sectarian<a href="#cite_note-245">[note 74]</a> as well as non-sectarian.<a href="#cite_note-246">[172]</a> To follow the law of love, our intellects must be humble and friendly when making any assertions: he called contention "earthly, beastly, demonic"<a href="#cite_note-meyer1-247">[173]</a>: 739  and a good-enough reason to reject a teacher or their followers. In Melanchthon's view, Erasmus taught charity, not faith.<a href="#cite_note-kurasawa-184">[136]</a>: 10  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quentin_Massys-_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Quentin_Massys-_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam.JPG/220px-Quentin_Massys-_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Quentin_Massys-_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam.JPG/330px-Quentin_Massys-_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Quentin_Massys-_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam.JPG/440px-Quentin_Massys-_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Erasmus, after Quinten Massijs (1517)</figcaption></figure> Certain works of Erasmus laid a foundation for religious toleration of private opinions and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a>. For example, in De libero arbitrio, opposing particular views of Martin Luther, Erasmus noted that religious disputants should be temperate in their language "because in this way the truth, which is often lost amidst too much wrangling may be more surely perceived." Gary Remer writes, "Like <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, Erasmus concludes that truth is furthered by a more harmonious relationship between interlocutors."<a href="#cite_note-248">[174]</a> In a letter to Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio" title="Lorenzo Campeggio">Lorenzo Campeggio</a>, Erasmus lobbied diplomatically for toleration: "If the sects could be tolerated under certain conditions (as the Bohemians pretend), it would, I admit, be a grievous misfortune, but one more endurable than war."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] But the same dedication to avoiding conflict and bloodshed should be shown by those tempted to join (anti-popist) sects: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Perhaps evil rulers should sometimes be tolerated. We owe some respect to the memory of those whose places we think of them as occupying. Their titles have some claim on us. We should not seek to put matters right if there is a real possibility that the cure may prove worse than the disease."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, The Sileni of Alcibiades (1517)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heresy_and_sedition">Heresy and sedition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Heresy and sedition">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus had been involved in early attempts to protect Luther and his sympathisers from charges of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. Erasmus wrote <a href="/wiki/Colloquies#Inquisitio_de_fide_(Inquisition_of_faith)" title="Colloquies">Inquisitio de fide</a> to say that the Lutherans (of 1523) were not formally heretics: he pushed back against the willingness of some theologians to cry heresy fast in order to enforce their views in universities and at inquisitions. For Erasmus, punishable heresy had to involve fractiously, dangerously, and publicly agitating against essential doctrines relating to Christ (i.e., blasphemy), with malice, depravity, obstinacy.<a href="#cite_note-250">[note 75]</a> As with St <a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[176]</a> Erasmus was against the death penalty merely for private or peaceable heresy or for dissent on non-essentials: "It is better to cure a sick man than to kill him."<a href="#cite_note-froude_life-252">[177]</a> The Church has the duty to protect believers and convert or heal heretics; he invoked Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_wheat_and_tares" class="mw-redirect" title="Parable of the wheat and tares">parable of the wheat and tares</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 200  Erasmus' <a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">pacificism</a> included a particular dislike for sedition, which caused warfare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was the duty of the leaders of this (reforming) movement, if Christ was their goal, to refrain not only from vice, but even from every appearance of evil; and to offer not the slightest stumbling block to the Gospel, studiously avoiding even practices which, although allowed, are yet not expedient. Above all they should have guarded against all sedition.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Letter to Martin Bucer<a href="#cite_note-huiz-253">[178]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Erasmus allowed the death penalty against violent seditionists to prevent bloodshed and war: he allowed that the state has the right to execute those who are a necessary danger to public order—whether heretic or orthodox—but noted (e.g., to <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_B%C3%A9da" class="extiw" title="fr:Noël Béda">fr:Noël Béda</a>) that <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> had been against the execution of even violent <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatists</a>: Johannes Trapman states that Erasmus' endorsement of suppression of the Anabaptists springs from their refusal to heed magistrates and the criminal violence of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a> not because of their heretical views on baptism.<a href="#cite_note-trapman-249">[175]</a> Despite these concessions to state power, Erasmus suggested that religious persecution could still be challenged as inexpedient (ineffective).<a href="#cite_note-254">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Outsiders">Outsiders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Outsiders">edit</a>]</div> Most of his political writing focused on peace within <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> with almost a sole focus on Europe. In 1516, Erasmus wrote, "It is the part of a Christian prince to regard no one as an outsider unless he is a nonbeliever, and even on them he should inflict no harm", which entails not attacking outsiders, not taking their riches, not subjecting them to political rule, no forced conversions, and keeping promises made to them.<a href="#cite_note-vollerthun-5">[4]</a>: 50, 51  In common with his times,<a href="#cite_note-255">[180]</a> Erasmus regarded the Jewish and Islamic religions as Christian heresies (and therefore competitors to orthodox Christianity) rather than separate religions, using the inclusive term half-Christian for the latter.<a href="#cite_note-257">[note 76]</a> However, there is a wide range of scholarly opinion on the extent and nature of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> and anti-Moslem prejudice in his writings: historian Nathan Ron has found his writing to be harsh and racial in its implications, with contempt and hostility to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-258">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Turks">Turks</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Turks">edit</a>]</div> In his last decade, he involved himself in the <a href="/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk" title="On War Against the Turk">public policy debate</a> on war with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which was then invading <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe#1526-1566:_Conquest_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Western Europe</a>, notably in his book On the war against the Turks (1530), as the "reckless and extravagant"<a href="#cite_note-259">[183]</a> Pope Leo X had in previous decades promoted going on the offensive with a new crusade.<a href="#cite_note-260">[note 77]</a> Erasmus re-worked Luther's rhetoric that the invading Turks represent God's judgment of decadent Christendom, but without Luther's fatalism: Erasmus not only accused Western leaders of kingdom-threatening hypocrisy, he reworked a remedy already decreed by the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Council of the Lateran</a>: anti-expansionist moral reforms by Europe's disunited leaders as a necessary unitive political step before any aggressive warfare against the Ottoman threat, reforms which might themselves, if sincere, prevent both the internecine and foreign warfare.<a href="#cite_note-herwaarden-167">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jews">Jews</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus#Controversy_on_Antisemitism" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus § Controversy on Antisemitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuisVives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LuisVives.jpg/220px-LuisVives.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LuisVives.jpg/330px-LuisVives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LuisVives.jpg/440px-LuisVives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2946" /></a><figcaption>Juan Luis Vives</figcaption></figure> Erasmus perceived and championed strong <a href="#Classical">Hellenistic</a> rather than exclusively Hebraic influences on the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism#Cultural_legacy" title="Hellenistic Judaism">intellectual milieux</a> of Jesus, Paul, and the early church: "If only the Christian church did not attach so much importance to the Old Testament!"<a href="#cite_note-OT-262">[note 78]</a> Perhaps the only Jewish book he published was his loose translation of the first century Hellenistic-Judaic "On the Sovereignty of Reason", better known as <a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[185]</a> Erasmus' pervasive anti-ceremonialism treated the early Church debates on circumcision, food, and special days as manifestations of cultural chauvinism by the initial Jewish Christians in Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-264">[note 79]</a> While many humanists, from <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a> to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Reuchlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Reuchlin">Johannes Reuchlin</a>, were intrigued by Jewish mysticism, Erasmus came to dislike it: "I see them as a nation full of most tedious fabrications, who spread a kind of fog over everything, Talmud, Cabbala, Tetragrammaton, Gates of Light, words, words, words. I would rather have Christ mixed up with Scotus than with that rubbish of theirs."<a href="#cite_note-letters594-135">[102]</a>: 347  In his Paraphrase on Romans, Erasmus voiced, as Paul, the "secret" that in the end times, "all of the Israelites will be restored to salvation" and accept Christ as their Messiah, "although now part of them have fallen away from it."<a href="#cite_note-265">[186]</a> Several scholars have identified <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus#Controversy_on_Antisemitism" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">cases</a> where Erasmus' comments appear to go beyond theological <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a> into slurs or approving to an extent certain <a href="/wiki/Anti-semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-semitic">anti-semitic</a> policies, though there is some controversy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Slaves">Slaves</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Slaves">edit</a>]</div> On the subject of slavery, Erasmus characteristically treated it in passing under the topic of tyranny: Christians were not allowed to be tyrants, which slave-owning required, but especially not to be the masters of other Christians.<a href="#cite_note-266">[187]</a> Erasmus had various other piecemeal arguments against slavery: for example, that it was not legitimate to enslave people taken in an unjust war, but it was not a subject that occupied him. However, his belief that "nature created all men free" (and slavery was imposed) was a rejection of Aristotle's category of natural slaves.<a href="#cite_note-ron1-219">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus promoted the idea that a prince rules with the consent of his people, notably in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_a_Christian_Prince" title="The Education of a Christian Prince">The Education of a Christian Prince</a> (and, through More, in the book <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(book)" title="Utopia (book)">Utopia</a>.) He may have been influenced by the Brabantine custom of an incoming ruler being officially told of his duties and welcomed:<a href="#cite_note-maarten-72">[51]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Joyous_Entry_of_1356" title="Joyous Entry of 1356">Joyous Entry</a> was a kind of contract. A monarchy should not be absolute: it should be "checked and diluted with a mixture of aristocracy and democracy to prevent it ever breaking out into tyranny."<a href="#cite_note-seop2009-16">[12]</a> The same considerations applied to church princes. Erasmus contrasts the Christian Prince with the Tyrant, who has no love from the people, will be surrounded by flatterers, and can expect no loyalty or peace. Unspoken in Erasmus' views may have been the idea that the people can remove a tyrant; however, espousing this explicitly could expose people to capital charges of sedition or treason. Erasmus typically limited his political discussion to what could be couched as personal faith and morality by or between Christians, his business as a magister of theology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_reform">Religious reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religious reform">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_reform">Personal reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Personal reform">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus expressed much of his reform program in terms of the proper attitude towards the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> and their ramifications:<a href="#cite_note-267">[188]</a> notably for the underappreciated sacraments of Baptism and Marriage (see <a href="#On_the_Institution_of_Christian_Marriage_(1526)">On the Institution of Christian Marriage</a>) considered as vocations more than events;<a href="#cite_note-269">[note 80]</a> and for the mysterious Eucharist, pragmatic Confession, the dangerous <a href="/wiki/Last_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Rites">Last Rites</a> (writing On the Preparation for Death),<a href="#cite_note-270">[note 81]</a> and the pastoral Holy Orders (see <a href="#The_Preacher_(1536)">Ecclesiastes</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-271">[190]</a> Historians have noted that Erasmus commended the benefits of immersive, docile scripture-reading in sacramental terms.<a href="#cite_note-sider2020-273">[note 82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sacraments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Oecolampadius_by_Asper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Johannes_Oecolampadius_by_Asper.jpg/220px-Johannes_Oecolampadius_by_Asper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Johannes_Oecolampadius_by_Asper.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Johannes Œcolampadius by Asper (1550)</figcaption></figure> A test of the Reformation was the doctrine of the sacraments, and the crux of this question was the observance of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. Erasmus was concerned that the <a href="/wiki/Sacramentarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentarian">sacramentarians</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Œcolampadius</a> of Basel, were claiming Erasmus held views similar to their own in order to try to claim him for their schismatic and "erroneous" movement. When the Mass was finally banned in Basel in 1529, Erasmus immediately abandoned the city, as did the other expelled Catholic clergy. In 1530, Erasmus published a <a href="/wiki/List_of_editiones_principes_in_Latin" title="List of editiones principes in Latin">new edition</a> of the orthodox treatise of <a href="/wiki/Algerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerus">Algerus</a> against the heretic <a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a> in the eleventh century. He added a dedication, affirming his belief in the reality of the Body of Christ after consecration in the Eucharist, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>. However, Erasmus found the scholastic formulation of transubstantiation to stretch language past its breaking point.<a href="#cite_note-274">[192]</a> By and large, the miraculous real change that interested Erasmus, the author, more than that of the bread is the transformation in the humble partaker.<a href="#cite_note-275">[193]</a>: 211  Erasmus wrote several notable pastoral books and pamphlets on sacraments, always looking through rather than at the rituals or forms: <ul><li>on marriage and wise matches,</li> <li>preparation for confession and the need for pastoral encouragement,</li> <li>preparation for death and the need to assuage fear,</li> <li>training and helping the preaching duties of priests under bishops,</li> <li>baptism and the need for that faithful to own the baptismal vows made for them.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_reform">Catholic reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Catholic reform">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Institutional_reforms">Institutional reforms</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Institutional reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Erasmus_-_WGA07088.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Erasmus_-_WGA07088.jpg/220px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Erasmus_-_WGA07088.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Erasmus_-_WGA07088.jpg/330px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Erasmus_-_WGA07088.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Erasmus_-_WGA07088.jpg/440px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Portrait_of_Erasmus_-_WGA07088.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption>Albrecht Dürer, Portrait of Erasmus, sketch: black chalk on paper, 1520.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> began in the year following the publication of his <a href="/wiki/Textus_receptus" class="mw-redirect" title="Textus receptus">pathbreaking</a> edition of the <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">New Testament</a> in Latin and Greek (1516). The issues between the reforming and reactionary tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">church</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> later emerged, had become so clear that many intellectuals and churchmen could not escape the summons to join the debate. According to historian C. Scott Dixon, Erasmus not only criticized church failings but questioned many of his Church's basic teachings;<a href="#cite_note-Dixon_2012-276">[note 83]</a> however, according to biographer Erika Rummel, "Erasmus was aiming at the correction of abuses rather than at doctrinal innovation or institutional change."<a href="#cite_note-278">[note 84]</a> In theologian Louis Bouyer's interpretation,<a href="#cite_note-bouyer1-203">[148]</a> Erasmus' agenda was "to reform the Church from within by a renewal of biblical theology, based on philological study of the New Testament text, and supported by a knowledge of patristics, itself renewed by the same methods. The final object of it all was to nourish[...]chiefly moral and spiritual reform[...]"<a href="#cite_note-279">[note 85]</a> At the height of his literary fame, Erasmus was called upon to take one side, but public partisanship was foreign to his beliefs, nature, and habits. Despite all his <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">criticism of clerical corruption and abuses within the Western Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-281">[note 86]</a> especially at first he sided unambiguously with neither Luther nor the anti-Lutherans publicly (though in private he lobbied assiduously against extremism from both parties), but eventually shunned the breakaway Protestant Reformation movements along with their most <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">radical offshoots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_1989-186">[138]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"I have constantly declared, in countless letters, booklets, and personal statements, that I do not want to be involved with either party." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, Spongia (1523)</cite></div></blockquote> The world had laughed at his satire, <a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">The Praise of Folly</a>, but few had interfered with his activities. He believed that his work had commended itself to the religious world's best minds and dominant powers. Erasmus chose to write in Latin (and Greek), the languages of scholars. He did not build a large body of supporters in the unlettered; his critiques reached a small but elite audience.<a href="#cite_note-282">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Anti-fraternalism">Anti-fraternalism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Anti-fraternalism">edit</a>]</div> Reacting from his own experiences, Erasmus came to believe that monastic life and institutions no longer served the positive spiritual or social purpose they once may have:<a href="#cite_note-283">[197]</a>: 669  in the Enchiridion he controversially put it "Monkishness is not piety."<a href="#cite_note-284">[note 87]</a> At this time, it was better to live as "a monk in the world" than in the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-285">[note 88]</a> Many of his works contain diatribes against supposed monastic corruption and careerism, particularly against the mendicant friars (Franciscans and Dominicans). These orders also typically ran the university's Scholastic theology programs, from whose ranks came his most dangerous enemies. The more some attacked him, the more offensive he became about what he saw as their political influence and materialistic opportunism. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Alastor, an evil spirit: "They are a certain Sort of Animals in black and white Vestments, Ash-colour'd Coats, and various other Dresses, that are always hovering about the Courts of Princes, and [to each side] are continually instilling into their Ears the Love of War, and exhorting the Nobility and common People to it, haranguing them in their Sermons, that it is a just, holy and religious War. [...]" Charon: "[...] What do they get out of it?" Alastor: "Because they get more by those that die, than those that live. There are last Wills and Testaments, Funeral Obsequies, Bulls, and a great many other Articles of no despicable Profit. And in the last Place, they had rather live in a Camp, than in their Cells. War breeds a great many Bishops, who were not thought good for any Thing in a Time of Peace."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, "Charon", Colloquies</cite></div></blockquote> He was scandalized by superstitions, such as that if you were buried in a Franciscan habit, you would go direct to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-286">[note 89]</a> crime<a href="#cite_note-287">[198]</a> and child novices. He advocated various reforms, including a ban on taking orders until the 30th year, the closure of corrupt and smaller monasteries, respect for bishops, requiring work, not begging (reflecting the practice of his own order of <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Canons" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Canons">Augustinian Canons</a>,) the downplaying of monastic hours, fasts and ceremonies, and a less mendacious approach to gullible pilgrims and tenants. However, he was not in favour of speedy closures of monasteries nor of larger reformed monasteries with important libraries: in his account of his pilgrimage to Walsingham, he noted that the funds extracted from pilgrims typically supported houses for the poor and elderly.<a href="#cite_note-pilgrimage-288">[199]</a> These ideas widely influenced his generation of humanists, both Catholic and Protestant,<a href="#cite_note-knowles-289">[200]</a>: 152  and the lurid hyperbolic attacks in his half-satire The Praise of Folly were later treated by Protestants as objective reports of near-universal corruption. Furthermore, "what is said over a glass of wine, ought not to be remembered and written down as a serious statement of belief," such as his proposal to marry all monks to all nuns or to send them all away to fight the Turks and colonize new islands.<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a> He believed the only vow necessary for Christians should be the vow of Baptism, and others such as the vows of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">evangelical counsels</a>, while admirable in intent and content, were now mainly counter-productive. However, Erasmus frequently commended the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">evangelical counsels</a> for all believers, and with more than lip service: for example, the first adage of his reputation-establishing Adagia was Between friends all is common, where he tied common ownership (such as practiced by his order's style of poverty) with the teachings of classical philosophers and Christ.<a href="#cite_note-290">[201]</a> His main Catholic opposition was from scholars in the mendicant orders. He purported that "<a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis</a> came lately to me in a dream and thanked me for chastising them."<a href="#cite_note-291">[202]</a> After his lifetime, scholars of mendicant orders have sometimes disputed Erasmus as hyperbolic and ill-informed. A 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> scholar wrote of him as "all sail and no rudder".<a href="#cite_note-seaver-151">[115]</a>: 357  Erasmus did also have significant support and contact with reform-minded friars, including <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> such as Jean Vitrier and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cisneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cisneros">Cardinal Cisneros</a>, and Dominicans such as <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cajetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cajetan">Cardinal Cajetan</a> the former master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Order of Preachers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protestant_reform">Protestant reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Protestant reform">edit</a>]</div> The early reformers built their theology on Erasmus' philological analyses of specific verses in the New Testament: repentance over penance (the basis of the first thesis of the Luther's <a href="/wiki/95_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="95 Theses">95 Theses</a>), justification by imputation, grace as favour or clemency, faith as hoping trust,<a href="#cite_note-green-292">[203]</a> human transformation over reformation, congregation over church, mystery over sacrament, etc. In Erasmus' view, they went too far, downplayed Sacred Tradition such as Patristic interpretations, and irresponsibly fomented bloodshed. Erasmus was one of many scandalized by the sale of indulgences to fund Pope Leo X's projects. His view, given in a 1518 letter to <a href="/wiki/John_Colet" title="John Colet">John Colet</a>, was less theological than political: "The Roman curia has abandoned any sense of shame. What could be more shameless than these constant indulgences? And now they put up war against the Turks as a pretext, when their aim really is to drive the Spaniards from Naples."<a href="#cite_note-letters594-135">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Increasing_disagreement_with_Luther">Increasing disagreement with Luther</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Increasing disagreement with Luther">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranach,_Portraits_of_Martin_Luther_and_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cranach%2C_Portraits_of_Martin_Luther_and_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg/330px-Cranach%2C_Portraits_of_Martin_Luther_and_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cranach%2C_Portraits_of_Martin_Luther_and_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg/495px-Cranach%2C_Portraits_of_Martin_Luther_and_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cranach%2C_Portraits_of_Martin_Luther_and_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg/660px-Cranach%2C_Portraits_of_Martin_Luther_and_Philipp_Melanchthon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1927" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> Erasmus and Luther impacted each other greatly. Each had misgivings about each other from the beginning (Erasmus on Luther's rash and antagonistic character, Luther on Erasmus' focus on morality rather than grace) but strategically agreed not to be negative about the other in public. Noting Luther's criticisms of corruption in the Church, Erasmus described Luther to Pope Leo X as "a mighty trumpet of gospel truth" while agreeing, "It is clear that many of the reforms for which Luther calls" (e.g., the sale of indulgences) "are urgently needed."<a href="#cite_note-Galli,_Mark_2000,_p._344-293">[204]</a> However, behind the scenes Erasmus forbade his publisher Froben from handling the works of Luther<a href="#cite_note-serikoff-140">[106]</a>: 64  and tried to keep the reform movement focused on institutional rather than theological issues, yet he also privately wrote to authorities to prevent Luther's persecution. In the words of one historian, "at this earlier period he was more concerned with the fate of Luther than his theology."<a href="#cite_note-kleinhans-294">[205]</a> In 1520, Erasmus wrote that "Luther ought to be answered and not crushed."<a href="#cite_note-295">[206]</a> However, the publication of Luther's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a> (Oct 1520)<a href="#cite_note-296">[207]</a> and subsequent bellicosity drained Erasmus' and many humanists' sympathy, even more as Christians became partisans and the partisans took to violence. Luther hoped for his cooperation in a work which seemed only the natural outcome of Erasmus' own,<a href="#cite_note-297">[note 90]</a> and spoke with admiration of Erasmus's superior learning. In their early correspondence, Luther expressed boundless admiration for all Erasmus had done in the cause of a sound and reasonable Christianity and urged him to join the Lutheran party. Erasmus declined to commit himself, arguing his usual "small target" excuse, that to do so would endanger the cause of <a href="/wiki/Humanitas#Classical_origins_of_term" title="Humanitas">bonae litterae</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[note 91]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[209]</a> which he regarded as one of his purposes in life. Only as an independent scholar could he hope to influence the reform of religion. When Erasmus declined to support him, the "straightforward" Luther became angered that Erasmus was avoiding the responsibility due either to cowardice or a lack of purpose. However, any hesitancy on the part of Erasmus may have stemmed, not from lack of courage or conviction, but rather from a concern over the mounting disorder and violence of the reform movement. To <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> in 1524 he wrote: <blockquote>I know nothing of your church; at the very least it contains people who will, I fear, overturn the whole system and drive the princes into using force to restrain good men and bad alike. The gospel, the word of God, faith, Christ, and Holy Spirit – these words are always on their lips; look at their lives and they speak quite another language.<a href="#cite_note-301">[210]</a></blockquote> Catholic theologian George Chantraine notes that, where Luther quotes Luke 11:21 "He that is not with me is against me", Erasmus takes Mark 9:40 "For he that is not against us, is on our part."<a href="#cite_note-kinney-302">[211]</a>: 86  Though he sought to remain accommodative in doctrinal disputes, each side accused him of siding with the other, perhaps because of his perceived influence and what they regarded as his dissembling neutrality,<a href="#cite_note-303">[note 92]</a> which he regarded as peacemaking <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(religion)#Christian_accommodation" title="Accommodation (religion)">accommodation</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I detest dissension because it goes both against the teachings of Christ and against a secret inclination of nature. I doubt that either side in the dispute can be suppressed without grave loss.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"On Free Will"<a href="#cite_note-Galli,_Mark_2000,_p._344-293">[204]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dispute_on_free_will">Dispute on free will</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dispute on free will">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus#On_Free_Will_(1524)" title="Works of Erasmus">Works of Erasmus § On Free Will (1524)</a></div> By 1523, and first suggested in a letter from Henry VIII, Erasmus had been convinced that Luther's ideas on necessity/free will were a subject of core disagreement deserving a public airing, and strategized with friends and correspondents<a href="#cite_note-304">[212]</a> on how to respond with proper moderation<a href="#cite_note-305">[213]</a> without making the situation worse for all, especially for the humanist reform agenda. He eventually chose a <a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio#Background" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">campaign</a> that involved an irenical 'dialogue' "The Inquisition of Faith", a positive, evangelical model sermon "On the Measureless Mercy of God", and a gently critical 'diatribe' "On Free Will." The publication of his brief book On Free Will initiated what has been called "The greatest debate of that era" <a href="#cite_note-306">[214]</a> which still has ramifications today.<a href="#cite_note-massing-307">[215]</a> They bypassed discussion on reforms which they both agreed on in general, and instead dealt with authority and biblical justifications of <a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">synergism</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">monergism</a> in relation to salvation. Luther responded with <a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will (De servo arbitrio)</a> (1525). Erasmus replied to this in his lengthy two volume Hyperaspistes and other works, which Luther ignored. Apart from the perceived moral failings among followers of the Reformers—an important sign for Erasmus—he also dreaded any change in doctrine, citing the long history of the Church as a bulwark against innovation. He put the matter bluntly to Luther: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We are dealing with this: Would a stable mind depart from the opinion handed down by so many men famous for holiness and miracles, depart from the decisions of the Church, and commit our souls to the faith of someone like you who has sprung up just now with a few followers, although the leading men of your flock do not agree either with you or among themselves – indeed though you do not even agree with yourself, since in this same Assertion<a href="#cite_note-308">[216]</a> you say one thing in the beginning and something else later on, recanting what you said before.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hyperaspistes I<a href="#cite_note-309">[217]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Continuing his chastisement of Luther – and undoubtedly put off by the notion of there being "no pure interpretation of Scripture anywhere but in Wittenberg"<a href="#cite_note-310">[218]</a> – Erasmus touches upon another important point of the controversy: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You stipulate that we should not ask for or accept anything but Holy Scripture, but you do it in such a way as to require that we permit you to be its sole interpreter, renouncing all others. Thus the victory will be yours if we allow you to be not the steward but the lord of Holy Scripture.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hyperaspistes, Book I<a href="#cite_note-311">[219]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id=""False_evangelicals"">"False evangelicals"</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: "False evangelicals"">edit</a>]</div> In 1529, Erasmus wrote "An epistle against those who falsely boast they are Evangelicals" to <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Geldenhouwer" title="Gerard Geldenhouwer">Gerardus Geldenhouwer</a> (former Bishop of Utrecht, also schooled at Deventer). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You declaim bitterly against the luxury of priests, the ambition of bishops, the tyranny of the Roman Pontiff, and the babbling of the sophists; against our prayers, fasts, and Masses; and you are not content to retrench the abuses that may be in these things, but must needs abolish them entirely. ...<a href="#cite_note-preserved-312">[220]</a></blockquote> Here Erasmus complains of the doctrines and morals of the Reformers, applying the same critique he had made about public Scholastic disputations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Look around on this 'Evangelical' generation,<a href="#cite_note-313">[221]</a> and observe whether amongst them less indulgence is given to luxury, lust, or avarice, than amongst those whom you so detest. Show me any one person who by that Gospel has been reclaimed from drunkenness to sobriety, from fury and passion to meekness, from avarice to liberality, from reviling to well-speaking, from wantonness to modesty. I will show you a great many who have become worse through following it. [...] The solemn prayers of the Church are abolished, but now there are very many who never pray at all. [...] I have never entered their conventicles, but I have sometimes seen them returning from their sermons, the countenances of all of them displaying rage, and wonderful ferocity, as though they were animated by the evil spirit. [...] Who ever beheld in their meetings any one of them shedding tears, smiting his breast, or grieving for his sins? [...] Confession to the priest is abolished, but very few now confess to God. [...] They have fled from Judaism that they may become Epicureans.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Epistola contra quosdam qui se falso iactant evangelicos.<a href="#cite_note-314">[222]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other">Other</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> According to historian Christopher Ocker, the early reformers "needed tools that let their theological distinctions pose as commonplaces in a textual theology;[...] Erasmus provided the tools" but this tendentious distinction-making, reminiscent of the recent excesses of Scholasticism to Erasmus' eyes, was "was precisely what Erasmus disliked about Luther" and "Protestant polemicists."<a href="#cite_note-ocker2022-315">[223]</a> Erasmus wrote books against aspects of the teaching, impacts or threats of several other Reformers:<a href="#cite_note-316">[224]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a> Spongia adversus aspergines Hutteni (1523) see <a href="#A_Sponge_to_wipe_away_the_Spray_of_Hutten_(1523)">below</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a> Responsio ad fratres Inferioris Germaniae ad epistolam apologeticam incerto autoreproditam (1530)</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Eppendorf" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Eppendorf">Heinrich Eppendorf</a> Admonitio adversus mendacium et obstrectationem (1530)</li></ul> However, Erasmus maintained friendly relations with other Protestants, notably the irenic <a href="/wiki/Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Duerer" class="mw-redirect" title="Albrecht Duerer">Albrecht Duerer</a>. A common accusation, supposedly started by antagonistic monk-theologians,<a href="#cite_note-317">[note 93]</a> made Erasmus responsible for Martin Luther and the Reformation: "Erasmus laid the egg, and Luther hatched it." Erasmus wittily dismissed the charge, claiming that Luther had "hatched a different bird entirely".<a href="#cite_note-renolds-318">[225]</a> Erasmus-reader <a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a> commented: "Certainly there was no lack of eggs for Luther to hatch."