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microaggressions in Australia</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: microaggressions in Australia"> <meta name="keywords" content="microaggressions in Australia"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="microaggressions in Australia"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 563</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: microaggressions in Australia</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">563</span> Racial Microaggressions: Experiences among International Students in Australia and Its Impact on Stress and Psychological Wellbeing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hugo%20M.%20Gonzales">Hugo M. Gonzales</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ke%20Ni%20Chai"> Ke Ni Chai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deanne%20Mary%20King"> Deanne Mary King</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> International students are underrepresented in Australian health literature, and this population is especially vulnerable to the well-documented negative impacts associated with racial microaggressions in their adjustment to settling in the new society, as well as to the many challenges they already face as international students. This study investigated the prevalence of racial microaggressions among international students and their impact on stress and psychological well-being. This research was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has been documented to contribute to anti-Asian racism. Participants included 54 international students, of which 72% were Asian. The Racial and Ethnic Microaggressions Scale (REMS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Perceived General Wellbeing Indicator (PGWBI) were used to measure the participants’ responses. All participants reported experiencing racial microaggression in the last six months, and significant correlations and regression models were found between REMS, certain elements of the PSS scale, and time in Australia. Despite the small sample size, this research corroborated outcomes from recent studies and provided insight into the prevalence and impact of racial microaggressions among such populations, highlighting the need for further exploration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=racial%20microaggressions" title="racial microaggressions">racial microaggressions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20students" title=" international students"> international students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=racism" title=" racism"> racism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=REMS" title=" REMS"> REMS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microaggressions%20in%20Australia" title=" microaggressions in Australia"> microaggressions in Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20wellbeing" title=" psychological wellbeing"> psychological wellbeing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160533/racial-microaggressions-experiences-among-international-students-in-australia-and-its-impact-on-stress-and-psychological-wellbeing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160533.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">562</span> Microaggressions as Hidden Barriers: The Influence on Women as Underrepresented Minority Faculty Research</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojdeh%20Mardani">Mojdeh Mardani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Stupnisky"> Robert Stupnisky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microaggressions are discriminatory and degrading slights manifested from negative and often unconscious beliefs about marginalised groups, including women and people of colour. This quantitative research analyses survey data collected from 10 USA Universities. This research presents the impacts of microaggressions on productivity and motivation of Underrepresented Minority (URM) faculty, especially women and those with intersecting marginalized identities, such as women who identify with a race other than white. Results of this study revealed that on average, URM women were 50% more susceptible to gender microaggressions, which correlated negatively with autonomy and competence, and positively with a motivation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20microaggressions" title="gender microaggressions">gender microaggressions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20discrimination" title=" gender discrimination"> gender discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underrepresented%20minority" title=" underrepresented minority"> underrepresented minority</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=female%20faculty" title=" female faculty"> female faculty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=URM%20faculty" title=" URM faculty"> URM faculty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STEM" title=" STEM"> STEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156590/microaggressions-as-hidden-barriers-the-influence-on-women-as-underrepresented-minority-faculty-research" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">561</span> Disrupting Microaggressions in the Academic Workplace: The Role of Bystanders</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tugba%20Metinyurt">Tugba Metinyurt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microaggressions are small, everyday verbal and behavioral slights that communicate derogatory messages to individuals on the basis of their group membership. They are often unintentional and not intended to do harm, and yet research has shown that their cumulative effect can be quite detrimental. The current pilot study focuses on the role of bystanders disrupting gender microaggressions and potential barriers of challenging them in the academic workplace at University of Massachusetts Lowell (UML). The participants in this study included 9 male and 20 female from faculty of different disciplines at UML. A Barriers to Intervening Questionnaire asks respondents 1) to rate barriers to intervening in situations described in three short vignettes and 2) to identify more general factors that make it more or less likely that UML faculty will intervene in microaggressions as bystanders through response to an open-ended question. Responses to the questionnaire scales that ask about respondents’ own reactions to the vignettes indicated that faculty may hesitate to interrupt gender microaggressions to avoid being perceived as offensive, losing their relationship with their coworkers, and engaging possible arguments. Responses to the open-ended question, which asked more generally about perceived barriers, revealed a few additional barriers; lack of interpersonal and institutional support, repercussion to self, personal orientation/personality, and privilege. Interestingly, participants tended to describe the obstacles presented in the questionnaire as unlikely to prevent them from intervening, yet the same barriers were suggested to be issues for others on the open-ended questions. Limitations and future directions are discussed. The barriers identified in this research can inform efforts to create bystander trainings to interrupt microaggressions in the academic workplaces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20workplace" title="academic workplace">academic workplace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bystander%20behavior" title=" bystander behavior"> bystander behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implicit%20bias" title=" implicit bias"> implicit bias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microaggressions" title=" microaggressions"> microaggressions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96219/disrupting-microaggressions-in-the-academic-workplace-the-role-of-bystanders" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96219.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">560</span> Multiracial Experiences of Microaggressions in Counseling: Implications for Culturally Competent Practice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Peeper%20McDonald">C. Peeper McDonald</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite the multiracial population growing exponentially in the world and especially in the U.S., there continues to be a lack of culturally responsive research addressing the unique experiences and needs of this population, especially within counseling and counselor education settings. It is evident that their unique racial microaggressive experiences need to be better understood within the field of professional counseling to not only underscore competent training and practice but also culturally responsive training and practice. The participants of this study were 13 (n=13) individuals from the United States who identified as multiracial and said they had a microaggressive experience with either their counselor or counseling professor. Data were gathered through one-on-one, semi-structured interviews. The analysis employed phenomenological methods based on the transcendental approach, resulting in themes that encapsulated the core of the participants' experiences, including multiracial microaggressions that are derogatory and perpetuate privilege/oppression; counselors and their training programs should embody