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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrisi_dan_pertumbuhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrisi_dan_pertumbuhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nutrisi dan pertumbuhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrisi_dan_pertumbuhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Rujukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumber_utama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_utama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sumber utama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_utama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Isi Kandungan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 100 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis" title="Gis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BE" title="እርሾ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እርሾ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="خميرة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خميرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levaduras" title="Levaduras – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Levaduras" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleldu" title="Lleldu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleldu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="खमीर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="खमीर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_g%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99yi" title="Maya göbələyi – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maya göbələyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamir" title="Khamir – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Khamir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ঈস্ট – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-b%C3%BA" title="Kàⁿ-bú – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàⁿ-bú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BF%D1%80%D3%99_%D0%B1%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сүпрә бәшмәктәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүпрә бәшмәктәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Дрожджы – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дрожджы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ" title="Germ – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Germ" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasci" title="Kvasci – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvasci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goell" title="Goell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Дрожди – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дрожди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rent" title="Rent – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Çĕпре – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕпре" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasinky" title="Kvasinky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvasinky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbiriso" title="Mbiriso – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbiriso" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burum" title="Burum – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Burum" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvamp" title="Gærsvamp – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gærsvamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefen" title="Hefen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hefen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rmseened" title="Pärmseened – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärmseened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ζυμομύκητες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζυμομύκητες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Оргат – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Оргат" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levadura" title="Levadura – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levadura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisto" title="Gisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua" title="Lua – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lua" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legamia" title="Legamia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Legamia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مخمر – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخمر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levure" title="Levure – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Levure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AAst" title="Gêst – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gêst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giosta" title="Giosta – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giosta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirm" title="Beirm – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beirm" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vedo" title="Lévedo – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lévedo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9A%A8%EB%AA%A8" title="효모 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="효모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yis" title="Yis – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yis" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խմորասնկեր – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խմորասնկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="खमीर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खमीर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvasac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefo" title="Hefo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hefo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levatura" title="Levatura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Levatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger" title="Ger – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ger" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lievito" title="Lievito – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lievito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שמרים – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamir" title="Khamir – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Khamir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯೀಸ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯೀಸ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="საფუარები – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფუარები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ашытқылар – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашытқылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ачыткы козу карын – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ачыткы козу карын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamira" title="Hamira – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hamira" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meya" title="Meya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raugs" title="Raugs – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raugs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miel%C4%97s" title="Mielės – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mielės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermento" title="Fermento – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fermento" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A0t_(f%C3%B3ns)" title="Leàt (fóns) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leàt (fóns)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89leszt%C5%91" title="Élesztő – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élesztő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Квасец – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квасец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="യീസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യീസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="किण्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="किण्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragi" title="Ragi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ragi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="တဆေး – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gist" title="Gist – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gist" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Совсорг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Совсорг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%A6r" title="Gjær – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gjær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raacitii" title="Raacitii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raacitii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0" title="ਖ਼ਮੀਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖ਼ਮੀਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dro%C5%BCd%C5%BCe" title="Drożdże – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Drożdże" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levedura" title="Levedura – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Levedura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drojdie" title="Drojdie – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drojdie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunchu" title="Qunchu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qunchu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Дрожжи – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрожжи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baurm" title="Baurm – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Baurm" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaja" title="Majaja – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Majaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8vitu" title="Lèvitu – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lèvitu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yeast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasinka" title="Kvasinka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvasinka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasovka" title="Kvasovka – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvasovka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Квасац – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квасац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasac" title="Kvasac – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvasac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiivat" title="Hiivat – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiivat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4st" title="Jäst – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jäst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மதுவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மதுவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamtunt" title="Tamtunt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamtunt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ยีสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยีสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_men" title="Nấm men – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm men" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(biyoloji)" title="Maya (biyoloji) – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maya (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Дріжджі – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дріжджі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="خمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%DA%86%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%87" title="ئېچىتقۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېچىتقۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesse" title="Yesse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Yesse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libadura" title="Libadura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libadura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הייוון – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הייוון" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%A3%AB" title="依士 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="依士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="酵母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45422#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yis" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Yis" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div 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class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yis"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Yis" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Yis" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&oldid=6138135" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Yis&id=6138135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYis"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYis"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Yis"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a 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Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><i>Yis/Ragi</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/250px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/330px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg/500px-S_cerevisiae_under_DIC_microscopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Spesies yis <i>Sacharomyces cerevisiae</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi)">Pengelasan saintifik</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="domain"><a href="/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot">Eukaryota</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alam: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="alam"><a href="/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat">Kulat</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Pembahagian biasa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></b> <small>(kulat pundi)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomycotina (laman tidak wujud)">Saccharomycotina</a> <small>(yis sebenar)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taphrinomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taphrinomycotina (laman tidak wujud)">Taphrinomycotina</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizosaccharomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizosaccharomycetes (laman tidak wujud)">Schizosaccharomycetes</a> <small>(yis belahan)</small></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></b> <small>(kulat belantan)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urediniomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urediniomycetes (laman tidak wujud)">Urediniomycetes</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sporidiales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sporidiales (laman tidak wujud)">Sporidiales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Yis</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="language text-Melayu (bahasa makro)"><span lang="ms"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6444303">.mw-parser-output .script-Adlm{font-family:"Noto Sans 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.script-Khoj{font-family:"Noto Sans Khojki"}.mw-parser-output .script-Kits{font-family:"BabelStone Khitan Small Linear","Noto Serif Khitan Small Script"}.mw-parser-output .script-Knda{font-family:"Noto Serif Kannada","Noto Sans Kannada"}.mw-parser-output .script-Kore{font-family:"함초롬돋움 LVT","HCR Dotum LVT","함초롬바탕 LVT","HCR Batang LVT","본고딕","Source Han Sans K","본고딕 KR","Source Han Sans KR","思源黑體","Source Han Sans TC","思源黑體香港","Source Han Sans HC","思源黑体","Source Han Sans SC","源ノ角ゴシック","Source Han Sans","본명조","Source Han Serif K","본명조 KR","Source Han Serif KR","思源宋體","Source Han Serif TC","思源宋體香港","Source Han Serif HC","思源宋体","Source Han Serif SC","源ノ明朝","Source Han Serif","Noto Sans CJK KR","Noto Sans KR","Noto Sans CJK TC","Noto Sans CJK HC","Noto Sans CJK SC","Noto Sans CJK JP","Noto Serif CJK KR","Noto Serif KR","Noto Serif CJK TC","Noto Serif CJK SC","Noto Serif CJK JP","나눔바른고딕 옛한글","NanumBarunGothic YetHangul","나눔명조 옛한글","NanumMyeongjo YetHangul","은 바탕","Un Batang","돋움 옛한글","Dotum 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.script-Nkoo{font-family:"Conakry","DejaVu Sans","Ebrima","Noto Sans NKo"}.mw-parser-output .script-Nshu{font-family:"Noto Traditional Nushu","Noto Sans Nushu"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ogam{font-family:"BabelStone Ogham","BabelStone Ogham Fixed","BabelStone Ogham Bound","BabelStone Ogham Stemless","BabelStone Ogham Lithic","BabelStone Ogham Pictish","BabelStone Ogham Special","DejaVu Sans","Noto Sans Ogham","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol"}.mw-parser-output .script-Olck{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Nirmala UI","Noto Sans Ol Chiki"}.mw-parser-output .script-Orkh{font-family:"Orkun","Old Turkic","Orkun Brush","Türik Bitig","Quivira","BabelStone Irk Bitig Colour","Babelstone Irk Bitig","Noto Sans Old Turkic","Segoe UI Symbol"}.mw-parser-output .script-Orya{font-family:"Noto Sans Oriya"}.mw-parser-output .script-Osge{font-family:"Noto Sans Osage"}.mw-parser-output .script-Osma{font-family:"Ebrima","FreeSans","Noto Sans Osmanya"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ougr{font-family:"Noto Serif Old Uyghur"}.mw-parser-output .script-Palm{font-family:"Noto Sans Palmyrene"}.mw-parser-output .script-Pauc{font-family:"Noto Sans Pau Cin Hau"}.mw-parser-output .script-Perm{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Permic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Phag{font-family:"Microsoft PhagsPa","Noto Sans Phags Pa"}.mw-parser-output .script-Phli{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Inscriptional Pahlavi","Shapour","ZH Mono","sans-serif";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .script-Phlp{font-family:"Noto Sans Psalter Pahlavi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Phnx{font-family:"ALPHABETUM Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Aegean","Code2001","Noto Sans Phoenician","FreeSans","Segoe UI Historic","sans-serif"}.mw-parser-output .script-Plrd{font-family:"Noto Sans Miao"}.mw-parser-output .script-Prti{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Inscriptional Parthian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Rjng{font-family:"Noto Sans Rejang"}.mw-parser-output .script-Rohg{font-family:"Noto Sans Hanifi Rohingya"}.mw-parser-output .script-Runr{font-family:"BabelStone Runic Beagnoth","BabelStone Runic Beorhtnoth","BabelStone Runic Beorhtric","BabelStone Runic Beowulf","BabelStone Runic Berhtwald","BabelStone Runic Byrhtferth","Junicode","Kelvinch","Free Monospaced","Code2000","Hnias","Noto Sans Runic","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol"}.mw-parser-output .script-Samr{font-family:"Noto Sans Samaritan","Hebrew Samaritan","Everson Mono","EversonMono","Unifont","Quivira","sans-serif";direction:rtl;unicode-bidi:bidi-override}.mw-parser-output .script-Sarb{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old South Arabian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Saur{font-family:"Noto Sans Saurashtra"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sgnw{font-family:"Noto Sans SignWriting"}.mw-parser-output .script-Shaw{font-family:"Noto Sans Shavian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Shrd{font-family:"Noto Sans Sharada"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sidd{font-family:"Noto Sans Siddham","Muktamsiddham","ApDevaSanskrit","ApDevaSiddham","ApDevaSiddhamEx","ApSiddham","MuktamsiddhamG","和田研中丸ゴシック2004絵文字","WadaLabChuMaruGo2004Emoji","和田研細丸ゴシック2004絵文字","WadaLabMaruGo2004Emoji"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sind{font-family:"Noto Sans Khudawadi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sinh{font-family:"Iskoola Pota","Noto Sans Sinhala","Noto Sans Sinhala","Nirmala UI"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sogd{font-family:"Noto Sans Sogdian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sogo{font-family:"Noto Sans Old Sogdian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sora{font-family:"Nirmala UI","Noto Sans Sora Sompeng"}.mw-parser-output .script-Soyo{font-family:"Noto Sans Soyombo"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sund{font-family:"Sundanese Unicode 2013","Sundanese Unicode","Noto Sans Sundanese"}.mw-parser-output .script-Sylo{font-family:"Noto Sans Syloti Nagri","Surma"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrc{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tagb{font-family:"Tagbanwa","Quivira","Noto Sans Tagbanwa","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Takr{font-family:"Noto Sans Takri"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tale{font-family:"Microsoft Tai Le","Noto Sans Tai Le"}.mw-parser-output .script-Talu{font-family:"Dai Banna SIL","Noto Sans New Tai Lue","Microsoft New Tai Lue"}.mw-parser-output .script-Taml{font-family:"Nirmala UI",Latha,"Noto Serif Tamil","Noto Sans Tamil"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tang{font-family:"Tangut Yinchuan","Tangut N4694","New Tangut","New Tangut Std","Tangut TWU","TH-Tshyn-P1","TH-Feon-B","Babelstone Tangut Wenhai","Noto Serif Tangut"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tavt{font-family:"Noto Sans Tai Viet"}.mw-parser-output .script-Telu{font-family:"Nirmala UI",Gautami,"Noto Serif Telugu","Noto Sans