<a href="#cite_note-canisius-319">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[note 94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_and_Erasmus">Philosophy and Erasmus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Philosophy and Erasmus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_d.J._und_Werkstatt_-_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hans_Holbein_d.J._und_Werkstatt_-_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_d.J._und_Werkstatt_-_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hans_Holbein_d.J._und_Werkstatt_-_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein_d.J._und_Werkstatt_-_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hans_Holbein_d.J._und_Werkstatt_-_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein_d.J._und_Werkstatt_-_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="3191" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger and workshop</figcaption></figure> Erasmus has a problematic standing in the history of philosophy: whether he should be called a philosopher at all,<a href="#cite_note-321">[note 95]</a> (as, indeed, some question whether he should be considered a theologian either.<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 205 ) Erasmus deemed himself to be a rhetorician (rhetoric being the art of argumentation to find what was most probably true on questions where logic could not provide certainty)<a href="#cite_note-322">[note 96]</a> or grammarian rather than a philosopher.<a href="#cite_note-323">[227]</a>: 66  He was particularly influenced by satirist and rhetorician <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[note 97]</a> Erasmus' writings shifted "an intellectual culture from logical disputation about things to quarrels about texts, contexts, and words."<a href="#cite_note-ocker-325">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical">Classical</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Classical">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus syncretistically took phrases, ideas and motifs from many classical philosophers to furnish discussions of Christian themes:<a href="#cite_note-327">[note 98]</a> academics have identified aspects of his thought as variously <a href="/wiki/Platonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonist">Platonist</a> (duality),<a href="#cite_note-328">[note 99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-329">[230]</a> <a href="#cite_note-dogs-330">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">adiaphora</a>),<a href="#cite_note-dealy-331">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epicurean" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurean">Epicurean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">ataraxia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[note 100]</a> pleasure as virtue),<a href="#cite_note-333">[233]</a> realist/non-voluntarist,<a href="#cite_note-334">[234]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocratic</a> (rhetoric, political education, syncretism.)<a href="#cite_note-335">[235]</a>: 19  However, his Christianized version of <a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a> is regarded as his own.<a href="#cite_note-336">[236]</a> Erasmus was sympathetic to a kind of epistemological (<a href="/wiki/Ciceronian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciceronian">Ciceronian</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[237]</a> not <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Cartesian</a>)<a href="#cite_note-boyle-338">[238]</a>: 50  <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Scepticism</a>:<a href="#cite_note-340">[note 101]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> A Sceptic is not someone who doesn't care to know what is true or false…but rather someone who does not make a final decision easily or fight to the death for his own opinion, but rather accepts as probable what someone else accepts as certain…I explicitly exclude from Scepticism whatever is set forth in Sacred Scripture or whatever has been handed down to us by the authority of the Church. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus<a href="#cite_note-341">[240]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Historian Kirk Essary has noted that from his earliest to last works Erasmus "regularly denounced the Stoics as specifically unchristian in their hardline position and advocacy of apatheia": warm affection and an appropriately fiery heart being inalienable parts of human sincerity;<a href="#cite_note-fiery-342">[241]</a>: 17  however historian Ross Dealy sees Erasmus' decrial of other non-gentle "perverse affections" as having Stoical roots.<a href="#cite_note-dealy-331">[232]</a> Erasmus wrote in terms of a tri-partite nature of man, with the soul the seat of free will: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The body is purely material; the spirit is purely divine; the soul…is tossed back and forwards between the two according to whether it resists or gives way to the temptations of the flesh. The spirit makes us gods; the body makes us beasts; the soul makes us men.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus<a href="#cite_note-laytam-343">[242]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to theologian <a href="/wiki/George_van_Kooten" title="George van Kooten">George van Kooten</a>, Erasmus was the first modern scholar "to note the similarities between Plato's Symposium and John's Gospel", first in the Enchiridion then in the Adagia, pre-dating other scholarly interest by 400 years.<a href="#cite_note-vanKooten-344">[243]</a> <a href="#cite_note-345">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-scholasticism">Anti-scholasticism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Anti-scholasticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_van_Aquino_inspireert_zich_op_de_geschriften_van_andere_theologen_Titelpagina_voor_D._Augvstini_et_SS._Patrvm_de_Libero_Arbitrio_Interpres_Thomifticus_Contra_Ianfenitas_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-OB-7416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thomas_van_Aquino_inspireert_zich_op_de_geschriften_van_andere_theologen_Titelpagina_voor_D._Augvstini_et_SS._Patrvm_de_Libero_Arbitrio_Interpres_Thomifticus_Contra_Ianfenitas_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-7416.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thomas_van_Aquino_inspireert_zich_op_de_geschriften_van_andere_theologen_Titelpagina_voor_D._Augvstini_et_SS._Patrvm_de_Libero_Arbitrio_Interpres_Thomifticus_Contra_Ianfenitas_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-7416.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Thomas_van_Aquino_inspireert_zich_op_de_geschriften_van_andere_theologen_Titelpagina_voor_D._Augvstini_et_SS._Patrvm_de_Libero_Arbitrio_Interpres_Thomifticus_Contra_Ianfenitas_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-P-OB-7416.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="6198" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Aquinas inspiring himself on Free Will from the writings of previous theologians such as Augustine. (1652)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Erasmus did not have a metaphysical bone in his frail body, and had no real feeling for the philosophical concerns of scholastic theology.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lewis W Spitz<a href="#cite_note-spitz-346">[245]</a>: 70 </cite></div></blockquote> He usually eschewed metaphysical, epistemological and logical philosophy as found in <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Aristotle</a>:<a href="#cite_note-347">[note 102]</a> in particular the curriculum and systematic methods of the post-Aquinas Schoolmen (<a href="/wiki/Scholastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastics">Scholastics</a>)<a href="#cite_note-349">[note 103]</a> and what he regarded as their frigid, counter-productive <a href="/wiki/Aristoteleanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristoteleanism">Aristoteleanism</a>:<a href="#cite_note-351">[note 104]</a> "What has Aristotle to do with Christ?"<a href="#cite_note-352">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[note 105]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"They can deal with any text of scripture as with a nose of wax, and knead it into what shape best suits their interest."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">The Praise of Folly</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[249]</a>: 75 </cite></div></blockquote> Erasmus held that academics must avoid philosophical factionalism as an offense against Christian concord, in order to "make the whole world Christian."<a href="#cite_note-355">[250]</a>: 851  Indeed, Erasmus thought that Scholastic philosophy actually distracted participants from their proper focus on immediate morality,<a href="#cite_note-356">[note 106]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[note 107]</a> unless used moderately.<a href="#cite_note-359">[note 108]</a> And, by "excluding the Platonists from their commentaries, they strangle the beauty of revelation."<a href="#cite_note-360">[note 109]</a> "They are windbags blown up with Aristotle, sausages stuffed with a mass of theoretical definitions, conclusions, and propositions."<a href="#cite_note-361">[252]</a> Nevertheless, church historian <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Kohls" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Wilhelm Kohls">Dr Ernst Kohls</a> has commented on a certain closeness of Erasmus' thought to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>', despite Erasmus' skepticism about runaway Aristotelianism<a href="#cite_note-cwe23-7">[5]</a>: 9  and his methodological dislike of collections of disconnected sentences for quotation. Ultimately, Erasmus personally owned Aquinas' <a href="/wiki/Summa_theologiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa theologiae">Summa theologiae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catena_aurea" class="mw-redirect" title="Catena aurea">Catena aurea</a> and his commentary on Paul's epistles.<a href="#cite_note-books-37">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophia_Christi">Philosophia Christi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Philosophia Christi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Everything in the pagan world that was valiantly done, brilliantly said, ingeniously thought, diligently transmitted, had been prepared by Christ for his society.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, Antibarbari<a href="#cite_note-cwe23-7">[5]</a>: 9 </cite></div></blockquote> (Not to be confused with his Italian contemporary Chrysostom Javelli's Philosophia Christiana.) Erasmus approached <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy#Ancient_Greek_and_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">classical philosophers</a> theologically and rhetorically: their value was in how they pre-saged, explained or amplified the unique teachings of Christ (particularly the Sermon on the Mount<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 117 ): the philosophia Christi.<a href="#cite_note-362">[note 110]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[note 111]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"A great part of the teaching of Christ is to be found in some of the philosophers, particularly Socrates, Diogenes and Epictetus. But Christ taught it much more fully, and exemplified it better..."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, Paraclesis</cite></div></blockquote> In fact, Christ was "the very father of philosophy" (Anti-Barbieri.)<a href="#cite_note-365">[note 112]</a> In works such as his Enchiridion, The Education of a Christian Prince and the Colloquies, Erasmus developed his idea of the philosophia Christi, a life lived according to the teachings of Jesus taken as a spiritual-ethical-social-political-legal<a href="#cite_note-ewolf-363">[253]</a> philosophy:<a href="#cite_note-367">[note 113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Christ the heavenly teacher has founded a new people on earth,…Having eyes without guile, these folk know no spite or envy; having freely castrated themselves, and aiming at a life of angels while in the flesh, they know no unchaste lust; they know not divorce, since there is no evil they will not endure or turn to the good; they have not the use of oaths, since they neither distrust nor deceive anyone; they know not the hunger for money, since their treasure is in heaven, nor do they itch for empty glory, since they refer all things to the glory of Christ.…these are the new teachings of our founder, such as no school of philosophy has ever brought forth.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, Method of True Theology</cite></div></blockquote> In philosopher Étienne Gilson's summary: "the quite precise goal he pursues is to reject Greek philosophy outside of Christianity, into which the Middle Ages introduced Greek philosophy with the risk of corrupting this Christian Wisdom."<a href="#cite_note-368">[255]</a> Useful "philosophy" needed to be limited to (or re-defined as) the practical and moral: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You must realize that 'philosopher' does not mean someone who is clever at dialectics or science but someone who rejects illusory appearance and undauntedly seeks out and follows what is true and good. Being a philosopher is in practice the same as being a Christian; only the terminology is different."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, Anti-Barbieri</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology_of_Erasmus">Theology of Erasmus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Theology of Erasmus">edit</a>]</div> Three key distinctive features of the spirituality Erasmus proposed are <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(religion)" title="Accommodation (religion)">accommodation</a>, inverbation, and scopus christi. <a href="#cite_note-370">[note 114]</a> In the view of literary historian Chester Chapin, Erasmus' tendency of thought was "towards cautious dulcification of the traditional [Catholic] view".<a href="#cite_note-372">[note 115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accommodation">Accommodation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Accommodation">edit</a>]</div> Historian Manfred Hoffmann has described accommodation as "the single most important concept in Erasmus' <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic">hermeneutic</a>".<a href="#cite_note-374">[note 116]</a> For Erasmus, accommodation is a universal concept: humans must accommodate each other, must accommodate the church and vice versa, and must take as their model how Christ accommodated the disciples in his interactions with them, and accommodated humans in his <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a>; which in turn merely reflects the eternal mutual accommodation within the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. And the primary mechanism of accommodation is language,<a href="#cite_note-375">[note 117]</a>: 6  which mediates between reality and abstraction, which allows disputes of all kinds to be resolved and the gospel to be transmitted:<a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-373">[258]</a> in his New Testament, Erasmus notably translated the Greek logos in <a href="/wiki/John_1:1" title="John 1:1">John 1:1</a> "In the beginning was the Word" more like "In the beginning was Speech:<a href="#cite_note-376">[259]</a> using Latin sermo (discourse, conversation, language) not verbum (word) emphasizing the dynamic and interpersonal communication rather than static principle:<a href="#cite_note-378">[note 118]</a> "Christ incarnate as the eloquent oration of God":<a href="#cite_note-martin2024-256">[181]</a> "He is called Speech [sermo], because through him God, who in his own nature cannot be comprehended by any reasoning, wished to become known to us."<a href="#cite_note-boyle-338">[238]</a>: 45  The role models of accommodation<a href="#cite_note-379">[note 119]</a> were Paul,<a href="#cite_note-381">[note 120]</a> that "<a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleon</a>"<a href="#cite_note-remer-382">[262]</a>: 385  (or "slippery squid"<a href="#cite_note-383">[263]</a>) and Christ, who was "more mutable than <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a> himself."<a href="#cite_note-remer-382">[262]</a>: 386  Following Paul, Quintillian (apte diecere) and Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, Erasmus wrote that the orator, preacher or teacher must "adapt their discourse to the characteristics of their audience"; this made pastoral care the "art of arts".<a href="#cite_note-pabel1995-380">[261]</a>: 64  Erasmus wrote that most of his original works, from satires to paraphrases, were essentially the same themes packaged for different audiences. In this light, Erasmus' ability to have friendly correspondence with both <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boleyn,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire" title="Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire">Thomas Bolyn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-mackay-170">[127]</a> and with both <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a>, can be seen as outworkings of his theology, rather than slippery insincerity<a href="#cite_note-slippery-208">[note 58]</a> or flattery of potential patrons. Similarly, it shows the theological basis of his <a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">pacificism</a>, and his view of ecclesiastical authorities—from priests like himself to Church Councils—as necessary mediating peace-brokers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inverbation">Inverbation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Inverbation">edit</a>]</div> For Erasmus, further to accommodating humans in his Incarnation, Christ accommodated humans by a kind of inverbation:<a href="#cite_note-384">[note 121]</a> we now knowing the resurrection, Christ is revealed by the Gospels in a way that we can know him better by reading him<a href="#cite_note-386">[note 122]</a> than those who actually heard him speak;<a href="#cite_note-387">[note 123]</a> this will or may transform us.<a href="#cite_note-388">[note 124]</a> Since the Gospels become in effect like sacraments,<a href="#cite_note-389">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[note 125]</a> for Erasmus reading them becomes a form of prayer<a href="#cite_note-sider2020-273">[note 82]</a> which is spoiled by taking single sentences in isolation and using them as syllogisms.<a href="#cite_note-392">[note 126]</a> Instead, learning to understand the context, genres and literary expression in the New Testament becomes a spiritual more than academic exercise.<a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-373">[258]</a> Erasmus' has been called rhetorical theology (theologia rhetorica.)<a href="#cite_note-rummel1-277">[194]</a>: 32 <a href="#cite_note-394">[note 127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scopus_christi">Scopus christi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Scopus christi">edit</a>]</div> Scopus is the unifying reference point, the navigation goal, or the organizing principle of topics.<a href="#cite_note-396">[note 128]</a> According to his assistant-turned-foe, Œcolampadius, Erasmus's rule was "nihil in sacris literis praeter Christum quaerendum" ("nothing is to be sought in the sacred letters but Christ").<a href="#cite_note-397">[269]</a>: 269  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">What Erasmus contributes[...]is a counsel of restraint in metaphysical speculation, an accent on the revelatory breadth of the eternal Word of God, and an invitation to think of Christ incarnate as the eloquent oration of God. But the central impulse[...]is the affirmation of the full incarnation of Christ in human existence[...]for the transformation of human life. With that, the ethical capstone of Erasmus' reflections on Christ centers on the responsibility to imitate Christ's love for others, and thus for advancing the cause of peace in personal and social life.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Terrence J. Martin, The Christology of Erasmus<a href="#cite_note-martin2024-256">[181]</a> (Publisher's description <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cuapress.org/9780813238029/the-christology-of-erasmus/">[6]</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> In Hoffmann's words, for Erasmus "Christ is the scopus of everything": "the focus in which both dimensions of reality, the human and the divine, intersect" and so He himself is the hermeneutical principle of scripture": "the middle is the medium, the medium is the mediator, the mediator is the reconciler".<a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-373">[258]</a>: 9  In Erasmus' early Enchiridion<a href="#cite_note-398">[note 129]</a>: 82  he had given this scopus in typical medieval terms of an ascent of being to God (vertical), but from the mid-1510s life he moved to an analogy of Copernican planetary circling around Christ the centre (horizontal) or Columbian navigation towards a destination.<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 135  One effect is that scriptural interpretation must be done starting with the teachings and interactions of Jesus in the <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-399">[270]</a>: 78  with the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> serving as the starting point,<a href="#cite_note-401">[note 130]</a><a href="#cite_note-meyer1-247">[173]</a> and arguably with the <a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> at the head of the queue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This privileges peacemaking, mercy, meekness,<a href="#cite_note-402">[note 131]</a> purity of heart, hungering after righteousness, poverty of spirit, etc. as the unassailable core of Christianity and piety and true theology.<a href="#cite_note-404">[note 132]</a> The Sermon on the Mount provides the axioms on which every legitimate theology must be built, as well as the ethics governing theological discourse, and the rules for validating theological products; Erasmus' philosophia christi treats the primary and initial teaching of Jesus in the first Gospel as a theological methodology.<a href="#cite_note-405">[note 133]</a> For example, "peacemaking" is a possible topic in any Christian theology; but for Erasmus, from the Beatitude, it must be a starting-, reference- and ending-point when discussing all other theological notions, such as church authority, the Trinity, etc. Moreover, Christian theology must only be done in a peacemaking fashion for peacemaking purposes; and any theology that promotes division and warmongering is thereby anti-Christian. <a href="#cite_note-406">[note 134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mystical_theology">Mystical theology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Mystical theology">edit</a>]</div> Another important concept to Erasmus was "the Folly of the Cross"<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 119  (which <a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">The Praise of Folly</a> explored):<a href="#cite_note-407">[note 135]</a> the view that Truth belongs to the exuberant, perhaps ecstatic,<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 140  world of what is foolish, strange, unexpected<a href="#cite_note-408">[273]</a> and even <a href="#Sileni_Alcibiadis_(1515)">superficially repellent</a> to us, rather than to the frigid worlds which intricate scholastic <a href="/wiki/Dialectic#Medieval_philosophy" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllogistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllogistic">syllogistic</a> philosophical argument all too often generated;<a href="#cite_note-410">[note 136]</a> this produced in Erasmus a profound disinterest in hyper-rationality,<a href="#cite_note-411">[note 137]</a> and an emphasis on verbal, rhetorical, mystical, pastoral and personal/political moral concerns instead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theological_writings">Theological writings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Theological writings">edit</a>]</div> Several scholars have suggested Erasmus wrote as an evangelist not an academic theologian.<a href="#cite_note-413">[note 138]</a> Even "theology was to be metamorphic speech, converting persons to Christ."<a href="#cite_note-boyle-338">[238]</a>: 49  Erasmus did not conceive of Christianity as fundamentally an intellectual system: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Yet these ancient fathers were they who confuted both the Jews and Heathens [...]; they confuted them (I say), yet by their lives and miracles, rather than by words and syllogisms; and the persons they thus proselyted were downright honest, well meaning people, such as understood plain sense better than any artificial pomp of reasoning[...]<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, The Praise of Folly<a href="#cite_note-414">[276]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Historian William McCuaig commented "I have never read a work by him on any subject that was not at bottom a piece of evangelical literature."<a href="#cite_note-mccuaig-412">[275]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We may distinguish four different lines of work, parallel with each other, and complementary. First, the establishing and critical elucidation of the biblical texts; alongside it, the editions of the great patristic commentators; then, the exegetical works properly so called, in which these two fundamental researches yield their fruit; and finally, the methodological works, which in their first state constitute a sort of preface to the various other studies, but which—in return—were nourished and enlarged by them as they went along.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Louis Bouyer<a href="#cite_note-bouyer1-203">[148]</a>: 498 </cite></div></blockquote> Apart from these programmatic works, Erasmus also produce a number of prayers, sermons, essays, masses and poems for specific benefactors and occasions, often on topics where Erasmus and his benefactor agreed. His thought was particularly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[note 139]</a> He often set himself the challenge of formulating positive, moderate, non-superstitious versions of contemporary Catholic practices that might be more acceptable both to scandalized Catholics and Protestants of good will: the better attitudes to the sacraments, saints, Mary, indulgences, statues, scriptural ignorance and fanciful Biblical interpretation, prayer, dietary fasts, external ceremonialism, authority, vows, docility, submission to Rome, etc. For example, in his Paean in Honour of the Virgin Mary (1503) Erasmus elaborated his theme that the Incarnation had been hinted far and wide, which could impact the theology of the fate of the remote unbaptized and grace, and the place of classical philosophy:<a href="#cite_note-franceschini-417">[278]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> "You are assuredly the Woman of renown: both heaven and earth and the succession of all the ages uniquely join to celebrate your praise in a musical concord. [...] During the centuries of the previous age the oracles of the gentiles spoke of you in obscure riddles. Egyptian prophecies, Apollo's tripod, the Sibylline books, gave hints of you. The mouths of learned poets predicted your coming in oracles they did not understand. [...] Both the Old and the New Testament, like two cherubim with wings joined and unanimous voices, repeatedly sing your praise. [...] Thus indeed have writers religiously vied to proclaim you, on the one hand inspired prophets, on the other eloquent Doctors of the church, both filled with the same spirit, as the former foretold your coming in joyful oracles before your birth and the latter heaped prayerful praise on you when you appeared." <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Erasmus, Paean in Honour of the Virgin Mary (1503)<a href="#cite_note-franceschini-417">[278]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus" title="Works of Erasmus">Works of Erasmus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Erasmus%27s_correspondents" title="List of Erasmus's correspondents">List of Erasmus's correspondents</a></div> Erasmus was the most popular, most printed and arguably most influential author of the early sixteenth century, read in all nations in the West and frequently translated. By the 1530s, his writings accounted for 10–20% of book sales in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-418">[279]</a> "Undoubtedly he was the most read author of his age."<a href="#cite_note-nellen-419">[280]</a>: 608  His vast number of Latin and Greek publications included translations, paraphrases, letters, textbooks, plays for schoolboys, commentary, poems, liturgies, satires, sermons, and prayers. A large number of his later works were defences of his earlier work from attacks by Catholic and Protestant theological and literary opponents. The Catalogue of the Works of Erasmus (2023)<a href="#cite_note-420">[281]</a> runs to 444 entries (120 pages), almost all from the latter half of his life. He usually wrote books in particular classical literary genres with their different rhetorical conventions: complaint, diatribe, dialogue, encomium, epistle, commentary, liturgy, sermon, etc. His letter to <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Hutten" title="Ulrich von Hutten">Ulrich von Hutten</a> on <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s household has been called "the first real biography in the real modern sense."<a href="#cite_note-portrait-421">[282]</a> From his youth, Erasmus had been a voracious writer. Erasmus wrote or answered up to 40 letters per day,<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a> usually waking early in the morning and writing them in his own hand. He did not work after dinner. His writing method (recommended in De copia and De ratione studii)<a href="#cite_note-422">[283]</a> was to make notes on whatever he was reading, categorized by theme: he carted these <a href="/wiki/Commonplaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonplaces">commonplaces</a> in boxes that accompanied him. When assembling a new book, he would go through the topics and cross out commonplace notes as he used them. This catalog of research notes allowed him to rapidly create books, though woven from the same topics. Towards the end of his life, as he lost dexterity, he employed secretaries or amanuenses who performed the assembly or transcription, re-wrote his writing, and in his last decade, recorded his dictation; letters were usually in his own hand, unless formal. For much of his career he wrote standing at a desk, as shown in <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Erasmus_(D%C3%BCrer)" title="Portrait of Erasmus (Dürer)">Dürer's portrait</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_writings">Notable writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notable writings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus#Notable_writings" title="Works of Erasmus">Works of Erasmus § Notable writings</a></div> Erasmus wrote for educated audiences both <ul><li>on subjects of humanist interest:<a href="#cite_note-423">[284]</a> "Three areas preoccupied Erasmus as a writer: language arts, education, and biblical studies. [...]All of his works served as models of style. [...]He pioneered the principles of textual criticism."<a href="#cite_note-424">[285]</a> and</li> <li>on pastoral subjects: "to Christians in the various stages of lives:[...]for the young, for married couples, for widows," the dying, clergy, theologians, religious, princes, partakers of sacraments, etc.<a href="#cite_note-pabel1995-380">[261]</a>: 58 </li></ul> He is noted for his extensive scholarly editions of the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus#Latin_and_Greek_New_Testaments" title="Works of Erasmus">New Testament</a> in Latin and Greek, and the complete works of numerous <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>. These formed the basis of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a> Protestant bibles. The only works with enduring popularity in modern time are his satires and semi-satires: <a href="/wiki/The_Praise_of_Folly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Praise of Folly">The Praise of Folly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Excluded_from_Heaven" title="Julius Excluded from Heaven">Julius Excluded from Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus#The_Complaint_of_Peace_(1517)" title="Works of Erasmus">The Complaint of Peace</a>. However, his other works, such as his several thousand letters, continue to be a vital source of information to historians of numerous disciplines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_evaluations">Legacy and evaluations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Legacy and evaluations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HolbeinErasmusHands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HolbeinErasmusHands.jpg/180px-HolbeinErasmusHands.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HolbeinErasmusHands.jpg/270px-HolbeinErasmusHands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/HolbeinErasmusHands.jpg/360px-HolbeinErasmusHands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Holbein's studies of Erasmus's hands, in silverpoint and chalks, ca. 1523 (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Since the origin of Christianity there have been perhaps only two other men—St Augustine and Voltaire—whose influence can be paralleled with Erasmus.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>W.S. Lily, Renaissance Types<a href="#cite_note-425">[286]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Erasmus was given the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists", and has been called "the crowning glory of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian humanists">Christian humanists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-426">[287]</a> He has also been called "the most illustrious rhetorician and educationalist of the Renaissance".<a href="#cite_note-laytam-343">[242]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">By the 1570s, "Everyone had assimilated Erasmus to one extent or another."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Christophe Ocker<a href="#cite_note-ocker2022-315">[223]</a></cite></div></blockquote> However, at times he has been viciously criticized, his works suppressed, his expertise corralled, his writings misinterpreted, his thought demonized, and his legacy marginalized. He was never judged and declared a heretic by the Catholic Church, <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus#Catholic_regional_prohibitions" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">during his lifetime</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus#Post-Tridentine_suspicion" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">after</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus#In_Spain" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">semi-secret trial</a> in Vallodolid Spain, in 1527 found him not to be a heretic, and he was sponsored and protected by <a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_evaluations_of_Erasmus#Supporters" title="Legacy and evaluations of Erasmus">Popes and Bishops</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal">Personal</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Personal">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> Erasmus was a quite sickly man and frequently worked from his sickbed. As a teenager he contracted <a href="/wiki/Quartan_fever" title="Quartan fever">Quartan fever</a>, a non-lethal type of Malaria which recurred numerous times for the rest of his life: he attributed his survival to the intercession of <a href="/wiki/St_Genevieve" class="mw-redirect" title="St Genevieve">St Genevieve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-427">[288]</a> His digestion gave him trouble: he was intolerant of fish, beer and some wines, which were the standard diet for members of religious orders; he eventually died following an attack of dysentery. In Cambridge he was ill, possibly with the English <a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness" title="Sweating sickness">sweating sickness</a>. He suffered kidney stones from his time in Venice and, in late life, with gout<a href="#cite_note-428">[289]</a> In 1514, he suffered a fall from his horse and injured his back. In 1528 he suffered recurrent episodes of the stone, "from which he almost died."<a href="#cite_note-429">[290]</a> In 1529 his self-removal from Basel was delayed because of headcold and fever.<a href="#cite_note-430">[291]</a> In 1530 while traveling he suffered some near-fatal illness which several doctors diagnosed as <a href="/wiki/The_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="The plague">the plague</a> (which had killed his parents) but several others diagnosed as not the plague.<a href="#cite_note-431">[292]</a> Various illnesses have been diagnosed of the skeletons claimed to be his, including pustulotic arthro-osteitis,<a href="#cite_note-432">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">yaws</a>. Other doctors have diagnosed from his written descriptions ailments such as rheumatoid arthritis, enteric rheumatism<a href="#cite_note-433">[294]</a> and spondylarthritis.<a href="#cite_note-434">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Tablet_by_the_Master_of_the_Spes_Notra_before_the_2006_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Memorial_Tablet_by_the_Master_of_the_Spes_Notra_before_the_2006_restoration.jpg/220px-Memorial_Tablet_by_the_Master_of_the_Spes_Notra_before_the_2006_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Memorial_Tablet_by_the_Master_of_the_Spes_Notra_before_the_2006_restoration.jpg/330px-Memorial_Tablet_by_the_Master_of_the_Spes_Notra_before_the_2006_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Memorial_Tablet_by_the_Master_of_the_Spes_Notra_before_the_2006_restoration.jpg/440px-Memorial_Tablet_by_the_Master_of_the_Spes_Notra_before_the_2006_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Visitation Momento mori, painter unknown, c.1500, juxtaposing pregnancy and death, with four Augustinan canons regular of the Chapter (Abbey) of Sion. Left, with a little lion behind him, is <a href="/wiki/St_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St Jerome">St Jerome</a>; right, holding a heart, is <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St Augustine">St Augustine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, Amsterdam<a href="#cite_note-435">[296]</a></figcaption></figure> Until Erasmus received his 1505 and 1517 Papal dispensations to wear clerical garb, Erasmus wore versions of the local <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit#Canons_regular" title="Religious habit">habit of his order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canon_regular" title="Canon regular">Canons regular of St Augustine</a>, Chapter of Sion, which varied by region and house, unless travelling: in general, a white or perhaps black <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> with linen and lace choir <a href="/wiki/Rochet" title="Rochet">rochet</a> for liturgical contexts, or otherwise with white sarotium (scarf) (over left shoulder), or <a href="/wiki/Almuce" title="Almuce">almuce</a> (cape), perhaps with an asymmetrical black cope of cloth or sheepskin (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: cacullae) or long black cloak.<a href="#cite_note-436">[297]</a> From 1505, and certainly after 1517, he dressed as a scholar-priest.<a href="#cite_note-:4-437">[298]</a> He preferred warm and soft garments: according to one source, he arranged for his clothing to be stuffed with fur to protect him against the cold, and his habit counted with a collar of fur which usually covered his nape.<a href="#cite_note-:4-437">[298]</a> All Erasmus' portraits show him wearing a knitted scholar's bonnet.<a href="#cite_note-438">[299]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signet_ring_and_personal_motto">Signet ring and personal motto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Signet ring and personal motto">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petschaft_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam_Amerbach_Kabinett_HMB_1893-364_c7499.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Petschaft_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam_Amerbach_Kabinett_HMB_1893-364_c7499.jpg/220px-Petschaft_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam_Amerbach_Kabinett_HMB_1893-364_c7499.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Petschaft_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam_Amerbach_Kabinett_HMB_1893-364_c7499.jpg/330px-Petschaft_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam_Amerbach_Kabinett_HMB_1893-364_c7499.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Petschaft_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam_Amerbach_Kabinett_HMB_1893-364_c7499.jpg/440px-Petschaft_Erasmus_von_Rotterdam_Amerbach_Kabinett_HMB_1893-364_c7499.