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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Keulen" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Keulen" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Keulen" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Keulen" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie_en_klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie_en_klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie en klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografie_en_klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Ryn_en_sy_brûe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Ryn_en_sy_brûe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Die Ryn en sy brûe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Ryn_en_sy_brûe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_Romeinse_tydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Romeinse_tydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Die Romeinse tydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Romeinse_tydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oppidum_Ubiori_en_Colonia_Agrippina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oppidum_Ubiori_en_Colonia_Agrippina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Oppidum Ubiori en Colonia Agrippina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oppidum_Ubiori_en_Colonia_Agrippina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romeinse_metropool_noord_van_die_Alpe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romeinse_metropool_noord_van_die_Alpe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Romeinse metropool noord van die Alpe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romeinse_metropool_noord_van_die_Alpe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomiese_agteruitgang_en_Dertigjarige_Oorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomiese_agteruitgang_en_Dertigjarige_Oorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ekonomiese agteruitgang en Dertigjarige Oorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomiese_agteruitgang_en_Dertigjarige_Oorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franse_Rewolusie_en_industrialisering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franse_Rewolusie_en_industrialisering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Franse Rewolusie en industrialisering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franse_Rewolusie_en_industrialisering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konrad_Adenauer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konrad_Adenauer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Konrad Adenauer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konrad_Adenauer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heropbou_en_ekonomiese_groei_na_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heropbou_en_ekonomiese_groei_na_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Heropbou en ekonomiese groei na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heropbou_en_ekonomiese_groei_na_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sakrale_argitektuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sakrale_argitektuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sakrale argitektuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sakrale_argitektuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vervoer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vervoer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vervoer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vervoer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kookkuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kookkuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kookkuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kookkuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susterstede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susterstede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Susterstede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susterstede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Keulen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 153 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%95" title="ኮልን – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮልን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Alemanya)" title="Colonia (Alemanya) – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Colonia (Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coln" title="Coln – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Coln" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كولونيا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كولونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كولونيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كولونيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Alema%C3%B1a)" title="Colonia (Alemaña) – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Colonia (Alemaña)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="کولن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiolns" title="Kiolns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kiolns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Кьолн – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кьолн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="কোলন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia_(Alemanya)" title="Colònia (Alemanya) – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colònia (Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Коьльн – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коьльн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_(munisipyo)" title="Köln (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Köln (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%D9%86" title="کۆلن – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆلن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologna" title="Cologna – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Cologna" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%ADn_nad_R%C3%BDnem" title="Kolín nad Rýnem – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolín nad Rýnem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4ln" title="Kôln – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kôln" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwlen" title="Cwlen – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwlen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κολωνία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul%C3%B2gna" title="Culògna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Culògna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonjo" title="Kolonjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolonjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Alemania)" title="Colonia (Alemania) – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colonia (Alemania)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonia_(Alemania)" title="Kolonia (Alemania) – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolonia (Alemania)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="کلن – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia,_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Colonia, Alemaña – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Colonia, Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koloin" title="Koloin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Koloin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="קלן – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="कोलोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6" title="Քյոլն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քյոլն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_(Germania)" title="Colonia (Germania) – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonia (Germania)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3" title="ケルン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კელნი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კელნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಲೋನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BE%B0%EB%A5%B8" title="쾰른 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쾰른" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lle" title="Kölle – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kölle" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Көлн – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көлн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Agrippina" title="Colonia Agrippina – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Colonia Agrippina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lle" title="Kölle – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kölle" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelnas" title="Kelnas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kelnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6elne" title="Ķelne – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķelne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Келн – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="കൊളോൺ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="क्योल्न – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्योल्न" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кӧльн – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӧльн" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ကိုလုံးမြို့ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုလုံးမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keulen" title="Keulen – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keulen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonha" title="Colonha – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਲਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonne_(Alemanne)" title="Kolonne (Alemanne) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kolonne (Alemanne)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonia_(Niemcy)" title="Kolonia (Niemcy) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonia (Niemcy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B2nia" title="Colònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Colònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="کلون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="کولن – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کولن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%B4nia_(Alemanha)" title="Colônia (Alemanha) – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colônia (Alemanha)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culonia" title="Culonia – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="ڪولون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪولون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulunya" title="Kulunya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%ADn_nad_R%C3%BDnom" title="Kolín nad Rýnom – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolín nad Rýnom" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABlni" title="Këlni – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Këlni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Келн – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Келн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கோல்ன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோல்ன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Кёлн – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кёлн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8D" title="โคโลญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคโลญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Көлн – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көлн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Cologne" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кёльн – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кёльн" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolon" title="Kolon – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Kolon" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Кельн – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кельн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81)" title="کولون (علاقہ) – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولون (علاقہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoln" title="Kyoln – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kyoln" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C5%82ogna_(Xermania)" title="Cołogna (Xermania) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cołogna (Xermania)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6l%27n" title="Köl'n – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Köl'n" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia" title="Colonia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Colonia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科隆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კელნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კელნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="קעלן – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קעלן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86" title="科隆 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科隆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" title="Köln – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Köln" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%BE%8D_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B)" title="古龍 (德國) – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古龍 (德國)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q365#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keulen" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Keulen" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keulen"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Keulen"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Keulen" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Keulen" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&oldid=2671202" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Keulen&id=2671202&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKeulen"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKeulen"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Keulen"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Keulen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cologne" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q365" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #88a; background:#CEDAF2; padding:5px; font-size: 85%; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="2" style="color: #000000; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 4px; font-size:170%;"> <p><b>Keulen</b><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:K%C3%B6ln_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/K%C3%B6ln_collage.jpg/280px-K%C3%B6ln_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/K%C3%B6ln_collage.jpg/420px-K%C3%B6ln_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/K%C3%B6ln_collage.jpg/560px-K%C3%B6ln_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </p> </th></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #999"> <td><b>Kaart</b> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><b>Wapen</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:white"> <td rowspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Locator_map_K_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Locator_map_K_in_Germany.svg/180px-Locator_map_K_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Locator_map_K_in_Germany.svg/270px-Locator_map_K_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Locator_map_K_in_Germany.svg/360px-Locator_map_K_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="1273" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:DEU_Koeln_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/75px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/113px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/150px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff;border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #CEDAF2; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999;border-top:1px solid #999"><b>Vlag</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background: white; border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/90px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/135px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg/180px-Flagge_K%C3%B6ln.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f7f8ff; border-top:1px solid #999; text-align:center;"> <td style="border-left:1px solid #999"> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Land</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Deelstaat</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Noordryn-Wesfale" title="Noordryn-Wesfale">Noordryn-Wesfale</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Koördinate</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Keulen&language=af&params=50_56_N_6_57_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">50°56′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°57′O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">50.933°N 6.950°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.933; 6.950</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Stigting</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">50 n.C. </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Stadstatus</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">1475 (Vrye Ryksstad) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b><a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a>:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Totaal </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">405,01 <a href="/wiki/Vierkante_kilometer" title="Vierkante kilometer">vk km</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Hoogte bo seevlak</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">53 m </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Bevolking:</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Totaal (31 Desember 2021) </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">1 073 096<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Bevolkingsdigtheid </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">2 650/vk km </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Metropolitaanse gebied </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">2 500 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Tydsone</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +1 (MET) </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> - <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> +2 (MEST) </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Klimaat</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff">  </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Tipe </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">Gematigde klimaat </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">10 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Gem. temp. Januarie/Julie </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">2,4 / 18,3 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td> - Gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslae </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">798 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td> <b>Burgemeester</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;">Henriette Reker<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top:1px solid #999;"> <td> <b>Amptelike webwerf</b> </td> <td style="background: #f7f8ff; text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/">www.stadt-koeln.de</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Keulen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Duits" title="Duits">Duits</a>: <i>Köln</i>, <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/De-K%C3%B6ln.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Köln.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:De-K%C3%B6ln.ogg" title="Lêer:De-Köln.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>, plaaslik: <i>Kölle</i>; <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> en <a href="/wiki/Engels" title="Engels">Engels</a>: <i>Cologne</i>) is die vierde grootste stad in <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> en die grootste stad van die westelike deelstaat <a href="/wiki/Noordryn-Wesfale" title="Noordryn-Wesfale">Noordryn-Wesfale</a>. Die stad aan die <a href="/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn">Ryn</a> gaan terug op 'n Romeinse nedersetting en is met sy meer as 2 000-jarige geskiedenis een van die oudste stede in Duitsland. Sedert 30 Junie 2010 is Keulen die vierde miljoenestad in Duitsland ná <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> en <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen" title="München">München</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Stadtbild_K%C3%B6ln_(50MP).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stadtbild_K%C3%B6ln_%2850MP%29.jpg/220px-Stadtbild_K%C3%B6ln_%2850MP%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stadtbild_K%C3%B6ln_%2850MP%29.jpg/330px-Stadtbild_K%C3%B6ln_%2850MP%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Stadtbild_K%C3%B6ln_%2850MP%29.jpg/440px-Stadtbild_K%C3%B6ln_%2850MP%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8296" data-file-height="6028" /></a><figcaption>'n Lugbeeld van Keulen met die katedraal en Hohenzollern-brug</figcaption></figure> <p>Vandag is Keulen die ekonomiese, kulturele en geskiedkundige sentrum van die Rynland. Die Universiteit van Keulen en ander hoëronderwysinstellings het altesaam meer as 85 000 studente. Sy ligging aan die Ryn, die belangrikste Duitse rivier, en by die kruispunt van belangrike handelsroetes maak van Keulen ook 'n eersterangse Europese vervoersentrum. Die stad is naas <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stad" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Stad">New York</a> een van die belangrikste sentrums van die internasionale kunshandel. </p><p>Vrolikheid word as een van die tipiese Rynlandse eienskappe beskou, en dit vind veral neerslag in Keulen se losbandige Karnavaltyd, wat met die optogte op <i>Rosenmontag</i> sy hoogtepunt bereik. Keulen staan daarnaas bekend as een van die belangrikste sentrums van <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>- en lesbiese kultuur in Duitsland. Meer as 175 000 Keulenaars is van buitelandse afkoms, en die stad is dus nog steeds 'n smeltkroes van vele kulture. Keulen huisves een van die grootste <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkse</a> gemeenskappe in Duitsland en is ook die setel van 'n aantal <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamitiese</a> organisasies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die stadsnaam Keulen is ontleen aan die <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latynse</a> naam <i>Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</i>. Uit <i>Colonia</i> het oor <i>Coellen</i>, <i>Cöllen</i>, <i>Cölln</i> en <i>Cöln</i> die huidige naam met "K" ontwikkel. In die Keulse <a href="/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek">dialek</a> word die stad <i>Kölle</i> genoem. In die meeste <a href="/wiki/Romaanse_tale" title="Romaanse tale">Romaanse</a> en verskeie ander tale is die Latynse oorsprong van die naam steeds herkenbaar (byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Italiaans" title="Italiaans">Italiaans</a> en <a href="/wiki/Spaans" title="Spaans">Spaans</a> <i>Colonia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Portugees" title="Portugees">Portugees</a> <i>Colônia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Katalaans" title="Katalaans">Katalaans</a> <i>Colònia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Frans</a> <i>Cologne</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pools" title="Pools">Pools</a> <i>Kolonia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Turks" title="Turks">Turks</a> <i>Kolonya</i> en <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a> كولونيا (<i>Kōlōnyā</i>). </p><p>Die Romeinse stad <i>Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</i> (CCAA) is na keiserin <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_die_jongere" title="Agrippina die jongere">Agrippina</a> genoem: Die eggenote van <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> is aan die <a href="/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn">Ryn</a> gebore en het in 50 n.C. stadstatus aan die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ubi%C3%ABrs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ubiërs (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ubiërnedersetting</a> <i>Oppidum Ubiorum</i> verleen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie_en_klimaat">Geografie en klimaat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Geografie en klimaat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie en klimaat"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Koeln_bezirke1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koeln_bezirke1.png/220px-Koeln_bezirke1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koeln_bezirke1.png/330px-Koeln_bezirke1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koeln_bezirke1.png/440px-Koeln_bezirke1.