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id="toc-Recognition_and_congratulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_and_congratulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Recognition and congratulations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition_and_congratulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recognition and congratulations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition_and_congratulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History,_blessings_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History,_blessings_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 History, blessings and traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History,_blessings_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_and_Commonwealth_realms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_and_Commonwealth_realms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 British and Commonwealth realms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_and_Commonwealth_realms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle British and Commonwealth realms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-British_and_Commonwealth_realms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 British traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centenarians_in_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centenarians_in_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Centenarians in antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centenarians_in_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="#Epigenetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Epigenetic studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigenetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1" title="معمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="শতবর্ষজীবী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শতবর্ষজীবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Стогадовы доўгажыхар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стогадовы доўгажыхар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundertj%C3%A4hriger" title="Hundertjähriger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hundertjähriger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αιωνόβιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιωνόβιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenario_(persona)" title="Centenario (persona) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centenario (persona)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centjarulo" title="Centjarulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centjarulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="افراد صدساله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="افراد صدساله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenaire" title="Centenaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centenaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="백세인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="백세인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Centenarian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenario" title="Centenario – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Centenario" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94" title="גיל מאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גיל מאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centen%C3%A1rius" title="Centenárius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Centenárius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="センテナリアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="センテナリアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stulatek" title="Stulatek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stulatek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centen%C3%A1rio_(idade)" title="Centenário (idade) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centenário (idade)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenar" title="Centenar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Centenar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Долгожитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Долгожитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%ABqindvje%C3%A7ar%C3%ABt" title="Njëqindvjeçarët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njëqindvjeçarët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Centenarian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavuotias" title="Satavuotias – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satavuotias" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundra%C3%A5ring" title="Hundraåring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hundraåring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ศตวรรษิกชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศตวรรษิกชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/100-%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="100-річна особа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="100-річна особа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person who lives to or beyond the age of 100 years</div> A centenarian is a <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">person</a> who has <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">reached the age</a> of 100 years. Because <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancies</a> worldwide are below 100, the term is invariably associated with <a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">longevity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimated that there were 316,600 living centenarians worldwide in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-WORLD2012-1">[1]</a> and 573,000 in 2020, almost quadruple the 2000 estimate of 151,000.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> As <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> and life expectancy continue to increase, the number of centenarians is expected to increase substantially in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office of National Statistics</a> in the United Kingdom, one-third of babies born in the country in 2013 are expected to live to 100.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> According to a 1998 United Nations demographic survey, Japan is expected to have 272,000 centenarians by 2050;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> other sources suggest that the number could be closer to 1 million.