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="2639" /></a><figcaption>Signet rings of Erasmus of Rotterdam: Amerbach Kabinett</figcaption></figure> Erasmus chose the Roman god of borders and boundaries <a href="/wiki/Terminus_(god)" title="Terminus (god)">Terminus</a> as a personal symbol<a href="#cite_note-:0-439">[300]</a> and had a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">signet ring</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Herm_(sculpture)" title="Herm (sculpture)">herm</a> he thought depicted Terminus carved into a <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-439">[300]</a> The herm was presented to him in Rome by his student <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a> and in reality depicted the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-440">[301]</a> The ring was also depicted in a portrait of his by the Flemish painter <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Matsys" title="Quentin Matsys">Quentin Matsys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-439">[300]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger._Terminus,_the_Device_of_Erasmus_(1532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger._Terminus%2C_the_Device_of_Erasmus_%281532%29.jpg/180px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger._Terminus%2C_the_Device_of_Erasmus_%281532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger._Terminus%2C_the_Device_of_Erasmus_%281532%29.jpg/270px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger._Terminus%2C_the_Device_of_Erasmus_%281532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger._Terminus%2C_the_Device_of_Erasmus_%281532%29.jpg/360px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger._Terminus%2C_the_Device_of_Erasmus_%281532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Erasmus as <a href="/wiki/Terminus_(god)" title="Terminus (god)">Terminus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-441">[302]</a></figcaption></figure> The herm became part of the Erasmus branding at Froben, and is on his tombstone.<a href="#cite_note-panofsky-442">[303]</a>: 215  In the early 1530s, Erasmus was portrayed as Terminus by Hans Holbein the Younger.<a href="#cite_note-:1-441">[302]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinten_Metsys_(Massijs),_bronze_medal_of_105_mm,_commissioned_in_1519_by_Desiderius_Erasmus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Quinten_Metsys_%28Massijs%29%2C_bronze_medal_of_105_mm%2C_commissioned_in_1519_by_Desiderius_Erasmus.jpg/220px-Quinten_Metsys_%28Massijs%29%2C_bronze_medal_of_105_mm%2C_commissioned_in_1519_by_Desiderius_Erasmus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Quinten_Metsys_%28Massijs%29%2C_bronze_medal_of_105_mm%2C_commissioned_in_1519_by_Desiderius_Erasmus.jpg/330px-Quinten_Metsys_%28Massijs%29%2C_bronze_medal_of_105_mm%2C_commissioned_in_1519_by_Desiderius_Erasmus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Quinten_Metsys_%28Massijs%29%2C_bronze_medal_of_105_mm%2C_commissioned_in_1519_by_Desiderius_Erasmus.jpg/440px-Quinten_Metsys_%28Massijs%29%2C_bronze_medal_of_105_mm%2C_commissioned_in_1519_by_Desiderius_Erasmus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Quinten Metsys (Massijs), medal commissioned by Desiderius Erasmus. 1519, bronze, 105 mm</figcaption></figure> He chose Concedo Nulli (Lat. I concede to no-one) as his personal motto.<a href="#cite_note-:12-443">[304]</a> The obverse of the medal by Quintin Matsys featured the Terminus herm. Mottoes on medals, along the circumference, included "A better picture of Erasmus is shown in his writing",<a href="#cite_note-444">[305]</a> and "Contemplate the end of a long life" and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>'s "Death is the ultimate boundary of things,"<a href="#cite_note-panofsky-442">[303]</a>: 215  which re-casts the motto as a <a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">memento mori</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representations">Representations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Representations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmus_Duerer_VandA_E.4621-1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Erasmus_Duerer_VandA_E.4621-1910.jpg/220px-Erasmus_Duerer_VandA_E.4621-1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Erasmus_Duerer_VandA_E.4621-1910.jpg/330px-Erasmus_Duerer_VandA_E.4621-1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Erasmus_Duerer_VandA_E.4621-1910.jpg/440px-Erasmus_Duerer_VandA_E.4621-1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="3043" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Desiderius Erasmus by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, 1526, engraved in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0004079_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Mythologie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fotothek_df_tg_0004079_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Mythologie.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004079_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Mythologie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fotothek_df_tg_0004079_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Mythologie.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004079_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Mythologie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fotothek_df_tg_0004079_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Mythologie.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004079_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Mythologie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative coins or medals of Erasmus by Göbel, Georg Wilhelm (1790)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" title="Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam">Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Erasmus_(D%C3%BCrer)" title="Portrait of Erasmus (Dürer)">Portrait of Erasmus (Dürer)</a></div> Erasmus frequently gifted portraits and medals with his image to friends and patrons. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein</a> painted him at least three times and perhaps as many as seven, some of the Holbein portraits of Erasmus surviving only in copies by other artists. Holbein's three profile portraits – two (nearly identical) profile portraits and one three-quarters-view portrait – were all painted in the same year, 1523. Erasmus used the Holbein portraits as gifts for his friends in England, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a>, the Archbishop of Canterbury. (Writing in a letter to Warham regarding the gift portrait, Erasmus quipped that "he might have something of Erasmus should God call him from this place.") Erasmus spoke favourably of Holbein as an artist and person but was later critical, accusing him of sponging off various patrons whom Erasmus had recommended, for purposes more of monetary gain than artistic endeavor. There were scores of copies of these portraits made in Erasmus' time. Holbein's 1532 profile woodcut was particularly lauded by those who knew Erasmus.<a href="#cite_note-kaminska-125">[94]</a>: 129 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> also produced portraits of Erasmus, whom he met three times, in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of 1526 and a preliminary charcoal sketch. Concerning the former Erasmus was unimpressed, declaring it an unfavorable likeness of him, perhaps because around 1525 he was suffering severely from kidney stones.<a href="#cite_note-kaminska-125">[94]</a>: 129  Nevertheless, Erasmus and Dürer maintained a close friendship, with Dürer going so far as to solicit Erasmus's support for the Lutheran cause, which Erasmus politely declined. Erasmus wrote a glowing <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">encomium</a> about the artist, likening him to famous Greek painter of antiquity <a href="/wiki/Apelles" title="Apelles">Apelles</a>. Erasmus was deeply affected by his death in 1528.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Matsys" title="Quentin Matsys">Quentin Matsys</a> produced the earliest known portraits of Erasmus, including an oil painting from life in 1517<a href="#cite_note-445">[306]</a> (which had to be delayed as Erasmus' pain distorted his face)<a href="#cite_note-kaminska-125">[94]</a>: 131  and a medal in 1519.<a href="#cite_note-446">[307]</a></li> <li>In 1622, <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_de_Keyser" title="Hendrick de Keyser">Hendrick de Keyser</a> cast a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Erasmus" title="Statue of Erasmus">statue of Erasmus</a> in (gilt) bronze replacing an earlier stone version from 1557, itself replacing a wooden one of 1549, possibly a gift from the City of Basel. This was set up in the public square in Rotterdam, and today may be found outside the <a href="/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Laurenskerk_(Rotterdam)" title="Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Rotterdam)">St. Lawrence Church</a>. It is the oldest bronze statue in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-447">[308]</a></li> <li>In 1790, Georg Wilhelm Göbel struck commemorative medals.'</li> <li>Canterbury Cathedral, England has a statue of Erasmus on the North Face, placed in 1870.</li> <li>Actor <a href="/wiki/Ken_Bones" title="Ken Bones">Ken Bones</a> portrays Erasmus in <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a>'s 2009 documentary series <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII:_The_Mind_of_a_Tyrant" title="Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant">Henry VIII: The Mind of a Tyrant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_used">Name used</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Name used">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The European <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Exchange_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange students">exchange students</a> within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is named after him. <ul><li>The original <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a> scholarships enable European students to spend up to a year of their university courses in a university in another European country, commemorating Erasmus' impulse to travel.</li> <li>The European Union cites the successor <a href="/wiki/Erasmus%2B" title="Erasmus+">Erasmus+</a> programme as a "key achievement": "Almost 640,000 people studied, trained or volunteered abroad in 2020."<a href="#cite_note-448">[309]</a></li> <li>The parallel <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Mundus" title="Erasmus Mundus">Erasmus Mundus</a> project is aimed at attracting non-European students to study in Europe.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a> is one of Europe's foremost recognitions for culture, society or social science. It was won by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> in 2015.</li> <li>The Erasmus Lectures are an annual lecture on religious subjects, given by prominent Christian (mainly Catholic) and Jewish intellectuals,<a href="#cite_note-449">[310]</a> most notably by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ratzinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ratzinger">Joseph Ratzinger</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-450">[311]</a></li> <li>A peer-reviewed annual scholarly journal Erasmus Studies has been produced since 1981.<a href="#cite_note-451">[312]</a></li> <li>Rotterdam has the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam" title="Erasmus University Rotterdam">Erasmus University Rotterdam</a>: <ul><li>It has the Erasmus Institute for Philosophy and Economics (EIPE),<a href="#cite_note-452">[313]</a> which produces the Erasmus Journal of Philosophy and Economics<a href="#cite_note-453">[314]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_University_College" title="Erasmus University College">Erasmus University College</a> is an "international, interdisciplinary Bachelor of Science programme in Liberal Arts and Sciences."<a href="#cite_note-454">[315]</a></li></ul></li> <li>From 1997 to 2008, the American <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> had an Erasmus Institute.<a href="#cite_note-455">[316]</a></li> <li>The Erasmus Building in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> was completed in 1988 as the first addition to the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cour_de_Justice" title="Palais de la Cour de Justice">headquarters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> (CJEU).<a href="#cite_note-CJEU-456">[317]</a> The building houses the chambers of the judges of the CJEU's <a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a> and three courtrooms.<a href="#cite_note-CJEU-456">[317]</a> It is next to the Thomas More Building.</li> <li>Rotterdam has an <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Bridge">Erasmus Bridge</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens' College">Queens' College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, has an Erasmus Tower,<a href="#cite_note-457">[318]</a> Erasmus Building<a href="#cite_note-458">[319]</a> and an Erasmus Room.<a href="#cite_note-459">[320]</a> Until the early 20th century, Queens' College used to have a corkscrew that was purported to be "Erasmus' corkscrew", which was a third of a metre long; as of 1987, the college still had what it calls "Erasmus' chair".<a href="#cite_note-460">[321]</a></li> <li>Several schools, faculties and universities in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> are named after him, as is <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Hall_High_School" title="Erasmus Hall High School">Erasmus Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York, US.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exhumation">Exhumation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Exhumation">edit</a>]</div> In 1928, the site of Erasmus' grave was dug up, and a body identified in the bones and examined.<a href="#cite_note-:4-437">[298]</a> In 1974, a body was dug up in a slightly different location, accompanied by an Erasmus medal. Both bodies have been claimed to be Erasmus'. However, it is possible neither is.<a href="#cite_note-461">[322]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Erasmus charged the reading world with a style which, though far from correct [ <a href="/wiki/Writings_of_Cicero" title="Writings of Cicero">Ciceronian</a> ] Latin, is the most delightful which the Renaissance has left us. [...] Erasmus' Latin was a living and spoken tongue." Encyclopedia Britannica<a href="#cite_note-encyc-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Vollerthun and Richardson suggest three phases, grouping the first two quarters for their purposes.<a href="#cite_note-vollerthun-5">[4]</a>: 31  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Colet and Vitrier were "two of the deepest influences on his life."<a href="#cite_note-cwe23-7">[5]</a>: 11  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Erasmus was his <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptismal name">baptismal name</a>, given after <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Formia" title="Erasmus of Formia">Erasmus of Formiae</a>. Desiderius was an adopted additional name, which he used from 1496. The Roterodamus was a scholarly name meaning "from Rotterdam", though the Latin toponymic adjective would be Roterdamensis. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Painter <a href="/wiki/Hieronymous_Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymous Bosch">Hieronymous Bosch</a> lived nearby, on the marketplace, at this time. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> "Poverty stricken, suffering from quartan fever, and pressurized by his guardians"<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuhász2019" class="citation web cs1">Juhász, Gergely (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48868408">"The Making of Erasmus's New Testament and Its English Connections"</a>. Sparks and Lustrous Words: Literary Walks, Cultural Pilgrimages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909092023/https://www.academia.edu/48868408">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sparks+and+Lustrous+Words%3A+Literary+Walks%2C+Cultural+Pilgrimages&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Erasmus%27s+New+Testament+and+Its+English+Connections&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.aulast=Juh%C3%A1sz&rft.aufirst=Gergely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F48868408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Canons regular of St Augustine, Chapter of Sion (or Syon), Emmaus house, Stein (or Steyn). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> This is a non-mendicant order of clerics which followed the looser Rule of St Augustine, who do not withdraw from the world, and who take a vow of Stability binding them to a House in addition to the usual Poverty (common life, simplicity), Chastity and Obedience. Erasmus described the Canons Regular as "an order midway between monks and (secular priests) [...] amphibians, like the beaver [...] and the crocodile". Also "for the so-called Canons formerly were not monks, and now they are an intermediate class: monks where it is an advantage to be so; not monks where it is not".<a href="#cite_note-demolen1-39">[32]</a> The kind of world-involved, devout, scholarly, loyal, humanistic, non-monkish, non-mendicant, non-ceremonial, voluntaristic religious order without notions of spiritual perfection that may have suited Erasmus better arose soon after his death, perhaps in response to the ethos Erasmus shared: notably the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a>: 52  and subsequent congregations such as the <a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a>. For the Ursalines, Barnabites, etc. "these associations were not conceived by their founders as 'religious orders', but as spiritual companies mostly composed of both lay and religious folk ... Similarly to the teachings of humanists like Erasmus and of the devotio moderna, these ... associations did not emphasise the institutional aspect of religious life."<a href="#cite_note-Mazzonis-41">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Reformation:_A_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation: A History">Reformation: A History</a>. p. 95. MacCulloch has a footnote "There has been much modern embarrassment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see the sensible comment in J. Huizinga, Erasmus of Rotterdam (London, 1952), pp. 11–12, and from Geoffrey Nutuall, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26 (1975), 403" In Huizinga's view: "Out of the letters to Servatius there rises the picture of an Erasmus whom we shall never find again—a young man of more than feminine sensitiveness; of a languishing need for sentimental friendship. [...]This exuberant friendship accords quite well with the times and the person. [...] Sentimental friendships were as much in vogue in secular circles during the fifteenth century as towards the end of the eighteenth century. Each court had its pairs of friends, who dressed alike, and shared room, bed, and heart. Nor was this cult of fervent friendship restricted to the sphere of aristocratic life. It was among the specific characteristics of the devotio moderna." </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> However, note that such crushes or bromances may not have been scandalous at the time: the <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a> <a href="/wiki/Aelred_of_Rievaulx" title="Aelred of Rievaulx">Aelred of Rievaulx</a>'s influential book <a href="/wiki/Aelred_of_Rievaulx#De_spirituali_amicitia" title="Aelred of Rievaulx">On Spiritual Friendship</a> put intense adolescent and early-adult friendships between monks as natural and useful steps towards "spiritual friendships", following <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>. The correct direction of passionate love was also a feature of the spirituality of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorine</a> canons regular, notably in Richard of St Victor's On the Four Degrees of Violent Love<a href="#cite_note-46">[37]</a> Huizinga (p.12) notes "To observe one another with sympathy, to watch and note each other's inner life, was a customary and approved occupation among the Brethren of the Common Life and the Windesheim monks." </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Erasmus used similar expressions in letters to other friends at the time.<a href="#cite_note-demolen-15">[11]</a>: 17  D. F. S. Thomson found two other similar contemporary examples of humanist monks using similar florid idiom in their letters. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomson, D.F.S. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_gul005196901_01/_gul005196901_01_0011.php">"Erasmus as a poet in the context of northern humanism"</a>. De Gulden Passer (in Dutch). 47: 187–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Gulden+Passer&rft.atitle=Erasmus+as+a+poet+in+the+context+of+northern+humanism&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=187-210&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=D.F.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F_gul005196901_01%2F_gul005196901_01_0011.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> Historian Julian Haseldine has noted that medieval monks used charged expressions of friendship with the same emotional content regardless of how well-known the person was to them: so this language was sometimes "instrumental" rather than "affective." However, in this case we have Erasmus' own attestation of the genuine rather than formal fondness. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaseldine2006" class="citation journal cs1">Haseldine, Julian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/borthwick/publications/monastic-research-bulletin/">"Medieval Male Friendship Networks"</a>. The Monastic Review Bulletin (12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monastic+Review+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Medieval+Male+Friendship+Networks&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Haseldine&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fborthwick%2Fpublications%2Fmonastic-research-bulletin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> p.19. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Erasmus editor Harry Vredeveld argues that the letters are "surely expressions of true friendship", citing what Erasmus wrote in his Letter to Grunnius about an earlier teenage infatuation with a "Cantellius": "It is not uncommon at [that] age to conceive passionate attachments [fervidos amores] for some of your companions". However, he allows "That these same letters, which run the gamut of love's emotions, are undoubtedly also literary exercises—rhetorical progymnasmata—is by no means a contradiction of this."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Vredeveld1993" class="citation cs2">Harry Vredeveld, ed. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoCY-z-mhTcC">Collected Works of Erasmus: Poems</a>, Translated by Clarence H. Miller, University of Toronto Press, p. xv, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802028679" title="Special:BookSources/9780802028679"><bdi>9780802028679</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Erasmus%3A+Poems&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780802028679&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoCY-z-mhTcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> But also a capacity to feel betrayal sharply, as with his brother Peter, "Cantellius", Aleander, and Dorp. </li> <li id="cite_note-lost-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lost_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lost_53-1">b</a> The biographer J.J. Mangan commented of his time living with <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ammonio" title="Andrea Ammonio">Andrea Ammonio</a> in England "to some extent Erasmus thereby realized the dream of his youth, which was to live together with some choice literary spirit with whom he might share his thoughts and aspiration". Quoted in J. K. Sowards, The Two Lost Years of Erasmus: Summary, Review, and Speculation, Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 9 (1962), p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The position of Latin Secretary to some great churchman or prince had a long and distinguished history: <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> had been the Latin Secretary for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[42]</a> The position was important but not lucrative, unless a stepping-stone to other offices. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> This was his entry to the European network of Latin secretaries, who were usually humanists, and so to their career path: a promising secretary could be appointed tutor to some aristocratic boy, when that boy reached power they were frequent kept on as a trusted counselor, and finally moved over to some dignified administrative role.<a href="#cite_note-60">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> 25 was the minimum age under canon law to be ordained a priest. However, Gouda church records do not support the 1492 year given by his first biographer, and 1495 has been suggested as more plausible.<a href="#cite_note-new-11">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Erasmus suffered severe food intolerances, including to fish, beer and many wines, which formed much of the diet of Northern European monks, and caused his antipathy to fasts. "My heart is Catholic, but my stomach is Lutheran." (Epistles) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The canonry burnt down in 1549 and the canons moved to Gouda. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinSimoni1994" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Jan Willem; Simoni, Anna E.C. (1994). "Once more the manuscripts of Stein monastery and the copyists of the Erasmiana manuscripts". Quaerendo. 24 (1): 39–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006994X00117">10.1163/157006994X00117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaerendo&rft.atitle=Once+more+the+manuscripts+of+Stein+monastery+and+the+copyists+of+the+Erasmiana+manuscripts&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-46&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006994X00117&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rft.au=Simoni%2C+Anna+E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Dispensed of his vows of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belmontabbey.org.uk/monastic-vows">stability and obedience</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606163431/https://www.belmontabbey.org.uk/monastic-vows">Archived</a> 6 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from his obligations "by the constitutions and ordinances, also by statutes and customs of the monastery of Stein in Holland", quoted in J. K. Sowards, The Two Lost Years of Erasmus: Summary, Review, and Speculation, Studies in the Renaissance, Vol. 9 (1962), p. 174. Erasmus continued to report occasionally to the prior, who disputed the validity of the 1505 dispensation. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Undispensed illegitimacy had various effects under canon law: it was not possible to be ordained a secular priest or to hold benefices, for example. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Peter (2005). "New sources for the history of the religious life: the registers of the Apostolic Penitentiary". Monastic Research Bulletin. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monastic+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=New+sources+for+the+history+of+the+religious+life%3A+the+registers+of+the+Apostolic+Penitentiary&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Subsequent students included Ignatius of Loyola, Noël Béda, Jean Calvin, and John Knox. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Some of these visits were interrupted by trips back to Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> According to theologian Thomas Scheck "In the fuller context of the Ratio the "ceremonies" Erasmus criticizes are not the liturgical rites of the Church, but the special devotions and prescriptions added to them, particularly those related to food and clothing, which became binding in particular religious orders and more generally, under threat of excommunication and even eternal punishment."<a href="#cite_note-scheck1-89">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> "We ﬁnd in the New Testament that fasting was observed by Christians and praised by the apostles, but I do not remember reading that it was prescribed with certain rites. These things are not mentioned so that any ceremonies that the church has instituted concerning clothing, fasting or similar matters should be despised, but to show that Christ and his apostles were more concerned with things pertaining to salvation."<a href="#cite_note-scheck1-89">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Movingly remembering later, how Alexander would play the monochord, recorder or lute in the afternoon after studies.<a href="#cite_note-102">[77]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Even in good times, Erasmus had a "frequent inability to understand the details of his own finances" which caused him disappointment and suspicion.<a href="#cite_note-106">[80]</a> His finances as late as 1530 have been described as "bewilderingly complicated" with multiple small income sources being managed with varying degrees of promptness by different associates in different countries.<a href="#cite_note-107">[81]</a>: 2404  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Erasmus claimed the blind poet laureate friar <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Andr%C3%A9" title="Bernard André">Bernard André</a>, the former tutor of Prince Arthur, had promised to cover the rent. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1965" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, F. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44992025">"A History of the English Austin Friars (continuation)"</a>. Augustiniana. 15: 567–628. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8003">0004-8003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44992025">44992025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustiniana&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+English+Austin+Friars+%28continuation%29&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=567-628&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44992025%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0004-8003&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44992025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> p.624. It may also show the practical difficulty of being dispensed from wearing the habit of his order without being entirely dispensed from his vow of poverty: indeed, Erasmus had said his order of Augustinian Canons regular were priests when that suited and monks when that suited.<a href="#cite_note-demolen-15">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> He wrote to Servatius Rogerus, the prior at Stein, to justify his jobs: "I do not aim at becoming rich, so long as I possess just enough means to provide for my health and free time for my studies and to ensure that I am a burden to none."<a href="#cite_note-cheng_davies-113">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> It is reported that the commission of theologians Henry VIII assembled to identify the errors of Luther was made up of three of Erasmus' former students: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bullock" title="Henry Bullock">Henry Bullock</a>, Humphrey Walkden and John Watson.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Schofield, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10443/596">The lost Reformation: Why Lutheranism failed in England during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI</a> (Thesis). Newcastle University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10443%2F596">10443/596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+lost+Reformation%3A+Why+Lutheranism+failed+in+England+during+the+reigns+of+Henry+VIII+and+Edward+VI&rft.inst=Newcastle+University&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10443%2F596&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10443%2F596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> p28 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> "Beer does not suit me either, and the wine is horrible."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroud1896" class="citation book cs1">Froud, J.A. (1896). Life and Letters of Erasmus. Scribner and Sons. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Letters+of+Erasmus&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Scribner+and+Sons&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Froud&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Historians have speculated that Erasmus passed on to More an early version of <a href="/wiki/Bartholome_de_las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholome de las Casas">Bartholome de las Casas</a>' Memoria which More used for Utopia, due to 33 specific similarities of ideas, and that the fictional character Raphael Hythloday is de las Casas.<a href="#cite_note-126">[95]</a>: 45  Coincidentally, de las Casas' nemesis <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gin%C3%A9s_de_Sep%C3%BAlveda" title="Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda">Sepúlveda</a>, arguing for the natural slavery of American Indians, had previously been Erasmus' opponent as well, initially supporting the anti-decadence of Erasmus' Ciceronians but then finding heresy in his translations and works. Another theory is that Raphael Hythloday is Erasmus himself.<a href="#cite_note-maarten-72">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Italian gold <a href="/wiki/Florin" title="Florin">florins</a> and Venetian gold <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a>, Dutch silver <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder#1500-60,_Spanish_Netherlands" title="Dutch guilder">guilders</a> had similar values. However, there is no single modern equivalent exchange rate.<a href="#cite_note-133">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kings-138"><a href="#cite_ref-kings_138-0">^</a> By 1524, his disciples included, in his words, "the (Holy Roman) Emperor, the Kings of England, France, and Denmark, Prince Ferdinand of Germany, the Cardinal of England, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and more princes, more bishops, more learned and honourable men than I can name, not only in England, Flanders, France, and Germany, but even in Poland and Hungary..." quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper2020" class="citation web cs1">Trevor-Roper, Hugh (30 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pro-europa.eu/europe/trevor-roper-hugh-erasmus/">"Erasmus"</a>. Pro Europa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229081301/https://www.pro-europa.eu/europe/trevor-roper-hugh-erasmus/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro+Europa&rft.atitle=Erasmus&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.aulast=Trevor-Roper&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pro-europa.eu%2Feurope%2Ftrevor-roper-hugh-erasmus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Rhenanus shared many humanist contacts from Paris and Strassburg: a former student of <a href="/wiki/Publio_Fausto_Andrelini" title="Publio Fausto Andrelini">Andrelini</a>, friend of the Amerbach family, colleague of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Brant" title="Sebastian Brant">Sebastian Brant</a> etc. He had learned printing in Paris with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Estienne" title="Robert Estienne">Robert Estienne</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> In his own house "Zur alten Treu" which Froben had bought in 1521 and fitted with Erasmus' required fireplace.<a href="#cite_note-146">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Engineered by reformer Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[114]</a> the leading Thomist of his age, who had become a friendly correspondent of Erasmus and had moved to bibliocentrism, progressively producing his own commentaries on the New Testament and most of the Old. Erasmus was initially sceptical of Cajetan, blaming him for taking a too-hard line against Luther, however he was won over in 1521 after reading Cajetan's works on the Eucharist, Confession and invocation of the saints.<a href="#cite_note-seaver-151">[115]</a>: 357  In 1530, Cajetan proposed that concessions be made to Germany to allow communion under both kinds and married clergy, in full sympathy with Erasmus' spirit of mediation. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> "When the Lutheran tragedy (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Lutheranae tragoediae) opened, and all the world applauded, I advised my friends to stand aloof. I thought it would end in bloodshed...", Letter to Alberto Pío, 1525, in e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Life_and_letters_of_Erasmus_%28IA_cu31924026502793%29.pdf">"Froude, Life and Letters of Erasmus, p 322"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Froude%2C+Life+and+Letters+of+Erasmus%2C+p+322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F4%2F49%2FLife_and_letters_of_Erasmus_%2528IA_cu31924026502793%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> In a few hours, they cleansed churches of idolatry by smashing statues, rood-screens, lights, altar paintings – everything they could lay their hands on, including Hans Holbein the Younger's work.[...] the hang-man lit nine ﬁres in front of the Minster [...] It was, [a witness] lamented, as though these objects 'had been public heretics'.[...] Nowhere else was the destruction by Christian activists so unexpected, violent, swift and complete.<a href="#cite_note-rublack-156">[118]</a>: 96  </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Prominent reformers like <a href="/wiki/Oecolampadius" class="mw-redirect" title="Oecolampadius">Oecolampadius</a> urged him to stay. However, Campion, Erasmus and Switzerland, op. cit., p26, says that Œcolampadius wanted to drive Erasmus from the city. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> He spent the first two years in Freiburg as a guest of the city in the unfinished mansion <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_zum_Walfisch" class="extiw" title="de:Haus zum Walfisch">Haus zum Walfisch</a> and was indignant when an attempt was made to charge back-rent: he <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_zum_Walfisch#Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Haus zum Walfisch">paid</a> this rent, and that of another refugee from Basel in his house, his fellow <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Canon">Augustinian Canon</a> Bishop <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Mair" class="extiw" title="de:Augustin Mair">Augustinus Marius</a>, the humanist preacher who had led the efforts in Basel to resist Œcolampadius. Emerton (1889), p.449. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> His arthritic gout<a href="#cite_note-165">[124]</a> kept him housebound and unable to write: "Even on Easter Day I said mass in my bedroom." Letter to Nicolaus Olahus (1534) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> De Góis then proceeded to Padua, meeting with the humanist cardinals Bembo and Sadeleto, and with Ignatius of Loyola. He had previously dined with Luther and Melanchthon, and met Bucer.<a href="#cite_note-168">[126]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> The last was released at the time of Henry VIII and Anne Bolyn's wedding; Erasmus appended a statement that indicated he opposed the marriage. Erasmus outlived Anne and her brother by two months. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Erasmus writing a moving letter to William Blount's teenaged son <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_5th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy">Charles</a> about Warham: "I wrote this in sorrow and grief, my mind totally devastated… We had made a vow to die together; he had promised a common grave…I am held back here half-alive, still owing the debt from the vow I had made, which …I will soon pay. …Instead, even time, which is supposed to cure even the most grievous sorrows, merely makes this wound more and more painful. What more can I say? I feel that I am being called. I will be glad to die here together with that incomparable and irrevocable patron of mine, provided I am allowed, by the mercy of Christ, to live there together with him."<a href="#cite_note-scheck1-89">[66]</a>: 86  </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> "I am so weary of this region[...]I feel that there is a conspiracy to kill me[...]Many hope for war." Letter to Erasmus Schets (1534) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> In the Expositio Fidelis, Erasmus recounts "Included with the Carthusians was the Brigittine monk Reynolds, a man of angelic features and angelic character and possessed of sound judgment, as I discovered through the conversations I had with him when I was in England in the company of Cardinal Campeggi."