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Keulen se distrikte</figcaption></figure> <p>Die stadsgebied van Keulen strek oor 405,01 vierkante kilometer, waarvan 230,25 aan die linkeroewer en 174,87 aan die regteroewer van die Ryn. Ten opsigte van sy oppervlak is Keulen na Berlyn en Hamburg die derde grootste stad van Duitsland. </p><p>Die hoogste punt in die Königsforst lê 118,04 meter bo <a href="/wiki/Seevlak" title="Seevlak">seevlak</a>, die laagste in die Worringer Bruch 37,5 meter bo seevlak. </p><p>Keulen lê in die sogenaamde Keulense Bekken (Duits: <i>Kölner Bucht</i>), 'n vallei tussen die heuwels van die Bergische Land en die Eifel, wat deur klimatiese besonderhede gekenmerk word: </p> <ul><li>Aangesien die Eifel-gebergte 'n soort versperring vorm, lê Keulen (en veral sy linkeroewer) in die reënskadu van westelike winde. Warm valwinde kom hier gereeld voor.</li> <li>Die lug in die bekken word meer verwarm as dié van die omgewing, en die middestad van Keulen word as die warmste plek in Duitsland nog voor <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> beskou. Die verdamping van Rynwater veroorsaak hoë lugvogtigheid en lei in die somer dikwels tot bedompige weer met donderbuie.</li></ul> <p>Die metropolitaanse gebied van Keulen lê in die oorgangsgebied van gematigde see- en kontinentale klimaat met koel winters (die gemiddelde temperatuur in Januarie is 2,4 °C) en gematigde somers (met 'n gemiddelde temperatuur van 18,3 °C in Julie). Die gemiddelde jaarlikse neerslag is 798 millimeter. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14" style="background-color:#eeeeee; text-align:center; font-size:90%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Weergegewens vir Keulen/Bonn Lughawe, Duitsland vir 1981–2010</span> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;"> <th>Maand </th> <th title="Januarie" style="width:3em">Jan </th> <th title="Februarie" style="width:3em">Feb </th> <th title="Maart" style="width:3em">Mar </th> <th title="April" style="width:3em">Apr </th> <th title="Mei" style="width:3em">Mei </th> <th title="Junie" style="width:3em">Jun </th> <th title="Julie" style="width:3em">Jul </th> <th title="Augustus" style="width:3em">Aug </th> <th title="September" style="width:3em">Sep </th> <th title="Oktober" style="width:3em">Okt </th> <th title="November" style="width:3em">Nov </th> <th title="Desember" style="width:3em">Des </th> <th style="width:4em; border-left-width:medium;">Jaar </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee; white-space:nowrap;">Hoogste maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">16,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">20,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">25,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF2000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">29,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF0000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">32,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">36,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #E00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">37,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">38,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF0000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">31,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF4000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">27,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">16,6 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">38,8 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde maksimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">6,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">21,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">24,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF6000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">24,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FF8000; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5,9 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">14,8 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde temperatuur (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">6,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">14,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">16,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFA020; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">18,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFC040; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">14,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">6,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3,3 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">10,33 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Gemiddelde minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−0,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−0,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">8,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">11,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">13,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFE060; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">12,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFF80; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">9,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">6,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3,1 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0,4 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFA0; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">5,8 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Laagste minimum (°C) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0040FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%;">−23,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #0080FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−19,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #20C0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−12,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #40E0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−8,8 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #C0FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−2,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFC0; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">1,9 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">0,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #80FFFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−6,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #40E0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−10,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #00A0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">−16,0 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background: #0040FF; color:#FFFFFF; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">−23,4 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" height="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left; font-size:90%; background-color:#eeeeee;">Neerslag (mm) </th> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">60,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #A0B4FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">46,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">62,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #8CA0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">50,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">72,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">87,6 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #5064FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">86,0 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">65,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">69,3 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">61,7 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">63,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center; background: #6478FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">70,7 </td> <th style="text-align:center; background-color: #788CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%; border-left-width:medium;">796 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size:88%; background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"><i>Bron: Temperatuur: Deutscher Wetterdienst<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neerslag: Weatherchannel<sup id="cite_ref-weatherchannel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weatherchannel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_Ryn_en_sy_brûe"><span id="Die_Ryn_en_sy_br.C3.BBe"></span>Die Ryn en sy brûe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Ryn en sy brûe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Die Ryn en sy brûe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg/220px-Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg/330px-Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg/440px-Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Die Hohenzollernbrücke is die belangrikste spoorwegbrug oor die Ryn</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Ryn, wat in Keulen 'n wydte van vierhonderd meter (1 300 voet) bereik en oor 'n lengte van veertig kilometer (25 myl) deur die stad vloei, maak 'n groot boog in Keulen en verdeel die stad in twee verskillende helftes: Die linkeroewer, wat in die volksmond as die "ware Keulen" ("<i>wahre Kölle</i>") bekend staan, en die "<i>schäl Sick</i>" of regteroewer. Hier lê ook voormalige selfstandige stede soos Deutz en Mülheim, wat lankal by Keulen ingesluit is. </p><p>Beide kante van die rivier is eeue lank deur slegs een <a href="/wiki/Veerboot" title="Veerboot">veerboot</a> met mekaar verbind. Tans is daar agt brûe. Die eerste permanente brug, die voorloper van die huidige Hohenzollern-spoorwegbrug tussen die hoofstasie en die voorstad Deutz, is eers in <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a> geopen. </p><p>Die Suidbrug met sy indrukwekkende boë is eweneens 'n suiwer spoorwegbrug, terwyl die Rodenkirchen- en die Leverkusen-brug uit die jaar <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> vir motors oop staan. Die Zoo-brug word as die pronkstuk beskou. Hierdie kabelbrug is deur die argitek Gerd Lohmer ontwerp en in <a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> ingewy. Met 1 300 meter (4 200 voet) is dit ook die langste brug in Keulen. Die gunstelingbrug van voetgangers is die Deutz-brug met 'n lengte van 400 meter (1 300 voet), wat Deutz met die ou stadskern van Keulen verbind en 'n pragtige uitsig oor die linkeroewer bied. Duisende toeskouers kom jaarliks op Nuwejaarsaand hier byeen om die groot vuurwerkskouspel te bewonder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Romeinse_tydperk">Die Romeinse tydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Romeinse tydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Die Romeinse tydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oppidum_Ubiori_en_Colonia_Agrippina">Oppidum Ubiori en Colonia Agrippina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Oppidum Ubiori en Colonia Agrippina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Oppidum Ubiori en Colonia Agrippina"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Roman_Cologne,_reconstruction.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Cologne%2C_reconstruction.JPG/220px-Roman_Cologne%2C_reconstruction.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Cologne%2C_reconstruction.JPG/330px-Roman_Cologne%2C_reconstruction.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roman_Cologne%2C_reconstruction.JPG/440px-Roman_Cologne%2C_reconstruction.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="1113" /></a><figcaption>'n Rekonstruksie van die Romeinse stad</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Koeln_roemerturm_031204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Koeln_roemerturm_031204.jpg/220px-Koeln_roemerturm_031204.