safety, support, attentiveness, inter-personal sensitivity, and awareness of the impact on others; microaggressions negatively affect the counseling relationship and outcomes; awareness surrounding the emotional impact of microaggressions; strength-based responses and future responses to microaggressions; and advocacy and suggestions for counselors and counselor educators. These themes are discussed in detail, and recommendations for researchers, counselor educators, and professional counselors to improve training and practice are provided. This U.S. study's insights into the Multiracial experience of microaggressions within the mental health profession can inform global mental health practices by highlighting the need for culturally responsive counseling that recognizes and addresses racial nuances. Such knowledge is transferable to international settings where multiracial populations may also encounter similar challenges, aiding in the development of global standards for culturally competent counseling practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culturally%20responsive%20training%20and%20practice" title="culturally responsive training and practice">culturally responsive training and practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title=" mental health"> mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microaggressions" title=" microaggressions"> microaggressions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiracial" title=" multiracial"> multiracial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186142/multiracial-experiences-of-microaggressions-in-counseling-implications-for-culturally-competent-practice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186142.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">49</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">559</span> Intersection of Racial and Gender Microaggressions: Social Support as a Coping Strategy among Indigenous LGBTQ People in Taiwan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ciwang%20Teyra">Ciwang Teyra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20Y.%20Lai"> A. H. Y. Lai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Indigenous LGBTQ individuals face with significant life stress such as racial and gender discrimination and microaggressions, which may lead to negative impacts of their mental health. Although studies relevant to Taiwanese indigenous LGBTQpeople gradually increase, most of them are primarily conceptual or qualitative in nature. This research aims to fulfill the gap by offering empirical quantitative evidence, especially investigating the impact of racial and gender microaggressions on mental health among Taiwanese indigenous LGBTQindividuals with an intersectional perspective, as well as examine whether social support can help them to cope with microaggressions. Methods: Participants were (n=200; mean age=29.51; Female=31%, Male=61%, Others=8%). A cross-sectional quantitative design was implemented using data collected in the year 2020. Standardised measurements was used, including Racial Microaggression Scale (10 items), Gender Microaggression Scale (9 items), Social Support Questionnaire-SF(6 items); Patient Health Questionnaire(9-item); and Generalised Anxiety Disorder(7-item). Covariates were age, gender, and perceived economic hardships. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed using Mplus 8.0 with the latent variables of depression and anxiety as outcomes. A main effect SEM model was first established (Model1).To test the moderation effects of perceived social support, an interaction effect model (Model 2) was created with interaction terms entered into Model1. Numerical integration was used with maximum likelihood estimation to estimate the interaction model. Results: Model fit statistics of the Model 1:X2(df)=1308.1 (795), p<.05; CFI/TLI=0.92/0.91; RMSEA=0.06; SRMR=0.06. For Model, the AIC and BIC values of Model 2 improved slightly compared to Model 1(AIC =15631 (Model1) vs. 15629 (Model2); BIC=16098 (Model1) vs. 16103 (Model2)). Model 2 was adopted as the final model. In main effect model 1, racialmicroaggressionand perceived social support were associated with depression and anxiety, but not sexual orientation microaggression(Indigenous microaggression: b = 0.27 for depression; b=0.38 for anxiety; Social support: b=-0.37 for depression; b=-0.34 for anxiety). Thus, an interaction term between social support and indigenous microaggression was added in Model 2. In the final Model 2, indigenous microaggression and perceived social support continues to be statistically significant predictors of both depression and anxiety. Social support moderated the effect of indigenous microaggression of depression (b=-0.22), but not anxiety. All covariates were not statistically significant. Implications: Results indicated that racial microaggressions have a significant impact on indigenous LGBTQ people’s mental health. Social support plays as a crucial role to buffer the negative impact of racial microaggression. To promote indigenous LGBTQ people’s wellbeing, it is important to consider how to support them to develop social support network systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microaggressions" title="microaggressions">microaggressions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersectionality" title=" intersectionality"> intersectionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20population" title=" indigenous population"> indigenous population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title=" mental health"> mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20support" title=" social support"> social support</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143547/intersection-of-racial-and-gender-microaggressions-social-support-as-a-coping-strategy-among-indigenous-lgbtq-people-in-taiwan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">558</span> Home Education in the Australian Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abeer%20Karaali">Abeer Karaali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper will seek to clarify important key terms such as home schooling and home education as well as the legalities attached to such terms. It will reflect on the recent proposed changes to terminology in NSW, Australia. The various pedagogical approaches to home education will be explored including their prominence in the Australian context. There is a strong focus on literature from Australia. The historical background of home education in Australia will be explained as well as the difference between distance education and home education. The statistics related to home education in Australia will be explored in the scope and compared to the US. The future of home education in Australia will be discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20education" title="alternative education">alternative education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-learning" title=" e-learning"> e-learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home%20education" title=" home education"> home education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home%20schooling" title=" home schooling"> home schooling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20resources" title=" online resources"> online resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology" title=" technology"> technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34419/home-education-in-the-australian-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34419.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">557</span> Higher Language Education in Australia: Uncovering Language Positioning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mobina%20Sahraee%20Juybari">Mobina Sahraee Juybari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are around 300 languages spoken in Australia, and more than one-fifth of the population speaks a language other than English at home. The presence of international students in schools raises this number still further. Although the multilingual and multicultural status of Australia has been acknowledged by the government in education policy, the strong focus on English in institutional settings threatens the maintenance and learning of other languages. This is particularly true of universities’ language provisions. To cope with the financial impact of Covid-19, the government has cut funding for a number of Asian languages, such as Indonesian, Japanese and Chinese. This issue threats the maintenance of other languages in Australia and leaves students unprepared for the future job market. By taking account of the current reality of Australia’s diverse cultural and lingual makeup, this research intends to uncover the positioning of languages by having a historical look at Australia’s language policy and examining the value of languages and the probable impact of Covid-19 on the place of languages taught in Australian universities. A qualitative study will be adopted with language program tutors and course coordinators, with semi-structured interviews and government language policy analysis. This research hopes to provide insights into both the maintenance and learning of international language programs in tertiary language education in Australia and more widely. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=higher%20education%20sector" title=" higher education sector"> higher education sector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20maintenance" title=" language maintenance"> language maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20and%20culture%20diversity" title=" language and culture diversity"> language and culture diversity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147005/higher-language-education-in-australia-uncovering-language-positioning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147005.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">556</span> Comparison of E-Waste Management in Switzerland and in Australia: A Qualitative Content Analysis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md%20Tasbirul%20Islam">Md Tasbirul Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pablo%20Dias"> Pablo Dias</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nazmul%20Huda"> Nazmul Huda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> E-waste/Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste streams across the globe. This paper aims to compare the e-waste management system in Switzerland and Australia in terms of four features - legislative initiatives, disposal practice, collection and financial mechanisms. The qualitative content analysis is employed as a research method in the study. Data were collected from various published academic research papers, industry reports, and web sources. In addition, a questionnaire survey is conducted in Australia to understand the public awareness and opinions on the features. The results of the study provide valuable insights to policymakers in Australia developing better e-waste management system in conjunction with the public consensus, and the state-of-the-art operational strategies currently being practiced in Switzerland. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E-waste%20management" title="E-waste management">E-waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WEEE" title=" WEEE"> WEEE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=awareness" title=" awareness"> awareness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pro-environmental%20behavior" title=" pro-environmental behavior"> pro-environmental behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Switzerland" title=" Switzerland"> Switzerland</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90860/comparison-of-e-waste-management-in-switzerland-and-in-australia-a-qualitative-content-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">555</span> Combating Islamophobia in Australia: An Analysis of Six Legal and Holistic Strategies to Help Address Discrimination towards Muslims</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Zamani%20Ashni">F. Zamani Ashni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Gerber"> P. Gerber</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In today's religious and political climate, Muslims find themselves the focus of much attention, often in the form of discrimination and vilification. There is a widely held belief that Islam and terrorism are inextricably intertwined. An anti-Muslim narrative has been shaping policy around the world for some time now. This study, which focuses on the experience of Muslims in Australia, provides guidance on legislative and other steps that can be taken by Australia to help address Islamophobia. This study provides a doctrinal analysis of the state, territory, and federal anti-discrimination laws in Australia. Using principles of statutory interpretation along aside an analysis of relevant jurisprudence, this study concludes that Australian anti-discrimination laws are ill-equipped to address modern-day Islamophobia. The study also finds that laws alone are insufficient to combat Islamophobia, and a more holistic approach is required. Six strategies are identified, which can, in combination, help to successfully respond to Islamophobia. In addition to legislative initiatives, combating Islamophobia requires Australia to promote inclusive human rights education, fair media coverage, strong leadership, integration of the Islamic community, and comprehensive documentation of anti-Muslim attacks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title=" discrimination"> discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamophobia" title=" Islamophobia"> Islamophobia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muslim" title=" Muslim"> Muslim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107042/combating-islamophobia-in-australia-an-analysis-of-six-legal-and-holistic-strategies-to-help-address-discrimination-towards-muslims" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107042.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">554</span> Two Different Learning Environments: Arabic International Students Coping with the Australian Learning System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20van%20Rensburg">H. van Rensburg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Adcock"> B. Adcock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Al%20Mansouri"> B. Al Mansouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses the impact of pedagogical and learning differences on Arabic international students’ (AIS) learning when they come to study in Australia. It describes the difference in teaching and learning methods between the students’ home countries in the Arabic world and Australia. There are many research papers that discuss the general experiences of international students in the western learning systems, including Australia. However, there is little research conducted specifically about AIS learning in Australia. Therefore, the data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with AIS who are learning at an Australian regional university in Queensland. For that reason, this paper contributes to fill a gap by reporting on the learning experiences of AIS in Australia and, more specifically, on the AIS’ pedagogical experiences. Not only discussing the learning experiences of AIS, but also discussing the cultural adaptation using the Oberg’s cultural adaptation model. This paper suggests some learning strategies that may benefit AIS and academic lecturers when teaching students from a completely different culture and language. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arabic%20international%20students" title="arabic international students">arabic international students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20adaption" title=" cultural adaption"> cultural adaption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20differences" title=" learning differences"> learning differences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20systems" title=" learning systems"> learning systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18759/two-different-learning-environments-arabic-international-students-coping-with-the-australian-learning-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">603</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">553</span> The New Far-Right: The Social Construction of Hatred against the Contemporary Islamic Community in Multicultural Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angel%20Adams">Angel Adams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Australia, the contemporary social construction of hatred against the Islamic community was facilitated through the mainstream media. Australian public figures who have depicted Muslims and Islam not only as potential terrorists but also as incompatible with the country’s values and identities have helped to increase the level of fear against the Islamic community, leading sympathetic far-right movements to shift discussions towards anti-Islamic and anti-Muslim rhetoric. Political opportunities combined with a socially constructed narrative of fear of the ‘other’, introduced during the White Australia Policy of 1901, has allowed extreme and radical far-right movements to justify hate against the contemporary Australian Islamic community. This study aims to answer the following question: How does Australia’s founding provide a fertile environment to the spread of hatred against the contemporary Islamic community? The paper demonstrates that a forged social construct of grievances concerning the Islamic community in Australia has led to a surge in supply of far-right activism to combat what has become a perceived ‘national threat’. In essence, Australia’s history of a fear of the ‘other’ brings challenges to a multicultural society, and can potentially lead to a more unstable socio-political environment where abuse and violence are normalized and more likely to develop. Furthermore, the paper aims to bring a more nuanced understanding of what is considered ‘new far-right’ discourses with shared anti-Islam and anti-Muslim agendas in Australia. The political opportunity structures theory was the mechanism used to determine how new forms of far-right groups have become more mainstream in Australia. Previous studies on far-right groups in Australia have relied on qualitative data, but further empirical research in this area is sorely needed. Above all, this paper clarifies how hatred against minorities can have a negative impact on wider communities and allow a global narrative of ‘us’ versus ‘them’ to erupt from the fringes of society in