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value</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: heating value"> <meta name="keywords" content="heating value"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="heating value"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1036</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: heating value</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1036</span> Simulation Model of Induction Heating in COMSOL Multiphysics </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Djellabi">K. Djellabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20E.%20H.%20Latreche"> M. E. H. Latreche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The induction heating phenomenon depends on various factors, making the problem highly nonlinear. The mathematical analysis of this problem in most cases is very difficult and it is reduced to simple cases. Another knowledge of induction heating systems is generated in production environments, but these trial-error procedures are long and expensive. The numerical models of induction heating problem are another approach to reduce abovementioned drawbacks. This paper deals with the simulation model of induction heating problem. The simulation model of induction heating system in COMSOL Multiphysics is created. In this work we present results of numerical simulations of induction heating process in pieces of cylindrical shapes, in an inductor with four coils. The modeling of the inducting heating process was made with the software COMSOL Multiphysics Version 4.2a, for the study we present the temperature charts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20heating" title="induction heating">induction heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic%20field" title=" electromagnetic field"> electromagnetic field</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inductor" title=" inductor"> inductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element" title=" finite element "> finite element </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45850/simulation-model-of-induction-heating-in-comsol-multiphysics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45850.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1035</span> A Solar Heating System Performance on the Microclimate of an Agricultural Greenhouse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20Arbaoui">Nora Arbaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Tadili"> Rachid Tadili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experiment adopted a natural technique of heating and cooling an agricultural greenhouse to reduce the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions based on the heating of a transfer fluid that circulates inside the greenhouse through a solar copper coil positioned at the roof of the greenhouse. This experimental study is devoted to the performance evaluation of a solar heating system to improve the microclimate of a greenhouse during the cold period, especially in the Mediterranean climate. This integrated solar system for heating has a positive impact on the quality and quantity of the products under the study greenhouse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20system" title="solar system">solar system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20greenhouse" title=" agricultural greenhouse"> agricultural greenhouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating" title=" heating"> heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storage" title=" storage"> storage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174386/a-solar-heating-system-performance-on-the-microclimate-of-an-agricultural-greenhouse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174386.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1034</span> Simulation Study on Comparison of Thermal Comfort during Heating with All-Air System and Radiant Floor System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiyun%20Liu">Shiyun Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Radiant heating systems work fundamentally differently from air systems by taking advantage of both radiant and convective heat transfer to remove space heating load. There are rare studies on differences of heating systems between all-air system and radiant floor system. This paper uses the method of simulation based on state-space to calculate the indoor temperature and wall temperature of each system and shows how the dynamic heat transfer in rooms conditioned by a radiant system is different from an air system. Then this paper analyses the changes of indoor temperature of these two systems, finding out the differences between all-air heating system and radiant floor heating system to help the designer choose a more suitable heating system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiant%20floor" title="radiant floor">radiant floor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all-air%20system" title=" all-air system"> all-air system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20comfort" title=" thermal comfort"> thermal comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20system" title=" heating system"> heating system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109700/simulation-study-on-comparison-of-thermal-comfort-during-heating-with-all-air-system-and-radiant-floor-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1033</span> Fabrication of Cesium Iodide Columns by Rapid Heating Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Wan%20Hun">Chien-Wan Hun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shao-Fu%20Chang"> Shao-Fu Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Chon%20Chen"> Chien-Chon Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ker-Jer%20Huang"> Ker-Jer Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study presents how to use a high-efficiency process for producing cesium iodide (CsI) crystal columns by rapid heating method. In the past, the heating rate of the resistance wire heating furnace was relatively slow and excessive iodine and CsI vapors were therefore generated during heating. Because much iodine and CsI vapors are produced during heating process, the composition of CsI crystal columns is not correct. In order to enhance the heating rate, making CsI material in the heating process can quickly reach the melting point temperature. This study replaced the traditional type of external resistance heating furnace with halogen-type quartz heater, and then, CsI material can quickly reach the melting point. Eventually, CsI melt can solidify in the anodic aluminum template forming CsI crystal columns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cesium%20iodide" title="cesium iodide">cesium iodide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20efficiency" title=" high efficiency"> high efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vapor" title=" vapor"> vapor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rapid%20heating" title=" rapid heating"> rapid heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystal%20column" title=" crystal column"> crystal column</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69695/fabrication-of-cesium-iodide-columns-by-rapid-heating-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">373</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1032</span> Heating