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Koeln_roemerturm_031204.jpg/330px-Koeln_roemerturm_031204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Koeln_roemerturm_031204.jpg/440px-Koeln_roemerturm_031204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Die Romeinse toring, 'n oorblyfsel van die antieke stadsmuur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Diatretglas-K%C3%B6ln-330--bis-340-n-Chr.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Diatretglas-K%C3%B6ln-330--bis-340-n-Chr.JPG/220px-Diatretglas-K%C3%B6ln-330--bis-340-n-Chr.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Diatretglas-K%C3%B6ln-330--bis-340-n-Chr.JPG/330px-Diatretglas-K%C3%B6ln-330--bis-340-n-Chr.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Diatretglas-K%C3%B6ln-330--bis-340-n-Chr.JPG/440px-Diatretglas-K%C3%B6ln-330--bis-340-n-Chr.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2651" data-file-height="3757" /></a><figcaption>Romeinse glasbeker, omstreeks 330-340 n.C., Romeins-Germaanse Museum Keulen</figcaption></figure> <p>Oorspronklik het 'n klein Germaanse volk met die Latynse naam <i>Eburones</i> op die linkeroewer van die Ryn gewoon. In die jaar 53 v.C. is hulle deur <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a> verslaan en feitlik uitgewis. 'n Ander volk in die gebied, die Ubiërs, het besluit om liewer geen weerstand teen die veroweraars te bied nie en eerder 'n verbond met die Romeine te sluit. Die Romeinse veldheer <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>, 'n skoonseun en vriend van keiser <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, het die Ubiër-nedersetting van die regter- na die linkeroewer van die Ryn verskuif. Die versterkte nedersetting <i>oppidum Ubiori</i>, wat in 39 v.C. ontstaan het, was die voorloper van die stad Keulen. Ubiërs het vervolgens as hulpsoldate 'n belangrike rol by die militêre beskerming van die Ryngrens gespeel. </p><p>Kort voor die begin van die Christelike jaartelling is die nedersetting se status tot dié van 'n sentrale dorp verhef. 'n Altaar, die <i>Ara Ubiorum</i>, is opgerig en twee van Rome se vier Rynlegioene in die nabygeleë militêre kamp gestasioneer. In 15 of 16 n.C. is Julia Agrippina, die dogter van Germanicus en latere vrou van keiser <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (10 v.C. - 54 n.C.) en moeder van keiser <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (37-68) in die Oppidum Ubiorum gebore. Die Ubiërs het in hierdie tydperk begin om na hulself as Agrippinense te verwys. Die vader van Agrippina was die teenspeler van Arminius, en blykbaar het die Ubiërs as geromaniseerde Germane hulself eweneens van dié rebel gedistansieer. </p><p>In 50 n.C. is keiser Claudius deur sy nig en eggenote Julia Agrippina, 'n boorling van Keulen en die moeder van Nero, oorreed om stadstatus aan die nedersetting te verleen. Dit het vervolgens die nuwe Latynse naam <i>Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium</i> gekry (wat dikwels met sy voorletters CCAA afgekort of net Colonia Agrippina genoem is). Die term <i>colonia</i> het na die Romeinse burgerreg verwys, <i>Claudia</i> na die ontstaanstyd (gedurende keiser Claudius se heerskappy), <i>ara</i> na die feit dat 'n belangrike Romeinse altaar in die gebied opgerig is, en <i>Agrippinensium</i> na Agrippina, wat die aanleiding tot die stigting van die kolonie gegee het. Die nedersetting was voortaan in regtelike opsig gelykgestel aan Italiaanse stede. Dit was vervolgens veral veterane, afgetrede soldate van die Rynlegioene met hul gesinne, beamptes, handkunswerkers, ambagsmanne en handelaars wat hulle in die <i>colonia</i> gevestig het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romeinse_metropool_noord_van_die_Alpe">Romeinse metropool noord van die Alpe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Romeinse metropool noord van die Alpe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Romeinse metropool noord van die Alpe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die stad het tot een van die belangrikstes in die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> gegroei. Aanvanklik was dit veral 'n militêre voorpos met die laers van die 1<sup>ste</sup> en 20<sup>ste</sup> Romeinse legioen (hulle is later na Bonna – die huidige <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> – verskuif), maar gaandeweg het die nedersetting tot een van die grootste Romeinse metropole noord van die Alpe gegroei. Tussen 50 en 70 n.C. is 'n stadsmuur met 'n lengte van sowat vier kilometer en nege stadspoorte en 21 torings gebou. </p><p>Die stad het 'n oppervlakte van een vierkante kilometer gehad. Strate is volgens 'n roosterpatroon aangelê wat ten opsigte van die hoofstrate oor die eeue min of meer onveranderd gebly het. Die <i>Cardo Maximus</i> (die huidige Hohe Straße) het langs die Ryn in 'n noord-suidelike rigting geloop, die <i>Decumanus Maximus</i> (die huidige Schildergasse) vanaf die Rynoewer in 'n westelike rigting. 'n Waterleiding het die stad oor 'n afstand van 80 kilometer van vars water uit die Eifelgebergte voorsien. Ondergrondse kanale het rioolwater afgevoer. Die stad het met pragtige pleine gespog, en die woonhuise se mure is deur kunstenaars versier. </p><p>Aangesien die stad op die kruispad van belangrike handelsroetes geleë was, is hier goedere van orals in die Romeinse Ryk aangebied. Die stad het tot een van die grootste Romeinse nywerheidsentrums vir <a href="/wiki/Glas" title="Glas">glas</a> en keramiek ontwikkel. Die nywerhede is weens die brandgevaar buite die stadsmuur aangelê. Langs die paaie, wat van die stad uitgegaan het, was ook die begraafplase van die inwoners geleë. </p><p>In die tydperk ná die Bataafse opstand in die jare 69 en 70 tot by die politieke en ekonomiese krisis van die Romeinse Ryk in die tweede helfte van die 3de eeu het CCAA sy bloeitydperk beleef. In die jaar 90 n.C. is CCAA as die hoofstad van die provinsie <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Laer-Germanië</a> aangewys. Die provinsiale stadhouer se kantoor, die <i>praetorium</i>, was op die plein geleë waar eeue later die Keulense raadsaal opgerig is. Die stad se inwonertal – insluitende die nywerheidsgebiede buite die stadsmuur – word deur deskundiges op tussen 20 000 en 40 000 beraam.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keulen was tydelik die grootste Romeinse nedersetting noord van die <a href="/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe">Alpe</a> en is eers omstreeks 300 deur <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a>, die huidige Trier, verbygesteek. Vanaf 275 is CCAA verskeie kere deur <a href="/wiki/Franke" title="Franke">Franke</a> aangeval. Dit was duidelik dat die stad as periferiese nedersetting aan die Ryngrens in 'n onseker en gevaarlike posisie was. Die stedelike munt, 'n simbool van Colonia Agrippina se status as ekonomiese sentrum, is in hierdie periode na <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galli%C3%AB" title="Gallië">Gallië</a> verskuif. </p><p>Die agteruitgang van die Romeinse stad het met die rebellie van die Frankiese generaal Silvanus en die plundering en verwoesting deur Frankiese krygers in die jaar <a href="/wiki/355" title="355">355</a> begin. Keiser Julianus het die stad in <a href="/wiki/356" title="356">356</a> weer laat opbou, maar in <a href="/wiki/401" title="401">401</a> het Rome sy troepe uit die Rynland onttrek. In <a href="/wiki/455" title="455">455</a> het die Franke die stad ingeneem, en Keulen het een van die residensies van die Frankiese konings geword. Die Frankiese bevolking se aandeel het gaandeweg toegeneem sodat die Romeinse bewoners gaandeweg geassimileer is. Keulen het steeds administratiewe funksies vervul, onder meer as tydelike hoofstad van 'n Frankiese deelkoninkryk.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Middeleeue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Middeleeue"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Overstolzenhaus_Koeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Overstolzenhaus_Koeln.jpg/220px-Overstolzenhaus_Koeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Overstolzenhaus_Koeln.jpg/330px-Overstolzenhaus_Koeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Overstolzenhaus_Koeln.jpg/440px-Overstolzenhaus_Koeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Die Overstolzen-huis van 1230, 'n uitstekende voorbeeld van Romaanse boukuns, is een van die oudste patrisiër-woonhuise in Duitsland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Koeln_stadtmauer_hansaring01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koeln_stadtmauer_hansaring01.jpg/220px-Koeln_stadtmauer_hansaring01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koeln_stadtmauer_hansaring01.jpg/330px-Koeln_stadtmauer_hansaring01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koeln_stadtmauer_hansaring01.jpg/440px-Koeln_stadtmauer_hansaring01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Die stadsmuur van Keulen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg/220px-St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg/330px-St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg/440px-St_Kunibert_Koeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Die kerk St. Kunibert</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dreik%C3%B6nigsschrein_im_Dom1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dreik%C3%B6nigsschrein_im_Dom1.JPG/220px-Dreik%C3%B6nigsschrein_im_Dom1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dreik%C3%B6nigsschrein_im_Dom1.JPG/330px-Dreik%C3%B6nigsschrein_im_Dom1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Dreik%C3%B6nigsschrein_im_Dom1.JPG/440px-Dreik%C3%B6nigsschrein_im_Dom1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>Die <i>Dreikönigsschrein</i>, die heiligdom van die Heilige Drie Konings in die Keulense katedraal</figcaption></figure> <p>Onder die heerskappy van <a href="/wiki/Karel_die_Grote" title="Karel die Grote">Karel die Grote</a> het 'n nuwe bloeitydperk vir Keulen begin. In 795 was die stad die setel van 'n aartsbiskop. Met Karel se oorwinning oor die Sakse het Keulen van die periferie na die sentrum van die ryk beweeg en tot 'n belangrike godsdienstige en ekonomiese metropool en die grootste stad in Duitsland gegroei. Ondanks die teenstellings tussen die biskoppe en die welvarende burgery sedert die laat elfde eeu was Keulen gedurende die 12de eeu die grootste stad noord van die Alpe, met 'n oppervlak van sowat 400 hektaar binne sy stadsmuur en meer as 35 000 inwoners. 'n Aantal voorstede is by Keulen ingelyf, en daar was steeds omvangryke boubedrywighede. Net soos in Jerusalem was daar twaalf stadspoorte, terwyl langs die Ryn 'n bykomende dertig toegange gebou is. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1164" title="1164">1164</a> het aartsbiskop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainald_von_Dassel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainald von Dassel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rainald von Dassel</a> daarin geslaag om die sterflike oorskot van die Heilige Drie Konings vanuit <a href="/wiki/Milaan" title="Milaan">Milaan</a> na Keulen te bring. Met hierdie relieke het <i>Sancta Colonia</i> nou ook 'n belangrike rol as bedevaartsoord begin speel. </p><p>Danksy die bydraes van welvarende burgers is talle kerke en kloosters opgerig. In 1248 is die grondsteen van die gotiese katedraal gelê, die grootste kerkgebou wat ooit in Keulen opgerig is. Die katedraal is volgens die voorbeelde uit <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> ontwerp, tog is dit eers in die laat 19de eeu voltooi. </p><p>In die 13de eeu het Keulen een van die belangrikste Europese handelsentrums geword, en was naas die Franse stad <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> die grootste uitvoerhawe vir <a href="/wiki/Wyn" title="Wyn">wyn</a>, met Engeland as een van die vernaamste bestemmings. Ander belangrike handelsgoedere was <a href="/wiki/Tafelsout" title="Tafelsout">sout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haring" title="Haring">harings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wol" title="Wol">wol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekstiel" title="Tekstiel">tekstiele</a>, swaarde, juweliersware, basalt en leiklip. Die invoering van die sogenaamde <i>stapelreg</i>, waarvolgens uitheemse handelaars hulle ware eers op die plaaslike mark moes aanbied voordat hulle verder mog trek, het die ekonomiese groei vanaf <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a> bevorder en die politieke selfbewussyn van die Keulense burgery steeds verder aangewakker. Met hulle neerlaag in die slag van Worringen op <a href="/wiki/5_Junie" title="5 Junie">5 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/1288" title="1288">1288</a> het die klerus sy politieke leiersrol kwytgeraak, en Keulen het feitlik 'n vrye ryksstad geword. </p><p>Die mag het nou by vyftien patrisiërgesinne berus, wat van Keulen in die 14de en 15de eeu die rykste stad in die Duitse Ryk gemaak het. Die Universiteit van Keulen, wat deur die welgestelde burgery in <a href="/wiki/1388" title="1388">1388</a> gestig is, was die eerste wat sy ontstaan nie aan die keiser of 'n vors te danke gehad het nie. Keulen het by die <i><a href="/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse">Hanse</a></i>, die magtige vereniging van Noord-Duitse handelstede, aangesluit en sy handelsbetrekkinge dwarsoor Duitsland uitgebrei. </p><p>Naas die handelaars en koopmanne het ook die Keulense kunstenaars en ambagsmanne 'n groot rol by die ekonomiese opbloei van die stad gespeel. Hulle het hul eie gildes gestig, waarvan die wewersgilde die invloedrykste geword het. Teen die einde van die 14de eeu het hulle uiteindelik daarin geslaag om naas die lede van die koopmansgildes ook tot die stadsraad toegelaat te word. </p><p>In 1475 is Keulen deur keiser Frederik III amptelik tot Vrye Ryksstad verklaar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekonomiese_agteruitgang_en_Dertigjarige_Oorlog">Ekonomiese agteruitgang en Dertigjarige Oorlog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomiese agteruitgang en Dertigjarige Oorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomiese agteruitgang en Dertigjarige Oorlog"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die geleidelike ekonomiese agteruitgang moet toegeskryf word aan die vinnig veranderende ekonomiese toestande. Met die ontdekking van <a href="/wiki/Amerika" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika">Amerika</a> het die seehandel al hoe belangriker geword, terwyl ook die ambagsmanne en kunstenaars met die invoering van nuwe produkte en produksiemetodes groot moeilikhede ondervind het. </p><p>Alhoewel die stadsregering daarin geslaag het om Keulen nie in die slagte van die <a href="/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog" title="Dertigjarige Oorlog">Dertigjarige Oorlog</a> te verwikkel nie en wapentuig, klere en voedsel aan die oorlogspartye verskaf het, het die ekonomiese agteruitgang steeds aangehou. Nepotisme en korrupsie het gedurende die 17de eeu 'n groot probleem geword. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franse_Rewolusie_en_industrialisering">Franse Rewolusie en industrialisering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Franse Rewolusie en industrialisering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Franse Rewolusie en industrialisering"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gro%C3%9F-St.-Martin-K%C3%B6ln.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gro%C3%9F-St.-Martin-K%C3%B6ln.JPG/220px-Gro%C3%9F-St.-Martin-K%C3%B6ln.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gro%C3%9F-St.-Martin-K%C3%B6ln.JPG/330px-Gro%C3%9F-St.-Martin-K%C3%B6ln.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gro%C3%9F-St.-Martin-K%C3%B6ln.JPG/440px-Gro%C3%9F-St.-Martin-K%C3%B6ln.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>Die kerk Groß-St.-Martin</figcaption></figure> <p>Op <a href="/wiki/6_Oktober" title="6 Oktober">6 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a> is Keulen deur Franse troepe beset, en die ideale van die <a href="/wiki/Franse_Rewolusie" title="Franse Rewolusie">Franse Rewolusie</a> het 'n einde aan die erfenis van die middeleeue en die selfregerende status van die stad gemaak. Een van die belangrikste veranderings was die sekularisasie, waarby talle <a href="/wiki/Klooster" title="Klooster">kloosters</a> en kerke gesluit en onteien is. </p><p>Na sowat twintig jaar se Franse bewind is die linkeroewer van die Ryn tydens die <a href="/wiki/Kongres_van_Wene" title="Kongres van Wene">Kongres van Wene</a> in <a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a> aan <a href="/wiki/Pruise" title="Pruise">Pruise</a> toegeken. Die Pruisiese owerhede het met die versterking van Keulen begin. Terselfdertyd het die vinnige industrialisering die ekonomiese basis van die stad verander, en die nuwe tekstiel- en metaalnywerhede, brouerye, suikersuiweringsfabrieke en ander industriële installasies het van Keulen een van die leidende ekonomiese sentra in Duitsland gemaak. </p><p>Bekende nyweraars uit Keulen sluit Nikolaus August Otto (masjienbou en toerusting, <i>Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz</i>), Theodor Felten en sy skoonseun Carl Guillaume (kabels, <i>Felten & Guillaume</i>), Franz Stollwerck (<a href="/wiki/Sjokolade" title="Sjokolade">sjokolade</a>, <i>Stollwerck</i>) en Carl Joest (<a href="/wiki/Suiker" title="Suiker">suiker</a>) in. </p><p>Met die inlywing van talle voorstede op <a href="/wiki/1_April" title="1 April">1 April</a> <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a> het Keulen die grootste stad van Duitsland met 'n oppervlak van sowat 11 000 hektaar en meer as 260 000 inwoners geword. Die stad het steeds verder uitgebrei; in <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> het die stede Kalk en Vingst, in <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a> Mülheim en Merheim met Keulen saamgesmelt. Aan die begin van die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreldoorlog</a> het meer as 630 000 mense in die stadsgebied van 20 000 hektaar gewoon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konrad_Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Konrad Adenauer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Konrad Adenauer"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1876–1967) het in <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> burgemeester van Keulen geword. Alhoewel die stad na die einde van die oorlog tot <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a> deur Britse troepe beset is, het Adenauer daarin geslaag om sy politieke doelwitte te bereik, waaronder die heropening van die universiteit, een van die grootstes in Duitsland, in die jaar <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a> en die oprigting van die Müngersdorf-stadion, die grootste in Europa, vanaf <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>. Ander groot projekte in dié tyd was die bou van 'n industriële hawe, die handelskouterrein in Deutz en die inlywing van die voorstad Worringen. </p><p>Die <a href="/wiki/Nazi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-party">Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Party</a> (NSDAP) het sowat veertig persent van die stemme in die munisipale verkiesing van die jaar <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> gewen en 'n oorwinning in die politieke magstryd behaal wat gevolg het. Konrad Adenauer is in dieselfde jaar afgedank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"><span id="Die_Tweede_W.C3.AAreldoorlog"></span>Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Koeln_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/220px-Koeln_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/330px-Koeln_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Koeln_1945.jpg/440px-Koeln_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2919" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>Keulen in 1945 – bouvalle in die middestad</figcaption></figure> <p>Op <a href="/wiki/31_Mei" title="31 Mei">31 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> is Keulen vir die eerste keer deur die bomme van 'n geallieerde lugaanval getref, en teen die einde van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">oorlog</a> was meer as 90 persent van die stad se woonhuise en alle brûe oor die Ryn verwoes. Van die driekwart miljoen inwoners het meer as 20 000 as gevolg van die bombardemente gesterf, en honderdduisende is geëvakueer of het na die plattelandse gebiede van die omgewing gevlug. In <a href="/wiki/Mei" title="Mei">Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> was daar nog net 40 000 Keulenaars in die stad. </p><p>In die tydperk van <a href="/wiki/Januarie" title="Januarie">Januarie</a> tot <a href="/wiki/Maart" title="Maart">Maart</a> 1945 is sowat 1 800 Duitse en buitelandse lede van weerstandsbewegings in Keulen vermoor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heropbou_en_ekonomiese_groei_na_die_Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"><span id="Heropbou_en_ekonomiese_groei_na_die_Tweede_W.C3.AAreldoorlog"></span>Heropbou en ekonomiese groei na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Heropbou en ekonomiese groei na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Heropbou en ekonomiese groei na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kort na die einde van die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> het reeds sowat 400 000 Keulenaars na hulle stad teruggekeer, en met die invoering van die nuwe geldstelsel in die jaar <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> het die grootskaalse heropbou van die stad se historiese geboue begin. Die vooroorlogse bevolkingsvlakke is nogtans eers weer in 1959 bereik. </p><p>Die sogenaamde Wet oor Keulen (Duits: <i>Köln-Gesetz</i>) het voorsiening gemaak vir omvattende administratiewe hervormings. Met die inlywing van 'n aantal voorstede soos Porz in <a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> het Keulen se inwonertal vir 'n tyd lank die een-miljoen-kerf oorskry. In die volgende jaar het die stad Wesseling weer 'n selfstandige munisipaliteit geword en in <a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a> het Keulen weer 'n bevolking van meer as een miljoen inwoners. </p><p>Die moderne Keulen is 'n sentrum van die Duitse motornywerheid, maar ook talle chemiese en versekeringmaatskappye het hulle hoofkwartiere in die stad. Dit was een van die gasheerstede tydens beide die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-Konfederasiebeker_in_2005" title="FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2005">FIFA Sokker-Konfederasiebeker in 2005</a> en <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2006" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Ekonomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ekonomie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:DE-k%C3%B6lntriangle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/DE-k%C3%B6lntriangle.jpg/220px-DE-k%C3%B6lntriangle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/DE-k%C3%B6lntriangle.jpg/330px-DE-k%C3%B6lntriangle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/DE-k%C3%B6lntriangle.jpg/440px-DE-k%C3%B6lntriangle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption><i>Köln Triangle</i>, 'n kantoorgebou op die regteroewer van die Ryn</figcaption></figure> <p>Die metropolitaanse gebied van Keulen is met sowat 2,5 miljoen inwoners die derde grootste nywerheidsentrum van Duitsland. In die laaste jare handhaaf ook die dienstesektor 'n stewige en bestendige groeikoers. </p><p>Die motorbedryf bly die belangrikste nywerheid, en reeds in 1930 kies die Amerikaanse motorpionier <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> Keulen met sy uitstekende infrastruktuur en vervoergeriewe as die mees geskikte stad vir die oprigting van 'n <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitse</a> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motormaatskappy" title="Ford Motormaatskappy">Ford</a>-fabriek. Later volg <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Franse</a> motorvervaardigers soos <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> en <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> en <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japannese</a> soos <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>. Daarnaas word ook trekkers en ander landboumasjiene in Keulen vervaardig. </p><p>Met die Ryn as een van die belangrikste Europese waterweë, die lughawe Keulen-Bonn as die tweede grootste lugvragsentrum in Duitsland, 'n spoorwegnet met honderde daaglikse treinverbindings en 'n snelwegnetwerk, wat twaalf grootpaaie insluit, behoort Keulen tot die leidende ekonomiese metropole in Europa. </p><p>Chemiese en petrochemiese nywerhede met dosyne raffinaderye lê soos 'n gordel rondom die stad. Ander belangrike nywerhede is masjienbou, elektriese apparate, enjins, voedselverwerking (onder meer