<a href="#cite_note-correspondence-176">[130]</a>: 611  </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> During which he occupied himself copying out quotations from Erasmus' Adages etc and formally complaining about the protestantized English translation of Erasmus' Paraphrases of the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-179">[132]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_1924-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Church_1924_187-0">^</a> Contrast the "outsider" interpretation of Huizinga "He tried to remain in the fold of the old [Roman] Church, after having damaged it seriously, and renounced the [Protestant] Reformation, and to a certain extent even Humanism, after having furthered both with all his strength." <a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a>, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation (tr. F. Hopman and Barbara Flower; New York: Harper and Row, 1924), p. 190. with the "insider" interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a> "He was a reformer in the best sense, as so many far-seeing and spiritual-minded churchmen of those days were. He desired to better and beautify and perfect the system he found in vogue, and he had the courage of his convictions to point out what he thought stood in need of change and improvement, but he was no iconoclast; he had no desire to pull down or root up or destroy under the plea of improvement. That he remained to the last the friend of Popes and bishops and other orthodox churchmen, is the best evidence, over and above his own words, that his real sentiments were not misunderstood by men who had the interests of the Church at heart, and who looked upon him as true and loyal, if perhaps a somewhat eccentric and caustic son of Holy Church. Even in his last sickness he received from the Pope proof of his esteem, for he was given a benefice of considerable value."<a href="#cite_note-gasquet-43">[35]</a>: 200  </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> This assertion is contradicted by Gonzalo Ponce de Leon speaking in 1595 at the Roman <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Congregation of the Index</a> on the (mostly successful) de-prohibition of Erasmus' works said that he died "as a Catholic having received the sacraments." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenchi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Menchi, Silvana Seidel (2000). "Sixteenth-Annual Bainton Lecture". Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook. 20 (1): 30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187492700X00048">10.1163/187492700X00048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+of+Rotterdam+Society+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Sixteenth-Annual+Bainton+Lecture&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187492700X00048&rft.aulast=Menchi&rft.aufirst=Silvana+Seidel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> According to historian Jan van Herwaarden, it is consistent with Erasmus' view that outward signs were not important; what mattered is the believer's direct relationship with God. However, van Herwaarden states that "he did not dismiss the rites and sacraments out of hand but asserted a dying person could achieve a state of salvation without the priestly rites, provided their faith and spirit were attuned to God" (i.e., maintaining being in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/state_of_grace" class="extiw" title="wikt:state of grace">State of Grace</a>) noting Erasmus' stipulation that this was "as the (Catholic) Church believes."<a href="#cite_note-189">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> "He left a small fortune, in trusts for the benefit of the aged and infirm, the education of young men of promise, and as marriage portions for deserving young women – nothing, however, for Masses for the repose of his soul." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kerr, Fergus (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43250928">"Comment: Erasmus"</a>. New Blackfriars. 86 (1003): 257–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0028-4289.2005.00081.x">10.1111/j.0028-4289.2005.00081.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4289">0028-4289</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43250928">43250928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Blackfriars&rft.atitle=Comment%3A+Erasmus&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1003&rft.pages=257-258&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0028-4289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43250928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0028-4289.2005.00081.x&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43250928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> 'After the payment of all outstanding claims, the sum in the hands of Bonifacius and the two Basel executors amounted to 5,000 florins. This sum was invested in a loan to the duchy of Württemberg that yielded an annual income of 250 florins. The greater part of this sum became a fund to provide scholarships for students at the University of Basel (in theology, law, and medicine); the rest went into a fund devoted to the assistance of the poor."<a href="#cite_note-correspondence-176">[130]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Florin" title="Florin">modern terms</a>, 5000 florins could be between US$500,000 and US$5,000,000; 250 florins could be between $25,000 and $250,000 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Historian Kirk Essary comments "Reading the work (Exomologesis), one is reminded that Erasmus remains underrated for his psychological insights in general and that he is perhaps overlooked as a pastoral theologian."<a href="#cite_note-199">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> For Erasmus, "dogmatics do not exist for themselves; they take on meaning only when they issue, on the one hand, in the exegesis of scripture and, on the other, in moral action" according to Manfred Hoffmann's Erkenntnis und Verwirklichung der wahren Theologie nach Erasmus von Rotterdam (1972) <a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 137  </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> However, "his wit can be gentle; it can break out into bitterness. In controversy, resentments and anxieties can get loose, countermanding the Christian imperative of love to which he was devoted and which runs as a leitmotiv through all his writings." Mansfield <a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 230  </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> "So thin- skinned that a fly would draw blood." Albert Pio, quoted in Encyclopedia Britannica<a href="#cite_note-encyc-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-slippery-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slippery_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-slippery_208-1">b</a> His mode of expression made him "slippery like a snake", according to Luther,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser2017" class="citation journal cs1">Visser, Arnoud (2017). "Irreverent Reading: Martin Luther as Annotator of Erasmus". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 48 (1): 87–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2FSCJ4801005">10.1086/SCJ4801005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F348917">1874/348917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31540853">31540853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Irreverent+Reading%3A+Martin+Luther+as+Annotator+of+Erasmus&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-109&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F348917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31540853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2FSCJ4801005&rft.aulast=Visser&rft.aufirst=Arnoud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> "[...]of all Renaissance writers, Erasmus is the one who prefers the dialogue, with its avoidance of dogmatism, it balance and swing of debate, its insistence of friendship and communication.<a href="#cite_note-cwe23-7">[5]</a>: 7  </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> For Markish, Erasmus' "theological opposition to a form of religious thought which he identified with Judaism was not translated into crude prejudice against actual Jews", to the extent that Erasmus could be described as 'a-semitic' rather than 'anti-semitic'.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/erasmus-of-rotterdam">"Erasmus of Rotterdam"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. AICE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715072502/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/erasmus-of-rotterdam">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Erasmus+of+Rotterdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ferasmus-of-rotterdam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Historian Kevin Ingram suggests "The conversos also clearly reveled in Erasmus's comparison, in the Enchiridion, of Old-Christians mired in ceremonial practice to Pharisees who had forgotten the true message of Judaism, a statement they used as a counter-punch against Old-Christian accusations of converso Judaizing. The conversos conveniently ignored the anti-semitic aspect of Erasmus' statement."<a href="#cite_note-ingram-172">[128]</a>: 71  </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> "Erasmus discussed Amerindians and their way of life only as a tool, an analogy or parable, for those issues that consistently preoccupied his mind, namely the mores of the Christian Church."<a href="#cite_note-ron1-219">[158]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Erasmus, de bello Turcico, apud Ron, Nathan The Non-Cosmopolitan Erasmus: An Examination of his Turkophobic/Islamophobic Rhetoric, op. cit. p 99: Ron takes this as an affirmation by Erasmus of the low nature of Turks; the alternative view would take it as a negative foil (applying the model of <a href="/wiki/The_Mote_and_the_Beam" title="The Mote and the Beam">the Mote and the Beam</a>) where the prejudice is <a href="/wiki/Communication_accommodation_theory" title="Communication accommodation theory">appropriated</a> in order to subvert it. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Summa nostrae religionis pax est et unanimated. Erasmus continued: "This can hardly remain the case unless we define as few matters as possible and leave each individual's judgement free on many questions." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1523" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus (1523). Letter to Carondelet: The Preface to His Edition of St. Hilary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Carondelet%3A+The+Preface+to+His+Edition+of+St.+Hilary&rft.date=1523&rft.au=Erasmus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> Note that the use of summa is perhaps also a backhanded reference to the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Summa" title="Summa">summa</a>, which he upbraided for their moral and spiritual uselessness.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurtz1950" class="citation journal cs1">Surtz, Edward L. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4172947">""Oxford Reformers" and Scholasticism"</a>. Studies in Philology. 47 (4): 547–556. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4172947">4172947</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619155829/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4172947">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=%22Oxford+Reformers%22+and+Scholasticism&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=547-556&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4172947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Surtz&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4172947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Vicit mansuetudine, vicit beneficentia" R. Sider translates vicit as "he prevailed" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSider2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sider, Robert D. (31 December 2019). "A System or Method of Arriving by a Short Cut at True Theology by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam". The New Testament Scholarship of Erasmus: 479–713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781487510206-020">10.3138/9781487510206-020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487510206" title="Special:BookSources/9781487510206"><bdi>9781487510206</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198585078">198585078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Testament+Scholarship+of+Erasmus&rft.atitle=A+System+or+Method+of+Arriving+by+a+Short+Cut+at+True+Theology+by+Desiderius+Erasmus+of+Rotterdam&rft.pages=479-713&rft.date=2019-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198585078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781487510206-020&rft.isbn=9781487510206&rft.aulast=Sider&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Bruce Mansfield summarizes historian Georg Gebhart's view: "While recognizing the teaching authority, but not the primacy, of Councils, Erasmus adopted a moderate papalism, papal authority itself being essentially pastoral."<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 132  </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> If any single individual in the modern world can be credited with "the invention of peace", the honour belongs to Erasmus rather than Kant whose essay on perpetual peace was published nearly three centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-128">[96]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> "The argument of Bellum is governed by three favorite themes that recur in other works of Erasmus. First, war is naturally wrong[...]Second, Christianity forbids war[...]Third, "just cause" in war will be claimed by both sides and will be next to impossible to determine fairly: hence, the traditional criteria of the just war are nonfunctional."<a href="#cite_note-232">[165]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> "Desiderius Erasmus, Thomas More and John Colet[...]between them in the first three decades of the sixteenth century, ushered in not only humanism – an ethically sanctioned guide for practical, humanitarian ways of living in society – but also the formation of a group that might be called a 'peace movement'."<a href="#cite_note-235">[167]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> "I do not deny that I wrote some harsh things in order to deter the Christians from the madness of war, because I saw that these wars,which we witnessed for too many years, are the source of the biggest part of evils which damage Christendom. Therefore, it was necessary to come forward not only against these deeds, which are clearly criminal, but also against other actions, which are almost impossible to do without committing many crimes." Apology against Albert Pío <a href="#cite_note-ronpeace-227">[162]</a>: 11  </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> "Erasmus and Vives ruled out conquests and annexation of territories."<a href="#cite_note-ron1-219">[158]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Erasmus was not out-of-step with opinion within the church: Archbishop Bernard II Zinni of <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a> speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Council of the Lateran</a> (1512) denounced princes as the most guilty of ambition, luxury and a desire for domination. Bernard proposed that reformation must primarily involve ending war and schism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinnich1969" class="citation journal cs1">Minnich, Nelson H. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23563707">"Concepts of Reform Proposed at the Fifth Lateran Council"</a>. Archivum Historiae Pontificiae. 7: 163–251. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6785">0066-6785</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23563707">23563707</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101002510/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23563707">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Historiae+Pontificiae&rft.atitle=Concepts+of+Reform+Proposed+at+the+Fifth+Lateran+Council&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=163-251&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23563707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6785&rft.aulast=Minnich&rft.aufirst=Nelson+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23563707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> p. 173,174 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> James D.Tracy notes that mistrust of the Habsburg government in the general population (partially due to the fact Maximilian and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> were absentee rulers, the secret nature of diplomacy and other circumstances) was widespread, but it is notable that intellectuals like Erasmus and Barlandus also accepted the allegations.<a href="#cite_note-tracy_low-130">[98]</a>: 94, 95  </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> "I have made my support of the church sufficiently clear[...]The only thing in which I take pride is that I have never committed myself to any sect." Erasmus, Letter to Georgius Agricola (1534) </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Historian Johannes Trapman notes "But who are in fact heretics? According to Erasmus not somebody who doubts a minor doctrinal point or even errs in some article. [...]For the protection of the commonwealth[...] heretics who are not only blasphemous but also seditious deserve the death penalty."<a href="#cite_note-trapman-249">[175]</a>: 23  Erasmus commended that the punishment of the early church for heresy was excommunication. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> "...in large part half-Christian and perhaps nearer to true Christianity than most of our own folk." Letter to Paul Volz<a href="#cite_note-martin2024-256">[181]</a>: 32  </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> "...the goal of De bello Turcico was to warn Christians and the Church of moral deterioration and to exhort them to change their ways.... Erasmus' objection to crusades was by no means an overall opposition to fighting the Turks. Rather, Erasmus harshly condemned embezzlement and corrupt fundraising, and the Church's involvement in such nefarious activities, and regarded them as inseparable from waging a crusade." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ron, Nathan (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/67458204">"The Non-Cosmopolitan Erasmus: An Examination of his Turkophobic/Islamophobic Rhetoric"</a>. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi (Academic Journal of History and Idea).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Akademik+Tarih+ve+D%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCnce+Dergisi+%28Academic+Journal+of+History+and+Idea%29&rft.atitle=The+Non-Cosmopolitan+Erasmus%3A+An+Examination+of+his+Turkophobic%2FIslamophobic+Rhetoric&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F67458204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> pp. 97,98 </li> <li id="cite_note-OT-262"><a href="#cite_ref-OT_262-0">^</a> "If only the Christian church did not attach so much importance to the Old Testament! It is a thing of shadows, given us for a time." Ep 798 p. 305,<a href="#cite_note-261">[184]</a> For Erasmus, "...the relative importance we should ascribe to the different books of the Bible" accorded to how much "they bring us more or less directly to knowledge of (Christ)," which gave priority to the New Testament and the Gospels in particular.<a href="#cite_note-bouyer1-203">[148]</a> "To Erasmus, Judaism was obsolete. To Reuchlin, something of Judaism remained of continuing value to Christianity."<a href="#cite_note-dunkel-210">[152]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> "The Jews" (i.e. the earliest Jewish Christians in Antioch) "because of a certain human tendency, desire(d) to force their own rites upon everyone, clearly in order under this pretext to enhance their own importance. For each one wishes that the things which he himself has taught should appear as outstanding." Erasmus, Paraphrase of Romans and Galatians<a href="#cite_note-chester-204">[149]</a>: 321  </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> In marriage, Erasmus' two significant innovations, according to historian Nathan Ron, were that "matrimony can and should be a joyous bond, and that this goal can be achieved by a relationship between spouses based on mutuality, conversation, and persuasion."<a href="#cite_note-268">[189]</a>: 4:43  </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> According to historian Thomas Tentler, few Christians from his century gave as much emphasis as Erasmus to a pious attitude to death: the terrors of death are "closely connected to guilt from sin and fear of punishment" the antidote to which is first "trust in Christ and His ability to forgive sins", avoiding (Lutheran) boastful pride, then a loving, undespairing life lived with appropriate penitence. The priests' focus in the Last Rites should be comfort and hope. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTentler1965" class="citation journal cs1">Tentler, Thomas N. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2857071">"Forgiveness and Consolation in the Religious Thought of Erasmus"</a>. Studies in the Renaissance. 12: 110–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2857071">10.2307/2857071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-8658">0081-8658</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2857071">2857071</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225014445/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2857071">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Forgiveness+and+Consolation+in+the+Religious+Thought+of+Erasmus&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=110-133&rft.date=1965&rft.issn=0081-8658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2857071%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2857071&rft.aulast=Tentler&rft.aufirst=Thomas+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2857071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sider2020-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sider2020_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sider2020_273-1">b</a> "It is because Christ is in the pages of the bible that we meet him as a living person. As we read these pages we absorb his presence, we become one with him." Robert Sider<a href="#cite_note-sider2020-272">[191]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon_2012-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_2012_276-0">^</a> "Erasmus had been <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">criticizing the Catholic church</a> for years before the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">reformers</a> emerged, and not just pointing up its failings but questioning many of its basic teachings. He was the author of a series of publications, including a <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Greek edition of the New Testament</a> (1516), which laid the foundations for a model of Christianity that called for a pared-down, internalized style of religiosity focused on Scripture rather than the elaborate, and incessant, outward rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">medieval church</a>. Erasmus was not a forerunner in the sense that he conceived or defended ideas that later made up the substance of the Reformation thought. [...] It is enough that some of his ideas merged with the later Reformation message." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2012" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, C. Scott (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6kf0Tv_i1AC&pg=PA60">Contesting the Reformation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1323-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1323-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-1323-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+the+Reformation&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1323-6&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6kf0Tv_i1AC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> "Unlike Luther, he accepted papal primacy and the teaching authority of the church and did not discount human tradition. The reforms proposed by Erasmus were in the social rather than the doctrinal realm. His principal aim was to foster piety and to deepen spirituality." <a href="#cite_note-rummel1-277">[194]</a>: 37  </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> "Rigorously scientific biblical study must sustain an effort to renew the interior life, and the interior life must itself be at once the agent and the beneficiary of a renewal of the whole of Christian society." This went beyond the devotio moderna, which "was a spirituality of teachers." </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Writer Gregory Wolfe notes however "For Erasmus, the narrative of decline is a form of despair, a failure to believe that the tradition can and will generate new life."<a href="#cite_note-280">[195]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> monachatus non est pietas: Being a monk is not piety but he adds 'but a way of life that may be useful or not useful according to each man's physical make-up and disposition'.<a href="#cite_note-rummel1-277">[194]</a>: 36  </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> DeMolen claims: "It is important to recall that Erasmus remained a member of the Austin Canons all his life. His lifestyle harmonized with the spirit of the Austin Canons even though he lived outside their monastic walls."<a href="#cite_note-demolen1-39">[32]</a> Erasmus represents the anti-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Observantist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observantist (page does not exist)">Observantist</a> wing of the canons regular who believed that the charism of their orders required them to be more externally focussed (on pastoral, missionary, scholarly, charitable and sacramental works) and correspondingly de-focussed on monastic severity and ceremonialism. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> See the collequy Exequiae Seriphicae<a href="#cite_note-bietenholz-174">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> "In the first years of the Reformation many thought that Luther was only carrying out the program of Erasmus, and this was the opinion of those strict Catholics who from the outset of the great conflict included Erasmus in their attacks on Luther." <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Desiderius Erasmus">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> An expression Erasmus coined. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:bonus">Bonae</a> connotes more than just good, but also moral, honest and brave literature. Such sound learning encompassed both sacred literature (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: sacrae litterae), namely patristic writings and sacred scriptures (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: sacrae scripturae), and profane literature (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: prophanae litterae) by classical pagan authors.<a href="#cite_note-vankooten2024-298">[208]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Future cardinal <a href="/wiki/Aleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleander">Aleander</a>, his former friend and roommate at the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a>, wrote "The poison of Erasmus has a much more dangerous effect than that of Luther" <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Desiderius Erasmus">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Namely Egmondanus, the Louvain Carmelite Nicolaas Baechem.<a href="#cite_note-ocker2022-315">[223]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> Another commentator: "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther broke" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidmore2007" class="citation web cs1">Midmore, Brian (7 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207041537/http://www.passionforgrace.org.uk/Erasluther.html">"The differences between Erasmus and Luther in their approach to reform"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passionforgrace.org.uk/Erasluther.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+differences+between+Erasmus+and+Luther+in+their+approach+to+reform&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.aulast=Midmore&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passionforgrace.org.uk%2FErasluther.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> For Craig R. Thompson, Erasmus cannot be called philosopher in the technical sense, since he disdained formal logic and metaphysics and cared only for moral philosophy. Similarly, John Monfasani reminds us that Erasmus never claimed to be a philosopher, was not trained as a philosopher, and wrote no explicit works of philosophy, although he repeatedly engaged in controversies that crossed the boundary from philosophy to theology. His relation to philosophy bears further scrutiny. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacPhail" class="citation web cs1">MacPhail, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/erasmus/#H2">"Desiderius Erasmus (1468?—1536)"</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100817120759/https://iep.utm.edu/erasmus/#H2">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus+%281468%3F%E2%80%941536%29&rft.aulast=MacPhail&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Ferasmus%2F%23H2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> "Humanists regarded it (rhetoric) as a practical way to investigate questions on which dialectical argumentation based on logic had proved unable to produce certitude. Rhetoric was the procedure to be used in pursuit of conclusions that could not be proved beyond doubt but were the most probable choice among the alternatives explored."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauert" class="citation web cs1">Nauert, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archIves/spr2010/entries/erasmus/#RheSke">"Desiderius Erasmus"</a>. plato.stanford.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plato.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus&rft.aulast=Nauert&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2FarchIves%2Fspr2010%2Fentries%2Ferasmus%2F%23RheSke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> "According to Erasmus, Lucian's laughter is the most appropriate instrument to guide pupils towards moral seriousness because it is the denial of every peremptory and dogmatic point of view and, therefore, the image of a joyful pietas ("true religion ought to be the most cheerful thing in the world"; De recta pronuntiatione, CWE 26, 385). By teaching the relativity of communicative situations and the variability of temperaments, the laughter resulting from the art of rhetoric comes to resemble the most sincere content of Christian morality, based on tolerance and loving persuasion." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bacchi, Elisa (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38549692">"Hercules, Silenus and the Fly: Lucian's Rhetorical Paradoxes in Erasmus' Ethics"</a>. Philosophical Readings Online Journal of Philosophy. CI (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101204154/https://www.academia.edu/38549692">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Readings+Online+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Hercules%2C+Silenus+and+the+Fly%3A+Lucian%27s+Rhetorical+Paradoxes+in+Erasmus%27+Ethics&rft.volume=CI&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Bacchi&rft.aufirst=Elisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38549692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> According to historian Jamie Gianoutsos, Erasmus was not cherry-picking, in the way of St Augustine's 'spoiling the Egyptians,' i.e., acquiring what is valuable from the pagan heritage for the benefit of Christianity. "Erasmus, in contrast, had expressed reserve and even cautious criticism for Augustine's views while betraying great enthusiasm for St Jerome and his metaphor of the freeman who marries the captive slave to obtain her freedom. Christianity[...]had wed itself to the classical heritage to enhance and liberate it (i.e., that heritage) from its pagan ethos[...]"<a href="#cite_note-326">[229]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker-Smith1994" class="citation cs1">Baker-Smith, Dominic (1994). "Uses of Plato by Erasmus and More". Platonism and the English Imagination. pp. 86–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511553806.010">10.1017/CBO9780511553806.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521403085" title="Special:BookSources/9780521403085"><bdi>9780521403085</bdi></a>. p. 92: <q>Erasmus does not engage with Plato as a philosopher, at least not in any rigorous sense, but rather as a rhetorician of spiritual experience, the instigator of a metaphorical system which coheres effectively with Pauline Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uses+of+Plato+by+Erasmus+and+More&rft.btitle=Platonism+and+the+English+Imagination&rft.pages=86-99&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511553806.010&rft.isbn=9780521403085&rft.aulast=Baker-Smith&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> "Despite a lack of formal philosophical training and an antipathy to medieval <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>, Erasmus possessed not only a certain familiarity with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, but also close knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. Erasmus' interest in some Platonic motifs is well known. But the most consistent philosophical theme in Erasmus' writings from his earliest to his latest was that of the <a href="/wiki/Epicurean" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicurean">Epicurean</a> goal of peace of mind, <a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">ataraxia</a>. Erasmus, in fact, combined Christianity with a nuanced Epicurean morality. This Epicureanism, when combined in turn with a commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Sensus_fidelium#Use_by_the_magisterium" title="Sensus fidelium">consensus Ecclesiae</a> as well as with an allergy to dogmatic formulations and an appreciation of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Fathers">Greek Fathers</a>, ultimately rendered Erasmus alien to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> though they agreed on much." Abstract of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonfasani2012" class="citation journal cs1">Monfasani, John (2012). "Twenty-fifth Annual Margaret Mann Phillips Lecture: Erasmus and the Philosophers". Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook. 32 (1): 47–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-00000005">10.1163/18749275-00000005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+of+Rotterdam+Society+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Twenty-fifth+Annual+Margaret+Mann+Phillips+Lecture%3A+Erasmus+and+the+Philosophers&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-68&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-00000005&rft.aulast=Monfasani&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> Historian Fritz Caspari quipped that <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> "appears as a sceptic whose premise is the badness of man", while Erasmus is a sceptic whose general premise is "man is or can be made good."<a href="#cite_note-caspari-339">[239]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> In the Adagia, Erasmus quotes Aristotle 304 times, "making extensive use of the moral, philosophical, political, and rhetorical writings as well as those on natural philosophy, while completely shunning the logical works that formed the basis for scholastic philosophy" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann_Phillips1964" class="citation book cs1">Mann Phillips, Margaret (1964). The 'Adages' of Erasmus. A Study with Translations. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Adages%27+of+Erasmus.+A+Study+with+Translations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mann+Phillips&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> apud <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraninger2023" class="citation book cs1">Traninger, Anita (25 January 2023). "Erasmus and the Philosophers". A Companion to Erasmus. pp. 45–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004539686_005">10.1163/9789004539686_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004539686" title="Special:BookSources/9789004539686"><bdi>9789004539686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Philosophers&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Erasmus&rft.pages=45-67&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004539686_005&rft.isbn=9789004539686&rft.aulast=Traninger&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> "However learned the works of those men may be, however 'subtle' and, if it please them, however 'seraphic,' it must still be admitted that the Gospels and Epistles are the supreme authority." Erasmus, Paraclesis, apud Sider <a href="#cite_note-sider-348">[246]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> Erasmus followed the tradition of proto-humanist <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, summarized as: "Aristotle was spiritually deficient, because although he could define virtue, his words lacked the power to motivate men to lead virtuous lives. It was not possible to know God adequately in this life, but it was possible to love him, which made virtue far more important than knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-350">[247]</a>: 39  </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> A narrowing of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian#Other_beliefs" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>'s "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem?" </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> Rice puts it "Philosophy is felt to be a veil of pretense over an unethical reality...pious disquisitions cannot excuse immorality." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1950" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Eugene F. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707589">"Erasmus and the Religious Tradition, 1495–1499"</a>. Journal of the History of Ideas. 11 (4): 387–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2707589">10.2307/2707589</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707589">2707589</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030123834/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707589">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Religious+Tradition%2C+1495%E2%80%931499&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-411&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2707589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2707589&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Eugene+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2707589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> pp. 402–404 </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> "For I am ready to swear that Epimenides came to life again in Scotus." Erasmus to Thomas Grey Nichols, ep. 59; Allen, ep 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> "Like <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a> before him, he recommended that (scholastic method) be practiced with greater moderation and that it be complemented by the new philological and patristic knowledge that was becoming available."<a href="#cite_note-origenscheck-358">[251]</a>: 26  </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> "I find that in comparison with the Fathers of the Church our present-day theologians are a pathetic group. Most of them lack the elegance, the charm of language, and the style of the Fathers. Content with Aristotle, they treat the mysteries of revelation in the tangled fashion of the logician. Excluding the Platonists from their commentaries, they strangle the beauty of revelation." Enchiridion, Erasmus, apud <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkos2007" class="citation journal cs1">Markos, Louis A. (April 2007). "The Enchiridion of Erasmus". Theology Today. 64 (1): 80–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057360706400109">10.1177/004057360706400109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171469828">171469828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Enchiridion+of+Erasmus&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-88&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004057360706400109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171469828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Markos&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> p. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> "Why don't we all reflect: this must be a marvelous and new philosophy since, in order to reveal it to mortals, he who was god became man..."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1516" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus (1516). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cite-osucc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Erasmus.Paraclesis.1516.pdf">Paraclesis</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811143733/https://www.cite-osucc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Erasmus.Paraclesis.1516.