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The incidence of centenarians in Japan was one per 3,522 people in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In Japan, the number of centenarians is highly skewed towards females. Japan in fiscal year 2016 had 57,525 female centenarians, while there were 8,167 males, a ratio of 7:1. The increase of centenarians was even more skewed at 11.6:1.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide_incidence_by_country">Worldwide incidence by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Worldwide incidence by country">edit</a>]</div> The total number of centenarians in the world is uncertain. The Population Division of the United Nations estimated that there were 23,000 in 1950, 110,000 in 1990, 150,000 in 1995, 209,000 in 2000, 324,000 in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 455,000 in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-UN1002009-10">[10]</a> and 935,000 in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Census24-11">[11]</a> These older estimates, however, did not take into account downward adjustments of national estimates made by several countries such as the United States. The UN estimated in 2012, as a result of these adjustments, that there were only 316,600 centenarians worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-WORLD2012-1">[1]</a> The following table gives estimated centenarian populations by country, including both the latest and the earliest known estimates, where available. A study<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> which received a 2024 <a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize" title="Ig Nobel Prize">Ig Nobel Prize</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> found these numbers are inflated by welfare and pension <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> and poor record-keeping, neither of which are uniform across jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_chances_of,_in_2013,_surviving_to_age_100.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_chances_of%2C_in_2013%2C_surviving_to_age_100.png/170px-The_chances_of%2C_in_2013%2C_surviving_to_age_100.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="559" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_chances_of%2C_in_2013%2C_surviving_to_age_100.png/255px-The_chances_of%2C_in_2013%2C_surviving_to_age_100.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_chances_of%2C_in_2013%2C_surviving_to_age_100.png/340px-The_chances_of%2C_in_2013%2C_surviving_to_age_100.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="2302" /></a><figcaption>Chances of surviving to age 100 in the UK in 2013</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Latest estimate (year)</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Earliest estimate (year)</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Centenarians per 100,000 people </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></td> <td>7 (2002)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>10.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>7,299 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td> <td>234 (1869);<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> 863 (1947)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></td> <td>15.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>8,262 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></td> <td>50 (1901)</td> <td>32.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>1,686 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></td> <td>232 (1990),<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a> 25 (1960)<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a></td> <td>18.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></td> <td>114 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>39.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>2,163 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td> <td>23 (1950)<a href="#cite_note-Herm-25">[25]</a></td> <td>18.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>23,760 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-Herm-25">[25]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>12.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>353 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td> <td>233 (2010)</td> <td>5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td> <td>3,143 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>20.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>12,822 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>33.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>54,166 (2013)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td> <td>4,469 (1990),<a href="#cite_note-Herm-25">[25]</a> 17,800 (2007)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td> <td>4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>845 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></td> <td>404 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td> <td>7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>1,220 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td> <td>32 (1941)<a href="#cite_note-Robine_et.al-34">[34]</a></td> <td>20.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></td> <td>23 (July 2021)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td> <td></td> <td>31.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>154 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-36">[36]</a></td> <td>42 (1990)<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a></td> <td>11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>1,038 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td> <td>11 (1960)<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a></td> <td>18.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>25,961 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Population_totale-38">[38]</a></td> <td>100 (1900)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td> <td>38.4<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>23,513 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td> <td>232 (1885)<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td> <td>28.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>3,363 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-36">[36]</a></td> <td>76 (1949), 227 (1990)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td> <td>34.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>43 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td> <td>3 (1960)<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a></td> <td>11.