sjokolade en suiker), brouerye en kosmetiek (met onder meer die beroemde Eau de Cologne). </p><p>Tientalle versekeringsmaatskappye het hulle hoofkwartiere in Keulen en maak van die stad 'n eersterangse sentrum van hierdie bedryf. Sedert die middeleeue is Keulen 'n finansiële sentrum met talle <a href="/wiki/Bank_(finansi%C3%ABle_instelling)" title="Bank (finansiële instelling)">bankmaatskappye</a>. </p><p>Die mediabedryf met die grootste openbare Duitse uitsaaikorporasie, die <i>Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR)</i>, en 'n aantal privaatkorporasies maak van Keulen 'n eersterangse sentrum vir televisie-, radio- en rolprentproduksies. Honderde ondernemings uit die perswese en drukkerye het hulle hoofkwartiere in Keulen. </p><p>Internasionale handelskoue en vele besienswaardighede is die ekonomiese basis vir die plaaslike <a href="/wiki/Toerisme" title="Toerisme">toerismebedryf</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museums">Museums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Museums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Museums"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sepulcher_of_Poblicius_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_Cologne_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sepulcher_of_Poblicius_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_Cologne_2.jpg/220px-Sepulcher_of_Poblicius_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_Cologne_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sepulcher_of_Poblicius_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_Cologne_2.jpg/330px-Sepulcher_of_Poblicius_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_Cologne_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sepulcher_of_Poblicius_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_Cologne_2.jpg/440px-Sepulcher_of_Poblicius_R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_Cologne_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1667" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>Die grafmonument van Lucius Poblicius (40 n.C., Romeins-Germaanse Museum Keulen)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_K%C3%B6ln_(2514-16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_K%C3%B6ln_%282514-16%29.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_K%C3%B6ln_%282514-16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_K%C3%B6ln_%282514-16%29.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_K%C3%B6ln_%282514-16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_K%C3%B6ln_%282514-16%29.jpg/440px-R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museum_K%C3%B6ln_%282514-16%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Die Romeins-Germaanse Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dionysosmosaik.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dionysosmosaik.JPG/220px-Dionysosmosaik.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dionysosmosaik.JPG/330px-Dionysosmosaik.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dionysosmosaik.JPG/440px-Dionysosmosaik.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>'n Gedeelte van die Dionysos-mosaiek (220-230 n.C.)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Museum_Ludwig_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Museum_Ludwig_002.jpg/220px-Museum_Ludwig_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Museum_Ludwig_002.jpg/330px-Museum_Ludwig_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Museum_Ludwig_002.jpg/440px-Museum_Ludwig_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Die Museum Ludwig</figcaption></figure> <p>Keulen beskik oor 'n aantal museums met eersterangse versamelings. Terwyl die meeste beduidende Duitse museums teruggaan op koninklike versamelings, is Keulen se belangrikste museums deur plaaslike burgers en versamelaars gestig. </p><p>Die <b>Romeins-Germaanse Museum</b> (<i>Römisch-Germanisches Museum</i>) is in <a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a> deur Hugo Borger as "'n supermark van die vroeë geskiedenis" gestig en besit indrukwekkende argeologiese vondse uit die prehistoriese, Romeinse en Merowingiese tydperke, waaronder die inskripsie <i>CCAA</i> van die oorspronklike Romeinse stadspoort. </p><p>Die museum se huidige gebou naby die katedraal van Keulen is op die bouvalle van 'n 3de eeuse Romeinse villa, wat in <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> tydens die bou van 'n bunker ontdek is, opgerig en in <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a> ingewy. Die villa se hoofvertrek pronk met 'n peristylehuis (suilegang) en die beroemde Dionysos-mosaiek. Die museumsgebou met sy binnehowe is deur die argitekte Klaus Renner en Heinz Röcke volgens die argitektoniese grondvorme van die Romeinse villa ontwerp, alhoewel sy moderne boustyl eintlik nie by sy omgewing pas nie. </p><p>Die moderne konsep van die museum, wat vondse volgens 'n aantal onderwerpe vertoon, het in die sewentigerjare baie opspraak veroorsaak. Die museum dien tegelykertyd as 'n belangrike navorsingsentrum, as die argeologiese argief van die stad Keulen en as openbare versameling. </p><p>Sy bekendste kunsskatte naas die Dionysos-mosaiek, wat omtrent 220-230 n.C. ontstaan het, is die pragtige grafmonument van die Romeinse legioensoldaat Ponlicius (omtrent 40 n.C.) en die grootste versameling van Romeinse glaskuns wêreldwyd. </p><p>Ander historiese voorwerpe sluit Romeinse en vroeg-Middeleeuse sieraad, Romeinse portrette van onder meer keiser Augustus en sy eggenote Livia Drusilla, inskripsies, keramiek en ander artefakte in, wat die historiese ontwikkeling van Keulen van die Germaans-Ubiese tot by die Romeinse periode dokumenteer. Naas mosaieke gee ook muurskilderye 'n lewendige indruk van Romeinse binnenshuise versierings. Die prehistoriese artefakte dateer uit die Steen-, Brons- en Ystertydperk. </p><p>Die <b>Wallraf-Richartz-Museum & Fondation Corboud</b> behoort tot die groot klassieke skilderyemuseums van Duitsland en huisves een van die omvangrykste versamelings van Middeleeuse skilderye ter wêreld, waaronder werke van die sogenaamde "Keulense Skool", en 'n belangrike versameling van grafiese kuns. Die museum gaan soos talle versamelings in die stad terug op die Keulense priester Ferdinand Franz Wallraf (1748–1824), wat sy boeke, skilderye, tekeninge, etse, munte, steenmonumente en altaarbeelde aan die stad Keulen bemaak het, en die sakeman Johann Heinrich Richartz (1795–1861), wat 100 000 Thaler vir die oprigting van 'n museumsgebou vir Wallraf se versamelings aan die stad geskenk het. Die eerste museum is in 1861 geopen, maar deur 'n bomaanval tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog verniel. Danksy 'n skenking van die advokaat Josef Haubrich is 'n nuwe gebou in 1957 geopen – as die eerste nuwe museum in die na-oorlogse Duitsland. Die huidige kubusvormige museumsgebou is deur die argitek Oswald Mathias Ungers ontwerp en op 19 Januarie 2001 op die perseel van die skilder Stefan Lochner (omtrent 1400–1451) se voormalige ateljee geopen. </p><p>Die museum vertoon skilderkuns, wat vanaf die Middeleeuse tydperk tot by die 19de eeu ontstaan het. Aangesien Keulen steeds 'n Rooms-Katolieke stad gebly het, was daar in die Reformasietydperk geen beeldestormloop nie, en die kunswerke is ook nie deur brande geraak nie, sodat 'n buitengewoon groot aantal Middeleeuse tafelbeelde bewaar gebly het. Die museumstigter het tydens die sekularisasie altaarbeelde van geprofaniseerde kerke en kloosters versamel. Die naam van die museum is gewysig, nadat die Switserse versamelaar Gérard Corboud in 2001 'n permanente tentoonstelling van impressionistiese skilderkuns aan die Wallraf-Richartz-Museum beskikbaar gestel het. </p><p>Die <b>Museum Ludwig</b> net agter die katedraal vertoon kuns uit die 20ste en 21ste eeu en huisves daarnaas ook die Agfa-Photo-Historama ('n versameling van historiese fotografie), 'n eersterangse kuns- en museumbiblioteek en 'n konsertsaal, die <i>Kölner Philharmonie</i>. Die museum is vernoem na die egpaar Peter en Irene Ludwig uit Aken, wat sy versameling van moderne kuns (veral Amerikaanse <i>pop-art</i> en kunswerke van die Nuwe Realisme) in <a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> aan die stad Keulen bemaak het – onder die voorwaarde dat 'n museum vir hulle sowat driehonderd kunswerke opgerig word. Die stadsregering het 'n dubbelmuseum, wat die Wallraf-Richartz-Museum en die Museum Ludwig gehuisves het, is digby die Keulense katedraal laat bou, wat in <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> geopen is. </p><p>Die museum se versameling van klassieke moderne kuns sluit die grootste aantal pop-art-kunswerke buite die Verenigde State (waaronder sleutelwerke van Jasper Johns, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> en <a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a>), Russiese Avantgarde-kuns uit die 1920's, ekspressionistiese Duitse skilderye en die grootste versameling van <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>-kunswerke in Duitsland in. Uitstallings oor moderne kunstenaars en kunshistoriese onderwerpe vind gereeld plaas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sakrale_argitektuur">Sakrale argitektuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Sakrale argitektuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Sakrale argitektuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3062" data-file-height="4969" /></a><figcaption>Die katedraal van Keulen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fischmarkt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fischmarkt.jpg/220px-Fischmarkt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fischmarkt.jpg/330px-Fischmarkt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fischmarkt.jpg/440px-Fischmarkt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Die historiese Vismark met Groß St. Martin, die grootste van Keulen se Romaanse kerke</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:K%C3%B6ln,_Klosterkirche_-Alt_St._Heribert-_--_2014_--_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/K%C3%B6ln%2C_Klosterkirche_-Alt_St._Heribert-_--_2014_--_1861.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6ln%2C_Klosterkirche_-Alt_St._Heribert-_--_2014_--_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/K%C3%B6ln%2C_Klosterkirche_-Alt_St._Heribert-_--_2014_--_1861.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6ln%2C_Klosterkirche_-Alt_St._Heribert-_--_2014_--_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/K%C3%B6ln%2C_Klosterkirche_-Alt_St._Heribert-_--_2014_--_1861.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6ln%2C_Klosterkirche_-Alt_St._Heribert-_--_2014_--_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4771" data-file-height="3418" /></a><figcaption>St. Heribert-kloosterkerk</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <b>katedraal van Keulen</b> (amptelik: <i>Hohe Domkirche St. Peter und Maria</i>) is vandag die bekendste baken in die stad, en dit is deur kunshistorici as die "jongste en mooiste suster van die groot katedrale van Frankryk" beskryf. </p><p>Die omgewing van die huidige katedraal was in die Romeinse tydperk 'n digbevolkte kwartier, en die eerste episkopale kerk, wat volgens die Sint-Pieterskerk in Rome ontwerp was, is in <a href="/wiki/313" title="313">313</a> opgerig. In <a href="/wiki/817" title="817">817</a> het <a href="/wiki/Karel_die_Grote" title="Karel die Grote">Karel die Grote</a> sy vriend en raadgewer Hildebold as biskop van Keulen benoem en die stad tegelykertyd tot die setel van 'n aartsbisdom verhef. In hierdie periode is die sogenaamde Ou Katedraal opgerig, 'n Karolingiese kerkgebou met twee kore en torings, wat aan die hand van argeologiese opgrawings en vroeg-Middeleeusese beskrywings en illustrasies gerekonstrueer is. </p><p>Op <a href="/wiki/23_Julie" title="23 Julie">23 Julie</a> <a href="/wiki/1164" title="1164">1164</a> het aartsbiskop Rainald von Dassel die relikwieë van die Drie wyse Manne uit die Ooste van <a href="/wiki/Milaan" title="Milaan">Milaan</a> na Keulen gebring, en die stad het skielik tot een van die belangrikste bedevaartsoorde in die <a href="/wiki/Heilige_Romeinse_Ryk" title="Heilige Romeinse Ryk">Heilige Romeinse Ryk</a> ontwikkel. Die Middeleeuse mense het die besit van heilige relikwieë as 'n belangrike stap op hulle weg na verlossing beskou, en Keulen is gevolglik dikwels die "Heilige Stad" genoem. Die nuut-gekroonde konings en keisers van die Heilige Romeinse Ryk het voortaan hulle eerste reis