Australia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamophobia" title=" Islamophobia"> Islamophobia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=far-right" title=" far-right"> far-right</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nationalism" title=" nationalism"> nationalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20opportunity%20structures" title=" political opportunity structures"> political opportunity structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20violence" title=" political violence"> political violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20construction" title=" social construction"> social construction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128796/the-new-far-right-the-social-construction-of-hatred-against-the-contemporary-islamic-community-in-multicultural-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">552</span> From the Himalayas to Australia: A Review of the Literature on Teaching and Learning with Nepalese Students in the Higher Education Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sangeeta%20Rai">Sangeeta Rai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> International education is Australia’s third largest export with significant revenue flowing to the economy in all state and territory jurisdictions. International students make significant economic, social and cultural contributions to all communities in which they are studying and often working. Among these international students are those from Nepal, who continue to seek Australian higher education in increasing numbers. This paper reports on findings from a literature review that highlights the gap in knowledge of the pedagogical issues that may need addressing in teaching Nepalese students in the higher education sector in Australia. Nepalese students bring to their studies a rich culture shaped by their country’s turbulent political and poor economic conditions. These factors may further contribute to their endeavors to seek education abroad to better themselves and their situation. This cohort of students faces various challenges undertaking their studies in Australia that may be due to factors including language, learning styles and engagement with peers. Hence, this paper highlights the importance of these students on Australian shores and forms the basis for further study on the issues and challenges that they face and those that need to be addressed by Australian educators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nepalese%20students%20in%20Australia" title="Nepalese students in Australia">Nepalese students in Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges%20and%20coping%20mechanisms%20of%20Nepalese%20students" title=" challenges and coping mechanisms of Nepalese students"> challenges and coping mechanisms of Nepalese students</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20students%20in%20Australia" title=" international students in Australia"> international students in Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-cultural%20background%20of%20Nepalese%20students" title=" socio-cultural background of Nepalese students"> socio-cultural background of Nepalese students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56017/from-the-himalayas-to-australia-a-review-of-the-literature-on-teaching-and-learning-with-nepalese-students-in-the-higher-education-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56017.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">551</span> The Wage Differential between Migrant and Native Workers in Australia: Decomposition Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabrina%20Tabassum">Sabrina Tabassum</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using Census Data for Housing and Population of Australia 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016, this paper shows the existence of wage differences between natives and immigrants in Australia. Addressing the heterogeneous nature of immigrants, this study group the immigrants in three broad categories- migrants from English speaking countries and migrants from India and China. Migrants from English speaking countries and India earn more than the natives per week, whereas migrants from China earn far less than the natives per week. Oaxaca decomposition suggests that major part of this differential is unexplained. Using the occupational segregation concept and Brown decomposition, this study indicates that migrants from India and China would have been earned more than the natives if they had the same occupation distribution as natives due to their individual characteristics. Within occupation, wage differences are more prominent than inter-occupation wage differences for immigrants from China and India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour" title=" labour"> labour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wage" title=" wage"> wage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109649/the-wage-differential-between-migrant-and-native-workers-in-australia-decomposition-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">550</span> A Qualitative Examination of Childfreedom and Childlessness: The Life Experiences of Non-Parents in Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Harman">B. Harman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Gringart"> E. Gringart</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Harms"> C. Harms</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is evidence that increasing numbers of adults of child-bearing age in Australia do not have children. While there has been research into the life experiences of non-parents, one of the issues is that the differences between people who choose not to have children – the childfree – and people who cannot have children – the childless – are not clearly defined. The qualitative research reported here adopted an interpretative phenomenological approach to examine the life experiences of non-parents. Potential participants from Australia were invited to complete an online survey describing their experiences of life without children. An examination of the data from 229 participants (188 female, 41 male) revealed that they defined their non-parent status as either childfree or childless. There are, however, five sub-categories of child freedom identified by the participants, whereas previous research has not recognized such distinctions. The variance in the definition of child freedom is important because it may be related to the life journey as a non-parent. The current paper will firstly discuss the different groups of childfree and childless people. Secondly, it will examine the life experiences and journeys of non-parents in light of how the participants defined themselves. From a social psychological perspective, the current research is important as it highlights the socially held stereotypes and the stigma experienced by non-parents in Australia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=childfree" title=" childfree"> childfree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=childless" title=" childless"> childless</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-parents" title=" non-parents"> non-parents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=qualitative" title=" qualitative"> qualitative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20psychology" title=" social psychology"> social psychology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49667/a-qualitative-examination-of-childfreedom-and-childlessness-the-life-experiences-of-non-parents-in-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">549</span> The Greek Theatre in Australia Until 1950</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Papazafeiropoulou%20Olga">Papazafeiropoulou Olga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The first Greek expatriates created centers of culture in Australia from the beginning of the 19th century, in the large urban centers of the cities (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth). They created community theater according to their cultural standards, their socio-spiritual progress and development and their relationship with theatrical creation. At the same time, the Greek immigrants of the small towns and, especially of NSW, created their own temples of art, rebuilding theater buildings (theatres and cinemas), many of which are preserved to this day. Hellenism in Australia operated in the field of entertainment, reflecting the currents of the time and the global spread of mechanical developments. The Australian-born young people of the parish, as well as pioneering expatriates joined the theater and cinematographic events of Australia. They mobilized beyond the narrow confines of the parish, gaining recognition and projecting Hellenism to the Australian establishment. G. Paizis (A. Haggard), Dimitrios Ioannidis, Stelios Saligaros, Angela Parselli, Sofia Pergamali, Raoul Kardamatis, Adam Tavlaridis, John Lemonne, Rudy Ricco, Artemis Linou, distinguished themselves by writing their names in the history of Australian theater, as they served consequently the theatrical process, elevating the sentiment of the expatriate during the early years of its settlement in the Australian Commonwealth until 1950. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=greeks" title="greeks">greeks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=commubity" title=" commubity"> commubity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=australia" title=" australia"> australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theatre" title=" theatre"> theatre</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176761/the-greek-theatre-in-australia-until-1950" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176761.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">548</span> Afghan Women’s Definitions, Perceptions and Experience of Domestic Violence, a Qualitative Study with Afghan Women in Australia </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rojan%20Afrouz">Rojan Afrouz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main aim of this study is understanding Afghan women’s perception of domestic violence and their experience of abuse by their family members. The voice of Afghan women has not been heard much particularly in Australia. Their families and communities have silenced some of them in the name of family honour and reputation, and others have not had the opportunity to talk about the issue. Although domestic violence is an issue in every country, research suggests that this is more likely to be considered acceptable behaviour in Afghanistan than elsewhere. Given the high public visibility of initiatives which aim to tackle domestic violence in Australia, it is entirely possible that Afghan women’s perceptions and beliefs about domestic violence will have changed since their arrival in this country. Thus, their understandings, perceptions and their experience of domestic violence have been investigated to improve the Afghan women’s situation in Australia. Methods: This qualitative study has been conducted among Afghan women who have lived in Australia less than ten years. Semi-structured interviews either face to face or by phone have been used to collect data for this study. The interviews have been audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Nvivo software has been used for data analysis. Findings: Participants’ definitions of domestic violence vary. They defined domestic violence in relation to their educational levels, their personal life and experience of domestic violence. Some women tended to change the definitions to be more relevant to their own life and experience. Many women had the knowledge of different domestic violence acts that have been distinguished as violent acts in Australia or other western countries. Some of the participants stated that they had the experience of domestic violence from their partner or one of the family members. Those who have been abused, their experiences were diverse and had been perpetrated by different family members. Majority of participants revealed the story of other women in their family and community that have been abused. Conclusion: Moving to Australia helped women to be aware of the issues and recognising that they are in the abusive relationships. However, intersecting multiple identities in a complex system of oppression, domination or discrimination makes the experience of domestic violence more complicated among Afghan community in Australia that cannot be addressed easily. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=domestic%20violence" title="domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersectionality" title=" intersectionality"> intersectionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immigration" title=" immigration"> immigration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=afghan%20women" title=" afghan women"> afghan women</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89304/afghan-womens-definitions-perceptions-and-experience-of-domestic-violence-a-qualitative-study-with-afghan-women-in-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89304.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">547</span> Significance of the 2015 Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement to the Foreign Policies of Australia and Singapore in the Indo-Pacific Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iraj%20Musa%20Dawaari">Iraj Musa Dawaari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Australia and Singapore signed the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (CSP) agreement on 29th June 2015. This agreement aims to strengthen security, defense, diplomatic, economic, education, and innovation cooperation, as well as people-to-people relations between the two states. The purpose of this study is to examine rationales underpinning the (2015 CSP) agreement in order to better understand the national and foreign policy priorities of both Australia and Singapore in the period leading up to the signing of the agreement and in the period since. This research project will seek to establish how both countries’ national and foreign policy priorities have developed in recent years in the light of growing tensions between China and the US in the Indo-Pacific region and how the CSP agreement has influenced these priorities. This project also seeks to better understand and analyse why both states signed the CSP agreement in 2015. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Singapore" title=" Singapore"> Singapore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foreign%20policy" title=" foreign policy"> foreign policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partnership" title=" partnership"> partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=USA" title=" USA"> USA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indo-Pacific%20Region" title=" Indo-Pacific Region"> Indo-Pacific Region</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153995/significance-of-the-2015-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-agreement-to-the-foreign-policies-of-australia-and-singapore-in-the-indo-pacific-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">546</span> The Sustainable Governance of Aquifer Injection Using Treated Coal Seam Gas Water in Queensland, Australia: Lessons for Integrated Water Resource Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacqui%20Robertson">Jacqui Robertson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The sustainable governance of groundwater is of the utmost importance in an arid country like Australia. Groundwater has been relied on by our agricultural and pastoral communities since the State was settled by European colonialists. Nevertheless, the rapid establishment of a coal seam gas (CSG) industry in Queensland, Australia, has had extensive impacts on the pre-existing groundwater users. Managed aquifer recharge of important aquifers in Queensland, Australia, using treated coal seam gas produced water has been used to reduce the impacts of CSG development in Queensland Australia. However, the process has not been widely adopted. Negative environmental outcomes are now acknowledged as not only engineering, scientific or technical problems to be solved but also the result of governance failures. An analysis of the regulatory context for aquifer injection using treated CSG water in Queensland, Australia, using Ostrom’s Common Pool Resource (CPR) theory and a ‘heat map’ designed by the author, highlights the importance of governance arrangements. The analysis reveals the costs and benefits for relevant stakeholders of artificial recharge of groundwater resources in this context. The research also reveals missed opportunities to further active management of the aquifer and resolve existing conflicts between users. The research illustrates the importance of strategically and holistically evaluating innovations in technology that impact water resources to reveal incentives that impact resource user behaviors. The paper presents a proactive step that can be adapted to support integrated water resource management and sustainable groundwater development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=managed%20aquifer%20recharge" title="managed aquifer recharge">managed aquifer recharge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater%20regulation" title=" groundwater regulation"> groundwater regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common-pool%20resources" title=" common-pool resources"> common-pool resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20water%20resource%20management" title=" integrated water resource management"> integrated water resource management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142859/the-sustainable-governance-of-aquifer-injection-using-treated-coal-seam-gas-water-in-queensland-australia-lessons-for-integrated-water-resource-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">545</span> Third Generation Greek Identities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panayiota%20Romios">Panayiota Romios</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Greek diaspora communities with their specific cultural identity are found throughout the world and exist on a continuum of redefinition and renewal. This paper investigates Greek migration to Australia, followed by a discussion of findings from a qualitative study of sixteen third generation Greek Australians conducted by the author in Melbourne, Australia, in 2021. The Greek-born population in Australia increased from 15,000 in 1930 to well over 300,000 by 1970. Over the next decades, first-generation Greek migrants successfully sustain a Greek identity that promotes difference within Australia. Their Australian-born children, while constructing Greek Australian hybrid identities