Behavior of Ni-Embedded Thermoplastic Polyurethane Adhesive Film by Induction Heating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DuckHwan%20Bae">DuckHwan Bae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=YongSung%20Kwon"> YongSung Kwon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Young%20Shon"> Min Young Shon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SanTaek%20Oh"> SanTaek Oh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GuNi%20Kim"> GuNi Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The heating behavior of nanometer and micrometer sized Nickel particle-imbedded thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive (TPU) under induction heating is examined in present study. The effects of particle size and content, TPU film thickness on heating behaviors were examined. The correlation between heating behavior and magnetic properties of Nickel particles were also studied. From the results, heat generation increased with increase of Nickel content and film thickness. However, in terms of particle sizes, heat generation of Nickel-imbedded TPU film were in order of 70nm>1µm>20 µm>70 µm and this results can explain by increasing ration of eddy heating to hysteresis heating with increase of particle size. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20heating" title="induction heating">induction heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoplastic%20polyurethane" title=" thermoplastic polyurethane"> thermoplastic polyurethane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nickel" title=" nickel"> nickel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite" title=" composite"> composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hysteresis%20loss" title=" hysteresis loss"> hysteresis loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eddy%20current%20loss" title=" eddy current loss"> eddy current loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curie%20temperature" title=" curie temperature"> curie temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46412/heating-behavior-of-ni-embedded-thermoplastic-polyurethane-adhesive-film-by-induction-heating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1031</span> Impact of Iron Doping on Induction Heating during Spark Plasma Sintering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hua%20Tan">Hua Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Salamon"> David Salamon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, γ-Al2O3 powders doped with various amounts of iron were sintered via SPS process. Two heating modes – auto and manual mode were applied to observe the role of electrical induction on heating. Temperature, electric current, and pulse pattern were experimented with grade iron γ-Al2O3 powders. Phase transformation of γ to α -Al2O3 serves as a direct indicator of internal temperature, independently on measured outside temperature. That pulsing in SPS is also able to induce internal heating due to its strong electromagnetic field when dopants are conductive metals (e.g., iron) is proofed during SPS. Density and microstructure were investigated to explain the mechanism of induction heating. In addition, the role of electric pulsing and strong electromagnetic field on internal heating (induction heating) were compared and discussed. Internal heating by iron doping within electrically nonconductive samples is able to decrease sintering temperature and save energy, furthermore it is one explanation for unique features of this material fabrication technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spark%20plasma%20sintering" title="spark plasma sintering">spark plasma sintering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20heating" title=" induction heating"> induction heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alumina" title=" alumina"> alumina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54836/impact-of-iron-doping-on-induction-heating-during-spark-plasma-sintering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1030</span> Technical Analysis of Combined Solar Water Heating Systems for Cold Climate Regions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Lotfizadeh">Hossein Lotfizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andr%C3%A9%20McDonald"> André McDonald</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Kumar"> Amit Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Renewable energy resources, which can supplement space and water heating for residential buildings, can have a noticeable impact on natural gas consumption and air pollution. This study considers a technical analysis of a combined solar water heating system with evacuated tube solar collectors for different solar coverage, ranging from 20% to 100% of the total roof area of a typical residential building located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The alternative heating systems were conventional (non-condensing) and condensing tankless water heaters and condensing boilers that were coupled to solar water heating systems. The performance of the alternative heating systems was compared to a traditional heating system, consisting of a conventional boiler, applied to houses of various gross floor areas. A comparison among the annual natural gas consumption, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) mitigation, and emissions for the various house sizes indicated that the combined solar heating system can reduce the natural gas consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, and increase CO<sub>2</sub> mitigation for all the systems that were studied. The results suggest that solar water heating systems are potentially beneficial for residential heating system applications in terms of energy savings and CO<sub>2</sub> mitigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title="CO2 emissions">CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20mitigation" title=" CO2 mitigation"> CO2 mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas%20consumption" title=" natural gas consumption"> natural gas consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20water%20heating%20system" title=" solar water heating system"> solar water heating system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49148/technical-analysis-of-combined-solar-water-heating-systems-for-cold-climate-regions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1029</span> Synthesis and Characterization of CaZrTi2O7 from Tartrate Precursor Employing Microwave Heating Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Patil">B. M. Patil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20R.