van Aken na Keulen onderneem, om die skryn van die Drie Wyses te besoek. Groot skare pelgrims het na Keulen gestroom, en ook sy inwonerstal het vinnig gestyg. Keulen was in die Middeleeue selfs die grootste stad in Europa. </p><p>In die <a href="/wiki/13de_eeu" title="13de eeu">13de eeu</a> is 'n nuwe katedraal beplan, en in <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a> is die hoeksteen van die nuwe kerkgebou deur Konrad von Hochstaden gelê. Die Keulense katedraal is volgens die groot Franse katedrale, veral dié van Amiens, in die Gotiese boustyl ontwerp. Sy <a href="/wiki/Koor_(argitektuur)" title="Koor (argitektuur)">koor</a> is op <a href="/wiki/27_September" title="27 September">27 September</a> <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a> ingewy. Die hyskraan, 'n houtstruktuur wat op die voorlopige dak van die suidelike toring, wat in <a href="/wiki/1410" title="1410">1410</a> voltooi was, opgerig is, het eeue lank 'n kenmerkende deel van Keulen se stadshorison gevorm. Die boubedrywighede is in <a href="/wiki/1560" title="1560">1560</a> gestaak, maar nogtans was die grootste deel van die katedraal reeds in gebruik. </p><p>Eers in die 19de eeu is die katedraal as "Duitsland se nasionale skryn" uiteindelik voltooi. Die hoeksteen vir die nuwe boubedrywighede is in <a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a> gelê, en danksy die gevorderde tegnologie is die katedraal daarna in slegs 38 jare deur die argitekte Zwirner en Voigtel voltooi. </p><p>Naas sy Gotiese katedraal beskik Keulen oor twaalf unieke kerke in die Romaanse boustyl, wat almal in die bomaanvalle van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog verniel en later heropgebou is. Die tydperk tussen 1150 en 1250 word as die goue eeu van Keulen se kerkargitektuur beskou, en danksy die twaalf kerke, wat naby mekaar in die historiese middestad opgerig is, het Keulen in die Middeleeue die bynaam <i>hillige Cöllen</i> ("die heilige Keulen") gekry. Die twaalf Romaanse kerke word by die belangrikste kerkgeboue van Wes-Europa gereken. En alhoewel na die boustyl van hierdie kerkgeboue as "Romaans" verwys word, dateer sommige van hulle nog uit die laat Grieks-Romeinse stylperiode, en die meeste is voortdurend verander sodat hulle uiteindelik 'n verskeidenheid stylelemente verenig het. </p><p>Omtrent 1800 was daar altesaam 149 kerkgeboue met 171 torings, waarvan talle in die tydperk van die sekularisasie in die vroeë 19de eeu gesloop is – net soos 'n aantal abdye en kloostermure. Slegs die groot kerke is gespaar en het as parogiekerke gedien, wat verskeie kere gerestoureer en by die styl van die verskillende periodes aangepas is. </p><p>Ná die verwoestings van die oorlog is die Romaanse kerke in die puristiese styl van die 1950's herstel; mosaïeke, wat gedurende die 19de eeu bygevoeg is, is verwyder. </p><p><b>Sint-Gereon</b> is as 'n indrukwekkende dekagonale gebou op 'n 4de eeuse Romeinse fondament opgerig en word as een van die uitstekendse voorbeelde van kerkargitektuur uit die Hohenstaufen-tydperk beskou. </p><p><b>Sint-Severinus</b> het as 'n kapel oor 'n Romeinse begraafplaas ontstaan en is in die 10de, 11de, 13de, 14de en vroeë 15de eeu verander en vergroot. Die kerkgebou behels stylelemente uit die Laat Hohenstaufen-periode in sy oostelike gedeelte en Laat Gotiese invloede in sy westelike gedeelte, wat op 'n indrukwekkende manier met mekaar versmelt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vervoer">Vervoer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Vervoer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Vervoer"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Koeln_RdFlug_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Koeln_RdFlug_1.JPG/220px-Koeln_RdFlug_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Koeln_RdFlug_1.JPG/330px-Koeln_RdFlug_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Koeln_RdFlug_1.JPG/440px-Koeln_RdFlug_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>'n Lugfoto van Keulen se hoofstasie</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Konrad-Adenauer-lughawe van Keulen/Bonn is die vierde grootste in Duitsland (die tweede grootste vir lugvrag en sewende grootste ten opsigte van passasiersgetalle). </p><p>Alhoewel dit in die sestigerjare as 'n interkontinentale lughawe beplan is, word slegs 'n klein aantal oorsese bestemmings bedien. Daar is altesaam 139 bestemmings in 38 lande, wat vanaf Keulen/Bonn bedien word, waaronder regstreekse verbindings met New York-Newark (Continental Airlines) en Rio de Janeiro. Die meeste ander oorsese verbindings is seisoenaal. Keulen/Bonn is daarnaas die Europese vervoersentrum van die Amerikaanse <i>United Parcel Service (UPS)</i> en 'n belangrike vragbasis vir <i>FedEx</i>, <i>DHL</i> en <i>Lufthansa Cargo</i>. </p><p>Die lughawe is ook een van net veertig wêreldwyd, wat oor landingsgeriewe vir die Amerikaanse <a href="/wiki/Ruimtependeltuig" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruimtependeltuig">ruimtependeltuie</a> (<i>Space Shuttles</i>) beskik. </p><p>Keulen se hoofstasie is die belangrikste in die weste van Duitsland en sy besigste kruispunt met spoorwegverbindings na Trier, Aken, Frankfurt am Main, <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a> en talle Duitse stede. Meer as duisend treine ry daagliks oor Keulen se Hohenzollern-brug. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kookkuns">Kookkuns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Kookkuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Kookkuns"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Rheinische_Muscheln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rheinische_Muscheln.jpg/220px-Rheinische_Muscheln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rheinische_Muscheln.jpg/330px-Rheinische_Muscheln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rheinische_Muscheln.jpg/440px-Rheinische_Muscheln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Rynlandse mossels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kranz_Koelsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kranz_Koelsch.jpg/220px-Kranz_Koelsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kranz_Koelsch.jpg/330px-Kranz_Koelsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kranz_Koelsch.jpg/440px-Kranz_Koelsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>'n <i>Kranz Kölsch</i> ("'n krans Keulense bier")</figcaption></figure> <p>Keulen pronk met 'n ryk kulinêre tradisie, wat oor baie eeue heen ontwikkel het en steeds plaaslike bestanddele op 'n geskikte manier met ingevoerde en soms selfs eksotiese elemente vermeng. Weens die internasionale handelsbetrekkinge het haring, <a href="/wiki/Mossel" title="Mossel">mossels</a> en talle <a href="/wiki/Spesery" title="Spesery">speserye</a> al vroeg deel van die plaaslike kookkuns geword. In die Middeleeue, toe <a href="/wiki/Salm" title="Salm">salms</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Ryn" title="Ryn">Ryn</a> nog volop was, is hierdie <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">vissoort</a> as 'n gereg vir arm mense beskou, terwyl haring net op die spyskaart van welgesteldes verskyn het. Rynlandse <i>Heringsstipp</i> met <a href="/wiki/Appel" title="Appel">appels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ui" title="Ui">uie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">room</a> is 'n tipiese gereg, wat uit hierdie periode dateer. </p><p>Die plaaslike kookkuns spog ook met pikante soet-sure geregte soos gemarineerde vleis met rosyntjies (<i>Rheinischer Sauerbraten</i>), wat saam met kluitjies bedien word. Oorspronklik is <a href="/wiki/Perd" title="Perd">perdevleis</a> vir hierdie gereg gebruik, wat deesdae egter meestal van <a href="/wiki/Beesvleis" title="Beesvleis">beesvleis</a> berei word. </p><p><i>Himmel un Ääd</i> ("Hemel en Aarde") is 'n mengsel van fyngedrukte <a href="/wiki/Aartappel" title="Aartappel">aartappels</a> ("Aarde") en appelmoes ("Hemel"), wat tradisioneel saam met bloedwors (<i>Flönz, Bloodwoosch</i>) geniet word. <i>Rievkoche</i> is <a href="/wiki/Pannekoek" title="Pannekoek">pannekoekies</a>, wat van vars fyngedrukte aartappels en uie berei en met of sonder appelmoes bedien word. Dit is ook 'n gewilde wegneemete, wat orals in die stad te koop is. </p><p><i>Ääzezupp</i> is die gewilde tradisionele ertjiesop, wat vroeër gereeld op <a href="/wiki/Saterdag" title="Saterdag">Saterdae</a> geëet is. Hierdie pikante gereg word verfyn met <a href="/wiki/Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lam">lamsvleis</a>, ham en uie. Die sop word ook dikwels as wegneem-ete geniet. </p><p>Die Keulense variant van varkpootjies heet <i>Hämmche met suure Kappes</i> – die pootjies word saam met suurkool en fyngedrukte aartappels bedien. </p><p>Die Keulense <i>Halve Hahn</i> is allesbehalwe 'n hoendergereg. Hierdie spesialiteit is 'n rogrolletjie (met 'n oppervlak wat baie na 'n <a href="/wiki/Hoendervleis" title="Hoendervleis">gebraaide hoender</a> lyk), wat met <a href="/wiki/Botter" title="Botter">botter</a> en Nederlandse <a href="/wiki/Kaas" title="Kaas">kaas</a> bedien en – net soos die meeste ander spesialiteite – saam met Keulen se tipiese <i>Kölsch</i>-bier geniet word. </p><p><i>Kölsch</i> is 'n <a href="/wiki/Bier" title="Bier">bier</a> van hoë gisting, wat vars geniet moet word en dus in spesiale glasies bedien word. In sy huidige vorm word <i>Kölsch</i>-bier sedert die vroeë 20ste eeu bedien, terwyl die naam <i>Kölsch</i> vir die eerste keer in 1918 deur 'n plaaslike brouery gebruik is om hierdie bierspesialiteit te bemark. <i>Kölsch</i> is die enigste bier in die Europese Unie wat as 'n streeksgebonde spesialiteit en bier van oorsprong erken word, en dit geniet dus in die EU dieselfde beskerming soos byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Konjak" title="Konjak">konjak</a> of Franse <i>champagne</i>-vonkelwyn. Naas restourante en kroeë word die bier ook in Keulen se gewilde <i>brouhuise</i> bedien, 'n soort gesellige kroeë, wat ook etes bedien. Danksy die nabyheid van eersterangse wynbougebiede is daar ook talle uitstekende wynkroeë. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Susterstede">Susterstede</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Susterstede" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Susterstede"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; -webkit-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde Koninkryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a>, sedert 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Vlag van Luxemburg"><img alt="Vlag van Luxemburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esch-sur-Alzette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esch-sur-Alzette (bladsy bestaan nie)">Esch-sur-Alzette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a>, sedert 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Vlag van Frankryk"><img alt="Vlag van Frankryk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a>, sedert 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van België"><img alt="Vlag van België" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Luik_(stad)" title="Luik (stad)">Luik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a>, sedert 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Vlag van Nederland"><img alt="Vlag van Nederland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a>, sedert 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Italië"><img alt="Vlag van Italië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turyn" title="Turyn">Turyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>, sedert 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Vlag van Japan"><img alt="Vlag van Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kioto" title="Kioto">Kioto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, sedert 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tunisi%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Tunisië"><img alt="Vlag van Tunisië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisi%C3%AB" title="Tunisië">Tunisië</a>, sedert 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Vlag van Finland"><img alt="Vlag van Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, sedert 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuk%C3%B6lln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neukölln (bladsy bestaan nie)">Neukölln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>, sedert 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Roemenië"><img