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paraclesis&rft.date=1516&rft.au=Erasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cite-osucc.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FErasmus.Paraclesis.1516.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> A Lutheran view: "Philosophia christiana as taught by Erasmus has never been factual reality; wherever it was philosophia, it was not christiana; wherever it was christiana, it was not philosophia." <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a><a href="#cite_note-ewolf-363">[253]</a>: 1559  </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> Similar to <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>'s statement "the greatest philosopher is none other than Christ."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahey2009" class="citation book cs1">Lahey, Stephen Edmund (1 May 2009). John Wyclif. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195183313.003.0005">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183313.003.0005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Wyclif&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195183313.003.0005&rft.aulast=Lahey&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Philosopher Étienne Gilson has noted "Confronted with the same failure of philosophy to rise above the order of formal logic, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a> between 1150 and 1180, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_of_Autrecourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas of Autrecourt">Nicolas of Autrecourt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrach" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrach">Petrach</a> in 1360, Erasmus of Rotterdam around 1490, spontaneously conceived a similar method to save Christian faith," i.e. a sceptical-about-scholasticism ad-fontes religious moralism promoting peace and charity.<a href="#cite_note-gilson-366">[254]</a>: 102–107  </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> Accommodation and scopus christi were ideas significant later, in Calvin's theology.<a href="#cite_note-369">[256]</a>: 231, 131  </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> For example, "It is likely that Erasmus rejected the traditional view of Hell as a place of real, material fire. But although he probably conceived of it as a place of mental rather than physical torment,... Erasmus does not appear to reject the eternality of Hell."<a href="#cite_note-chapin-371">[257]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> Furthermore, "the role <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics#Allegorical" title="Hermeneutics">allegory</a> plays in Erasmus' <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> is <a href="/wiki/Analogy#Catholicism" title="Analogy">analogous</a> to the crucial place accommodation obtains in his theology".<a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-373">[258]</a>: 7 ) </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> "We see Erasmus' hermeneutic as governed by the idea of language as mediation [...] The dynamics of mediation, central as it is in Erasmus' hermeneutic, informed all aspects of his world view."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann1994" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Manfred (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781487585884_A35159560/preview-9781487585884_A35159560.pdf">Rhetoric and Theology</a> (PDF). University of Toronto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0579-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-0579-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223001814/https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781487585884_A35159560/preview-9781487585884_A35159560.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+and+Theology&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0579-3&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.pageplace.de%2Fpreview%2FDT0400.9781487585884_A35159560%2Fpreview-9781487585884_A35159560.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> "Just as the Word of God is the image of the Father, so too, human speech is a certain image of the human mind, which is the most wondrous and powerful thing man has."<a href="#cite_note-377">[260]</a>: 27  </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> "The saintly versatility with which Christ and Paul accommodate their message to their imperfect hearers is one of the highest expressions of their charity, which desires the salvation of all men."<a href="#cite_note-kinney-302">[211]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> Erasmus quoted "I have become all things to all men, that I might by all means save some." ( Cor. 9:22, RSV).<a href="#cite_note-pabel1995-380">[261]</a>: 55  </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> "The gospel text for Erasmus, and many others, possessed "the capacity to transform our inner self by the presence of God as incarnated in the text (or 'inverbation') <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeushuis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Leushuis, Reinier (3 July 2017). "Emotion and Imitation: The Jesus Figure in Erasmus's Gospel Paraphrases". Reformation. 22 (2): 82–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13574175.2017.1387967">10.1080/13574175.2017.1387967</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171463846">171463846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reformation&rft.atitle=Emotion+and+Imitation%3A+The+Jesus+Figure+in+Erasmus%27s+Gospel+Paraphrases&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=82-101&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13574175.2017.1387967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171463846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leushuis&rft.aufirst=Reinier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988">: 93  </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> Not a novel idea: see <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>' "For as there is no place in which it is more proper to seek Thee than in Thy words, so is there no place where Thou art more clearly discovered than in Thy words. For therein Thou abidest, and thither Thou leadest all who seek and love Thee."<a href="#cite_note-385">[264]</a> : ch2  </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> Mansfield<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 166  summarizes Robert Kleinhan that "In contrast to contemporary theologies which centred on grace (Luther) or church and sacraments (the Council of Trent), Erasmus' theology 'stressed the acquisition of peace through the virtue obtainable by union with Christ through meditation upon the documents of the early church's witness to him.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> For Erica Rummel "In content, Erasmian theology is characterized by a twin emphasis on inner piety and on the word as mediator between God and the believer."<a href="#cite_note-rummel1-277">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> Margaret O'Rourke Boyle sees it as "The text was real presence."<a href="#cite_note-boyle-338">[238]</a>: 49  However, this may go too far: "The Christian Faith does not recognize either inlibration or inverbation"<a href="#cite_note-390">[266]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> "Erasmus insists in the Ratio that in the process of interpreting a passage from Scripture it is essential to consider not only what was said but also by whom and to whom it was said, with which words, at what time, on what occasion, and what preceded and followed it."<a href="#cite_note-pabel1995-380">[261]</a>: 65  </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> This was a fine-grained extension of the medieval theory of modus procedendi, associated with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, that each biblical book requires a different mode of proceeding as history, law, lyric, etc.<a href="#cite_note-393">[267]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> Scopus comes from Origen and was also picked up by Melanchthon. Saarinen, Risto. Luther and the Reading of Scripture in <a href="#cite_note-395">[268]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> "Erasmus is so thoroughly, radically Christ-centered in his understanding of both Christian faith and practice that if we overlook or downplay this key aspect of his character and vision, we not only do him a grave disservice but we almost completely misunderstand him."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkos2007" class="citation journal cs1">Markos, Louis A. (April 2007). "The Enchiridion of Erasmus". Theology Today. 64 (1): 80–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004057360706400109">10.1177/004057360706400109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171469828">171469828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theology+Today&rft.atitle=The+Enchiridion+of+Erasmus&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-88&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004057360706400109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171469828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Markos&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> According to philosopher John Smith "The core of his theological thought he traced back to Christ's Sermon on the Mount, rather than Paul."<a href="#cite_note-400">[271]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> Historical theologian Carl Meyer writes "Because the Scriptures are the genuine oracles of God, welling forth from the deepest recesses of the divine mind, Erasmus said they should be approached with reverence. Humility and veneration are needed to find the secret chambers of eternal wisdom. "Stoop to enter," Erasmus warned, "else you might bump your head and bounce back!"<a href="#cite_note-meyer1-247">[173]</a>: 738  </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> According to historian Emily Alianello, "Throughout Ecclesiastes, Erasmus seeks to orient his theories of preaching around "the simplicity of Christ's teaching and example." Consequently, preaching is not for engaging in controversy, but for bringing salvation, moving the congregation to a moral life and building community through concord."<a href="#cite_note-403">[272]</a>: 71  </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> I.e., Erasmus' method is that Jesus' primary teachings are not things you (whether lay person or theologian) interpret in the light of everything else (particularly some novel, post-patristic theological schema, even if ostensibly biblically coherent), but what you base your interpretation of everything else on. </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> This is quite contrary to Luther's privileging of his scheme of justification, its associated verses of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a>, and his prizing of vehement assertions and insults. Erica Rummel notes "The similarities between his and Luther's thought were of course superficial."<a href="#cite_note-rummel1-277">[194]</a>: 36  </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> As with many of his individual works, reading The Praise of Folly in isolation from his other works may give an idea of Erasmus' priorities different to that given by broader reading, even though he sometimes claimed to be re-presenting essentially the same thoughts in different genres. </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> This was a long-recognized tendency: indeed <a href="/wiki/Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a> wrote in the Preface to his <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiae">Summa Theologiae</a> that "students in this science have not seldom been hampered by what they have found written by other authors, partly on account of the multiplication of useless questions, articles, and arguments"<a href="#cite_note-409">[274]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> "Erasmus saw the scholastic exercise, in its high intellectualism, as fundamentally wrong-headed."<a href="#cite_note-mansfield-20">[16]</a>: 148  </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> Historian William McCuaig wrote " I will however defend the view that for the historian evangelism is the category to which Erasmus should rightly be assigned."<a href="#cite_note-mccuaig-412">[275]</a> Historian Hilmar Pabel wrote "an essential aspect of Erasmus' life's work (was)...his participation in the responsibility of the bishops and all pastors to win souls for Christ."<a href="#cite_note-pabel1995-380">[261]</a>: 54  </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> "Without denying the presence of theological mistakes in Origen's corpus, Erasmus felt that an irenic attitude toward Origen was more helpful to the Church than one of censorious criticism. Erasmus believed that Origen had seen further into the mind of St Paul than Augustine had done."<a href="#cite_note-415">[277]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Tracy_(historian)" title="James Tracy (historian)">Tracy, James D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Desiderius-Erasmus">"Desiderius Erasmus Biography & Facts"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529133421/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Desiderius-Erasmus">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus+Biography+%26+Facts&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FDesiderius-Erasmus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Sauer, J. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm">Desiderius Erasmus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613002254/http://newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm">Archived</a> 13 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 10 August 2019 from New Advent: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613002254/http://newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm">Archived</a> 13 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition,_v._8.djvu/536">"Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 8.djvu/536 – Wikisource, the free online library"</a>. en.wikisource.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Page%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Ninth+Edition%2C+v.+8.djvu%2F536+%E2%80%93+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%3AEncyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica%2C_Ninth_Edition%2C_v._8.djvu%2F536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vollerthun-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vollerthun_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vollerthun_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vollerthun_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vollerthun_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vollerthun_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vollerthun_5-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVollerthunRichardson2017" class="citation book cs1">Vollerthun, Ursula; Richardson, James L. (31 August 2017). The Idea of International Society: Erasmus, Vitoria, Gentili and Grotius. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108264945.005">10.1017/9781108264945.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+International+Society%3A+Erasmus%2C+Vitoria%2C+Gentili+and+Grotius&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108264945.005&rft.aulast=Vollerthun&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft.au=Richardson%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cwe23-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cwe23_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cwe23_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cwe23_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cwe23_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Erasmus, Desideriushg (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442676695">Literary and Educational Writings, 1 and 2: Volume 1: Antibarbari / Parabolae. Volume 2: De copia / De ratione studii, Volume 23–24</a>. Vol. 23–24. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442676695">10.3138/9781442676695</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5395-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5395-4"><bdi>978-0-8020-5395-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442676695">10.3138/9781442676695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+and+Educational+Writings%2C+1+and+2%3A+Volume+1%3A+Antibarbari+%2F+Parabolae.+Volume+2%3A+De+copia+%2F+De+ratione+studii%2C+Volume+23%E2%80%9324&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442676695%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442676695&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5395-4&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Desideriushg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442676695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Olin, John (23 October 2020). "Introduction: Erasmus, a Biographical Sketch". Christian Humanism and the Reformation: 1–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780823295289-004">10.1515/9780823295289-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-9528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-9528-9"><bdi>978-0-8232-9528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Humanism+and+the+Reformation&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Erasmus%2C+a+Biographical+Sketch&rft.pages=1-38&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780823295289-004&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-9528-9&rft.aulast=Olin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-new-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-new_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_11-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudriaan2019" class="citation journal cs1">Goudriaan, Koen (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/2eb41bd4-6929-41be-a984-94747300015a">"New Evidence on Erasmus' Youth"</a>. Erasmus Studies. 39 (2): 184–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-03902002">10.1163/18749275-03902002</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1%2F2eb41bd4-6929-41be-a984-94747300015a">1871.1/2eb41bd4-6929-41be-a984-94747300015a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203519815">203519815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=New+Evidence+on+Erasmus%27+Youth&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=184-216&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1871.1%2F2eb41bd4-6929-41be-a984-94747300015a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203519815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-03902002&rft.aulast=Goudriaan&rft.aufirst=Koen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F2eb41bd4-6929-41be-a984-94747300015a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvarucci1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Avarucci, Giuseppe (1983). "Due codici scritti da 'Gerardus Helye' padre di Erasmo". Italia Medioevale e Umanistica (in Italian). 26: 215–55, esp. 238–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italia+Medioevale+e+Umanistica&rft.atitle=Due+codici+scritti+da+%27Gerardus+Helye%27+padre+di+Erasmo&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=215-55%2C+esp.+238-39&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Avarucci&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Huizinga, Erasmus, pp. 4 and 6 (Dutch-language version) </li> <li id="cite_note-vredeveld-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vredeveld_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vredeveld_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vredeveld_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVredeveld1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Vredeveld, Harry (Winter 1993). "The Ages of Erasmus and the Year of his Birth". Renaissance Quarterly. Vol. 46, no. 4. pp. 754–809. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3039022">3039022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ages+of+Erasmus+and+the+Year+of+his+Birth&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=754-809&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3039022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vredeveld&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demolen-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demolen_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demolen_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demolen_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demolen_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demolen_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demolen_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demolen_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMolen1976" class="citation journal cs1">DeMolen, Richard L. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20675524">"Erasmus as Adolescent: "Shipwrecked am I, and lost, 'mid waters chill'": Erasmus to Sister Elisabeth"</a>. Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. 38 (1): 7–25. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-1999">0006-1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20675524">20675524</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230722121609/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20675524">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27Humanisme+et+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Erasmus+as+Adolescent%3A+%22Shipwrecked+am+I%2C+and+lost%2C+%27mid+waters+chill%27%22%3A+Erasmus+to+Sister+Elisabeth&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-25&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20675524%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0006-1999&rft.aulast=DeMolen&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20675524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seop2009-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seop2009_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seop2009_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seop2009_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-seop2009_16-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauert" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nauert, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2009/entries/erasmus/#LifWor">"Desiderius Erasmus"</a>. Winter 2009 Edition. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719091924/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2009/entries/erasmus/#LifWor">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus&rft.btitle=Winter+2009+Edition&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Nauert&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2009%2Fentries%2Ferasmus%2F%23LifWor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gleason1979-17"><a href="#cite_ref-gleason1979_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason1979" class="citation magazine cs1">Gleason, John B. (Spring 1979). "The Birth Dates of John Colet and Erasmus of Rotterdam: Fresh Documentary Evidence". Renaissance Quarterly. Vol. 32, no. 1. The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America. pp. 73–76. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2859872">2859872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Birth+Dates+of+John+Colet+and+Erasmus+of+Rotterdam%3A+Fresh+Documentary+Evidence&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-76&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2859872%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epistles-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epistles_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epistles_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epistles_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmusNichols1901–1918" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Desiderius; Nichols, Francis Norgan (1901–1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/epistlesoferasmu02erasuoft/page/336/mode/2up?view=theater">The Epistles of Erasmus: from his earliest letters to his fifty-first year arranged in order of time</a>. London: Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistles+of+Erasmus%3A+from+his+earliest+letters+to+his+fifty-first+year+arranged+in+order+of+time&rft.pub=London%3A+Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1901%2F1918&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Desiderius&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Francis+Norgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fepistlesoferasmu02erasuoft%2Fpage%2F336%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1">b</a> Cornelius Augustijn, Erasmus: His life, work and influence, University of Toronto, 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-mansfield-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mansfield_20-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield2003" class="citation book cs1">Mansfield, Bruce (6 May 2003). "Erasmus in the Twentieth Century: Interpretations 1920-2000". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442674554">Erasmus in the Twentieth Century</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442674554">10.3138/9781442674554</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7455-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7455-4"><bdi>978-1-4426-7455-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erasmus+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Interpretations+1920-2000&rft.btitle=Erasmus+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442674554&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-7455-4&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%2F9781442674554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230501114617/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 1 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F05510b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The 19th-century novel <a href="/wiki/The_Cloister_and_the_Hearth" title="The Cloister and the Hearth">The Cloister and the Hearth</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reade" title="Charles Reade">Charles Reade</a>, is an account of the lives of Erasmus's parents. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrendler1983" class="citation journal cs1">Grendler, Paul F. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40256471">"In Praise of Erasmus"</a>. The Wilson Quarterly. 7 (2): 88–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-3276">0363-3276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40256471">40256471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+Erasmus&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-101&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40256471%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0363-3276&rft.aulast=Grendler&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40256471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1966" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Clement A. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3085961">"Erasmus on Music"</a>. The Musical Quarterly. 52 (3): 332–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2FLII.3.332">10.1093/mq/LII.3.332</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4631">0027-4631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3085961">3085961</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909092024/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3085961">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Erasmus+on+Music&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=332-349&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0027-4631&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3085961%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2FLII.3.332&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Clement+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3085961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Hegius">"Alexander Hegius"</a>. 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Davidsfonds/Leuven, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosen2020" class="citation book cs1">Roosen, Joris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/399979/dissertatie-joris%20roosen-full%20-%205f744c300d822.pdf?sequence=1">The Black Death and recurring plague during the late Middle Ages in the County of Hainaut: Differential impact and diverging recovery</a> (PDF). p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6416-146-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6416-146-5"><bdi>978-94-6416-146-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720142520/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/399979/dissertatie-joris%20roosen-full%20-%205f744c300d822.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2023. 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Archivium Hibernicum. 71: 244–272. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-8745">0044-8745</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48564991">48564991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivium+Hibernicum&rft.atitle=Reforming+Christianity+in+early+sixteenth-century+Italy%3A+the+Barnabites%2C+the+Somaschans%2C+the+Ursulines%2C+and+the+hospitals+for+the+incurables&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=244-272&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48564991%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0044-8745&rft.aulast=Mazzonis&rft.aufirst=Querciolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48564991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gasquet-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gasquet_43-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasquet1900" class="citation book cs1">Gasquet, Francis Aidan (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/50328/pg50328-images.html#CHAPTER_VI">The Eve of the Reformation. 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Victorine Texts in Translation. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorine+Texts+in+Translation&rft.atitle=Richard+of+St.+Victor%2C+On+the+Four+Degrees+of+Violent+Love&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kraebel&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1563989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Forrest Tyler Stevens, "Erasmus's 'Tigress': The Language of Friendship, Pleasure, and the Renaissance Letter". Queering the Renaissance, Duke University Press, 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 1, p. 12 (<a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>: University of Toronto Press, 1974) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus2009" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Desiderius (23 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8mB_FILtngC&q=Condemns">Collected Works of Erasmus: Paraphrases on the Epistles to the Corinthians, Ephesians, Philippans, Colossians, and Thessalonians, Volume 43</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442691773" title="Special:BookSources/9781442691773"><bdi>9781442691773</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811154549/https://books.google.com/books?id=m8mB_FILtngC&q=Condemns">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Erasmus%3A+Paraphrases+on+the+Epistles+to+the+Corinthians%2C+Ephesians%2C+Philippans%2C+Colossians%2C+and+Thessalonians%2C+Volume+43&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009-05-23&rft.isbn=9781442691773&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Desiderius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm8mB_FILtngC%26q%3DCondemns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttonVisser-Fuchs1997" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Anne F.; Visser-Fuchs, Livia (1997). Richard III's books: ideals and reality in the life and library of a medieval prince. Stroud: Sutton publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750914068" title="Special:BookSources/0750914068"><bdi>0750914068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III%27s+books%3A+ideals+and+reality+in+the+life+and+library+of+a+medieval+prince&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+publ&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0750914068&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft.au=Visser-Fuchs%2C+Livia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988">: 376  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhner, John Byron (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcriterion.com/issues/2017/3/the-vaticans-latinist">"The Vatican's Latinist"</a>. The New Criterion. 25 (7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606033349/http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/The-Vatican-s-Latinist-8618">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Criterion&rft.atitle=The+Vatican%27s+Latinist&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kuhner&rft.aufirst=John+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewcriterion.com%2Fissues%2F2017%2F3%2Fthe-vaticans-latinist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/E/ERA/desiderius-erasmus.html">"Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest and theologian (1466–1536)"</a>. www.1902encyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213115442/https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/E/ERA/desiderius-erasmus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.1902encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus%2C+Dutch+Renaissance+humanist%2C+Catholic+priest+and+theologian+%281466%E2%80%931536%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1902encyclopedia.com%2FE%2FERA%2Fdesiderius-erasmus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt_Janin2014" class="citation book cs1">Hunt Janin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhzV368KRDMC">The University in Medieval Life, 1179–1499</a> (illustrated ed.). McFarland. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5201-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5201-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-5201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+in+Medieval+Life%2C+1179%E2%80%931499&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5201-9&rft.au=Hunt+Janin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuhzV368KRDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhzV368KRDMC&pg=PA159">Extract of page 159</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, Grace (24 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flaboratoireitalien.3742">"Mirrors for secretaries: the tradition of advice literature and the presence of classical political theory in Italian secretarial treatises"</a>. Laboratoire Italien (23). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flaboratoireitalien.3742">10.4000/laboratoireitalien.3742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laboratoire+Italien&rft.atitle=Mirrors+for+secretaries%3A+the+tradition+of+advice+literature+and+the+presence+of+classical+political+theory+in+Italian+secretarial+treatises&rft.issue=23&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Flaboratoireitalien.3742&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Flaboratoireitalien.3742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1989" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Desiderius (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eHvizkUHZEC&q=wiki&pg=PR9">Collected Works of Erasmus: Spiritualia</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2656-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2656-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-2656-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Erasmus%3A+Spiritualia&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2656-9&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Desiderius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eHvizkUHZEC%26q%3Dwiki%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2018" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Jan Willem (21 June 2018). "Copyist B of the Erasmiana Manuscripts in Gouda Identified". Quaerendo. 48 (2): 95–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700690-12341402">10.1163/15700690-12341402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165911603">165911603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaerendo&rft.atitle=Copyist+B+of+the+Erasmiana+Manuscripts+in+Gouda+Identified&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-105&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700690-12341402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165911603%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Jan+Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1910" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, P. S. (1910). "A Dispensation of Julius II for Erasmus". The English Historical Review. XXV (XCVII): 123–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXV.XCVII.123">10.1093/ehr/XXV.XCVII.123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Dispensation+of+Julius+II+for+Erasmus&rft.volume=XXV&rft.issue=XCVII&rft.pages=123-125&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXV.XCVII.123&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenColotius1910" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, P. S.; Colotius, A. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549799">"A Dispensation of Julius II for Erasmus"</a>. The English Historical Review. 97 (25): 123–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXV.XCVII.123">10.1093/ehr/XXV.XCVII.123</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549799">549799</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711045841/https://www.jstor.org/stable/549799">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Dispensation+of+Julius+II+for+Erasmus&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=123-125&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXV.XCVII.123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F549799%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft.au=Colotius%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F549799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-letter16-71"><a href="#cite_ref-letter16_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1974" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Desiderius (1974). The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 2204–2356 (August 1529 – July 1530). University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6833-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6833-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-6833-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Erasmus%3A+Letters+2204%E2%80%932356+%28August+1529+%E2%80%93+July+1530%29&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6833-1&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Desiderius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-maarten-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maarten_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maarten_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-maarten_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeir2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vermeir, Maarten M.K. (June 2012). "Brabantia: decoding the main characters of Utopia". Moreana. 49 (Number 187- (1–2): 151–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fmore.2012.49.1-2.9">10.3366/more.2012.49.1-2.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moreana&rft.atitle=Brabantia%3A+decoding+the+main+characters+of+Utopia&rft.volume=49+%28Number+187-&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=151-182&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fmore.2012.49.1-2.9&rft.aulast=Vermeir&rft.aufirst=Maarten+M.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7/hcc7.ii.iv.xii.html">"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation – Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. ccel.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621060839/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7/hcc7.ii.iv.xii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccel.org&rft.atitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VII.+Modern+Christianity.+The+German+Reformation+%E2%80%93+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc7%2Fhcc7.ii.iv.xii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsLightfootKenyon2022" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Edward D.; Lightfoot, J.B.; Kenyon, Frederic G. (2022). THE REVISIONS OF THE ENGLISH HOLY BIBLE: Misunderstandings and Misconceptions about the English Bible Translations. Christian Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798352124185" title="Special:BookSources/9798352124185"><bdi>9798352124185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+REVISIONS+OF+THE+ENGLISH+HOLY+BIBLE%3A+Misunderstandings+and+Misconceptions+about+the+English+Bible+Translations&rft.pub=Christian+Publishing+House&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9798352124185&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Edward+D.&rft.au=Lightfoot%2C+J.B.&rft.au=Kenyon%2C+Frederic+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg2022" class="citation thesis cs1">Lundberg, Christa (16 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.81488">Apostolic theology and humanism at the University of Paris, 1490–1540</a> (Thesis). Apollo – University of Cambridge Repository. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17863%2FCAM.81488">10.17863/CAM.81488</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Apostolic+theology+and+humanism+at+the+University+of+Paris%2C+1490%E2%80%931540&rft.inst=Apollo+%E2%80%93+University+of+Cambridge+Repository&rft.date=2022-02-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17863%2FCAM.81488&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17863%2FCAM.81488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoroleu2014" class="citation book cs1">Coroleu, Alejandro (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-5894-6-sample.pdf">Printing and Reading Italian Latin Humanism in Renaissance Europe (ca. 1470-ca. 1540)</a> (PDF). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5894-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5894-6"><bdi>978-1-4438-5894-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711051134/https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-4438-5894-6-sample.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printing+and+Reading+Italian+Latin+Humanism+in+Renaissance+Europe+%28ca.+1470-ca.+1540%29&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5894-6&rft.aulast=Coroleu&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgescholars.com%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2F978-1-4438-5894-6-sample.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtaszyński2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ptaszyński, Maciej (8 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/eras/41/2/article-p200_5.xml">"Theologians and Their Bellies: The Erasmian Epithet Theologaster during the Reformation"</a>. Erasmus Studies. 41 (2): 200–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-04102001">10.1163/18749275-04102001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9275">1874-9275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240246657">240246657</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230648/https://brill.com/view/journals/eras/41/2/article-p200_5.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Theologians+and+Their+Bellies%3A+The+Erasmian+Epithet+Theologaster+during+the+Reformation&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-229&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240246657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-9275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-04102001&rft.aulast=Ptaszy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Feras%2F41%2F2%2Farticle-p200_5.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-circle-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-circle_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-circle_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-circle_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-circle_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker_House" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baker House, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-96813">"Erasmus circle in England"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). 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History. 73 (238): 191–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1988.tb02151.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1988.tb02151.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2648">0018-2648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24413851">24413851</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030235031/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24413851">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Dean+Colet%27s+Convocation+Sermon+and+the+Pre-Reformation+Church+in+England&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=238&rft.pages=191-210&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0018-2648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24413851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1988.tb02151.x&rft.aulast=Harper-Bill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24413851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tracy-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy1972" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, James D. 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The Classical Journal. 29 (7): 517–526. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3290377">3290377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Erasmus%27+Greek+Studies&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=517-526&rft.date=1934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3290377%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Giese&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3290377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne2014" class="citation journal cs1">Suzanne, Hélène (December 2014). 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Moreana. 51 (3–4 (197–198)): 231–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fmore.2014.51.3-4.13">10.3366/more.2014.51.3-4.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-8105">0047-8105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moreana&rft.atitle=Conscience+in+the+Early+Renaissance%3A+the+case+of+Erasmus%2C+Luther+and+Thomas+More&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934+%28197%E2%80%93198%29&rft.pages=231-244&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fmore.2014.51.3-4.13&rft.issn=0047-8105&rft.aulast=Suzanne&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasur-Matusevich2023" class="citation book cs1">Masur-Matusevich, Yelena (2023). 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Journal of East Asia and International Law. 2 (2): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14330%2Fjeail.2009.2.2.05">10.14330/jeail.2009.2.2.05</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10454%2F5003">10454/5003</a>. 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The Reception of Erasmus in the Early Modern Period: 179–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004255630_009">10.1163/9789004255630_009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25563-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25563-0"><bdi>978-90-04-25563-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reception+of+Erasmus+in+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.atitle=On+Good+Government%3A+Erasmus%27s+Institutio+Principis+Christiani+versus+Lipsius%27s+Politica&rft.pages=179-208&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004255630_009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25563-0&rft.aulast=De+Landtsheer&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F418743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tracy_low-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_low_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_low_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracy_low_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy1996" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, James D. 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Erasmus Studies. 44 (1): 103–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-04401001">10.1163/18749275-04401001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Mourning+an+Oenophile%3A+A+Forgotten+Mock+Epitaph+for+Dirk+Martens+by+Erasmus&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-113&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-04401001&rft.aulast=Feys&rft.aufirst=Xander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/ukcompare/">"Measuring Worth – Purchasing Power of the Pound"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Worth+%E2%80%93+Purchasing+Power+of+the+Pound.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fcalculators%2Fukcompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters594-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letters594_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letters594_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letters594_135-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letters594_135-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1979" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Desiderius (31 December 1979). 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Erasmus: intellectual of the 16th century. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-79859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-79859-8"><bdi>978-3-030-79859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3A+intellectual+of+the+16th+century&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-030-79859-8&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soward-137"><a href="#cite_ref-soward_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowards1982" class="citation journal cs1">Sowards, J. K. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540011">"Erasmus and the Education of Women"</a>. The Sixteenth Century Journal. 13 (4): 77–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2540011">10.2307/2540011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-0160">0361-0160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540011">2540011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166057335">166057335</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124435/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2540011">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Education+of+Women&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=77-89&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0361-0160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166057335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2540011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2540011&rft.aulast=Sowards&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2540011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/the-erasmus-house-a-historical-cultural-complex-not-to-be-missed/">"Erasmus House, Anderlecht"</a>. 14 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430162903/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/the-erasmus-house-a-historical-cultural-complex-not-to-be-missed/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erasmus+House%2C+Anderlecht&rft.date=2016-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fbelgium%2Farticles%2Fthe-erasmus-house-a-historical-cultural-complex-not-to-be-missed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-serikoff-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-serikoff_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-serikoff_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-serikoff_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-serikoff_140-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerikoff2004" class="citation journal cs1">Serikoff, Nicolaj (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24530877">"The Concept of Scholar-Publisher in Renaissance: Johannes Froben"</a>. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 90 (1): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0439">0043-0439</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24530877">24530877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Washington+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Scholar-Publisher+in+Renaissance%3A+Johannes+Froben&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-69&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24530877%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0043-0439&rft.aulast=Serikoff&rft.aufirst=Nicolaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24530877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-141"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2006" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Christian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vU5tQgAACAAJ">Hans Holbein the Younger: The Basel Years, 1515–1532</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a>. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3580-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-3580-3"><bdi>978-3-7913-3580-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans+Holbein+the+Younger%3A+The+Basel+Years%2C+1515%E2%80%931532&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-3580-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvU5tQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Bloch Eileen M. (1965). "Erasmus and the Froben Press." Library Quarterly 35 (April): 109–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1895-0122-843">"Portrait of Erasmus of Rotterdam (Hans Holbein the Younger)"</a>. print. British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717224100/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1895-0122-843">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=print&rft.atitle=Portrait+of+Erasmus+of+Rotterdam+%28Hans+Holbein+the+Younger%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FP_1895-0122-843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> quoting G. Bartrum, German Renaissance Prints 1490–1550, BM exh. cat. 1995, no. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1989" class="citation book cs1">Erasmus, Desiderius (31 December 1989). The Correspondence of Erasmus: Letters 1252–1355 (1522–1523). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442680944">10.3138/9781442680944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8094-4"><bdi>978-1-4426-8094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Erasmus%3A+Letters+1252%E2%80%931355+%281522%E2%80%931523%29&rft.date=1989-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442680944&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-8094-4&rft.aulast=Erasmus&rft.aufirst=Desiderius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altbasel.ch/fragen/erasmus_in_basel.html">"Altbasel – Erasmus in Basel"</a>. altbasel.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108002558/https://altbasel.ch/fragen/erasmus_in_basel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=altbasel.ch&rft.atitle=Altbasel+%E2%80%93+Erasmus+in+Basel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faltbasel.ch%2Ffragen%2Ferasmus_in_basel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blair-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blair_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blair_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair2019" class="citation journal cs1">Blair, Ann (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:41473796">"Erasmus and His Amanuenses"</a>. Erasmus Studies. 39 (1): 22–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-03901011">10.1163/18749275-03901011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171933331">171933331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+His+Amanuenses&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-49&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-03901011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171933331%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A41473796&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tracey_sponge-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tracey_sponge_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tracey_sponge_149-1">b</a> Introductpry Note in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tracey, James (31 December 2010). "The Sponge of Erasmus against the Aspersions of Hutten/ Spongia adversus aspergines Hutteni". Controversies. University of Toronto Press: 1–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442660076-002">10.3138/9781442660076-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6007-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-6007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Controversies&rft.atitle=The+Sponge+of+Erasmus+against+the+Aspersions+of+Hutten%2F+Spongia+adversus+aspergines+Hutteni&rft.pages=1-146&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442660076-002&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6007-6&rft.aulast=Tracey&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1923" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, Ludwig (1923). 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Dominicana. 44 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513013157/https://www.dominicanajournal.org/wp-content/files/old-journal-archive/vol44/no4/dominicanav44n4cardinalcajetanrenaissanceman.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dominicana&rft.atitle=Cardinal+Cajetan+Renaissance+Man&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Seaver&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dominicanajournal.org%2Fwp-content%2Ffiles%2Fold-journal-archive%2Fvol44%2Fno4%2Fdominicanav44n4cardinalcajetanrenaissanceman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeurts2022" class="citation web cs1">Geurts, Twan (17 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-low-countries.com/article/pope-adrian-vi-the-barbarian-from-the-north-who-wanted-to-reform-the-vatican">"Pope Adrian VI, the 'Barbarian From the North' Who Wanted to Reform the Vatican"</a>. The Low Countries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112091254/https://www.the-low-countries.com/article/pope-adrian-vi-the-barbarian-from-the-north-who-wanted-to-reform-the-vatican">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Low+Countries&rft.atitle=Pope+Adrian+VI%2C+the+%27Barbarian+From+the+North%27+Who+Wanted+to+Reform+the+Vatican&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft.aulast=Geurts&rft.aufirst=Twan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-low-countries.com%2Farticle%2Fpope-adrian-vi-the-barbarian-from-the-north-who-wanted-to-reform-the-vatican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hirsch-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hirsch_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirsch_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirsch_155-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hirsch_155-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch1951" class="citation journal cs1">Hirsch, Elisabeth Feist (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3143242">"The Friendship of Erasmus and Damiâo De Goes"</a>. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 95 (5): 556–568. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3143242">3143242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Friendship+of+Erasmus+and+Dami%C3%A2o+De+Goes&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=556-568&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3143242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Feist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3143242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rublack-156"><a href="#cite_ref-rublack_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRublack2017" class="citation book cs1">Rublack, Ulinka (2017). "People and Networks in the Age of the Reformations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139087728.005">Reformation Europe</a> (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 92–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139087728.005">10.1017/9781139087728.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60354-7"><bdi>978-1-107-60354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People+and+Networks+in+the+Age+of+the+Reformations&rft.btitle=Reformation+Europe&rft.pages=92-123&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139087728.005&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60354-7&rft.aulast=Rublack&rft.aufirst=Ulinka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781139087728.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist/The-Protestant-challenge">"Erasmus – Dutch Humanist, Protestant Challenge"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621053941/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist/The-Protestant-challenge">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Erasmus+%E2%80%93+Dutch+Humanist%2C+Protestant+Challenge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FErasmus-Dutch-humanist%2FThe-Protestant-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8/hcc8.iv.iv.iii.html">The Reformation in Basel. Oecolampadius. History of the Christian Church, Volume VIII: Modern Christianity. The Swiss Reformation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621062226/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8/hcc8.iv.iv.iii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+Basel.+Oecolampadius.+History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VIII%3A+Modern+Christianity.+The+Swiss+Reformation&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc8%2Fhcc8.iv.iv.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> 2211 / To Thomas More, Freiburg, 5 September 1529, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Letters 2803 to 2939. Part 2". The Correspondence of Erasmus: 151–302. 31 December 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781487532833-005">10.3138/9781487532833-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3283-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3283-3"><bdi>978-1-4875-3283-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240975375">240975375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Correspondence+of+Erasmus&rft.atitle=Letters+2803+to+2939.+Part+2&rft.pages=151-302&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240975375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781487532833-005&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-3283-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-letters16-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-letters16_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letters16_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-letters16_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Letters 2803 to 2939. Part 2". The Correspondence of Erasmus: 151–302. 31 December 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781487532833-005">10.3138/9781487532833-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3283-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3283-3"><bdi>978-1-4875-3283-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240975375">240975375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Correspondence+of+Erasmus&rft.atitle=Letters+2803+to+2939.+Part+2&rft.pages=151-302&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240975375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781487532833-005&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-3283-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-162"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cM2GAQAACAAJ">Hans Holbein: Portrait of an Unknown Man</a>. Phoenix Giant. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297_815617" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297 815617"><bdi>978-0297 815617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans+Holbein%3A+Portrait+of+an+Unknown+Man&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=Phoenix+Giant&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0297815617&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcM2GAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Emerton (1889), op cit p442 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Erasmus' Illnesses in His Final Years (1533–6)". 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"Erasmus and the Non-Christian World". Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook. 32 (1): 69–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-00000006">10.1163/18749275-00000006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+of+Rotterdam+Society+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Non-Christian+World&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-83&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-00000006&rft.aulast=van+Herwaarden&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1941" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Aubrey F. G. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/470220">"Damião de Goes, a Portuguese Humanist"</a>. Hispanic Review. 9 (2): 243–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F470220">10.2307/470220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2176">0018-2176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/470220">470220</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412213226/https://www.jstor.org/stable/470220">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+Review&rft.atitle=Dami%C3%A3o+de+Goes%2C+a+Portuguese+Humanist&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-251&rft.date=1941&rft.issn=0018-2176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F470220%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F470220&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Aubrey+F.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F470220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackay-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mackay_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mackay_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Mackay, Lauren (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1397919">The life and career of Thomas Boleyn (1477–1539): courtier, ambassador, and statesman</a> (Thesis). University of Newcastle. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1959.13%2F1397919">1959.13/1397919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+life+and+career+of+Thomas+Boleyn+%281477%E2%80%931539%29%3A+courtier%2C+ambassador%2C+and+statesman&rft.inst=University+of+Newcastle&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1959.13%2F1397919&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1959.13%2F1397919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ingram-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ingram_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ingram_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngram2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Ingram, Kevin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6270j25z">Secret lives, public lies: the conversos and socio-religious non-conformism in the Spanish Golden Age</a> (Thesis). UC San Diego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104082837/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6270j25z">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Secret+lives%2C+public+lies%3A+the+conversos+and+socio-religious+non-conformism+in+the+Spanish+Golden+Age&rft.inst=UC+San+Diego&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6270j25z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bietenholz-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bietenholz_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bietenholz_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietenholz1966" class="citation book cs1">Bietenholz, Peter G. (1966). History and Biography in the Work of Erasmus of Rotterdam. 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Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flesh%2C+Blood%2C+and+Puffed-Up+Livers%3A+The+Theological%2C+Political%2C+and+Social+Contexts+behind+the+1550%E2%80%931551+Written+Eucharistic+Debate+between+Thomas+Cranmer+and+Stephen+Gardiner&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31390%2Fgradschool_dissertations.401&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.lsu.edu%2Fgradschool_dissertations%2F401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jhiblog.org/2016/10/03/prison-notebooks-toward-a-history-of-boredom/">"(Prison) Note(book)s Toward a History of Boredom"</a>. JHI Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118001622/https://www.jhiblog.org/2016/10/03/prison-notebooks-toward-a-history-of-boredom/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024. 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(1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Desiderius_Erasmus">"Desiderius Erasmus" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utorontopress.com/9780802038760/erasmus-and-his-books/">"Erasmus and His Books (Publisher's material)"</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240430053946/https://utorontopress.com/9780802038760/erasmus-and-his-books/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+His+Books+%28Publisher%27s+material%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futorontopress.com%2F9780802038760%2Ferasmus-and-his-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurasawa-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kurasawa_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kurasawa_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusukawa2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kusukawa, Sachiko (2003). "Nineteenth-Annual Bainton Lecture". 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Swiss American Historical Society. 39 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621055018/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1412&context=sahs_review">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+American+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+Switzerland&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Campion&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1412%26context%3Dsahs_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻantuan1965" class="citation journal cs1">Żantuan, Konstanty (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776600">"Erasmus and the Cracow Humanists: The Purchase of His Library by Łaski"</a>. The Polish Review. 10 (2): 3–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2970">0032-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776600">25776600</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219051029/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776600">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polish+Review&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Cracow+Humanists%3A+The+Purchase+of+His+Library+by+%C5%81aski&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-36&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25776600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0032-2970&rft.aulast=%C5%BBantuan&rft.aufirst=Konstanty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25776600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVale2020" class="citation journal cs1">Vale, Malcolm (6 November 2020). "Erasmus and his Books, by Egbertus van Gulik, tr. J.C. Grayson, ed. James K. McConica and Johannes Trapman". The English Historical Review. 135 (575): 1016–1018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceaa149">10.1093/ehr/ceaa149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+his+Books%2C+by+Egbertus+van+Gulik%2C+tr.+J.C.+Grayson%2C+ed.+James+K.+McConica+and+Johannes+Trapman&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=575&rft.pages=1016-1018&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceaa149&rft.aulast=Vale&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuggisbert2003" class="citation book cs1">Guggisbert, Hans (2003). 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Martin, Truth and Irony<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cuapress.org/9780813228099/truth-and-irony/">[1]</a> quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/eras/39/1/article-p107_9.xml?rskey=MziQyb&result=1">"Truth and Irony: Philosophical Meditations on Erasmus (Review)"</a>. Erasmus Studies. 39 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-03901009">10.1163/18749275-03901009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171963677">171963677</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123922/https://brill.com/view/journals/eras/39/1/article-p107_9.xml?rskey=MziQyb&result=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Truth+and+Irony%3A+Philosophical+Meditations+on+Erasmus+%28Review%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-03901009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171963677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Feras%2F39%2F1%2Farticle-p107_9.xml%3Frskey%3DMziQyb%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy1987" class="citation journal cs1">Tracy, James (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14315/arg-1987-jg03">"Two Erasmuses and Two Luthers: Erasmus' strategy in defense of De libero arbitrio"</a>. Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte. 78 (jg): 57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14315%2Farg-1987-jg03">10.14315/arg-1987-jg03</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171005154">171005154</a>. 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Erasmus Studies. 36 (1): 64–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-03601005">10.1163/18749275-03601005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Collected+Works+of+Erasmus%2C+written+by+Frederick+J.+McGinness+%28ed.%29%2C+Michael+J.+Heath+and+James+L.P.+Butrica+%28transl.%29%2C+Frederick+J.+McGinness+and+Michael+J.+Heath+%28annotat.%29%2C+and+Alexander+Dalzell+%28contrib.+ed.%29&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-66&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-03601005&rft.aulast=Essary&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrinkaus1976" class="citation journal cs1">Trinkaus, Charles (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14315/arg-1976-jg01">"Erasmus, Augustine and the Nominalists"</a>. Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte – Archive for Reformation History. 67 (jg): 5–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14315%2Farg-1976-jg01">10.14315/arg-1976-jg01</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163790714">163790714</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Reformationsgeschichte+%E2%80%93+Archive+for+Reformation+History&rft.atitle=Erasmus%2C+Augustine+and+the+Nominalists&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=jg&rft.pages=5-32&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14315%2Farg-1976-jg01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163790714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trinkaus&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14315%2Farg-1976-jg01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bouyer1-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bouyer1_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bouyer1_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bouyer1_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bouyer1_203-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouyer1969" class="citation journal cs1">Bouyer, Louis (1969). 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The Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 2: The West from the Fathers to the Reformation. 2: 492–506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521042550.011">10.1017/CHOL9780521042550.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05550-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05550-5"><bdi>978-1-139-05550-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible%3A+Volume+2%3A+The+West+from+the+Fathers+to+the+Reformation&rft.atitle=Erasmus+in+Relation+to+the+Medieval+Biblical+Tradition&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=492-506&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521042550.011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05550-5&rft.aulast=Bouyer&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chester-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chester_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chester_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chester, Stephen (April 2008). "When the Old Was New: Reformation Perspectives on Galatians 2:16". The Expository Times. 119 (7): 320–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0014524608091090">10.1177/0014524608091090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144925414">144925414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Expository+Times&rft.atitle=When+the+Old+Was+New%3A+Reformation+Perspectives+on+Galatians+2%3A16&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=320-329&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0014524608091090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144925414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocker-book-205"><a href="#cite_ref-ocker-book_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcker2022" class="citation book cs1">Ocker, Christopher (22 September 2022). 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(1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30094064">"Erasmus the Man"</a>. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review. 16 (64): 595–604. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3495">0039-3495</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30094064">30094064</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30094064">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies%3A+An+Irish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Erasmus+the+Man&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=595-604&rft.date=1927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30094064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0039-3495&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30094064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dunkel-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dunkel_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dunkel_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunkelgrün2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dunkelgrün, Theodor (16 November 2017). "The Christian Study of Judaism in Early Modern Europe". The Cambridge History of Judaism: 316–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139017169.014">10.1017/9781139017169.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139017169" title="Special:BookSources/9781139017169"><bdi>9781139017169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Study+of+Judaism+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=316-348&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139017169.014&rft.isbn=9781139017169&rft.aulast=Dunkelgr%C3%BCn&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-may-211"><a href="#cite_ref-may_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayה'1973" class="citation journal cs1">May, Harry S.; ה', מאי (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23529114">"ארסמוס והיהודים – מחקר פסיכו-היסטורי / Erasmus and the Jews — a Psychohistoric Reëvaluation"</a>. Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות. ו: 85–93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-9068">0333-9068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23529114">23529114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+World+Congress+of+Jewish+Studies+%2F+%D7%93%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.atitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1+%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%E2%80%93+%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8+%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99+%2F+Erasmus+and+the+Jews+%E2%80%94+a+Psychohistoric+Re%C3%ABvaluation&rft.volume=%D7%95&rft.pages=85-93&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23529114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0333-9068&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft.au=%D7%94%27%2C+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23529114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2012" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe, Gregory (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comment.org/erasmus-is-an-eel-renaissance-humanist-hero/">"Erasmus is an Eel: Renaissance Humanist Hero"</a>. Comment Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Comment+Magazine&rft.atitle=Erasmus+is+an+Eel%3A+Renaissance+Humanist+Hero&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomment.org%2Ferasmus-is-an-eel-renaissance-humanist-hero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosima2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mosima, Pius (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjourworlphil.1.1.16">"Remembering Professor Heinz Kimmerle"</a>. Journal of World Philosophies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjourworlphil.1.1.16">10.2979/jourworlphil.1.1.16</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Philosophies&rft.atitle=Remembering+Professor+Heinz+Kimmerle&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjourworlphil.1.1.16&rft.aulast=Mosima&rft.aufirst=Pius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2979%252Fjourworlphil.1.1.16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerle2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kimmerle, Heinz (8 April 2024). "The Arguments of Erasmus in His Debate with Luther about Free Will". Scriptura, Geist, Wirkung: 97–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783111315348-006">10.1515/9783111315348-006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scriptura%2C+Geist%2C+Wirkung&rft.atitle=The+Arguments+of+Erasmus+in+His+Debate+with+Luther+about+Free+Will&rft.pages=97-108&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783111315348-006&rft.aulast=Kimmerle&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Erasmus, Declarationes ad censuras Lutetiae, 1532. </li> <li id="cite_note-ron1-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ron1_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ron1_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ron1_219-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2019" class="citation book cs1">Ron, Nathan (2019). "Erasmus' and las Casas' Conception of Barbarian Peoples". Erasmus and the "Other". pp. 77–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-24929-8_6">10.1007/978-3-030-24929-8_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24928-1"><bdi>978-3-030-24928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erasmus%27+and+las+Casas%27+Conception+of+Barbarian+Peoples&rft.btitle=Erasmus+and+the+%22Other%22&rft.pages=77-96&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-24929-8_6&rft.isbn=978-3-030-24928-1&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Terence J. (25 January 2023). "Erasmus and the Other". A Companion to Erasmus: 181–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004539686_012">10.1163/9789004539686_012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004539686" title="Special:BookSources/9789004539686"><bdi>9789004539686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+Erasmus&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Other&rft.pages=181-200&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004539686_012&rft.isbn=9789004539686&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Terence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDart" class="citation web cs1">Dart, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarion-journal.com/clarion_journal_of_spirit/2006/09/erasmus_then_an.html">"Erasmus: Then and Now"</a>. Clarion: Journal for Religion, Peace and Justice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130233709/https://www.clarion-journal.com/clarion_journal_of_spirit/2006/09/erasmus_then_an.