through an encounter with difference, integrate successfully into Australian society and maintain strong connections to Greece. This study explores the third generation Greek Australian identities, the children of the second generation, and their having horizontal and vertical orientations, where the former designates transgression of borders and space and the latter is connected to the movement across time. This approach is particularly interesting in the context of Greek Australian migrant and diasporic experience as hybridity understood as movement and translocation can offer new perspectives on migrant identities in multi-and transcultural worlds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diaspora" title="diaspora">diaspora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybridity" title=" hybridity"> hybridity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnicty" title=" ethnicty"> ethnicty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152442/third-generation-greek-identities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">544</span> The Development of Asset Valuation Techniques for Government Business Enterprises in Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malcolm%20Abbott">Malcolm Abbott</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angela%20Tan-Kantoor"> Angela Tan-Kantoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to look at the varieties of ways in which regulators have undertaken asset valuations in Australia of government business enterprises as part of utility regulation. Regulation of the monopoly elements, through use of a building block approach, led to a need to estimate regulated asset bases. This development has had an influence on the manner in which Australian companies (both government and privately owned ones) have valued assets for the purpose of financial reporting. As the regulators in Australia did not always use a consistent approach it had meant that a variety of ways have been used to value the assets of government owned enterprises, and meant a varied impact on asset valuation more generally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sset%20valuation" title="sset valuation">sset valuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulation" title=" regulation"> regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=government%20business%20enterprises" title=" government business enterprises"> government business enterprises</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9777/the-development-of-asset-valuation-techniques-for-government-business-enterprises-in-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">543</span> The Impact of Australia's Skilled Migrant Selection System: A Case Study of Japanese Skilled Migrants and Their Families</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iori%20Hamada">Iori Hamada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Australia's skilled migrant selection system is constantly changing its target skills and criteria according to the labour market demands. The government's intention to employ this highly selective market-driven selection system is to better target the skills needed in the economy, enable skilled migrants to be employed in industries that have the highest need, and consequently boost the economy and population. However, migration scholars have called this intention into question, arguing that the system is not making the best use of skilled migrants. This paper investigates the impact of recent reforms in Australian skilled migration system on skilled migrants' employment and related life conditions. Drawing on semi-structured qualitative interviews with Japanese skilled migrants in Australia, it argues that Australia’s skilled migrant selection system guarantees neither skilled migrants' employment nor successful transfer of their skills to the labour market. The findings show that Japanese skilled migrants are often unemployed or under-employed, although they intend to achieve upward occupational mobility. The interview data also reveal that male unemployment or under-employment status prompts some Japanese men to leave Australia and find a job that better matches their skills and qualifications in a new destination. Further, it finds that Japanese male skilled migrants who experience downward occupational mobility tend to continue to take a primary breadwinner role, which affects the distribution of paid and unpaid work within their families. There is a growing body of research investigating skilled migrants’ downward career mobility. However, little has been written on skilled Japanese migrants. Further, the work-family intersection is a 'hot public policy topic' in Australia and elsewhere. Yet, the existing studies focus almost exclusively on non-migrant families. This calls attention to the urgency of assessing the work-family lives of skilled migrants. This study fills these gaps, presenting additional insight into Japanese skilled migrants’ work and family in and beyond Australia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employment" title=" employment"> employment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=family" title=" family"> family</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Japanese%20skilled%20migrants" title=" Japanese skilled migrants"> Japanese skilled migrants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118917/the-impact-of-australias-skilled-migrant-selection-system-a-case-study-of-japanese-skilled-migrants-and-their-families" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">542</span> Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Western Australia from 2015 until 2020</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumaressan%20Ragunathan">Kumaressan Ragunathan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arisudhan%20Anantharachagan"> Arisudhan Anantharachagan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the subtype of diabetes that has been rapidly increasing in numbers in Australia. The annual percentage of GDM has increased more than 50 percent in the last decade. According to Diabetes Australia, more than five hundred thousand women in Australia will be diagnosed with GDM. Globally, the prevalence of GDM ranges from single-digit to more than 45%. The prevalence of GDM has increased significantly last five years after the introduction of new diagnostic criteria. Hence, we have decided to investigate the trend in GDM prevalence in a tertiary maternity unit at Western Australia and compare it to national prevalence. Data is derived from STORK Perinatal Database which has been used by Maternity services in Western Australia to populate information on pregnancy and labour. We have selected data from 2015 until 2020, which includes 17508 women. Among 17508 women, 3850 women were diagnosed with GDM. In 2015, we had a total of 2213 deliveries with 345 of them were complicated by GDM. GDM prevalence was 15.6% compared to the Australian national prevalence of 12%. In 2016, total deliveries increased to 2759 with 590 of were with GDM. GDM prevalence was 21.4% compared to the Australian national prevalence of 12%. In 2017, total deliveries further increased to 3049 with 675 with GDM. GDM prevalence was 22.1%, with an Australian national prevalence of 13%. In 2018, total deliveries continued to increase, with numbers reaching 3231 with 749 with GDM. GDM prevalence was 23.2%, with an Australian National prevalence of 14%. In 2019, total deliveries were 3110, with 712 complicated by GDM. GDM prevalence was 22.9%, with Australian national prevalence 14%. In 2020, total deliveries 3146 with 819 complicated by GDM. GDM prevalence increased to 26% and we were unable to compare this to national standard as national prevalence has not been released. Among 3890 women with GDM, 2482 (64%) of them required insulin. Apart from that, a total 1642(42%) from the GDM group were delivered via the Caesarean section. 2121 (55%) women with GDM required induction of labour. Overall, we demonstrated an increase in the prevalence of GDM in our unit from 2015 until 2020. Our prevalence is also higher compared to national prevalence. This could be contributed by the increasing number of obesity and in addition, our unit accepts referrals of women with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 40. Hence, further studies are required to look at other risk factors like ethnicity, socio-economic status, health literacy and age, which could contribute to this high prevalence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gestational%20diabetes%20mellitus" title="gestational diabetes mellitus">gestational diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prevalence" title=" prevalence"> prevalence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Western%20Australia" title=" Western Australia"> Western Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143888/prevalence-of-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-in-western-australia-from-2015-until-2020" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143888.