alt="Vlag van Roemenië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluj-Napoca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluj-Napoca (bladsy bestaan nie)">Klausenburg/Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a>, sedert 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Vlag van Israel"><img alt="Vlag van Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/33px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/44px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, sedert 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Vlag van Spanje"><img alt="Vlag van Spanje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a>, sedert 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China"><img alt="Vlag van Volksrepubliek China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_China" title="Volksrepubliek China">Volksrepubliek China</a>, sedert 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Vlag van Griekeland"><img alt="Vlag van Griekeland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a>, sedert 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Vlag van Republiek Ierland"><img alt="Vlag van Republiek Ierland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cork" title="Cork">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republiek_van_Ierland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republiek van Ierland">Ierland</a>, sedert 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Vlag van Nicaragua"><img alt="Vlag van Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corinto,_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corinto, Nicaragua (bladsy bestaan nie)">Corinto</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Realejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Realejo (bladsy bestaan nie)">El Realejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, sedert 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika"><img alt="Vlag van Verenigde State van Amerika" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State_van_Amerika" title="Verenigde State van Amerika">Verenigde State</a>, sedert 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wolgograd" title="Wolgograd">Wolgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, sedert 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Vlag van Duitsland"><img alt="Vlag van Duitsland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treptow-K%C3%B6penick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treptow-Köpenick (bladsy bestaan nie)">Treptow-Köpenick</a>, Duitsland, sedert 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a>, sedert 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Staat_Palestina" title="Vlag van Staat Palestina"><img alt="Vlag van Staat Palestina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Betlehem" title="Betlehem">Betlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staat_Palestina" title="Staat Palestina">Staat Palestina</a>, sedert 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Vlag van Turkye"><img alt="Vlag van Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Istanboel" title="Istanboel">Istanboel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>, sedert 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Vlag van Brasilië"><img alt="Vlag van Brasilië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Brasilië">Brasilië</a>, sedert 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Susterstede_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription 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code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesdatenbank.nrw.de/ldbnrw/online?operation=result&code=12411-31iz&leerzeilen=false&language=de#abreadcrumb">"Bevölkerung der Gemeinden Nordrhein-Westfalens am 31. Dezember 2021 – Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes auf Basis des Zensus vom 9. Mai 2011"</a>. Landesdatenbank Nordrhein-Westfalen. 31 Desember 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">20 Junie</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+der+Gemeinden+Nordrhein-Westfalens+am+31.+Dezember+2021+%E2%80%93+Fortschreibung+des+Bev%C3%B6lkerungsstandes+auf+Basis+des+Zensus+vom+9.+Mai+2011&rft.pub=Landesdatenbank+Nordrhein-Westfalen&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesdatenbank.nrw.de%2Fldbnrw%2Fonline%3Foperation%3Dresult%26code%3D12411-31iz%26leerzeilen%3Dfalse%26language%3Dde%23abreadcrumb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKeulen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFInge_Schürmann2015" class="citation web cs1">Inge Schürmann (22 Oktober 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-verwaltung/presse/oberbuergermeisterin-henriette-reker-hat-amt-angenommen">"Oberbürgermeisterin Henriette Reker hat Amt angenommen"</a>. Stadt Köln – Amt für Presse- und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823083844/https://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-verwaltung/presse/oberbuergermeisterin-henriette-reker-hat-amt-angenommen">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Augustus 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oberb%C3%BCrgermeisterin+Henriette+Reker+hat+Amt+angenommen&rft.pub=Stadt+K%C3%B6ln+%E2%80%93+Amt+f%C3%BCr+Presse-+und+%C3%96ffentlichkeitsarbeit&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft.au=Inge+Sch%C3%BCrmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fpolitik-und-verwaltung%2Fpresse%2Foberbuergermeisterin-henriette-reker-hat-amt-angenommen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKeulen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Gottfried_Philipp_Gengler1863" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=NdkcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA518"><i>Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter</i></a>. Erlangen. pp. 515–599.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regesten+und+Urkunden+zur+Verfassungs-+und+Rechtsgeschichte+der+deutschen+St%C3%A4dte+im+Mittelalter&rft.place=Erlangen&rft.pages=515-599&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Heinrich+Gottfried+Philipp+Gengler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNdkcAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKeulen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_plek_sonder_uitgewer" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: plek sonder uitgewer">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%2FOeffentlichkeit%2FKlima__Umwelt%2FKlimadaten%2Fkldaten__kostenfrei%2Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%3F__nnn%3Dtrue">"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">31 Januarie</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausgabe+der+Klimadaten%3A+Monatswerte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2Fbvbw%2Fappmanager%2Fbvbw%2FdwdwwwDesktop%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3D_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland%26T82002gsbDocumentPath%3DNavigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKeulen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weatherchannel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-weatherchannel_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00056.htm">"Weerinligting oor Keulen, getalle gebaseer op maandelikse gemiddelde in die tydperk 1971–2000"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009110033/http://worldweather.wmo.int/016/c00056.htm">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 9 Oktober 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Maart</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weerinligting+oor+Keulen%2C+getalle+gebaseer+op+maandelikse+gemiddelde+in+die+tydperk+1971%E2%80%932000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F016%2Fc00056.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKeulen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Prinz, Friedrich: <i>Kelten, Römer und Germanen. Deutschlands Frühgeschichte</i>. München: Piper 2007, bl. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Manfred Jehle, Erich Hafner, Lothar Kölm, Michael Schippan en Alfred S. Wunsch: <i>Die Deutschen. Geschichte und Tradition</i>. Keulen: Lingen 2012, bl. 104-105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susterstede-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-0">8,00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-1">8,01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-2">8,02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-3">8,03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-4">8,04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-5">8,05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-6">8,06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-7">8,07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-8">8,08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-9">8,09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-10">8,10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-11">8,11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-12">8,12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-13">8,13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-14">8,14</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-15">8,15</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-16">8,16</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-17">8,17</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-18">8,18</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-19">8,19</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-20">8,20</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-21">8,21</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-22">8,22</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Susterstede_8-23">8,23</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-koeln.de/politik-und-verwaltung/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/"><i>Städtepartnerschaften</i></a>. Köln<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">14 Mei</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaften&rft.pub=K%C3%B6ln&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-koeln.de%2Fpolitik-und-verwaltung%2Finternationales%2Fstaedtepartnerschaften%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKeulen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Köster, Nina (uitgewer): <i>Cologne. Insight City Guide.</i> Hong Kong/Singapoer: Houghton Mifflin/Apa Publications 1992</li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Mackendrick, Paul: <i>Romans on the Rhine</i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls 1970</li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Prinz, Friedrich: <i>Kelten, Römer und Germanen. Deutschlands Frühgeschichte</i>. München: Piper 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keulen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cologne" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cologne">Keulen</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Cologne">Keulen</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadt-koeln.de/">Amptelike webwerf</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5471666">XX5471666</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931745m">cb11931745m</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931745m">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031483-2">4031483-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006585">006585</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000123094618">0000 0001 2309 4618</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80050882">n80050882</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b8a2776a-eedf-48ea-a6f3-1a9070f0b823">b8a2776a-eedf-48ea-a6f3-1a9070f0b823</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044969">10044969</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628473">00628473</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129620&CON_LNG=ENG">ge129620</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000979263&local_base=nlx10">000979263</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24423804" class="extiw" title="d:Q24423804">Pleiades</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/108751">108751</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026371677">026371677</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157037914">157037914</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a 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