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clarion%3A+Journal+for+Religion%2C+Peace+and+Justice&rft.atitle=Erasmus%3A+Then+and+Now&rft.aulast=Dart&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarion-journal.com%2Fclarion_journal_of_spirit%2F2006%2F09%2Ferasmus_then_an.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus1813" class="citation web cs1">Erasmus (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-IvAAAAYAAJ&q=the+angels+sung+not+the+glories+of+war,+nor+a+song+of+triumph,+but+a+hymn+of+peace">"The Complaint of Peace, p57"</a>. Google Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715072639/https://books.google.com/books?id=v-IvAAAAYAAJ&q=the+angels+sung+not+the+glories+of+war,+nor+a+song+of+triumph,+but+a+hymn+of+peace">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=The+Complaint+of+Peace%2C+p57&rft.date=1813&rft.au=Erasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-IvAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dthe%2Bangels%2Bsung%2Bnot%2Bthe%2Bglories%2Bof%2Bwar%2C%2Bnor%2Ba%2Bsong%2Bof%2Btriumph%2C%2Bbut%2Ba%2Bhymn%2Bof%2Bpeace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ronpeace-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ronpeace_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ronpeace_227-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ron, Nathan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10848770.2013.859793">"The Christian Peace of Erasmus"</a>. The European Legacy. 19 (1): 27–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10848770.2013.859793">10.1080/10848770.2013.859793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143485311">143485311</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619155827/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10848770.2013.859793">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Legacy&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Peace+of+Erasmus&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-42&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10848770.2013.859793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143485311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10848770.2013.859793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Complaint_of_Peace-229"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Complaint_of_Peace_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErasmus" class="citation web cs1">Erasmus. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complaint_of_Peace">"The Complaint of Peace"</a>. Wikisources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230507080915/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Complaint_of_Peace">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisources&rft.atitle=The+Complaint+of+Peace&rft.au=Erasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Complaint_of_Peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2016" class="citation web cs1">Duffy, Eamon (1 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2016/11/the-end-of-christendom">"The End of Christendom"</a>. First Things. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Christendom&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F11%2Fthe-end-of-christendom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahill2019" class="citation book cs1">Cahill, Lisa Sowle (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9b2ww5.11">Blessed Are the Peacemakers: Pacifism, Just War, and Peacebuilding</a>. 1517 Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-3165-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-3165-9"><bdi>978-1-5064-3165-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv9b2ww5.11">j.ctv9b2ww5.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blessed+Are+the+Peacemakers%3A+Pacifism%2C+Just+War%2C+and+Peacebuilding&rft.pub=1517+Media&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv9b2ww5.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-3165-9&rft.aulast=Cahill&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Sowle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv9b2ww5.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrp.org.uk/hampton-court-palace/history-and-stories/the-field-of-cloth-of-gold/">"The Field of Cloth of Gold | Hampton Court Palace | Historic Royal Palaces"</a>. Retrieved 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Field+of+Cloth+of+Gold+%26%23124%3B+Hampton+Court+Palace+%26%23124%3B+Historic+Royal+Palaces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrp.org.uk%2Fhampton-court-palace%2Fhistory-and-stories%2Fthe-field-of-cloth-of-gold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2008" class="citation book cs1">White, R. S. (2008). Pacifism and English Literature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230583641">10.1057/9780230583641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-36295-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-36295-0"><bdi>978-1-349-36295-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacifism+and+English+Literature&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230583641&rft.isbn=978-1-349-36295-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXheraj2020" class="citation web cs1">Xheraj, Blerina (4 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commercialarbitrationineurope.wordpress.com/2020/12/04/erasmus-jus-canonicum-and-arbitration/">"Erasmus, Jus Canonicum and Arbitration"</a>. The Social and Psychological Underpinnings of Commercial Arbitration in Europe. University of Leicester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619155827/https://commercialarbitrationineurope.wordpress.com/2020/12/04/erasmus-jus-canonicum-and-arbitration/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Social+and+Psychological+Underpinnings+of+Commercial+Arbitration+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Erasmus%2C+Jus+Canonicum+and+Arbitration&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft.aulast=Xheraj&rft.aufirst=Blerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommercialarbitrationineurope.wordpress.com%2F2020%2F12%2F04%2Ferasmus-jus-canonicum-and-arbitration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallmayr2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dallmayr, Fred R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654400">"A War Against the Turks? Erasmus on War and Peace"</a>. Asian Journal of Social Science. 34 (1): 67–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853106776150225">10.1163/156853106776150225</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654400">23654400</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230619155827/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23654400">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Social+Science&rft.atitle=A+War+Against+the+Turks%3F+Erasmus+on+War+and+Peace&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-85&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853106776150225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23654400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dallmayr&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23654400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2018" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, James D. (23 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7nADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Holland Under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic</a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30403-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30403-1"><bdi>978-0-520-30403-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holland+Under+Habsburg+Rule%2C+1506%E2%80%931566%3A+The+Formation+of+a+Body+Politic&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30403-1&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx7nADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoder2016" class="citation book cs1">Yoder, Klaus C. (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:27194246">Adiaphora and the Apocalypse: Protestant Moral Rhetoric of Ritual at the End of History (1990 –2003)</a>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adiaphora+and+the+Apocalypse%3A+Protestant+Moral+Rhetoric+of+Ritual+at+the+End+of+History+%281990+%E2%80%932003%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Yoder&rft.aufirst=Klaus+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A27194246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieffer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kieffer, Amanda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/kabod/vol3/iss1/10/https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/kabod/vol3/iss1/10/">"Ad Fontes: Desiderius Erasmus' Call for a Return to the Sources of a Unified and Simple Christian Faith"</a>. The Kabod. 3 (1). Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kabod&rft.atitle=Ad+Fontes%3A+Desiderius+Erasmus%27+Call+for+a+Return+to+the+Sources+of+a+Unified+and+Simple+Christian+Faith&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kieffer&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Fkabod%2Fvol3%2Fiss1%2F10%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Fkabod%2Fvol3%2Fiss1%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meyer1-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meyer1_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meyer1_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meyer1_247-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1969" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Carl (1 December 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.csl.edu/ctm/vol40/iss1/71">"Erasmus on the Study of Scriptures"</a>. Concordia Theological Monthly. 40 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231225035453/https://scholar.csl.edu/ctm/vol40/iss1/71/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concordia+Theological+Monthly&rft.atitle=Erasmus+on+the+Study+of+Scriptures&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1969-12-01&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.csl.edu%2Fctm%2Fvol40%2Fiss1%2F71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Remer, Gary, Humanism and the Rhetoric of Toleration (University Park: University of Pennsylvania Press 1996), p. 95 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02811-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-02811-4">0-271-02811-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-trapman-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trapman_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trapman_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrapman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Trapman, Johannes (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24329313">"Erasmus and Heresy"</a>. Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance. 75 (1): 12. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24329313">24329313</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326170218/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24329313">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblioth%C3%A8que+d%27Humanisme+et+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+Heresy&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24329313%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Trapman&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24329313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apostoliki-diakonia.gr/en_main/catehism/theologia_zoi/themata.asp?cat=patr&main=EH_texts&file=11.htm">"Αποστολική Διακονία της Εκκλησίας της Ελλάδος"</a>. apostoliki-diakonia.gr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apostoliki-diakonia.gr&rft.atitle=%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapostoliki-diakonia.gr%2Fen_main%2Fcatehism%2Ftheologia_zoi%2Fthemata.asp%3Fcat%3Dpatr%26main%3DEH_texts%26file%3D11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-froude_life-252"><a href="#cite_ref-froude_life_252-0">^</a> Froude, James Anthony <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandletterse02frougoog/page/n372">Life and letters of Erasmus: lectures delivered at Oxford 1893–4</a> (London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1894), p. 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-huiz-253"><a href="#cite_ref-huiz_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizingaFlower1952" class="citation book cs1">Huizinga, Johan; Flower, Barbara (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22900/22900-h/22900-h.htm">Erasmus and the Age of Reformation</a>. Harper Collins. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus+and+the+Age+of+Reformation&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Flower%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F22900%2F22900-h%2F22900-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemer1989" class="citation journal cs1">Remer, Gary (1989). "Rhetoric and the Erasmian Defense of Religious Toleration". History of Political Thought. 10 (3): 385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=Rhetoric+and+the+Erasmian+Defense+of+Religious+Toleration&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Remer&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Howell, Rob (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.wichita.edu/index.php/ff/article/view/73">"Islam as a Heresy: Christendom's Ideological View of Islam"</a>. Fairmount Folio: Journal of History. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fairmount+Folio%3A+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Islam+as+a+Heresy%3A+Christendom%27s+Ideological+View+of+Islam&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.wichita.edu%2Findex.php%2Fff%2Farticle%2Fview%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin2024-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin2024_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin2024_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin2024_256-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2024" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Terence J. (12 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuapress.org/9780813238029/the-christology-of-erasmus/">The Christology of Erasmus: Christ, Humanity, and Peace</a>. CUA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-3802-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-3802-9"><bdi>978-0-8132-3802-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419131347/https://www.cuapress.org/9780813238029/the-christology-of-erasmus/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christology+of+Erasmus%3A+Christ%2C+Humanity%2C+and+Peace&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2024-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-3802-9&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Terence+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuapress.org%2F9780813238029%2Fthe-christology-of-erasmus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ron, Nathan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7366141.pdf">"Erasmus' attitude to towards Islam in the light of Nicholas of Cusa's De pace fidei and Cribiatio alkorani"</a> (PDF). Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval. 26 (1): 113–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21071%2Frefime.v26i1.11846">10.21071/refime.v26i1.11846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:200062225">200062225</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230715072502/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7366141.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Espa%C3%B1ola+de+Filosof%C3%ADa+Medieval&rft.atitle=Erasmus%27+attitude+to+towards+Islam+in+the+light+of+Nicholas+of+Cusa%27s+De+pace+fidei+and+Cribiatio+alkorani&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-136&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21071%2Frefime.v26i1.11846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A200062225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F7366141.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> Reviewed: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renaissance-quarterly/article/abs/erasmus-and-the-other-on-turks-jews-and-indigenous-peoples-nathan-ron-london-palgrave-macmillan-2019-xiv-196-pp-4164/A9692438D8CABC869D3344F1DFBA6C88">Renaissance Quarterly</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729073149/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renaissance-quarterly/article/abs/erasmus-and-the-other-on-turks-jews-and-indigenous-peoples-nathan-ron-london-palgrave-macmillan-2019-xiv-196-pp-4164/A9692438D8CABC869D3344F1DFBA6C88">Archived</a> 29 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithnell2019" class="citation web cs1">Withnell, Stephen (25 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/a-terrible-pope-but-a-patron-of-genius/">"A terrible pope but a patron of genius"</a>. Catholic Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427055122/https://catholicherald.co.uk/a-terrible-pope-but-a-patron-of-genius/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=A+terrible+pope+but+a+patron+of+genius&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Withnell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fa-terrible-pope-but-a-patron-of-genius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rummel, Erika (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861633">"Review of Opera Omnia. vo. V-2. Opera Omnia vol. V-3. Opera Omnia. II-4"</a>. Renaissance Quarterly. 42 (2): 304–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2861633">10.2307/2861633</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861633">2861633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164160751">164160751</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029210807/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861633">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+Opera+Omnia.+vo.+V-2.+Opera+Omnia+vol.+V-3.+Opera+Omnia.+II-4.&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-308&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=0034-4338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164160751%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2861633%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2861633&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2861633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442681026-004/html">"842 / To Helias Marcaeus – 863 / From Jakob Spiegel"</a>. The Correspondence of Erasmus: 2–105. 31 December 1982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442681026-004">10.3138/9781442681026-004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8102-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-8102-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-8102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Correspondence+of+Erasmus&rft.atitle=842+%2F+To+Helias+Marcaeus+%E2%80%93+863+%2F+From+Jakob+Spiegel&rft.pages=2-105&rft.date=1982-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442681026-004&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-8102-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442681026-004%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Jeremy (15 August 2022). "3. The Latin West: From Augustine to Luther and Calvin". The Salvation of Israel: 50–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781501764769-005">10.1515/9781501764769-005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salvation+of+Israel&rft.atitle=3.+The+Latin+West%3A+From+Augustine+to+Luther+and+Calvin&rft.pages=50-70&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781501764769-005&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKute2019" class="citation web cs1">Kute, David (26 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidkute.com/2019/12/26/396/">"Erasmus and the Ideal Ruler"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erasmus+and+the+Ideal+Ruler&rft.date=2019-12-26&rft.aulast=Kute&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidkute.com%2F2019%2F12%2F26%2F396%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1970" class="citation book cs1">Payne, John B. (1970). Erasmus: His Theology of the Sacraments. Knox.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3A+His+Theology+of+the+Sacraments&rft.pub=Knox&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2021" class="citation book cs1">Ron, Nathan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-79860-4_4">"Erasmus on the Education and Nature of Women"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-79860-4">Erasmus: intellectual of the 16th century</a>. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 37–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-79860-4_4">10.1007/978-3-030-79860-4_4</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-79859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-79859-8"><bdi>978-3-030-79859-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101133933/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-79860-4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erasmus+on+the+Education+and+Nature+of+Women&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3A+intellectual+of+the+16th+century&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=37-47&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-79860-4_4&rft.isbn=978-3-030-79859-8&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-79860-4_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTylenda1971" class="citation journal cs1">Tylenda, Joseph N. (December 1971). "Book Review: Erasmus: His Theology of the Sacraments". Theological Studies. 32 (4): 694–696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056397103200415">10.1177/004056397103200415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170334683">170334683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Erasmus%3A+His+Theology+of+the+Sacraments&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=694-696&rft.date=1971-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056397103200415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170334683%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tylenda&rft.aufirst=Joseph+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sider2020-272"><a href="#cite_ref-sider2020_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSider2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sider, Robert (31 December 2020). Sider, Robert D. (ed.). "Erasmus on the New Testament". Erasmus Studies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781487533250">10.3138/9781487533250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3325-0"><bdi>978-1-4875-3325-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241298542">241298542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Erasmus+on+the+New+Testament&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241298542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781487533250&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-3325-0&rft.aulast=Sider&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Praise-of-Folly-by-Erasmus">"Praise of Folly | work by Erasmus | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Praise+of+Folly+%26%23124%3B+work+by+Erasmus+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPraise-of-Folly-by-Erasmus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2022" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, David (15 November 2022). "Sacramental Reading: Foxe's Book of Actes and Milton's Fifth Gospel". The Communion of the Book: 157–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780228015857-009">10.1515/9780228015857-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-1585-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2280-1585-7"><bdi>978-0-2280-1585-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Communion+of+the+Book&rft.atitle=Sacramental+Reading%3A+Foxe%27s+Book+of+Actes+and+Milton%27s+Fifth+Gospel&rft.pages=157-228&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780228015857-009&rft.isbn=978-0-2280-1585-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rummel1-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rummel1_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rummel1_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rummel1_277-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rummel1_277-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rummel1_277-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rummel, Erika (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-reformation-theology/theology-of-erasmus/A1916A5FFA073EEC8D42C60E03F028E3">"The theology of Erasmus"</a>. The Cambridge Companion to Reformation Theology. Cambridge Companions to Religion. Cambridge University Press: 28–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521772249.005">10.1017/CCOL0521772249.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521772242" title="Special:BookSources/9780521772242"><bdi>9780521772242</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110071325/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-reformation-theology/theology-of-erasmus/A1916A5FFA073EEC8D42C60E03F028E3">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Reformation+Theology&rft.atitle=The+theology+of+Erasmus&rft.pages=28-38&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL0521772249.005&rft.isbn=9780521772242&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fcambridge-companion-to-reformation-theology%2Ftheology-of-erasmus%2FA1916A5FFA073EEC8D42C60E03F028E3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagejournal.org/article/erasmusoption/">"The Erasmus Option"</a>. Image Journal (94). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119230956/https://imagejournal.org/article/erasmusoption/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Image+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Erasmus+Option&rft.issue=94&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimagejournal.org%2Farticle%2Ferasmusoption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2004" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Peter G. (2004). European History in Perspective: The Long European Reformation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64451-5"><bdi>978-0-333-64451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+History+in+Perspective%3A+The+Long+European+Reformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64451-5&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost1968" class="citation book cs1">Post, Regnerus Richardus (1968). The Modern Devotion: Confrontation with Reformation and Humanism. Brill Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Devotion%3A+Confrontation+with+Reformation+and+Humanism&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Regnerus+Richardus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLusset2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lusset, Elizabeth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/media/borthwick/documents/publications/The%20Monastic%20Research%20Bulletin,%20Issue%2018%20(2012).pdf">"'Non monachus, sed demoniacus': Crime in Medieval Religious Communities in Western Europe, 12th – 15th Centuries"</a> (PDF). The Monasric Research Bulletin (18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213153028/https://www.york.ac.uk/media/borthwick/documents/publications/The%20Monastic%20Research%20Bulletin%2C%20Issue%2018%20%282012%29.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monasric+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%27Non+monachus%2C+sed+demoniacus%27%3A+Crime+in+Medieval+Religious+Communities+in+Western+Europe%2C+12th+%E2%80%93+15th+Centuries&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lusset&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fborthwick%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2FThe%2520Monastic%2520Research%2520Bulletin%2C%2520Issue%252018%2520%282012%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pilgrimage-288"><a href="#cite_ref-pilgrimage_288-0">^</a> A Religious Pilgrimage, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeery" class="citation web cs1">Seery, Stephenia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it.cgu.edu/earlymodernjournal/vol1-no1/seery.html">"The Colloquies of Erasmus"</a>. it.cgu.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=it.cgu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Colloquies+of+Erasmus&rft.aulast=Seery&rft.aufirst=Stephenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fit.cgu.edu%2Fearlymodernjournal%2Fvol1-no1%2Fseery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-knowles-289"><a href="#cite_ref-knowles_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1979" class="citation journal cs1">Knowles, Dom David (27 September 1979). 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(1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3163951">"The Influence of Erasmus upon Melanchthon, Luther and the Formula of Concord in the Doctrine of Justification"</a>. 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Church History. 39 (4): 459–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3162926">10.2307/3162926</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-6407">0009-6407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3162926">3162926</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162208956">162208956</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711112929/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3162926">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Luther+and+Erasmus%2C+Another+Perspective&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-469&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0009-6407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162208956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3162926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3162926&rft.aulast=Kleinhans&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3162926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Letter to Louis Marlianus, 25 March 1520 </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist/The-Protestant-challenge">"Erasmus – Dutch Humanist, Protestant Challenge"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621053941/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erasmus-Dutch-humanist/The-Protestant-challenge">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Erasmus+%E2%80%93+Dutch+Humanist%2C+Protestant+Challenge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FErasmus-Dutch-humanist%2FThe-Protestant-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vankooten2024-298"><a href="#cite_ref-vankooten2024_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_KootenPayneRexBloemendal2024" class="citation journal cs1">van Kooten, George; Payne, Matthew; Rex, Richard; Bloemendal, Jan (6 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-04401002">"Erasmus' Cambridge Years (1511–1514): The Execution of Erasmus' Christian Humanist Programme, His Epitaph for Lady Margaret's Tomb in Westminster Abbey (1512), and His Failed Attempt to Obtain the Lady Margaret's Professorship in the Face of Scholastic Opposition"</a>. Erasmus Studies. 44 (1): 33–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-04401002">10.1163/18749275-04401002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Erasmus%27+Cambridge+Years+%281511%E2%80%931514%29%3A+The+Execution+of+Erasmus%27+Christian+Humanist+Programme%2C+His+Epitaph+for+Lady+Margaret%27s+Tomb+in+Westminster+Abbey+%281512%29%2C+and+His+Failed+Attempt+to+Obtain+the+Lady+Margaret%27s+Professorship+in+the+Face+of+Scholastic+Opposition&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-102&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-04401002&rft.aulast=van+Kooten&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Payne%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Rex%2C+Richard&rft.au=Bloemendal%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F18749275-04401002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cummings, Brian (1 January 2013). "Erasmus and the Invention of Literature". Erasmus of Rotterdam Society Yearbook. 33 (1): 22–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-13330103">10.1163/18749275-13330103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+of+Rotterdam+Society+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+the+Invention+of+Literature&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-54&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-13330103&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bYVEgXbiunkC&pg=PA380">"Letter of 6 September 1524"</a>. Collected Works of Erasmus. Vol. 10. University of Toronto Press. 1992. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-5976-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-5976-7"><bdi>0-8020-5976-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+of+6+September+1524&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Erasmus&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8020-5976-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYVEgXbiunkC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinney-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kinney_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kinney_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinney1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kinney, Daniel (February 1983). "Georges Chantraine, S.J ., Erasme et Luther: Libre et serf arbitre, etude Historique et Theologique. Paris : Éditions Lethielleux / Presses Universitaires de Namur, 1981. XLV + 503 pp. in-8°. 270 Fr". Moreana. 20 (Number 77) (1): 85–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fmore.1983.20.1.22">10.3366/more.1983.20.1.22</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moreana&rft.atitle=Georges+Chantraine%2C+S.J+.%2C+Erasme+et+Luther%3A+Libre+et+serf+arbitre%2C+etude+Historique+et+Theologique.+Paris+%3A+%C3%89ditions+Lethielleux+%2F+Presses+Universitaires+de+Namur%2C+1981.+XLV+%2B+503+pp.+in-8%C2%B0.+270+Fr&rft.volume=20+%28Number+77%29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-88&rft.date=1983-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fmore.1983.20.1.22&rft.aulast=Kinney&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerton" class="citation web cs1">Emerton, Ephraim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/47517/47517-h/47517-h.htm#FNanchor_152">"Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam"</a>. Project Guttenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430060431/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/47517/47517-h/47517-h.htm#FNanchor_152">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Guttenberg&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus+of+Rotterdam&rft.aulast=Emerton&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F47517%2F47517-h%2F47517-h.htm%23FNanchor_152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfsvåg1995" class="citation book cs1">Alfsvåg, Knut (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alfsvag.com/onewebmedia/IdentityofTheology.pdf">The Identity of Theology (Dissertation)</a> (PDF). pp. 6, 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Identity+of+Theology+%28Dissertation%29&rft.pages=6%2C+7&rft.date=1995-10&rft.aulast=Alfsv%C3%A5g&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfsvag.com%2Fonewebmedia%2FIdentityofTheology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello2018" class="citation journal cs1">Costello, Gabriel J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325127081">"Erasmus, Luther and the Free Will Debate: Influencing the Philosophy of Management 500 Years on-whether we realise it or not!"</a>. Conference: Philosophy of Management Conference University of Greenwich. Retrieved 24 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conference%3A+Philosophy+of+Management+Conference+University+of+Greenwich&rft.atitle=Erasmus%2C+Luther+and+the+Free+Will+Debate%3A+Influencing+the+Philosophy+of+Management+500+Years+on-whether+we+realise+it+or+not%21&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F325127081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-massing-307"><a href="#cite_ref-massing_307-0">^</a> Massing, 2022 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpercollins.com/products/fatal-discord-michael-massing?variant=39387603533858">publisher's abstract</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> A reference to Luther's Assertio omnium articulorum per bullam Leonis X. novissimam damnatorum (Assertion of all the Articles condemned by the Bull of Leo X, 1520), <a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">WA</a> VII. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Collected Works of Erasmus, Controversies: De Libero Arbitrio / Hyperaspistes I, Peter Macardle, Clarence H. Miller, trans., Charles Trinkhaus, ed., University of Toronto Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4317-7">978-0-8020-4317-7</a> Vol. 76, p. 203 </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstván_Pieter_Bejczy2001" class="citation book cs1">István Pieter Bejczy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxLV1yVyT7sC&pg=PA172">Erasmus and the Middle Ages: The Historical Consciousness of a Christian Humanist</a>. Brill. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12218-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12218-4"><bdi>90-04-12218-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus+and+the+Middle+Ages%3A+The+Historical+Consciousness+of+a+Christian+Humanist&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12218-4&rft.au=Istv%C3%A1n+Pieter+Bejczy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxLV1yVyT7sC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Hyperaspistes, Book I, Collected Works of Erasmus, Vol. 76, pp. 204–05. </li> <li id="cite_note-preserved-312"><a href="#cite_ref-preserved_312-0">^</a> The Reformers on the Reformation (foreign), London, Burns & Oates, 1881, pp. 13–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/a636947900londuoft#page/12/mode/2up/search/vulturius+neocomus">[2]</a> See also Erasmus, Preserved Smith, 1923, Harper & Brothers, pp. 391–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l0obJ9XfPMUC&pg=PA391">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> "Circumspice populum istum Euangelicum…" Latin text in Erasmus, Opera Omnia, (1706), vol. 10, 1578BC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIhDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT174">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManfred_Hoffmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Manfred Hoffmann, ed. (2010). Controversies. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442660076">10.3138/9781442660076</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6007-6"><bdi>978-1-4426-6007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversies&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442660076&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6007-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocker2022-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ocker2022_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocker2022_315-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ocker2022_315-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcker2022" class="citation book cs1">Ocker, Christopher (2022). "Erasmus and Biblical Scholasticism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108775434.011">The Hybrid Reformation: A Social, Cultural, and Intellectual History of Contending Forces</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108775434.011">10.1017/9781108775434.