Telugu"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tfng{font-family:"DejaVu Sans","Ebrima","FreeSans","Noto Sans Tifinagh"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tglg{font-family:"Noto Sans Tagalog","Tagalog Doctrina 1593","Baybayin Lopez","Tagalog Stylized","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Thaa{font-family:"MV Boli","Noto Sans Thaana"}.mw-parser-output .script-Thai{font-family:"Noto Serif Thai",Leelawadee,Tahoma,"Noto Sans Thai"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tibt{font-family:"Microsoft Himalaya","Noto Sans Tibetan"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tirh{font-family:"Noto Sans Tirhuta"}.mw-parser-output .script-Tnsa{font-family:"Noto Sans Tangsa"}.mw-parser-output .script-Toto{font-family:"Noto Serif Toto"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic","Aegean"}.mw-parser-output .script-Vaii{font-family:Ebrima,"Noto Sans Vai"}.mw-parser-output .script-Vith{font-family:"Noto Serif Vithkuqi","Noto Sans Vithkuqi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Wara{font-family:"Noto Sans Warang Citi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Wcho{font-family:"Noto Sans Wancho"}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian","Artaxerxes","Xerxes","Aegean"}.mw-parser-output .script-Xsux{font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cuneiform"}.mw-parser-output .script-Yezi{font-family:"Noto Sans Yezidi","Noto Serif Yezidi"}.mw-parser-output .script-Yiii{font-family:"Nuosu SIL","SIL Yi","Microsoft Yi Baiti","Noto Sans Yi","NSimSun-18030","SimSun-18030","Code2000"}.mw-parser-output .script-Zanb{font-family:"BabelStone Zanabazar","Noto Sans Zanabazar Square"}.mw-parser-output .script-Zsye{font-family:"Apple Color Emoji","Noto Color Emoji","Segoe UI Emoji","Segoe UI Symbols"}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur 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GC",Gaelic,Gadelica,Junicode,Cardo}.mw-parser-output .script-Latn{font-family:"Palemonas MUFI","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Garamond Libre","Cormorant Garamond","Cormorant","Cardo","ETBookOT","ETBembo","Junicode","Andron Freefont LAT","PFEFFER MEDIÆVAL","Open Baskerville","Adobe Garamond Pro","Adobe Caslon Pro","Baskerville Ten","Garamond","serif"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syre{font-family:"Estrangelo Antioch","Estrangelo Edessa","Estrangelo Midyat","Estrangelo Nisibin","Estrangelo Quenneshrin","Estrangelo Talada","Estrangelo TurAbdin","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Estrangela","Segoe UI Historic"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrj{font-family:"Serto Antioch Bible","Serto Batnan","Serto Jerusalem","Serto Kharput","Serto Malankara","Serto Mardin","Serto Urhoy","Noto Sans Syriac","Noto Sans Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ييس</span>‎</span></span>‎</span>) atau juga dikenali sebagai <b>khamir</b> (Jawi: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303" /><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خمير</span>‎ serapan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Arab" title="Bahasa Arab">Arab</a>: <span lang="ar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303" /><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خَمِير</span>‎</span>, <small>rumi: </small><span title="Arab-bahasa perumian"><i lang="ar-Latn">khamīr</i></span> "penapai" bentuk ism terbitan kata kerja <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303" /><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">خَمَرَ</span>‎ <i>khamara</i> "<a href="/wiki/Penapaian_(makanan)" title="Penapaian (makanan)">menapai</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) atau juga dikenali sebagai <b>ragi</b> (Jawi: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6444303" /><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">راݢي</span>‎ serapan <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi">Hindi</a> रागी <i>rāgī</i> "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_millet" class="extiw" title="en:Finger millet">sekoi jari</a>" turunan Sanskrit राग <i>rāga</i> "kemerahan"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) ialah <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisma" title="Mikroorganisma">mikroorganisma</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukariot" title="Eukariot">eukariot</a> sel kompleks dikelaskan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat">kulat</a>. Terdapat kira-kira 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Spesies" title="Spesies">spesies</a> yis berlainan.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia merupakan mikroorganisme <a href="/wiki/Organisma_unisel" title="Organisma unisel">eka</a><a href="/wiki/Sel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sel">sel</a>, meskipun beberapa spesies dapat menjadi <a href="/wiki/Organisma_multisel" title="Organisma multisel">neka</a> melalui pembentukan benang tunas tersambung yang dikenal sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hifa (laman tidak wujud)">hifa</a> semu (<i>pseudohyphae</i>), seperti yang terlihat pada sebahagian besar <a href="/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat">kulat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtzman1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukuran tergantung kepada spesies tapi umumnya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> 3–4 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrometre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrometre (laman tidak wujud)">µm</a>, namun beberapa jenis khamir dapat mencapai ukuran lebih 40 µm.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebahagian besar ragi membiak secara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aseksual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aseksual (laman tidak wujud)">aseksual</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>, dan dengan pembelahan sel asimetrik yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penunasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penunasan (laman tidak wujud)">penunasan</a>. </p><p>Jenis yis tertentu, <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae"><i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurtzman1994-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mampu menguraikan <a href="/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat">karbohidrat</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a> melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Fermentasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentasi">fermentasi</a> telah digunakan sejak dahulu lagi dalam pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">tapai</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Minuman_beralkohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuman beralkohol">minuman beralkohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Legras2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legras2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yis lain dapat menyebabkan jangkitan kepada manusia. Yis juga digunakan untuk menjana bekalan elektrik, atau untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> (sebagai minyak biologi untuk kereta). <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> juga merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisme_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisme model (laman tidak wujud)">organisme model</a> penting dalam kajian moden <a href="/wiki/Biologi_sel" title="Biologi sel">biologi sel</a> sekaligus antara mikroorganisme eukariot yang kerap dikaji menyeluruh. Peneliti menggunakannya untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai biologi sel eukariot dan terutama biologi manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-Ostergaard_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ostergaard-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spesies khamir lainnya seperti <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candida albicans (laman tidak wujud)">Candida albicans</a></i> adalah <a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogen</a> oportunistik dan dapat menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Jangkitan" title="Jangkitan">jangkitan</a> pada manusia (<a href="/wiki/Kandidiasis" title="Kandidiasis">kandidiasis</a>). Khamir juga dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan listrik dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microbial_fuel_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microbial fuel cell (laman tidak wujud)">microbial fuel cell</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> untuk industri <a href="/wiki/Bahan_api_bio" title="Bahan api bio">bahan api bio</a>. </p><p>Khamir tidak membentuk kelompok <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">taksonomi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Filogeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Filogeni">filogeni</a> tunggal. Istilah "khamir" atau “ragi” sering digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sinonim" title="Sinonim">sinonim</a> dari <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, Filogeni khamir dipisahkan kepada 2 <a href="/wiki/Filum" title="Filum">filum</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a>. Khamir yang membiak secara tunas (yakni besifat "sejati") diklasifikasikan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordo_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordo (biologi) (laman tidak wujud)">ordo</a> Saccharomycetales.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khamir mungkin salah satu organisme paling awal dimanfaatkan <a href="/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia">manusia</a> udengan tinggalan arkeologi <a href="/wiki/Batu_giling" title="Batu giling">batu giling</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Dapur" title="Dapur">dapur</a> seawal 4000 tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1680, <a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton van Leeuwenhoek">Anton van Leeuwenhoek</a> pertama kali mengamati ragi dengan <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a>, tetapi pada saat itu khamir tidak dianggap sebagai organisme yang hidup, tetapi hanya sebagai struktur berbentuk globula.<sup id="cite_ref-YeastRef11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YeastRef11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1857, ahli mikrobiologi Perancis, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> membuktikan dalam tulisannya yang berjudul "<i>Mémoire sur la fermentation alcoolique</i>" bahawa fermentasi alkohol dilakukan oleh khamir yang hidup dan bukan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Pemangkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemangkin">pemangkin</a> kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasteur menunjukkan bahawa pertumbuhan sel dapat meningkat seiring penambahan bekalan <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> berdasarkan ujikaji menggunakan larutan air ragi tetapi proses fermentasi terhambat, pengamatan tersebut disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesan_Pasteur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesan Pasteur (laman tidak wujud)">kesan Pasteur</a>. </p><p>Pada akhir abad ke-18, dua <a href="/wiki/Galur" title="Galur">galur</a> khamir digunakan dalam pembuatan bir dikenal pasti iaitu <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae,</i> yang disebut ‘’top-fermenting yeast’’, dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_carlsbergensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (laman tidak wujud)">Saccharomyces carlsbergensis</a></i>, ‘’bottom-fermenting yeast’’. <i>S. cerevisiae</i> telah dijual secara komersial oleh orang Belanda untuk pembuatan roti sejak 1780; sekitar tahun 1800 orang-orang Jerman juga mulai memproduksi yis dalam bentuk krim. Pada tahun 1825, sebuah kaedah telah dikembangkan untuk menghilangkan cairan sehingga khamir dapat dijual dalam bentuk blok padat.<sup id="cite_ref-Klieger2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klieger2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Produksi buku khamir dalam skala industri diperkuat dengan diperkenalkannya ‘’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filter press (laman tidak wujud)">filter press</a>’’ pada tahun 1867. </p><p>Pada tahun 1872, Baron Max de Springer mengembangkan proses produksi khamir berbentuk granula yang digunakan sampai <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlLe_Comité_des_Fabricants_de_levure_—_COFALEC_—_représente_les_fabricants_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlLe_Comité_des_Fabricants_de_levure_—_COFALEC_—_représente_les_fabricants-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>, khamir yang secara alami terdapat di udara digunakan secara ekslusif sampai khamir komersial dipasarkan di Philadelphia, dimana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_L._Fleischmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles L. Fleischmann (laman tidak wujud)">Charles L. Fleischmann</a> memamerkan produk, prosedur pemakaian, dan roti yang dihasilkan.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrisi_dan_pertumbuhan">Nutrisi dan pertumbuhan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Nutrisi dan pertumbuhan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nutrisi dan pertumbuhan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Khamir adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemoorganotroph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemoorganotroph (laman tidak wujud)">chemoorganotroph</a></i> karena menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senyawa_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senyawa organik (laman tidak wujud)">senyawa organik</a> sebagai sumber energi dan tidak membutuhkan cahaya matahari untuk pertumbuhannya. Sebagian besar karbon didapat dari gula <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksosa (laman tidak wujud)">heksosa</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fruktosa" title="Fruktosa">fruktosa</a>, atau disakarida seperti <a href="/wiki/Sukrosa" title="Sukrosa">sukrosa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Maltosa" title="Maltosa">maltosa</a>. Beberapa spesies dapat memetabolisme gula <a href="/wiki/Pentosa" title="Pentosa">pentosa</a> seperti