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>27,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-PEW16-45">[45]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>2,179 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-36">[36]</a></td> <td>87 (1990)<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a></td> <td>43.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>3,061 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>35.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>22,552 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></td> <td>99 (1872)<a href="#cite_note-Robine_et.al-34">[34]</a></td> <td>38.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>95,119 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-Japan100+-48">[48]</a></td> <td>81 (1884),<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 105 (1930),<a href="#cite_note-Demographic_data_collection-50">[50]</a> 97 (1950),<a href="#cite_note-Demographic_data_collection-50">[50]</a> 155 (1960),<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> 54,397 (2013)<a href="#cite_note-Japan2012-52">[52]</a></td> <td>76.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td> <td>2,296 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></td> <td></td> <td>6.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>18,295 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></td> <td>2,403 (1990)</td> <td>14.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>2 555 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></td> <td>18 (1830)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></td> <td>14.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>1,078 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></td> <td>18 (1960);<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a> 297 (1991)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></td> <td>20.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>1,309 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></td> <td>44 (1951)<a href="#cite_note-Robine_et.al-34">[34]</a></td> <td>24.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>2,707 (2013)</td> <td>1,682 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></td> <td>8.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>7,232 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-36">[36]</a></td> <td>500 (1970)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></td> <td>19.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>5,025 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-36">[36]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>48.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>2,087 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>10.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>22,600 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td> <td>6,700 (2007)</td> <td>15.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>1,500 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></td> <td>41 (1990)<a href="#cite_note-Jeune-21">[21]</a></td> <td>26.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>281 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Statistični_letopis-65">[65]</a></td> <td>2 (1953),<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> 224 (2013)<a href="#cite_note-Statistični_letopis-65">[65]</a></td> <td>13.3<a href="#cite_note-Statistični_letopis-65">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>401 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Scitanie-67">[67]</a></td> <td></td> <td>7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td>15,581 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>30.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>21,912 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></td> <td>961</td> <td>42.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>19,573 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></td> <td>4,269 (2002)<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></td> <td>41.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>2,410 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></td> <td>46 (1950)</td> <td>23.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>1,726 (2021)</td> <td>7 (1860)<a href="#cite_note-Robine_et.al-34">[34]</a></td> <td>19.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>26,137 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-ThaiNSO-73">[73]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>39.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>5,780 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>6.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>15,120 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></td> <td>107 (1911)<a href="#cite_note-Robine_et.al-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>83,732 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-USA100+-76">[76]</a></td> <td> 2,300 (1950),<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> 53,364 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-78">[78]</a></td> <td>25.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td>519 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-UY2011-79">[79]</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>15.8<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>World estimates</td> <td>934,776 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-Census24-11">[11]</a></td> <td> 23,000 (1950), 316,600 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-WORLD2012-1">[1]</a></td> <td>11.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supercentenarians">Supercentenarians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Supercentenarians">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">Supercentenarian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aarne_Arvonen_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aarne_Arvonen_%28Cropped%29.jpg/170px-Aarne_Arvonen_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aarne_Arvonen_%28Cropped%29.jpg/255px-Aarne_Arvonen_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Aarne_Arvonen_%28Cropped%29.jpg/340px-Aarne_Arvonen_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_supercentenarians#Aarne_Arvonen" title="List of Finnish supercentenarians">Aarne Arvonen</a> (1897–2009), a <a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, was one of the oldest men ever, living for 111 years and 150 days.