%20Dharwadkar"> S. R. Dharwadkar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) is one of the three major phases in the synthetic ceramic 'SYNROC' which is used for immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and also acts as photocatalytic and photophysical properties. In the present work the nanocrystalline CaZrTi2O7 was synthesized from Calcium Zirconyl Titanate tartrate precursor (CZTT) employing two different heating techniques such as Conventional heating (Muffle furnace) and Microwave heating (Microwave Oven). Thermal decomposition of the CZTT precursors in air yielded nanocrystalline CaZrTi2O7 powder as the end product. The products obtained by annealing the CZTT precursor using both heating method were characterized using simultaneous TG-DTA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, NTA and thermodilatometric study. The physical characteristics such as crystallinity, morphology and particle size of the product obtained by heating the CZTT precursor at the different temperatures in a Muffle furnace and Microwave oven were found to be significantly different. The microwave heating technique considerably lowered the synthesis temperature of CaZrTi2O7. The influence of microwave heating was more pronounced as compared to Muffle furnace heating. The details of the synthesis of CaZrTi2O7 from CZTT precursor are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CZTT" title="CZTT">CZTT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CaZrTi2O7" title=" CaZrTi2O7"> CaZrTi2O7</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SYNROC" title=" SYNROC"> SYNROC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zirconolite" title=" zirconolite "> zirconolite </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79296/synthesis-and-characterization-of-cazrti2o7-from-tartrate-precursor-employing-microwave-heating-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1028</span> Performance of Copper Coil Heat Exchangers for Heating Greenhouses: An ‎Experimental and Theoretical Investigation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilham%20ihoume">Ilham ihoume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Tadili"> Rachid Tadili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20Arbaoui"> Nora Arbaoui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the manner in which a solar copper coil heating system performs in a North-South-oriented greenhouse environment. In order to retain heat during the day and release it back ‎into the greenhouse environment at night, this system relies on the circulation of water in a closed ‎loop under the roof of the greenhouse. Experimental research ‎was conducted to compare the results in two identical greenhouses. The first one has a heating system, whilst the second one ‎has not and is regarded as a control. We determined the mass of the heat transfer fluid, which ‎makes up the storage system, needed to heat the greenhouse during the night to be equivalent to ‎‎689 Kg using the heat balance of the greenhouse equipped with a heating system. The findings ‎demonstrated that when compared to a controlled greenhouse without a heating system, the climatic ‎conditions within the experimental greenhouse were greatly enhanced by the solar heating system. ‎‎ <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title="renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storage" title=" storage"> storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enviromental%20impact" title=" enviromental impact"> enviromental impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating" title=" heating"> heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20greenhouse" title=" agricultural greenhouse"> agricultural greenhouse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163824/performance-of-copper-coil-heat-exchangers-for-heating-greenhouses-an-experimental-and-theoretical-investigation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163824.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1027</span> Thermal Comfort Characteristics in an Enclosure with a Radiant Ceiling Heating and Floor Air Heating System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Ho%20Yoo">Seung-Ho Yoo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong-Ryeul%20Sohn"> Jong-Ryeul Sohn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An environmental friendly or efficient heating & cooling systems attract a great attention, due to the energy or environmental problems. Especially the heat balance of human body is about 50% influenced by radiation exchange in built environment. Therefore, a thermal comfort characteristics in a radiant built environment need to be accessed through the development of an efficient evaluation method. Almost of Korean housings use traditionally the radiant floor heating system. A radiant cooling system attracts also many attention nowadays in the viewpoint of energy conservation and comfort. Thermal comfort characteristics in an enclosure with a radiant heating and cooling system are investigated by experiment, thermal sensation vote analysis and mean radiant temperature simulation. Asymmetric radiation between radiant heating ceiling and air heating system in 9 points of room is compared with each other. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiant%20heating%20and%20cooling%20ceiling" title="radiant heating and cooling ceiling">radiant heating and cooling ceiling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asymmetric%20radiation" title=" asymmetric radiation"> asymmetric radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20comfort" title=" thermal comfort"> thermal comfort</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20sensation%20vote" title=" thermal sensation vote"> thermal sensation vote</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24434/thermal-comfort-characteristics-in-an-enclosure-with-a-radiant-ceiling-heating-and-floor-air-heating-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">516</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1026</span> Copper Coil Heat Exchanger Performance for Greenhouse Heating: An Experimental and Theoretical Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maha%20Bakkari">Maha Bakkari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.Tadili"> R.Tadili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work is a study of the performance of a solar copper coil heating system in a greenhouse microclimate. Our system is based on the circulation of a Heat transfer fluid, which is water in our case, in a closed loop under the greenhouse's roof in order to store heat all day, and then this heat will supply the greenhouse during the night. In order to evaluate our greenhouse, we made an experimental study in two identical greenhouses, where the first one is equipped with a heating system and the second (without heating) is used for control. The heating system allows the establishment of the thermal balance and determines the mass of water necessary for the process in order to ensure its functioning during the night. The results obtained showed that this solar heating system and the climatic parameters inside the experimental greenhouse were improved, and it presents a significant gain compared to a controlled greenhouse without a heating system. This research is one of the solutions that help to reduce the greenhouse effect of the planet Earth, a problem that worries the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title="solar energy">solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage" title=" energy storage"> energy storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greenhouse" title=" greenhouse"> greenhouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167095/copper-coil-heat-exchanger-performance-for-greenhouse-heating-an-experimental-and-theoretical-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">78</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1025</span> Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of a Corrugated Rectangular Waveguide for a