ribosa,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1975_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett1975-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alkohol, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asid_organik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asid organik (laman tidak wujud)">asid organik</a>. Ada spesies yang memerlukan oksigen untuk <a href="/wiki/Respirasi_sel" title="Respirasi sel">respirasi sel</a> aerobik (aerob obligat) atau anaerobik, tetapi juga dapat menghasilkan energi secara aerobik (anaerob fakultatif). Tidak seperti bakteri, belum ada spesies khamir yang hanya dapat tumbuh secara <a href="/wiki/Organisma_anaerob" title="Organisma anaerob">anaerobik</a> (anaerob obligat). Khamir tumbuh dengan baik pada lingkungan <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> neutral atau sedikit <a href="/wiki/Asid" title="Asid">masam/asidik</a>. </p><p>Suhu optimal pertumbuhan khamir berbeza ikut spesies: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leucosporidium_frigidum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leucosporidium frigidum (laman tidak wujud)">Leucosporidium frigidum</a></i> contohnya dapat tumbuh pada −2 hingga 20 °C (28 hingga 68 °F), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saccharomyces_telluris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saccharomyces telluris (laman tidak wujud)">Saccharomyces telluris</a></i> pada 5 hingga 35 °C (41 hingga 95 °F), dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_slooffi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candida slooffi (laman tidak wujud)">Candida slooffi</a></i> pada 28 hingga 45 °C (82 hingga 113 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur1976_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur1976-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sel dapat tetap bertahan hidup saat dibekukan dalam kondisi tertentu, tetapi dengan daya hidup yang menurun seiring waktu. </p><p>Umumnya, khamir ditumbuhkan di laboratorium pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_pertumbuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Media pertumbuhan (laman tidak wujud)">media pertumbuhan</a> padat maupun cair (<i>broth</i>). Media yang umum digunakan untuk menumbuhkan khamir adalah <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potato_dextrose_agar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potato dextrose agar (laman tidak wujud)">potato dextrose agar</a></i> atau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potato_dextrose_broth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potato dextrose broth (laman tidak wujud)">potato dextrose broth</a></i>, <i>Wallerstein Laboratories nutrient <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a></i>, <i>yeast <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peptone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peptone (laman tidak wujud)">peptone</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dextrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dextrose (laman tidak wujud)">dextrose</a> agar</i>, dan <i>yeast mould agar</i> atau <i>broth</i>. Pembuat minuman alkohol dalam skala rumahan umumnya menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Ekstrak" title="Ekstrak">ekstrak</a> <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> dan khamir <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces" title="Saccharomyces">Saccharomyces</a></i> dan pilihan spesies khamir liar. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bongkah yis segar"><img alt="Bongkah yis segar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/120px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg/250px-Compressed_fresh_yeast_-_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bongkah yis segar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Dry_yeast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yis kering (biasanya, yis dijual seperti ini)"><img alt="Yis kering (biasanya, yis dijual seperti ini)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/120px-Dry_yeast.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Dry_yeast.jpg/250px-Dry_yeast.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yis kering (biasanya, yis dijual seperti ini)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Candida_albicans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candida albicans (laman tidak wujud)">Candida albicans</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yis_roti" title="Yis roti">Yis roti</a> (ibu roti)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">rujuk: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbd._Rauf_Dato'_Haji_HassanAbdul_Halim_SallehKhairul_Amin_Mohd_Zain2005" class="citation book cs1">Abd. Rauf Dato' Haji Hassan; Abdul Halim Salleh; Khairul Amin Mohd Zain (2005). <i>Kamus Bahasa Melayu-Bahasa Arab Bahasa Arab-Bahasa Melayu</i>. Shah Alam: Oxford Fajar. m/s. 132. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/967-65-7321-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/967-65-7321-3"><bdi>967-65-7321-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamus+Bahasa+Melayu-Bahasa+Arab+Bahasa+Arab-Bahasa+Melayu&rft.place=Shah+Alam&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+Fajar&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=967-65-7321-3&rft.au=Abd.+Rauf+Dato%27+Haji+Hassan&rft.au=Abdul+Halim+Salleh&rft.au=Khairul+Amin+Mohd+Zain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFSalmoné1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Salmoné, Habib Anthony (حبيب سالمون) (1889). 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(2006). "Yeast Systematics and Phylogeny—Implications of Molecular Identification Methods for Studies in Ecology". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=176765"><i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts, The Yeast Handbook,</i></a>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yeast+Systematics+and+Phylogeny%E2%80%94Implications+of+Molecular+Identification+Methods+for+Studies+in+Ecology&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts%2C+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fpublications.htm%3FSEQ_NO_115%3D176765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman_CP,_Fell_JW2005" class="citation book cs1">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW (2005). <i>Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts (in: The Yeast Handbook, Gábor P, de la Rosa CL, eds.)</i>. Berlin: Springer. m/s. 11–30. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/3-540-26100-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/3-540-26100-1"><bdi>3-540-26100-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Ecophysiology+of+Yeasts+%28in%3A+The+Yeast+Handbook%2C+G%C3%A1bor+P%2C+de+la+Rosa+CL%2C+eds.%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=11-30&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-540-26100-1&rft.au=Kurtzman+CP%2C+Fell+JW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker_K,_Skelton_H,_Smith_K.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Walker K, Skelton H, Smith K. 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"Cutaneous lesions showing giant yeast forms of <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis</i>". <i>Journal of Cutaneous Pathology</i>. <b>29</b> (10): 616–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x">10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.291009.