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a>, sometimes hyphenated as super-centenarian, is a person who has reached the age of 110 years. This age milestone is only achieved by about one in a thousand centenarians. Even rarer is a person <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_people" title="List of the verified oldest people">who has lived to 115</a>. There are 75 people in <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a> who have indisputably reached 115. Only three of the people who have reached 115 are men. <a href="/wiki/Tomiko_Itooka" title="Tomiko Itooka">Tomiko Itooka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inah_Canabarro_Lucas" title="Inah Canabarro Lucas">Inah Canabarro Lucas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Caterham" title="Ethel Caterham">Ethel Caterham</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_supercentenarians#Okagi_Hayashi" title="List of Japanese supercentenarians">Okagi Hayashi</a> are the only verified people currently alive who have reached the 115 years milestone.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-GRG-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Calment" title="Jeanne Calment">Jeanne Calment</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> is the only age-verified person in human history to have reached the age of 120 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_and_congratulations">Recognition and congratulations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recognition and congratulations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History,_blessings_and_traditions">History, blessings and traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History, blessings and traditions">edit</a>]</div> An aspect of <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessing</a> in many cultures is to offer a wish that the recipient lives to 100 years old. Among <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> in India, where touching feet of elders and respected is a tradition, people who touch the feet of elders are often blessed with "May you live a hundred years". In Sweden, the traditional birthday song states, May he/she live for one hundred years. In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_until_120" title="Live until 120">May you live to be 120 years old</a> is a common blessing. In Poland, <a href="/wiki/Sto_lat" title="Sto lat">Sto lat</a>, a wish to live a hundred years, is a traditional form of praise and good wishes, and the song "sto lat, sto lat" is sung on the occasion of the birthday celebrations—arguably, it is the most popular song in Poland and among Poles around the globe. According to legends, <a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)">Sages</a> from ancient India lived and meditated for tens of thousands of years while Great Kings ruled their kingdoms for thousands of years. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors">Chinese emperors</a> were hailed to live <a href="/wiki/Ten_thousand_years" title="Ten thousand years">ten thousand years</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Chinese_empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese empress">empresses</a> were hailed to live a thousand years. In Italy, "A hundred of these days!" (cento di questi giorni) is an <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augury</a> for birthdays, to live to celebrate 100 more birthdays.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Some Italians say "A cent'anni!", which means "(up) To a hundred years", in that they wish that they could all live happily for a hundred years. In Greece, wishing someone Happy Birthday ends with the expression να τα εκατοστήσεις (na ta ekatostisis), which can be loosely translated as "may you make it one hundred birthdays". In Sri Lanka, it is a custom to bless as "you may live 220 instead of 120". In many countries, people receive a gift or congratulations from federal/state institutions on their 100th birthday. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100th_birthday_card_Fords.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/100th_birthday_card_Fords.jpg/220px-100th_birthday_card_Fords.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/100th_birthday_card_Fords.jpg/330px-100th_birthday_card_Fords.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/100th_birthday_card_Fords.jpg/440px-100th_birthday_card_Fords.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption>Greeting card sent by former United States President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald R. Ford</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2019, there were an estimated 72,000 centenarians living in the U.S.; the 2020 census officially counted 80,139, and the 2010 census had 53,364.<a href="#cite_note-MortalityBook-86">[86]</a> However, the U.S. Census Bureau claimed in 1999 that as many as a third of people stating their age as over 100 might be exaggerating.<a href="#cite_note-MortalityBook-86">[86]</a> In the United States, centenarians may request a letter of congratulation from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> to mark their longevity.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> became the first former president to reach the age of 100 on October 1, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today</a> also presents a segment honoring centenarians and older, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Smuckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuckers">Smuckers</a>. The tradition was created in 1983 by weather presenter <a href="/wiki/Willard_Scott" title="Willard Scott">Willard Scott</a>, and is now presented by his successor <a href="/wiki/Al_Roker" title="Al Roker">Al Roker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:dlh-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> Japanese centenarians receive a silver cup and a certificate from the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Japan">prime minister of Japan</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/Respect_for_the_Aged_Day" title="Respect for the Aged Day">Respect for the Aged Day</a> following their 100th birthday, honouring them for their longevity and prosperity in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the award known as <a href="/wiki/Shatayu_Samman" title="Shatayu Samman">Shatayu Samman</a> is given out to people who live at least 100 years to promote awareness of good health.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> North Korean centenarians receive a birthday congratulatory letter from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of the DPRK</a>. On 6 July 2022, Pak Hak Sil, a centenarian living in Koup-ri of <a href="/wiki/Kangnam_County" title="Kangnam County">Kangnam County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, received a birthday letter sent by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-95">[95]</a> In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 10868 better known as the Centenarians Act of 2016 mandates that all living Filipinos residing in the Philippines or overseas receive a birthday congratulatory letter from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a> and a ₱100,000 "Centenarian Gift" from the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development" title="Department of Social Welfare and Development">Department of Social Welfare and Development</a> (DSWD).