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">541</span> A Comparative Synopsis of the Enforcement of Market Abuse Prohibition in Australia and South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Howard%20Chitimira">Howard Chitimira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Australia, the market abuse prohibition is generally well accepted by the investing and non-investing public as well as by the government. This co-operative and co-ordinated approach on the part of all the relevant stakeholders has to date given rise to an increased awareness and commendable combating of market abuse activities in the Australian corporations, companies, and securities markets. It is against this background that this article seeks to comparatively explore the general enforcement approaches that are employed to combat market abuse (insider trading and market manipulation) activity in Australia and South Africa. In relation to this, the role of selected enforcement authorities and possible enforcement methods which may be learnt from both the Australian and South African experiences will be isolated where necessary for consideration by such authorities, especially, in the South African market abuse regulatory framework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insider%20trading" title="insider trading">insider trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20abuse" title=" market abuse"> market abuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20manipulation" title=" market manipulation"> market manipulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regulation" title=" regulation"> regulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64493/a-comparative-synopsis-of-the-enforcement-of-market-abuse-prohibition-in-australia-and-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64493.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">540</span> Impact of Coal Mining on River Sediment Quality in the Sydney Basin, Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ali">A. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Strezov"> V. Strezov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Davies"> P. Davies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Wright"> I. Wright</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Kan"> T. Kan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The environmental impacts arising from mining activities affect the air, water, and soil quality. Impacts may result in unexpected and adverse environmental outcomes. This study reports on the impact of coal production on sediment in Sydney region of Australia. The sediment samples upstream and downstream from the discharge points from three mines were taken, and 80 parameters were tested. The results were assessed against sediment quality based on presence of metals. The study revealed the increment of metal content in the sediment downstream of the reference locations. In many cases, the sediment was above the Australia and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council and international sediment quality guidelines value (SQGV). The major outliers to the guidelines were nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20mine" title="coal mine">coal mine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impact" title=" environmental impact"> environmental impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=produced%20water" title=" produced water"> produced water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediment%20quality%20guidelines%20value%20%28SQGV%29" title=" sediment quality guidelines value (SQGV)"> sediment quality guidelines value (SQGV)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67573/impact-of-coal-mining-on-river-sediment-quality-in-the-sydney-basin-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">539</span> Associations between Polymorphism of Growth Hormone Gene on Milk Production, Fat and Protein Content in Friesian Holstein Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tety%20Hartatik">Tety Hartatik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dian%20Kurniawati"> Dian Kurniawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adiarto"> Adiarto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of the research was to determine the associations between polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene (Leu/Val, L/V) and milk production of Friesian Holstein Cattle. A total of 62 cows which consist of two Friesian Holstein groups (cattle from New Zealand are 19 heads and cattle from Australia are 43 heads). We perform the PCR and RFLP method for analyzing the genotype of the target gene GH 211 bp in the part of intron 4 and exon 5 of GH gene. The frequencies of genotypes LL were higher than genotype LV. The number of genotype LL in New Zealand and Australia groups are 84% and 79%, respectively. The number of genotype LV in New Zealand and Australia groups are 16% and 21%, respectively. The association between Leu/Val polymorphism on milk production, fat and protein content in both groups does not show the significant effect. However base on the groups (cows from New Zealand compare with those from Australia) show the significant effect on fat and protein content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Friesian%20Holstein" title="Friesian Holstein">Friesian Holstein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fat%20content" title=" fat content"> fat content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth%20hormone%20gene" title=" growth hormone gene"> growth hormone gene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20production" title=" milk production"> milk production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCR-RLFP" title=" PCR-RLFP"> PCR-RLFP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20content" title=" protein content"> protein content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22526/associations-between-polymorphism-of-growth-hormone-gene-on-milk-production-fat-and-protein-content-in-friesian-holstein-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">657</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">538</span> Parental Negative Emotional States, Parenting Style and Child Emotional and Behavioural Problems: Australia-Indonesia Cross-Cultural Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yulina%20E.%20Riany">Yulina E. Riany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Divna%20Haslam"> Divna Haslam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Sanders"> Matthew Sanders</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This cross-cultural study aims to compare the level of parental depression and stress, parenting style use, and child emotional and behavioural problems between parents in Australia as an example of a Western country and parents in Indonesia as an example of Asian culture. A series of hierarchical regressions were undertaken to determine two models examining the factors that predict child problems residing in Australia (Model 1) and in Indonesia (Model 2). The online survey was completed by 179 parents in Australia and 448 parents in Indonesia. Results indicated that Australian parents reported higher levels of depression, authoritative parenting and higher levels of child misbehaviours compared to Indonesian parents. In comparison, Indonesian parents reported higher authoritarian parenting. Analyses performed to examine Model 1 and 2 revealed that parental negative emotional states and parenting style predicted child emotional and behavioural problems in both countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-cutural%20study" title="cross-cutural study">cross-cutural study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20stress" title=" parental stress"> parental stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parenting" title=" parenting"> parenting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20misbehaviour" title=" child misbehaviour"> child misbehaviour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107133/parental-negative-emotional-states-parenting-style-and-child-emotional-and-behavioural-problems-australia-indonesia-cross-cultural-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">537</span> Motherhood and Its Essence among Zimbabwean Migrant Women in Australia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pranee%20Liamputtong">Pranee Liamputtong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Childlessness in non-Western societies has wide-ranging social implications and profoundly affects the gender identity and well-being of women. The aspirations of women in these societies are shaped by various sociocultural expectations, encompassing social norms and their own social standing. Currently, there is limited knowledge regarding the perceptions and experiences of Zimbabwean migrant women living in Australia regarding childlessness and motherhood. This paper explores the cultural perspective on children in Zimbabwean society and investigates the personal and social consequences of infertility, as well as the cultural expectations of motherhood among Zimbabwean migrant women residing in Australia. The perceptions and experiences of this migrant community are of utmost importance in order to prevent misunderstandings about the core essence of motherhood among Zimbabwean women. Ultimately, this will lead to the provision of sensitive and culturally appropriate healthcare and social support for migrants in Australia's multicultural society. The study adopts a constructivist paradigm and employs qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews, drawings, and photo elicitation, involving 15 Zimbabwean women. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. In Zimbabwean culture, the ability to bear a child holds significant meaning for women. Children not only ensure the continuity of society but also provide social security, as parents rely on their children for care in old age. Childlessness jeopardizes a woman's social status and carries social repercussions that have a profound impact on their gender identity and well-being. Cultural expectations of motherhood place the sole responsibility for the emotional and physical care of children on the mother. Despite residing in Australia, the procreative value has not diminished for Zimbabwean women. Raising awareness of the procreative needs of Zimbabwean women in a culturally sensitive manner would enhance the emotional well-being of these women. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motherhood" title="motherhood">motherhood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migrant%20women" title=" migrant women"> migrant women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zimbabwe" title=" Zimbabwe"> Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169154/motherhood-and-its-essence-among-zimbabwean-migrant-women-in-australia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">536</span> Family, Neighbourhood and Psychosocial Environmental Factors and Their Association with Asthma in Australia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20Shahunja">K. M. Shahunja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20D.%20Sly"> Peter D. Sly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahmina%20Begum"> Tahmina Begum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuhin%20Biswas"> Tuhin Biswas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Mamun"> Abdullah Mamun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Various associations between different environmental exposures and asthma have been reported in different countries and populations. We aimed to investigate the associations between family, neighbourhood, and psychosocial environmental factors and asthma in Australia by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We analysed the primary research studies conducted in Australia across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus, and published between 2000 and 2020. The reviews and analyses focused on the overall association of different environmental exposures with the development or exacerbation of asthma symptoms or asthma-related hospital visits. Quality-effect meta-analysis was done to estimate the pooled odds ratio for different environmental exposures for asthma symptoms. Findings: Among the 4,799 unique published articles found, 46 were included here for systematic review and 28 for meta-analysis. Our review found that psychosocial factors, including low socioeconomic condition, maternal depression, mental stress, ethnicity, and discrimination, are associated with asthma symptoms. Pooled analysis was conducted on family and neighbourhood environmental factors and revealed that environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) (OR 1·69, 95% CI 1·19–2.38), synthetic bedding (OR 1·91, 95% CI 1·48–2·47) and gas heaters (OR 1·40, 95% CI 1·12–1·76) had significant overall associations with asthma-symptoms in Australia. Conclusion: Although the studies were heterogeneous, both systematic review and meta-analysis found several psychosocial and family environmental exposures to be significantly associated with asthma symptoms. Further study to identify their causal relationship and modification may reduce asthma symptoms in the Australian population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asthma" title="asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title=" Australia"> Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title=" systematic review"> systematic review</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139788/family-neighbourhood-and-psychosocial-environmental-factors-and-their-association-with-asthma-in-australia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/139788.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">535</span> Australian Multiculturalism in Refugee Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Coskun">N. Coskun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Australia has received over 840,000 refugees since its establishment as a federation. Despite the long history of refugee intake, Australia appears to have prolonged problems in refugee education such as academic and social isolations of refugee background students (RBS), the discriminations towards RBS and the high number of RBS drop-outs. This paper examines the place of RBS in educational policies, which can help to identify the problems and set a foundation for solutions. This paper investigates the educational provisions for RBS in three stages. First, the paper identifies the needs of RBS through a comprehensive literature review, using the framework of Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological model. Second, the study explores the place of these needs in Australian national and state educational policies which are informed by multiculturalism. The findings conclude that social, academic and psychological needs of RBS hardly find a place in multicultural educational policies. The students and their specific needs are mostly invisible and are placed under a general category of newly arrived immigrants who learn English as a second language. Third, the study explores the possible reasons for the overlook on RBS and their needs with examining the general socio-political context surrounding refugees in Australia. The overall findings suggest that Australian multiculturalism policy in education are inadequate to address RBS' social, academic and psychological needs due to the disadvantaging socio-political context where refugees are placed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-ecological%20model" title=" bio-ecological model"> bio-ecological model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiculturalism" title=" multiculturalism"> multiculturalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugee%20education" title=" refugee education"> refugee education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94986/australian-multiculturalism-in-refugee-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94986.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">534</span> Federalism, a System of Government: Comparative Study of Australia and Canada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Tajammal%20Rashid">Rana Tajammal Rashid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Federalism is a political system in which government power and responsibility are divided between a federal legislature and units of the state or provincial legislatures. This system provides the structure for the states having large territory and through that can manage the state affairs and administration easily. Many of the largest countries in the world are federations, like; The United States, Canada, India, Pakistan South Africa, Argentina, and Australia. Every large democratic nation has a federal system of government. This study will explore the feature and good governance of two developed countries Canada and Australia. This study will be helpful to the developing countries like Pakistan, India which have a federal form of structure to run the affairs of the state. In the federal system of Pakistan there are lot of issues and conflicts with the provinces with a comparative study of these two developed countries, i.e., Australia and Canada, our policy and decision maker political actors will understand in which way a state will successfully manage the issues related to federalism. This study will also provide the help to the students of comparative politics that how to analysis the different political system of the developed countries of the world. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=federalism" title="federalism">federalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=features%20of%20federalism" title=" features of federalism"> features of federalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=types%20of%20federalism" title=" types of federalism"> types of federalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=history%20of%20federalism" title=" history of federalism"> history of federalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Australian%20federalism" title=" Australian federalism"> Australian federalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Canadian%20federalism" title=" Canadian federalism"> Canadian federalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=federalism%20developments" title=" federalism developments"> federalism developments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=executives" title=" executives"> executives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=federal%20and%20provincial%20autonomy%20legislative" title=" federal and provincial autonomy legislative"> federal and provincial autonomy legislative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=judicial" title=" judicial"> judicial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44409/federalism-a-system-of-government-comparative-study-of-australia-and-canada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44409.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span 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