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12453301">12453301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cutaneous+Pathology&rft.atitle=Cutaneous+lesions+showing+giant+yeast+forms+of+Blastomyces+dermatitidis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=616-618&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1034%2Fj.1600-0560.2002.291009.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12453301&rft.au=Walker+K%2C+Skelton+H%2C+Smith+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurtzman1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurtzman1994_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman_CP1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtzman CP (1994). 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Helsinki University of Technology. 2007. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://automation.tkk.fi/Research/BioprocessAutomation">yang asal</a> pada 2010-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bioprocess+automation&rft.pub=Helsinki+University+of+Technology&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautomation.tkk.fi%2FResearch%2FBioprocessAutomation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209193306/http://www.yeastgenome.org/VL-what_are_yeast.html">"What are yeasts?"</a>. <i>Yeast Virtual Library</i>. 13 September 2009. 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Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yeast+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=What+are+yeasts%3F&rft.date=2009-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeastgenome.org%2FVL-what_are_yeast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips_T" class="citation web cs1">Phillips T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104131513/http://science.nasa.gov/NEWHOME/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm">"Planets in a bottle: more about yeast"</a>. <i>Science@NASA</i>. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/msad16mar99_1b.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2009-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science%40NASA&rft.atitle=Planets+in+a+bottle%3A+more+about+yeast&rft.au=Phillips+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fnewhome%2Fheadlines%2Fmsad16mar99_1b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YeastRef11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YeastRef11_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFHuxley_A1871" class="citation web cs1">Huxley A (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE8/Yeast.html">"Discourses: Biological & Geological (volume VIII) : Yeast"</a>. <i>Collected Essays</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collected+Essays&rft.atitle=Discourses%3A+Biological+%26+Geological+%28volume+VIII%29+%3A+Yeast&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Huxley+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph0.clarku.edu%2Fhuxley%2FCE8%2FYeast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2003-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2003_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett_JA.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett JA. (2003). "Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: the contribution of yeast research". <i>Microbiology (Reading, Engl.)</i>. <b>149</b> (3): 557–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.26089-0">10.1099/mic.0.26089-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12634325">12634325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbiology+%28Reading%2C+Engl.%29&rft.atitle=Beginnings+of+microbiology+and+biochemistry%3A+the+contribution+of+yeast+research&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=557-567&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fmic.0.26089-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12634325&rft.au=Barnett+JA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klieger2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klieger2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFKlieger_PC.2004" class="citation book cs1">Klieger PC. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=er88eh9jA0wC&lpg=PA1&dq=yeast%20history%20Fleischmann&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q="><i>The Fleischmann yeast family</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. m/s. 13. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7385-3341-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-7385-3341-4"><bdi>978-0-7385-3341-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fleischmann+yeast+family&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-3341-4&rft.au=Klieger+PC.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Der88eh9jA0wC%26lpg%3DPA1%26dq%3Dyeast%2520history%2520Fleischmann%26pg%3DPA13%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlLe_Comité_des_Fabricants_de_levure_—_COFALEC_—_représente_les_fabricants-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlLe_Comité_des_Fabricants_de_levure_—_COFALEC_—_représente_les_fabricants_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100514062814/http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres">"Le Comité des Fabricants de levure"</a>. COFALEC. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofalec.com/contentO.aspx?progres">yang asal</a> pada 2010-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Comit%C3%A9+des+Fabricants+de+levure&rft.pub=COFALEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofalec.com%2FcontentO.aspx%3Fprogres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snodgrass2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass2004_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass_ME.2004" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass ME. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=D7IhN7lempUC&pg=PA1066"><i>Encyclopedia of Kitchen History</i></a>. New York, New York: Fitzroy Dearborn. m/s. 1066. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-57958-380-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-57958-380-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-380-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Kitchen+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1066&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-380-4&rft.au=Snodgrass+ME.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7IhN7lempUC%26pg%3DPA1066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett1975-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barnett1975_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett_JA.1975" class="citation journal cs1">Barnett JA. (1975). "The entry of D-ribose into some yeasts of the genus <i>Pichia</i>". <i>Journal of General Microbiology</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00221287-90-1-1">10.1099/00221287-90-1-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1176959">1176959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+General+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+entry+of+D-ribose+into+some+yeasts+of+the+genus+Pichia&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00221287-90-1-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1176959&rft.au=Barnett+JA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arthur1976-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arthur1976_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_H,_Watson_K.1976" class="citation journal cs1">Arthur H, Watson K. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232826">"Thermal adaptation in yeast: growth temperatures, membrane lipid, and cytochrome composition of psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic yeasts"</a>. <i>Journal of Bacteriology</i>. <b>128</b> (1): 56–68. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232826">232826</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/988016">988016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Thermal+adaptation+in+yeast%3A+growth+temperatures%2C+membrane+lipid%2C+and+cytochrome+composition+of+psychrophilic%2C+mesophilic%2C+and+thermophilic+yeasts&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-68&rft.date=1976&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC232826%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F988016&rft.au=Arthur+H%2C+Watson+K.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC232826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="ms" dir="ltr">Ralat petik: Tag <code><ref></code> dengan nama "Kurtzman2" yang ditentukan dalam <code><references></code> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_utama">Sumber utama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Sumber utama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sumber utama"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexopoulos_CJ,_Mims_CW,_Blackwell_M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1"><i>Introductory Mycology</i></a>. New York, New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-471-52229-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-471-52229-5"><bdi>0-471-52229-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-52229-5&rft.au=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductorymyco0000alex_q5x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFKirk_PM,_Cannon_PF,_Minter_DW,_Stalpers_JA.2008" class="citation book cs1">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). <i>Dictionary of the Fungi</i> (ed. 10th). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-85199-826-7" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-85199-826-7"><bdi>0-85199-826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-85199-826-7&rft.au=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFKurtzman_CP,_Fell_JW,_Boekhout_T.2011" class="citation book cs1">Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Boekhout T., penyunting (2011). <i>The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study</i>. <b>1</b> (ed. 5th). Amsterdam, etc.: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-12-384708-9" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-12-384708-9"><bdi>978-0-12-384708-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yeasts%3A+A+Taxonomic+Study&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+etc.&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-12-384708-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (laman tidak wujud)">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore-Landecker_E.1996" class="citation book cs1">Moore-Landecker E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsoffu0004moor_i6v3"><i>Fundamentals of the Fungi</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-13-376864-3" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-13-376864-3"><bdi>0-13-376864-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+the+Fungi&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-13-376864-3&rft.au=Moore-Landecker+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsoffu0004moor_i6v3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196" /><cite id="CITEREFPriest_FG,_Stewart_GG.2006" class="citation book cs1">Priest FG, Stewart GG. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=TIYbNdrIsPEC&pg=PA691"><i>Handbook of Brewing</i></a> (ed. 2nd). CRC Press. m/s. 691. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-4200-1517-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-4200-1517-1"><bdi>978-1-4200-1517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Brewing&rft.pages=691&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-1517-1&rft.au=Priest+FG%2C+Stewart+GG.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIYbNdrIsPEC%26pg%3DPA691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AYis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesaffre.com/eng/Produits/p_levure.htm">Baker's yeast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928095706/http://www.lesaffre.com/eng/Produits/p_levure.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-09-28 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Fungus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:Fungus (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:Fungus</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5868370">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style></p><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Sn%C3%B6bollschampinjon,_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon tunas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sn%C3%B6bollschampinjon%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/24px-Sn%C3%B6bollschampinjon%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sn%C3%B6bollschampinjon%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/36px-Sn%C3%B6bollschampinjon%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sn%C3%B6bollschampinjon%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/48px-Sn%C3%B6bollschampinjon%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="833" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana berkaitan <a href="/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat">kulat</a> ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan <a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yis&action=edit">mengembangkannya</a>.</p></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6453376">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tunas-kulat" title="Templat:Tunas-kulat"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perbincangan_templat:Tunas-kulat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perbincangan templat:Tunas-kulat (laman tidak wujud)"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tunas-kulat&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5868370" /><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:AlphaHelixSection_(yellow).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ikon tunas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AlphaHelixSection_%28yellow%29.svg/40px-AlphaHelixSection_%28yellow%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AlphaHelixSection_%28yellow%29.svg/60px-AlphaHelixSection_%28yellow%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/AlphaHelixSection_%28yellow%29.svg/120px-AlphaHelixSection_%28yellow%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="54" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a> ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. 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