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In Taiwan, people aged 100 or above receive a golden pendant necklace on <a href="/wiki/Chong_Yang_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Chong Yang Festival">Chong Yang Festival</a> each year from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">president</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Welfare_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)">Ministry of Health and Welfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> German centenarians receive a letter of congratulations from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">president of Germany</a>. In Ireland, centenarians can receive a €2,540 "Centenarians' Bounty" and a letter from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president of Ireland</a>, even if they are <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">resident abroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Irish people celebrating their 101st birthday may also receive a special silver minted coin with a quote by a famous Irish writer or poet.<a href="#cite_note-Independent-101">[101]</a> Centenarians born in Italy receive a letter of congratulations from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president of Italy</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">the monarch</a> and their commissioner sends a letter on the 100th birthday and on every birthday beginning with the 105th.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Swedish centenarians receive a <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">king and queen of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_and_Commonwealth_realms">British and Commonwealth realms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British and Commonwealth realms">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand centenarians can receive congratulations card greetings from the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a> on their 100th birthday. In the UK, greeting cards are also sent by the monarch on every birthday beginning with the 105th.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-GNZ-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-gg.ca-106">[106]</a> In Commonwealth realms in which the monarch does not ordinarily reside, honorees can also receive congratulations from the <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a>. In Canada, application must be made through the GGS official website.<a href="#cite_note-gg.ca-106">[106]</a> Similarly, in New Zealand, honorees must apply for greetings through the official government website.<a href="#cite_note-GNZ-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_traditions">British traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Birthday_Card_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Queen_Birthday_Card_2.jpg/220px-Queen_Birthday_Card_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Queen_Birthday_Card_2.jpg/330px-Queen_Birthday_Card_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Queen_Birthday_Card_2.jpg/440px-Queen_Birthday_Card_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Queen Elizabeth II sent a greeting card to centenarians as a congratulations.</figcaption></figure> The traditions of British centenarians receiving greetings and congratulations was established by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> in 1908. The famous <a href="/wiki/Acrobat" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrobat">acrobat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tightrope_walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Tightrope walker">tightrope walker</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Johnson_(acrobat)" title="Henry Johnson (acrobat)">Henry Johnson</a> received a congratulatory letter from Edward VII via his royal courtier <a href="/wiki/Francis_Knollys,_1st_Viscount_Knollys" title="Francis Knollys, 1st Viscount Knollys">Viscount Knollys</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-Boston_Guardian_26_August_1905_via_GR-107">[107]</a> The tradition of royal congratulations continued in 1908, when the secretary for King Edward VII sent a congratulatory letter to Reverend Thomas Lord of <a href="/wiki/Horncastle,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Horncastle, Lincolnshire">Horncastle</a>, Lincolnshire, in a newspaper clipping, declaring, "I am commanded by the King to congratulate you on the attainment of your hundredth year, after a most useful life".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The practice was formalised from 1917, under the reign of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, who also sent congratulations then sent by a telegram on the attainment of a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_jubilee" title="Diamond jubilee">diamond wedding anniversary</a> (or jubilee) marking 60 years of marriage. During the reign of King George V, only 24 telegrams were sent; however, with the aging population, this increased to 273 during 1952, when the longest-reigning monarch Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> ascended the throne.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-104">[104]</a> The Queen also sent a telegram, and later a portrait-style greeting card with the notation, "I am so pleased to know that you are celebrating your one hundredth birthday. I send my congratulations and best wishes to you on such a special occasion." Each few years the card was updated with a current updated picture of the Queen to ensure people did not receive the same card more than once. The Queen further sent her congratulations on one's 105th birthday and every year thereafter as well as on special wedding anniversaries.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Centenarians_in_antiquity">Centenarians in antiquity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Centenarians in antiquity">edit</a>]</div> While the number of centenarians per capita was much lower in ancient times than today, the data suggest that they were not unheard of.