Microwave Conveyor-Belt Drier </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sang-Hyeon%20Bae">Sang-Hyeon Bae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sung-Yeon%20Kim"> Sung-Yeon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Gyo%20Jeong"> Min-Gyo Jeong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji-Hong%20Kim"> Ji-Hong Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wang-Sang%20Lee"> Wang-Sang Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Traditional heating methods such as electric ovens or steam heating are slow and not very efficient. For continuously heating the objects, a microwave conveyor-belt drier is widely used in the industrial microwave heating systems. However, there is a problem in which electromagnetic wave leaks toward outside of the heating cavity through the insertion opening. To achieve the prevention of the leakage of microwaves and improved heating characteristics, the corrugated rectangular waveguide at the entrance and exit openings of a microwave conveyor-belt drier is proposed and its electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness is analyzed and verified. The corrugated waveguides in the proposed microwave heating system achieve at least 20 dB shielding effectiveness while ensuring a sufficient height of the openings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrugated" title="corrugated">corrugated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic%20wave" title=" electromagnetic wave"> electromagnetic wave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20conveyor-belt%20drier" title=" microwave conveyor-belt drier"> microwave conveyor-belt drier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rectangular%20waveguide" title=" rectangular waveguide"> rectangular waveguide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shielding%20effectiveness" title=" shielding effectiveness"> shielding effectiveness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62070/electromagnetic-interference-shielding-effectiveness-of-a-corrugated-rectangular-waveguide-for-a-microwave-conveyor-belt-drier" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">516</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1024</span> High-Frequency Half Bridge Inverter Applied to Induction Heating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amira%20Zouaoui">Amira Zouaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Belloumi"> Hamed Belloumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferid%20Kourda"> Ferid Kourda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the analysis and design of a DC–AC resonant converter applied to induction heating. The proposed topology based on the series-parallel half-bridge resonant inverter is described. It can operate with Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS). At the resonant frequency, the secondary current is amplified over the heating coil with small switching angle, which keeps the reactive power low and permits heating with small current through the resonant inductor and the transformer. The operation and control principle of the proposed high frequency inverter is described and verified through simulated and experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20heating" title="induction heating">induction heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverter" title=" inverter"> inverter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20frequency" title=" high frequency"> high frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resonant" title=" resonant"> resonant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8100/high-frequency-half-bridge-inverter-applied-to-induction-heating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8100.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">464</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1023</span> Production and Evaluation of Mango Pulp by Using Ohmic Heating Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sobhy%20M.%20Mohsen">Sobhy M. Mohsen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20M.%20El-Nikeety"> Mohamed M. El-Nikeety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarek%20G.%20Mohamed"> Tarek G. Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Murkovic"> Michael Murkovic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work aimed to study the use of ohmic heating in the processing of mango pulp comparing to conventional method. Mango pulp was processed by using ohmic heating under the studied suitable conditions. Physical, chemical and microbiological properties of mango pulp were studied. The results showed that processing of mango pulp by using either ohmic heating or conventional method caused a decrease in the contents of TSS, total carbohydrates, total acidity, total sugars (reducing and non-reducing sugar) and an increase in phenol content, ascorbic acid and carotenoids compared to the conventional process. The increase in electric conductivity of mango pulp during ohmic heating was due to the addition of some electrolytes (salts) to increase the ions and enhance the process. The results also indicate that mango pulp processed by ohmic heating contained more phenols, carbohydrates and vitamin C and less HMF compared to that produced by conventional one. Total pectin and its fractions had slightly reduced by ohmic heating compared to conventional method. Enzymatic activities showed a reduction in poly phenoloxidase (PPO) and polygalacturonase (PG) activity in mango pulp processed by conventional method. However, ohmic heating completely inhibited PPO and PG activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ohmic%20heating" title="ohmic heating">ohmic heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mango%20pulp" title=" mango pulp"> mango pulp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolic" title=" phenolic"> phenolic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sarotenoids" title=" sarotenoids "> sarotenoids </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7967/production-and-evaluation-of-mango-pulp-by-using-ohmic-heating-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7967.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1022</span> A Platform to Analyze Controllers for Solar Hot Water Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aziz%20Ahmad">Aziz Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillermo%20Ramirez-Prado"> Guillermo Ramirez-Prado</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Governments around the world encourage the use of solar water heating in residential houses due to the low maintenance requirements and efficiency of the solar collector water heating systems. The aim of this work is to study a domestic solar water heating system in a residential building to develop a model of the entire solar water heating system including flat-plate solar collector and storage tank. The proposed model is adaptable to any households and location. The model can be used to test different types of controllers and can provide efficiency as well as economic analysis. The proposed model is based on the heat and mass transfer equations along with assumptions applied in the model which can be modified for a variety of different solar water heating systems and sizes. Simulation results of the model were compared with the actual system which shows similar trends. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20thermal%20systems" title="solar thermal systems">solar thermal systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20water%20heating" title=" solar water heating"> solar water heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20collector%20model" title=" solar collector model"> solar collector model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20water%20tank%20model" title=" hot water tank model"> hot water tank model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20controllers" title=" solar controllers"> solar controllers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108490/a-platform-to-analyze-controllers-for-solar-hot-water-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108490.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1021</span> Solar System with Plate Heat Exchanger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christer%20Frennfelt">Christer Frennfelt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solar heating is the most environmentally friendly way to heat water. Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers (BPHEs) are a key component in many solar heating applications for harvesting solar energy into accumulator tanks, producing hot tap water, and heating pools. The combination of high capacity in a compact format, efficient heat transfer, and fast response makes the BPHE the ideal heat exchanger for solar thermal systems. Solar heating is common as a standalone heat source, and as an add-on heat source for boilers, heat pumps, or district heating systems. An accumulator provides the possibility to store heat, which enables combination of different heat sources to a larger extent. In turn this works as protection to reduced access to energy or increased energy prices. For example heat from solar panels is preferably stored during the day for use at night. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=district%20heating%20and%20cooling" title="district heating and cooling">district heating and cooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20storage" title=" thermal storage"> thermal storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brazed%20plate%20heat%20exchanger" title=" brazed plate heat exchanger"> brazed plate heat exchanger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20domestic%20hot%20water%20and%20combisystems" title=" solar domestic hot water and combisystems"> solar domestic hot water and combisystems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48183/solar-system-with-plate-heat-exchanger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1020</span> A Performance Study of a Solar Heating System on the Microclimate of an Agricultural Greenhouse</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20Arbaoui">Nora Arbaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Tadili"> Rachid Tadili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on a solar system designed to heat an agricultural greenhouse. This solar system is based on the heating of a transfer fluid that circulates inside the greenhouse through a solar copper coil integrated into the roof of the greenhouse. The thermal energy stored during the day will be released during the night to improve the microclimate of the greenhouse. This system was tested in a small agricultural greenhouse in order to ameliorate the different operational parameters. The climatic and agronomic results obtained with this system are significant in comparison with a greenhouse with no heating system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20system" title="solar system">solar system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20greenhouse" title=" agricultural greenhouse"> agricultural greenhouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating" title=" heating"> heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storage" title=" storage"> storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drying" title=" drying"> drying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167779/a-performance-study-of-a-solar-heating-system-on-the-microclimate-of-an-agricultural-greenhouse" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1019</span> Optimization of Floor Heating System in the Incompressible Turbulent Flow Using Constructal Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karim%20Farahmandfar">Karim Farahmandfar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamidolah%20Izadi"> Hamidolah Izadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadreza%20Rezaei"> Mohammadreza Rezaei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amin%20Ardali"> Amin Ardali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebrahim%20Goshtasbi%20Rad"> Ebrahim Goshtasbi Rad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khosro%20Jafarpoor"> Khosro Jafarpoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Statistics illustrates that the higher amount of annual energy consumption is related to surmounting the demand in buildings. Therefore, it is vital to economize the energy consumption and also find the solution with regard to this issue. One of the systems for the sake of heating the building is floor heating. As a matter of fact, floor heating performance is based on convection and radiation. Actually, in addition to creating a favorable heating condition, this method leads to energy saving. It is the goal of this article to outline the constructal theory and introduce the optimization method in branch networks for floor heating. There are several steps in order to gain this purpose. First of all, the pressure drop through the two points of the network is calculated. This pressure drop is as a function of pipes diameter and other parameters. After that, the amount of heat transfer is determined. Consequently, as a result of the combination of these two functions, the final function will be determined. It is necessary to mention that flow is laminar. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constructal%20theory" title="constructal theory">constructal theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=floor%20heating%20system" title=" floor heating system"> floor heating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20flow" title=" turbulent flow"> turbulent flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54375/optimization-of-floor-heating-system-in-the-incompressible-turbulent-flow-using-constructal-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54375.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">319</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1018</span> CFD Analysis of Solar Floor Radiant Heating System with ‎PCM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Nazififard">Mohammad Nazififard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reihane%20Faghihi"> Reihane Faghihi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is aimed at understanding convective heat transfer of enclosed phase change material (PCM) in the solar and low-temperature hot water radiant floor heating geometry. In order to obtain the best performance of PCM, a radiant heating structure of the energy storage floor is designed which places heat pipes in the enclosed phase change material (PCM) layer, without concrete in it. The governing equations are numerically solved. The PCM thermal storage time is considered in relation to the floor surface temperature under different hot water temperatures. Moreover the PCM thermal storage time is numerically estimated under different supply water temperatures and flow rate. Results show the PCM floor heating system has a potential of making use of the daytime solar energy for heating at night efficiently. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20floor" title="solar floor">solar floor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20system" title=" heating system"> heating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20change%20material" title=" phase change material"> phase change material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamics" title=" computational fluid dynamics"> computational fluid dynamics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37519/cfd-analysis-of-solar-floor-radiant-heating-system-with-pcm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1017</span> Induction Heating Process Design Using Comsol® Multiphysics Software Version 4.2a</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Djellabi">K. Djellabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20E.%20H.%20Latreche"> M. E. H. Latreche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Induction heating computer simulation is a powerful tool for process design and optimization, induction coil design, equipment selection, as well as education and business presentations. The authors share their vast experience in the practical use of computer simulation for different induction heating and heat treating processes. In this paper deals with mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of induction heating furnaces with axisymmetric geometries. For the numerical solution, we propose finite element methods combined with boundary (FEM) for the electromagnetic model using COMSOL® Multiphysics Software. Some numerical results for an industrial furnace are shown with high frequency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20methods" title="numerical methods">numerical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20furnaces" title=" induction furnaces"> induction furnaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=induction%20heating" title=" induction heating"> induction heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Comsol%20multiphysics%20software" title=" Comsol multiphysics software"> Comsol multiphysics software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3469/induction-heating-process-design-using-comsol-multiphysics-software-version-42a" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3469.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1016</span> Assessment of the Thermal Performance of a Solar Heating System on an Agricultural Greenhouse Microclimate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20Arbaoui">Nora Arbaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rachid%20Tadili"> Rachid Tadili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The substantial increase of areas cultivated under glasshouses compels the use of other natural heating and cooling procedures to make a profit as well as avoid both exorbitant fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions. This experimental study is designed to examine the functioning of a solar heating system that will increase positive consequences in terms of both quantity and quality while successfully enhancing greenhouse microclimate during wintertime. Those configurations have been tested in a miniaturized greenhouse simply after having optimized the operating parameters. These were noteworthy results when compared to an unheated witness greenhouse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20system" title="solar system">solar system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20greenhouse" title=" agricultural greenhouse"> agricultural greenhouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating" title=" heating"> heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling" title=" cooling"> cooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=storage" title=" storage"> storage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drying" title=" drying"> drying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189034/assessment-of-the-thermal-performance-of-a-solar-heating-system-on-an-agricultural-greenhouse-microclimate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189034.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">25</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1015</span> Effect of Heating Rate on Microstructural Developments in Cold Heading Quality Steel Used for Automotive Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahid%20Hussain%20Abro">Shahid Hussain Abro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Mufadi"> F. Mufadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Boodi"> A. Boodi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microstructural study and phase transformation in steels is a basic and important step during the design of structural steel. There are huge efforts and study has been done so far on phase transformations, due to so many steel grades available commercially the phase development in steel has different consequences. In the present work an effort has been made to study the effect of heating rate on microstructural features of cold heading quality steel. The SEM, optical microscopy, and heat treatment techniques have been applied to observe the microstructural features in the experimental steel. It was observed that heating rate has the strong influence on phase transformation of CHQ steel under investigation. Heating rate increases the austenite formation kinetics with respect to holding time, and this austenite has been transformed to martensite upon cooling. Heating rate also plays a vital role on nucleation sites of austenite formation in the experimental steel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CHQ%20steel" title="CHQ steel">CHQ steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=austenite%20formation" title=" austenite formation"> austenite formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20rate" title=" heating rate"> heating rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nucleation" title=" nucleation"> nucleation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66565/effect-of-heating-rate-on-microstructural-developments-in-cold-heading-quality-steel-used-for-automotive-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1014</span> Solar Heating System to Promote the Disinfection </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elmo%20Thiago%20Lins%20C%C3%B6uras%20Ford">Elmo Thiago Lins Cöuras Ford</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentina%20Alessandra%20Carvalho%20do%20Vale"> Valentina Alessandra Carvalho do Vale</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It presents a heating system using low cost alternative solar collectors to promote the disinfection of water in low income communities that take water contaminated by bacteria. The system consists of two solar collectors, with total area of 4 m² and was built using PET bottles and cans of beer and soft drinks. Each collector is made up of 8 PVC tubes, connected in series and work in continuous flow. It will determine the flux the most appropriate to generate the temperature to