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47797-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47797-0"><bdi>978-1-108-47797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erasmus+and+Biblical+Scholasticism&rft.btitle=The+Hybrid+Reformation%3A+A+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Intellectual+History+of+Contending+Forces&rft.pages=157-184&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108775434.011&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47797-0&rft.aulast=Ocker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781108775434.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Regier, Willis (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.brynmawr.edu/bmrcl/vol9/iss2/5">"Review of Erasmus, Controversies: Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 78, trans. Peter Matheson, Peter McCardle, Garth Tissol, and James Tracy"</a>. Bryn Mawr Review of Comparative Literature. 9 (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1523-5734">1523-5734</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806082322/https://repository.brynmawr.edu/bmrcl/vol9/iss2/5/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bryn+Mawr+Review+of+Comparative+Literature&rft.atitle=Review+of+Erasmus%2C+Controversies%3A+Collected+Works+of+Erasmus%2C+vol.+78%2C+trans.+Peter+Matheson%2C+Peter+McCardle%2C+Garth+Tissol%2C+and+James+Tracy.&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.issn=1523-5734&rft.aulast=Regier&rft.aufirst=Willis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.brynmawr.edu%2Fbmrcl%2Fvol9%2Fiss2%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-renolds-318"><a href="#cite_ref-renolds_318-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/reynoldserasmusresponsibleluther.pdf">Concordia Theological Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031149/http://www.ctsfw.net/media/pdfs/reynoldserasmusresponsibleluther.pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Was Erasmus Responsible for Luther? A Study of the Relationship of the Two Reformers and Their Clash Over the Question of the Will, Reynolds, Terrence M. p. 2, 1977. Reynolds references Arthur Robert Pennington <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandcharacte00penngoog/page/n242">The Life and Character of Erasmus, p. 219, 1875.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-canisius-319"><a href="#cite_ref-canisius_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPabel2013" class="citation book cs1">Pabel, Himer M. (2013). "Praise and Blame: Peter Canisius's ambivalent assessment of Erasmus". In Enenkel, Karl Alfred Engelbert (ed.). 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Erasmus Studies. 37 (2): 229–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-03702007">10.1163/18749275-03702007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Collected+Works+of+Erasmus%2C+vol.+73%3A+Controversies%3A+Apologia+de+%27In+Principio+Erat+Sermo%27%2C+Apologia+de+Loco+%27Omnes+quidem%27%2C+De+Esu+Carnium%2C+De+Delectu+Ciborum+Scholia%2C+Responsio+ad+Collationes%2C+edited+by+Drysdall%2C+Denis+L.&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-231&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-03702007&rft.aulast=Ocker&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGianoutsos2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gianoutsos, Jamie A. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211081603/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erasmus/#Meth">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Erika&rft.au=MacPhail%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ferasmus%2F%23Meth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiery-342"><a href="#cite_ref-fiery_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEssary2016" class="citation journal cs1">Essary, Kirk (2016). "Fiery Heart and Fiery Tongue: Emotion in Erasmus' Ecclesiastes". Erasmus Studies. 36 (1): 5–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18749275-03601014">10.1163/18749275-03601014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Fiery+Heart+and+Fiery+Tongue%3A+Emotion+in+Erasmus%27+Ecclesiastes&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-34&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18749275-03601014&rft.aulast=Essary&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laytam-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laytam_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-laytam_343-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaytam2007" class="citation book cs1">Laytam, Miles J.J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11008/1/440731.pdf">The Medium was the Message: Classical Rhetoric and the Materiality of Language from Empedocles to Shakespeare</a> (PDF). English Dept, University of York. p. 81. Retrieved 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medium+was+the+Message%3A+Classical+Rhetoric+and+the+Materiality+of+Language+from+Empedocles+to+Shakespeare&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=English+Dept%2C+University+of+York&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Laytam&rft.aufirst=Miles+J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F11008%2F1%2F440731.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanKooten-344"><a href="#cite_ref-vanKooten_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Kooten" class="citation web cs1">van Kooten, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divinity.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/inaugural-lecture-george-van-kooten-three-symposia.pdf">"Three Symposia"</a> (PDF). Faculty of Divinity. University of Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811151428/https://www.divinity.cam.ac.uk/system/files/documents/inaugural-lecture-george-van-kooten-three-symposia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+Divinity&rft.atitle=Three+Symposia&rft.aulast=van+Kooten&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinity.cam.ac.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Finaugural-lecture-george-van-kooten-three-symposia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> Harold W. Attridge, "Plato, Plutarch, and John: Three Symposia about Love", in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsendDenzey_LewisJenottIricinschi2013" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Philippa; Denzey Lewis, Nicola; Jenott, Lance; Iricinschi, Eduard (2013). Beyond the Gnostic Gospels: Studies Building on the Work of Elaine Pagels (Studies and Texts in Antiquity and Christianity 82. Tübingen: Mohr Siebec.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Gnostic+Gospels%3A+Studies+Building+on+the+Work+of+Elaine+Pagels+%28Studies+and+Texts+in+Antiquity+and+Christianity+82&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebec&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft.au=Denzey+Lewis%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Jenott%2C+Lance&rft.au=Iricinschi%2C+Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spitz-346"><a href="#cite_ref-spitz_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitz1967" class="citation journal cs1">Spitz, Lewis W. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformers-in-profile/page/n67/mode/2up">"Desiderius Erasmus"</a>. Reformers in Profile: [essays].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reformers+in+Profile%3A+%5Bessays%5D.&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Spitz&rft.aufirst=Lewis+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformers-in-profile%2Fpage%2Fn67%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sider-348"><a href="#cite_ref-sider_348-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSider2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sider, Robert (2 April 2020). Sider, Robert D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487533250">"Erasmus on the New Testament"</a>. Erasmus Studies. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781487533250">10.3138/9781487533250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-3325-0"><bdi>978-1-4875-3325-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241298542">241298542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=Erasmus+on+the+New+Testament&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241298542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781487533250&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-3325-0&rft.aulast=Sider&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3138%2F9781487533250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock" class="citation journal cs1">Hitchcock, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=30-05-036-f">"The Age of Reformations by James Hitchcock"</a>. Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Touchstone%3A+A+Journal+of+Mere+Christianity&rft.atitle=The+Age+of+Reformations+by+James+Hitchcock&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftouchstonemag.com%2Farchives%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D30-05-036-f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Letter to Dorp <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1287x95.12">"Letter to Dorp"</a>. The Erasmus Reader. University of Toronto Press. 1990. pp. 169–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802068064" title="Special:BookSources/9780802068064"><bdi>9780802068064</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1287x95.12">10.3138/j.ctt1287x95.12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Dorp&rft.btitle=The+Erasmus+Reader&rft.pages=169-194&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1287x95.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780802068064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1287x95.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote1894" class="citation book cs1">Foote, George (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.seducoahuila.gob.mx/biblioweb/upload/FLOWERS_OF_FREETHOUGHT.pdf">Flowers of Freethought</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+of+Freethought&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.seducoahuila.gob.mx%2Fbiblioweb%2Fupload%2FFLOWERS_OF_FREETHOUGHT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Collected works of Erasmus: an introduction with Erasmus' prefaces and ancillary writings. Toronto Buffalo (N.J.) London: University of Toronto press. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802092229" title="Special:BookSources/9780802092229"><bdi>9780802092229</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+works+of+Erasmus%3A+an+introduction+with+Erasmus%27+prefaces+and+ancillary+writings&rft.place=Toronto+Buffalo+%28N.J.%29+London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780802092229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-origenscheck-358"><a href="#cite_ref-origenscheck_358-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2016" class="citation book cs1">Scheck, Thomas P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19rmcgd.7">"ERASMus's PROGRAM for THEOLOGICAL RENEWAL"</a>. Erasmus's Life of Origen. Catholic University of America Press. pp. 1–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt19rmcgd.7">10.2307/j.ctt19rmcgd.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813228013" title="Special:BookSources/9780813228013"><bdi>9780813228013</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19rmcgd.7">j.ctt19rmcgd.7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ERASMus%27s+PROGRAM+for+THEOLOGICAL+RENEWAL&rft.btitle=Erasmus%27s+Life+of+Origen&rft.pages=1-42&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt19rmcgd.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt19rmcgd.7&rft.isbn=9780813228013&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt19rmcgd.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> Erasmus, The Sileni of Alcibiades (1517) </li> <li id="cite_note-ewolf-363">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ewolf_363-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ewolf_363-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1978" class="citation journal cs1">Wolf, Erik (1 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.uclawsf.edu/hastings_law_journal/vol29/iss6/11/">"Religion and Right in the Philosophia Christriana of Erasmus from Rotterdam"</a>. UC Law Journal. 29 (6): 1535. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8322">0017-8322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UC+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Right+in+the+Philosophia+Christriana+of+Erasmus+from+Rotterdam&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1535&rft.date=1978-01-01&rft.issn=0017-8322&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.uclawsf.edu%2Fhastings_law_journal%2Fvol29%2Fiss6%2F11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilson-366"><a href="#cite_ref-gilson_366-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilson1937" class="citation book cs1">Gilson, Etienne (1937). The Unity of Philosophical Experience. 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McGill-Queens University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780228014690" title="Special:BookSources/9780228014690"><bdi>9780228014690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communion+of+the+Book&rft.pub=McGill-Queens+University+Press&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft.isbn=9780228014690&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F49003670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch" class="citation web cs1">Koch, Kurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/it/cardinal-koch/2018/conferenze/2018-10-30-bible-engagement-in-the-catholic-church-tradition-.html">"Bible Engagement in the Catholic Church Tradition. Conference on the occasion of the annual retreat of the Board of Management of the American Bible Society in Rome"</a>. www.christianunity.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303043053/http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/it/cardinal-koch/2018/conferenze/2018-10-30-bible-engagement-in-the-catholic-church-tradition-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2024. 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Irish Rover. 19 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Rover&rft.atitle=No+more+Erasmus%2C+but+NDIAS+and+NDCEC+continue&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishrover.net%2F2010%2F09%2Fno-more-erasmus-but-ndias-and-ndcec-continue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CJEU-456">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CJEU_456-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CJEU_456-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/p1_3943794/en/">"Erasmus Building"</a>. Europa (web portal). 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Queens' College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=queensconferences.com&rft.atitle=The+Erasmus+Room&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqueensconferences.com%2Fthe-erasmus-room&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> John Twigg, A History of Queens' College, Cambridge 1448–1986 (Woodbridge, Suff.: Boydell Press, 1987). </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason1990" class="citation journal cs1">Gleason, John B. (1 January 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/eras/10/1/article-p122_8.xml">"The Allegation of Erasmus' Syphilis and the Question of His Burial Site"</a>. Erasmus Studies. 10 (1): 122–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187492790X00085">10.1163/187492790X00085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9275">1874-9275</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Allegation+of+Erasmus%27+Syphilis+and+the+Question+of+His+Burial+Site&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-139&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187492790X00085&rft.issn=1874-9275&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Feras%2F10%2F1%2Farticle-p122_8.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustijn1995" class="citation book cs1">Augustijn, Cornelis (1995). Erasmus: his life, works, and influence (Reprinted in paperback ed.). Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802071775" title="Special:BookSources/0802071775"><bdi>0802071775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3A+his+life%2C+works%2C+and+influence&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=Reprinted+in+paperback&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0802071775&rft.aulast=Augustijn&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Barker, William (2022). Erasmus of Rotterdam: The Spirit of a Scholar. Reaktion Books</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley-Taylor2002" class="citation book cs1">Bentley-Taylor, David (2002). My dear Erasmus: the forgotton reformer. Fearn: Focus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857926958" title="Special:BookSources/9781857926958"><bdi>9781857926958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+dear+Erasmus%3A+the+forgotton+reformer&rft.place=Fearn&rft.pub=Focus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781857926958&rft.aulast=Bentley-Taylor&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Christ-von Wedel, Christine (2013). Erasmus of Rotterdam: Advocate of a New Christianity. Toronto: University of Toronto Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickensJones2000" class="citation book cs1">Dickens, A. G.; Jones, Whitney R. D. (2000). Erasmus: the reformer. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0413753301" title="Special:BookSources/0413753301"><bdi>0413753301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3A+the+reformer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0413753301&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Whitney+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerton1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Emerton" title="Ephraim Emerton">Emerton, Ephraim</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/desideriuserasmu00emeriala">Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312661">312661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desiderius+Erasmus+of+Rotterdam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312661&rft.aulast=Emerton&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesideriuserasmu00emeriala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroude1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">Froude, James Anthony</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=/catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001182282">Life and Letters of Erasmus: lectures delivered at Oxford 1893-4</a>. Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Letters+of+Erasmus%3A+lectures+delivered+at+Oxford+1893-4&rft.pub=Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Froude&rft.aufirst=James+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001182282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalkin1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on-Ernest_Halkin" title="Léon-Ernest Halkin">Halkin, Leon E.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-wIXPwAACAAJ">Erasmus: A Critical Biography</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19388-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19388-3"><bdi>978-0-631-19388-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus%3A+A+Critical+Biography&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19388-3&rft.aulast=Halkin&rft.aufirst=Leon+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-wIXPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizingaFlower1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Huizinga, Johan</a>; Flower, Barbara (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22900/22900-h/22900-h.htm">Erasmus and the Age of Reformation,with a Selection from the Letters of Erasmus</a>. Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus+and+the+Age+of+Reformation%2Cwith+a+Selection+from+the+Letters+of+Erasmus&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Huizinga&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Flower%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F22900%2F22900-h%2F22900-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> in series, Harper Torchbacks, and also in The Cloister Library. New York: Harper & Row, 1957. xiv, 266 pp <ul><li>Dutch original by Huizinga (1924)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJebb1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Jebb, Richard Claverhouse</a> (1897). Erasmus. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Jebb&rft.aufirst=Richard+Claverhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pennington, Arthur Robert (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeandcharacte00penngoog/page/n242">The Life and Character of Erasmus</a>, pp. 219.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel2004" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, Erika (2004). Erasmus. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826491558" title="Special:BookSources/9780826491558"><bdi>9780826491558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasmus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780826491558&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Erika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tracy_(historian)" title="James Tracy (historian)">Tracy</a>, James D. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft5q2nb3vp&brand=eschol">Erasmus of the Low Countries</a>. Berkeley – Los Angeles – London: University of California Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Zweig</a>, Stefan (1937). Erasmus of Rotterdam. Translated by Eden and Cedar Paul. Garden City Publishing Co., Inc</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topics">Topics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Topics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utorontopress.com/9780802085771/contemporaries-of-erasmus/">Contemporaries of Erasmus: a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation; volumes 1 – 3, A – Z</a> (Paperback, [Nachdr. der 3-bändigen Ausg. 1985 - 1987] ed.). Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802085771" title="Special:BookSources/9780802085771"><bdi>9780802085771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporaries+of+Erasmus%3A+a+biographical+register+of+the+Renaissance+and+Reformation%3B+volumes+1+%E2%80%93+3%2C+A+%E2%80%93+Z&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=Paperback%2C+%5BNachdr.+der+3-b%C3%A4ndigen+Ausg.+1985+-+1987%5D&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802085771&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futorontopress.com%2F9780802085771%2Fcontemporaries-of-erasmus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bietenholz, Peter G. (2009). Encounters with a Radical Erasmus. Erasmus' Work as a Source of Radical Thought in Early Modern Europe. Toronto: University of Toronto Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dart" title="Ron Dart">Dart</a>, Ron (2017). Erasmus: Wild Bird.</li> <li>Dodds, Gregory D. (2010). Exploiting Erasmus: The Erasmian Legacy and Religious Change in Early Modern England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press</li> <li>Furey, Constance M. (2009). Erasmus, Contarini, and the Religious Republic of Letters. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Gulik, Egbertus van (2018). Erasmus and His Books. Toronto: University of Toronto Press</li> <li>Payne, John B. (1970). Erasmus, His Theology of the Sacraments, Research in Theology</li> <li>Martin, Terence J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuapress.org/9780813228099/truth-and-irony/">Truth and Irony – Philosophical Meditations on Erasmus</a>. Catholic University of America Press</li> <li>MacPhail, Eric (ed) (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/36025">A Companion to Erasmus</a>. Leiden and Boston: Brill</li> <li>Massing, Michael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpercollins.com/products/fatal-discord-michael-massing">Fatal Discord – Erasmus, Luther, and the Fight for the Western Mind</a>. HarperCollins</li> <li>McDonald, Grantley (2016). Biblical Criticism in Early Modern Europe: Erasmus, the Johannine Comma, and Trinitarian Debate. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press</li> <li>Ron, Nathan (2019). Erasmus and the "Other": On Turks, Jews, and Indigenous Peoples. Palgrave Macmillan Cham</li> <li>Ron, Nathan (2021). Erasmus: Intellectual of the 16th Century. Palgrave Macmillan Cham</li> <li>Quinones, Ricardo J. (2010). Erasmus and Voltaire: Why They Still Matter. University of Toronto Press, 240 pp. Draws parallels between the two thinkers as voices of moderation with relevance today.</li> <li>Winters, Adam. (2005). Erasmus' Doctrine of Free Will. Jackson, TN: Union University Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English">Non-English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Non-English">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bataillon" title="Marcel Bataillon">Bataillon, Marcel</a> (1937) Erasme et l'Espagne , Librairie Droz (1998) ISBN 2-600-00510-2 <ul><li>Erasmo y España: Estudios Sobre la Historia Espiritual del Siglo XVI (1950), Fondo de Cultura Económica (1997) ISBN 968-16-1069-5</li></ul></li> <li>Garcia-Villoslada, Ricardo (1965) 'Loyola y Erasmo, Taurus Ediciones, Madrid, Spain.</li> <li>Lorenzo Cortesi (2012) Esortazione alla filosofia. La Paraclesis di Erasmo da Rotterdam, Ravenna, SBC Edizioni, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6347-271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6347-271-4">978-88-6347-271-4</a></li> <li>Pep Mayolas (2014) Erasme i la construcció catalana d'Espanya, Barcelona, Llibres de l'Índex</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Collected Works of Erasmus (U of Toronto Press, 1974–2023). 84/86 volumes published as of mid 2023; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utorontopress.com/search-results/?series=collected-works-of-erasmus">U. Toronto Press</a>, in English translation</li> <li>The Correspondence of Erasmus (U of Toronto Press, 1975–2023), 21/21 volumes down to 1536 are published</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabil2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rabil, Albert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1262226">"Erasmus: Recent Critical Editions and Translations"</a>. Renaissance Quarterly. 54 (1): 246–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1262226">10.2307/1262226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1262226">1262226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163450283">163450283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Erasmus%3A+Recent+Critical+Editions+and+Translations&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=246-251&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0034-4338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163450283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1262226%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1262226&rft.aulast=Rabil&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1262226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"> Discusses both the Toronto translation and the entirely separate Latin edition published in Amsterdam since 1969</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Desiderius_Erasmus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Desiderius Erasmus">Erasmus</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Erasmus <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Erasmus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Erasmus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Erasmus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Erasmus <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Erasmus&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Erasmus">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Erasmus&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erasmus/">"Desiderius Erasmus"</a> entry in the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/erasmus">"Desiderius Erasmus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Desiderius+Erasmus&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Ferasmus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613002254/http://newadvent.org/cathen/05510b.htm">Desiderius Erasmus</a>" entry in Catholic Encyclopedia, 1909 by Joseph Sauer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3026">Works by Erasmus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Erasmus%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Erasmus%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Erasmus%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Erasmus%22%29%20OR%20%28%221466-1536%22%20AND%20Erasmus%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Erasmus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-English_2">Non-English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Non-English">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magistervenemus.wordpress.com/opera-omnia-erasmi/">Index of Erasmus's Opera Omnia (Latin)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531204853/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/erasmus.html">Opera</a> (Latin Library)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118530666">Literature by and about Erasmus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/118530666">Works by and about Erasmus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek" title="Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek">Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek</a> (German Digital Library)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nb-helveticat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,%22Erasmus%22&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=MyInstitution&vid=41SNL_51_INST:helveticat&lang=de&offset=0">Publications by and about Erasmus</a> in the catalogue Helveticat of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Library" title="Swiss National Library">Swiss National Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/5005">Works by Erasmus</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01bmlsy">In Our Time podcast</a> from BBC Radio 4 with <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a>, and guests <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a>, and Jill Kraye.</li> <li>Desiderius Erasmus: "War is sweet to those who have no experience of it ..." – Protest against Violence and War ( Publication series: Exhibitions on the History of Nonviolent Resistance, No. 1, Editors: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bartolf" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Bartolf">Christian Bartolf</a>, Dominique Miething). Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/35224/Erasmus%20-%20'War%20is%20sweet%20to%20those%20who%20have%20no%20experience%20of%20it%20%E2%80%A6'%20-%20Protest%20against%20Violence%20and%20War.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li>Sporen van Erasmus (Traces of Erasmus), documentary TV series, 5 episodes (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngnprodukties.nl/index.php">"Sporen van Erasmus"</a>. www.ngnprodukties.nl. NGN produkties Amsterdam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ngnprodukties.nl&rft.atitle=Sporen+van+Erasmus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngnprodukties.nl%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErasmus" class="Z3988">)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Template:Desiderius Erasmus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Template talk:Desiderius Erasmus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Desiderius Erasmus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus" title="Works of Erasmus">Works</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Original works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosopopeia_Britanniae" title="Prosopopeia Britanniae">Prosopopeia Britanniae</a> (1499)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_a_Christian_Knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbook of a Christian Knight">Handbook of a Christian Knight</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Folly" title="In Praise of Folly">In Praise of Folly</a> (1509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copia:_Foundations_of_the_Abundant_Style" title="Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style">Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style</a> (1512)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Excluded_from_Heaven" title="Julius Excluded from Heaven">Julius Excluded from Heaven</a> (1514)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Education_of_a_Christian_Prince" title="The Education of a Christian Prince">The Education of a Christian Prince</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrases_of_Erasmus" title="Paraphrases of Erasmus">Paraphrases of Erasmus</a> (1517–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquies" title="Colloquies">Colloquies</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_diatribe_sive_collatio" title="De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio">The Freedom of the Will</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciceronianus" title="Ciceronianus">Ciceronianus</a> (1528)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Playne_and_Godly_Exposition_or_Declaration_of_the_Commune_Crede" title="A Playne and Godly Exposition or Declaration of the Commune Crede">Exposytion of the Commune Creed</a> (1533)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_of_Erasmus" title="Ecclesiastes of Erasmus">Ecclesiastes of Erasmus</a> (1535)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Erasmus_by_holbein.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Erasmus_by_holbein.JPG/100px-Erasmus_by_holbein.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Erasmus_by_holbein.JPG/150px-Erasmus_by_holbein.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Erasmus_by_holbein.JPG/200px-Erasmus_by_holbein.JPG 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="283" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adagia" title="Adagia">Adagia</a> (1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophthegmatum_opus" title="Apophthegmatum opus">Apophthegmatum opus</a> (1539)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_first_tome_or_volume_of_the_Paraphrase_of_Erasmus_vpon_the_newe_testamente" class="mw-redirect" title="The first tome or volume of the Paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the newe testamente">The first tome or volume of the Paraphrase of Erasmus vpon the newe testamente</a> (1548)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praemium_Erasmianum_Foundation" title="Praemium Erasmianum Foundation">Praemium Erasmianum Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Desiderius_Erasmus" title="Category:Desiderius Erasmus">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Luther" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther" title="Template talk:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography" title="Martin Luther bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther" title="Resources about Martin Luther">Resources about Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> (1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace" title="Sermon on Indulgences and Grace">Sermon on Indulgences and Grace</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian" title="On the Freedom of a Christian">On the Freedom of a Christian</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English" title="Against Henry, King of the English">Against Henry, King of the English</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> (1522, 1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Sacrament" title="The Adoration of the Sacrament">The Adoration of the Sacrament</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_prayer" title="Flood prayer">Flood prayer</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_Concerning_Christ%27s_Supper" title="Confession Concerning Christ's Supper">Confession Concerning Christ's Supper</a> (1528)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk" title="On War Against the Turk">On War Against the Turk</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Councils_and_the_Church" title="On the Councils and the Church">On the Councils and the Church</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras" title="Vom Schem Hamphoras">Vom Schem Hamphoras</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Luther's Table Talk</a> (1566)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar edition of Luther's works</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a> (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Es_spricht_der_Unweisen_Mund_wohl" title="Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl">Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gott_sei_gelobet_und_gebenedeiet" title="Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet">Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>" (1529)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sie_ist_mir_lieb,_die_werte_Magd" title="Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd">Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd</a>" (1535)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a>" (1543)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate, 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine, 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy, 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession, 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Martin_Luther_and_Lutheran_theologians" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda during the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCgend_von_S._Johanne_Chrysostomo" title="Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo">Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hans and Margarethe Luther (parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalena Luther</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul Luther</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin#Influence_on_Luther" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz" title="Karl von Miltitz">Karl von Miltitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_VII_von_Mansfeld" title="Albrecht VII von Mansfeld">Albrecht VII von Mansfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luther sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">Stadtkirche Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt" title="Lutherstadt">Lutherstädte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House" title="Martin Luther's Birth House">Martin Luther's Birth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House" title="Martin Luther's Death House">Martin Luther's Death House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)" title="Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)">Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Veste Coburg (Fortress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Martin_Luther" title="List of films about Martin Luther">Film</a> and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1923_film)" title="Martin Luther (1923 film)">Martin Luther (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1928_film)" title="Luther (1928 film)">Luther (1928 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)">Martin Luther (1953 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(play)" title="Luther (play)">Luther (1961 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1964_film)" title="Luther (1964 film)">Luther (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1974_film)" title="Luther (1974 film)">Luther (1974 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther,_Heretic" title="Martin Luther, Heretic">Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)">Luther (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_and_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luther and I (page does not exist)">Luther and I (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)">Luther Monument</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a>, Worms</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Christian_University" title="Martin Luther Christian University">Martin Luther Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" title="Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374716178">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/87673996">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1817492/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHfjfbWJYxDvw6tXDXh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118530666">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521515106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00584422?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=125938">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500045736">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3a791b98-341b-40ee-83f7-3e87afa5993d">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/26453">RKD Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/29366356">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/816805">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118530666.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118530666">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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