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Estimates of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in antiquity are far lower than modern values mostly due to the far greater incidence of deaths in infancy or childhood. Those who lived past early childhood had a reasonable chance of living to a relatively old age.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The assumption of what constitutes "old age", or being "elderly", at least, seems to have remained unchanged since antiquity, the line being generally drawn at either sixty or sixty-five years;<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_90" title="Psalm 90">Psalm 90</a>:10 in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> appears to give seventy to eighty years as the natural life expectancy of a person surviving into old age, "The years of our life are seventy, or even by reason of strength eighty". A survey of the lifespans of male individuals with entries in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a> (i.e., a sample pre-selected to include those who lived long enough to attain historical notability) found a median lifespan of 72 years, and a range of 32 to 107 years, for 128 individuals born before 100 BC (though the same study found a median lifespan of 66 years for 100 individuals born after 100 BC but no later than 602 AD); by comparison, male individuals listed in Chambers Biographical Dictionary who died between 1900 and 1949 had a median lifespan of 71.5 years, with a range between 29 and 105 years. The author of the 1994 study concluded that it was only in the second half of the 20th century that medical advances have extended the life expectancy of those who live into adulthood.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Reliable references to individuals in antiquity who lived past 100 years are quite rare, but they do exist. For instance, Cicero's wife <a href="/wiki/Terentia" title="Terentia">Terentia</a> was reported by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> to have lived from 98 BC to 6 AD, 103 years.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Regnal dates of Bronze Age monarchs are notoriously unreliable; the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth dynasty of Egypt">sixth dynasty</a> Egyptian ruler <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepi II">Pepi II</a> is sometimes listed as having lived <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2278 – c. 2184 BC, as he is said to have reigned for 94 years,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> but alternative readings cite a reign of just 64 years.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-guppi" title="Adad-guppi">Adad-guppi</a>, mother of the last king of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> apparently lived from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 648-544 BC (c. 104 years) according to inscriptions on funeral <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 250) gives one of the earliest references regarding the plausible centenarian longevity given by a scientist, the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> of Nicaea (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 185 – c. 120 BC), who, according to the doxographer, said that the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Democritus_of_Abdera" class="mw-redirect" title="Democritus of Abdera">Democritus of Abdera</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470/460 – c. 370/360 BC) lived 109 years. Other ancient accounts of Democritus agree that the philosopher lived at least 90 years. The case of Democritus differs from those of, for example, <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a> of Crete (7th and 6th centuries BC), who is said to have lived an implausible 154, 157, or 290 years, depending on the source. Other ancient Greek philosophers thought to have lived beyond the age of 90 include <a href="/wiki/Xenophanes_of_Colophon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophanes of Colophon">Xenophanes of Colophon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 570/565 – c. 475/470BC), <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a> of Ellis (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 360 – c. 270 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> of Cirene (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 285 – c. 190 BC). Also, the Greek rhetorician Isocrates of Athens (436-338 BC) lived 97/98 years and the famous Greek tragedian Sophocles (497/496-406/405 BC) lived at least 90 years. <a href="/wiki/Hosius_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosius of Córdoba">Hosius of Córdoba</a>, the man who convinced <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> to call the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>, reportedly lived to age 102.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A rare record of an ordinary person who lived to be a centenarian is the tombstone of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman British</a> legionary veteran Julius Valens, inscribed "VIXIT ANNIS C".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In the medieval period, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Azzo_II,_Margrave_of_Milan" title="Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan">Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan</a> (d. 1097) is said by <a href="/wiki/Bernold_of_Constance" title="Bernold of Constance">Bernold of Constance</a> to have lived past 100 years (iam maior centenario).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Research_into_centenarians" title="Research into centenarians">Research into centenarians</a></div> Research in Italy suggests that healthy centenarians have high levels of both <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> and that this seems to be important in causing their extreme longevity.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Other research contradicts this, however, and has found that this theory does not apply to centenarians from <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, for whom other factors probably play a more important role.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A preliminary study carried out in Poland showed that, in comparison with young healthy female adults, centenarians living in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> had significantly higher red blood cell <a href="/wiki/Glutathione_reductase" title="Glutathione reductase">glutathione reductase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a> activities, although serum levels of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> were not significantly higher.