promote the disinfection. Will be presented results of the efficiency and thermal loss of system and results of analysis of water after undergoing the process of heating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disinfection%20of%20water" title="disinfection of water">disinfection of water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20heating%20system" title=" solar heating system"> solar heating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poor%20communities" title=" poor communities"> poor communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PVC" title=" PVC"> PVC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19626/solar-heating-system-to-promote-the-disinfection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">479</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1013</span> Line Heating Forming: Methodology and Application Using Kriging and Fifth Order Spline Formulations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henri%20Champliaud">Henri Champliaud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhengkun%20Feng"> Zhengkun Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ngan%20Van%20L%C3%AA"> Ngan Van Lê</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javad%20Gholipour"> Javad Gholipour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this article, a method is presented to effectively estimate the deformed shape of a thick plate due to line heating. The method uses a fifth order spline interpolation, with up to C3 continuity at specific points to compute the shape of the deformed geometry. First and second order derivatives over a surface are the resulting parameters of a given heating line on a plate. These parameters are determined through experiments and/or finite element simulations. Very accurate kriging models are fitted to real or virtual surfaces to build-up a database of maps. Maps of first and second order derivatives are then applied on numerical plate models to evaluate their evolving shapes through a sequence of heating lines. Adding an optimization process to this approach would allow determining the trajectories of heating lines needed to shape complex geometries, such as Francis turbine blades. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation" title="deformation">deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kriging" title=" kriging"> kriging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fifth%20order%20spline%20interpolation" title=" fifth order spline interpolation"> fifth order spline interpolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first" title=" first"> first</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20and%20third%20order%20derivatives" title=" second and third order derivatives"> second and third order derivatives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C3%20continuity" title=" C3 continuity"> C3 continuity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20heating" title=" line heating"> line heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plate%20forming" title=" plate forming"> plate forming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20forming" title=" thermal forming"> thermal forming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31294/line-heating-forming-methodology-and-application-using-kriging-and-fifth-order-spline-formulations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31294.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1012</span> Cyclic Heating Effect on Hardness of Copper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahany%20W.%20Sadak">Tahany W. Sadak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Presented work discusses research results concerning the effect of the heat treatment process. Thermal fatigue which expresses repeated heating and cooling processes affect the ductility or the brittleness of the material. In this research, 70 specimens of copper (1.5 mm thickness, 85 mm length, 32 mm width) are subjected to thermal fatigue at different conditions. Heating temperatures T<sub>h</sub> are 100, 300 and 500 °C. Number of repeated cycles N is from 1 to 100. Heating time t<sub>h</sub> =600 Sec, and Cooling time; t<sub>C</sub>= 900 Sec.  Results are evaluated and then compared to each other and to that of specimens without subjected to thermal fatigue. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title="copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20analysis" title=" thermal analysis"> thermal analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20treatment" title=" heat treatment"> heat treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardness" title=" hardness"> hardness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20fatigue" title=" thermal fatigue"> thermal fatigue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47950/cyclic-heating-effect-on-hardness-of-copper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47950.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1011</span> Solar Heating System to Promote the Disinfection of Water </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elmo%20Thiago%20Lins%20C%C3%B6uras%20Ford">Elmo Thiago Lins Cöuras Ford</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentina%20Alessandra%20Carvalho%20do%20Vale"> Valentina Alessandra Carvalho do Vale</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It presents a heating system using low cost alternative solar collectors to promote the disinfection of water in low income communities that take water contaminated by bacteria. The system consists of two solar collectors, with total area of 4 m² and was built using PET bottles and cans of beer and soft drinks. Each collector is made up of 8 PVC tubes, connected in series and work in continuous flow. It will determine the flux the most appropriate to generate the temperature to promote the disinfection. It will be presented results of the efficiency and thermal loss of system and results of analysis of water after undergoing the process of heating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Disinfection%20of%20water" title="Disinfection of water">Disinfection of water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20heating%20system" title=" solar heating system"> solar heating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poor%20communities" title=" poor communities"> poor communities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioinformatics" title=" bioinformatics"> bioinformatics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomedicine" title=" biomedicine"> biomedicine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18673/solar-heating-system-to-promote-the-disinfection-of-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">486</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1010</span> An Overview of Heating and Cooling Techniques Used in Green Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Umesh%20Kumar%20Soni">Umesh Kumar Soni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suresh%20Kumar%20Soni"> Suresh Kumar Soni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20R.