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Researchers in Denmark have also found that centenarians exhibit a high activity of <a href="/wiki/Glutathione_reductase" title="Glutathione reductase">glutathione reductase</a> in red blood cells. In this study, the centenarians having the best cognitive and physical functional capacity tended to have the highest activity of this <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Other research has found that people whose parents became centenarians have an increased number of naïve <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a>. It is well known that the children of parents who have a long life are also likely to reach a healthy age, but it is not known why, although the inherited genes are probably important.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> A variation in the gene <a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">FOXO3</a>A is known to have a positive effect on the life expectancy of humans, and is found much more often in people living to 100 and beyond – moreover, this appears to be true worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Men and women who are 100 or older tend to have extroverted personalities, according to Thomas T. Perls, the director of the New England Centenarian Study at Boston University.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Centenarians will often have many friends, strong ties to relatives and high self-esteem. In addition, some research suggests that the offspring of centenarians are more likely to age in better cardiovascular health than their peers.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNA_repair">DNA repair</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: DNA repair">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lymphoblast" title="Lymphoblast">Lymphoblastoid</a> cell lines established from blood samples of centenarians have significantly higher activity of the DNA repair protein PARP (<a href="/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly ADP ribose polymerase">Poly ADP ribose polymerase</a>) than cell lines from younger (20 to 70 years old) individuals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9587069-127">[127]</a> The lymphocytic cells of centenarians have characteristics typical of cells from young people, both in their capability of priming the mechanism of repair after H2O2 sublethal oxidative DNA damage and in their PARP capacity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17518695-128">[128]</a> PARP activity measured in the permeabilized mononuclear <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocyte</a> blood cells of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> species correlated with maximum lifespan of the species.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1465394-129">[129]</a> These findings suggest that PARP mediated DNA repair activity contributes to the longevity of centenarians, consistent with the <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging" title="DNA damage theory of aging">DNA damage theory of aging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_bio-study">Japanese bio-study</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japanese bio-study">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_Japan" title="Aging of Japan">Aging of Japan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elderly_people_in_Japan" title="Elderly people in Japan">Elderly people in Japan</a></div> Many experts attribute Japan's high life expectancy to the typical Japanese diet, which is particularly low in refined simple carbohydrates, and to hygienic practices. The number of centenarians in relation to the total population was, in September 2010, 114% higher in <a href="/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture" title="Shimane Prefecture">Shimane Prefecture</a> than the national average. This ratio was also 92% higher in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa Prefecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Santrock-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In Okinawa, studies have shown five factors that have contributed to the large number of centenarians in that region:<a href="#cite_note-Santrock-131">[131]</a> <ol><li>A diet that is heavy on grains, fish, and vegetables and light on meat, eggs, and dairy products.</li> <li>Low-stress lifestyles, which are proven significantly less stressful than that of the mainland inhabitants of Japan.</li> <li>A caring community, where older adults are not isolated and are taken better care of.</li> <li>High levels of activity, where locals work until an older age than the average age in other countries, and more emphasis on activities like walking and gardening to keep active.</li> <li>Spirituality, where a sense of purpose comes from involvement in spiritual matters and prayer eases the mind of stress and problems.<a href="#cite_note-Santrock-131">[131]</a></li></ol> Although these factors vary from those mentioned in the previous study, the culture of Okinawa has proven these factors to be important in its large population of centenarians.<a href="#cite_note-Santrock-131">[131]</a> A historical study from Korea found that male <a href="/wiki/Eunuchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuchs">eunuchs</a> in the royal court had a centenarian rate of over 3%, and that eunuchs lived on average 14 to 19 years longer than uncastrated men.<a href="#cite_note-eunuch-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigenetic_studies">Epigenetic studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Epigenetic studies">edit</a>]</div> By measuring the biological age of various tissues from centenarians, researchers may be able to identify tissues that are protected from aging effects. According to a study of 30 different body parts from centenarians and younger controls, the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a> is the youngest brain region (and probably body part) in centenarians (about 15 years younger than expected<a href="#cite_note-Horvath2015cerebellum-135">[135]</a>) according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic_clock" title="Epigenetic clock">epigenetic clock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horvath2013-136">[136]</a> These findings could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age related dementias compared to other brain regions. Further, the offspring of semi-supercentenarians (subjects who reached an age of 105–109 years) have a lower epigenetic age than age-matched controls (age difference=5.1 years in peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and centenarians are younger (8.6 years) than expected based on their chronological age.