%20Awasthi"> S. R. Awasthi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Worldwide biggest difficulties are climate change, future availability of fossil fuels, and economical feasibility of renewable energy. They force us to use to a greater extent renewable energy and develop suitable hybrid renewable systems. Building heating/cooling consumes significant amount of energy. It can be conserved by use of proper heating/cooling techniques. This paper reviews and critically analyzes various active, passive and hybrid heating/cooling techniques used in green buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20ventilation" title="natural ventilation">natural ventilation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20conservation" title=" energy conservation"> energy conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20ventilation%20techniques" title=" hybrid ventilation techniques"> hybrid ventilation techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57920/an-overview-of-heating-and-cooling-techniques-used-in-green-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57920.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">605</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1009</span> A quantitative Analysis of Impact of Potential Variables on the Energy Performance of Old and New Buildings in China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yao%20Meng">Yao Meng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahroo%20Eftekhari"> Mahroo Eftekhari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dennis%20Loveday"> Dennis Loveday</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, there are two types of heating systems in Chinese residential buildings, with respect to the controllability of the heating system, one is an old heating system without any possibility of controlling room temperature and another is a new heating system that provides temperature control of individual rooms. This paper is aiming to evaluate the impact of potential variables on the energy performance of old and new buildings respectively in China, and to explore how the use of individual room temperature control would change occupants’ heating behaviour and thermal comfort in Chinese residential buildings and its impact on the building energy performance. In the study, two types of residential buildings have been chosen, the new building install personal control on the heating system, together with ‘pay for what you use’ tariffs. The old building comprised uncontrolled heating with payment based on floor area. The studies were carried out in each building, with a longitudinal monitoring of indoor air temperature, outdoor air temperature, window position. The occupants’ behaviour and thermal sensation were evaluated by questionnaires. Finally, use the simulated analytic method to identify the impact of influence variables on energy use for both types of buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20buildings" title="residential buildings">residential buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20parameters" title=" design parameters"> design parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20analytics%20method" title=" simulation analytics method"> simulation analytics method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32418/a-quantitative-analysis-of-impact-of-potential-variables-on-the-energy-performance-of-old-and-new-buildings-in-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">551</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1008</span> New York’s Heat Pump Mandate: Doubling Annual Heating Costs to Achieve a 13% Reduction in New York’s CO₂ Gas Emissions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=William%20Burdick">William Burdick</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Manmade climate change is an existential threat that must be mitigated at the earliest opportunity. The role of government in climate change mitigation is enacting and enforcing law and policy to affect substantial reductions in greenhouse gasses, in the short and long term, without substantial increases in the cost of energy. To be optimally effective those laws and policies must be established and enforced based on peer reviewed evidence and scientific facts and result in substantial outcomes in years, not decades. Over the next fifty years, New York’s 2019 Climate Change and Community Protection Act and 2021 All Electric Building Act that mandate replacing natural gas heating systems with heat pumps will, immediately double annual heating costs and by 2075, yield less than 16.2% reduction in CO₂ emissions from heating systems in new housing units, less than a 13% reduction in total CO₂ emissions, and affect a $40B in cumulative additional heating cost, compared to natural gas fueled heating systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mandate" title=" mandate"> mandate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20pump" title=" heat pump"> heat pump</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas" title=" natural gas"> natural gas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176297/new-yorks-heat-pump-mandate-doubling-annual-heating-costs-to-achieve-a-13-reduction-in-new-yorks-co2-gas-emissions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1007</span> CO2 Mitigation by Promoting Solar Heating in Housing Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Sahnoune">F. Sahnoune</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Madani"> M. Madani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zelmat"> M. Zelmat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Belhamel"> M. Belhamel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Home heating and generation of domestic hot water are nowadays important items of expenditure and energy consumption. These are also a major source of pollution and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Algeria, like other countries of the southern shore of the Mediterranean has an enormous solar potential (more than 3000 hours of sunshine/year). This potential can be exploited in reducing GHG emissions and contribute to climate change adaptation. This work presents the environmental impact of introduction of solar heating in an individual house in Algerian climate conditions. For this purpose, we determined energy needs for heating and domestic hot water taking into account the thermic heat losses of the no isolated house. Based on these needs, sizing of the solar system was carried out. To compare the performances of solar and classic systems, we conducted also an economic evaluation what is very important for countries like Algeria where conventional energy is subsidized. The study clearly show that environmental and economic benefits are in favor of solar heating development in particular in countries where the thermal insulation of the building and energy efficiency are poorly developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20mitigation" title="CO2 mitigation">CO2 mitigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20heating" title=" solar heating"> solar heating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impact" title=" environmental impact"> environmental impact</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16868/co2-mitigation-by-promoting-solar-heating-in-housing-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16868.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=34">34</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20value&page=35">35</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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