<a href="#cite_note-Horvath2015centenarian-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_choice_of_older_adults" title="Food choice of older adults">Food choice of older adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_centenarians" title="Lists of centenarians">Lists of centenarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Centenarian_Study" title="New England Centenarian Study">New England Centenarian Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Centenarian_Study" title="Okinawa Centenarian Study">Okinawa Centenarian Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_people" title="Oldest people">Oldest people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Community_Care_Network" title="Queensland Community Care Network">Queensland Community Care Network</a>, which operates the centenarians-only 100+ club</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/cuadros/NIVEL%20NACIONAL/Poblaci%C3%B3n/Generales/P_3_CAR.xls">the original</a> on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+%28Uruguay%29&rft.atitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+por+%C3%A1rea+y+sexo%2C+seg%C3%BAn+grupo+quinquenal+de+edades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gub.uy%2Fcensos2011%2Fresultadosfinales%2Fcuadros%2FNIVEL%2520NACIONAL%2FPoblaci%25C3%25B3n%2FGenerales%2FP_3_CAR.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Total population: 3,285,877 + 437 homeless, per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/cuadros/NIVEL%20NACIONAL/Poblaci%C3%B3n/Generales/P_3_CAR.xls">2011 census data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309021649/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/resultadosfinales/cuadros/NIVEL%20NACIONAL/Poblaci%C3%B3n/Generales/P_3_CAR.xls">Archived</a> 9 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobineVaupel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Robine, Jean-Marie; Vaupel, James W. (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703065315/http://www.soa.org/library/journals/north-american-actuarial-journal/2002/july/naaj0207_6.pdf">"Emergence of supercentenarians in low-mortality countries"</a> (PDF). North American Actuarial Journal. 6 (3): 54–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10920277.2002.10596057">10.1080/10920277.2002.10596057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129046321">129046321</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soa.org/library/journals/north-american-actuarial-journal/2002/july/naaj0207_6.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Actuarial+Journal&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+supercentenarians+in+low-mortality+countries&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=54-63&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10920277.2002.10596057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129046321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robine&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft.au=Vaupel%2C+James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soa.org%2Flibrary%2Fjournals%2Fnorth-american-actuarial-journal%2F2002%2Fjuly%2Fnaaj0207_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613010740/http://www.supercentenarians.org/publications.htm">"Publications"</a>. Supercentenarians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supercentenarians.org/publications.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supercentenarians&rft.atitle=Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supercentenarians.org%2Fpublications.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Supercentenarians by H. Maier, J. Gampe, B. Jeune, J.-M. Robine and J.W. Vaupel. Springer 2010. Demographic Research Monographs. Springerlink.com. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-11520-2">10.1007/978-3-642-11520-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11519-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11519-6"><bdi>978-3-642-11519-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supercentenarians+by+H.+Maier%2C+J.+Gampe%2C+B.+Jeune%2C+J.-M.+Robine+and+J.W.+Vaupel.+Springer+2010&rft.series=Demographic+Research+Monographs&rft.pub=Springerlink.com&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-11520-2&rft.isbn=978-3-642-11519-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRG-84"><a href="#cite_ref-GRG_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grg.org">"Gerontology Research Group Index Page, as of [1997 - 2007]"</a>. Grg.org. Retrieved 6 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerontology+Research+Group+Index+Page%2C+as+of+%5B1997+-+2007%5D&rft.pub=Grg.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrg.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.allexperts.com/q/Italian-Language-1584/Italian-Translation.htm">Italian Translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222021528/http://en.allexperts.com/q/Italian-Language-1584/Italian-Translation.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. AllExperts.com. 21 June 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-MortalityBook-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MortalityBook_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MortalityBook_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Saul_WurmanNigel_Holmes2019" class="citation book cs1">Richard Saul Wurman; Nigel Holmes (2019). Mortality. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-50305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-50305-9"><bdi>978-0-578-50305-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortality&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-578-50305-9&rft.au=Richard+Saul+Wurman&rft.au=Nigel+Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-greeting/">"Presidential Greeting Request"</a>. The White House. Retrieved 21 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Presidential+Greeting+Request&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fpresidential-greeting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrowKramon2024" class="citation web cs1">Barrow, Bill; Kramon, Charlotte (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/jimmy-carter-100th-birthday-1e540c277dea07bd84242d290b4ebcdc">"Jimmy Carter and his hometown of Plains celebrate the 39th president's 100th birthday"</a>. Associated Press. Retrieved 12 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter+and+his+hometown+of+Plains+celebrate+the+39th+president%E2%80%99s+100th+birthday&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Kramon%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjimmy-carter-100th-birthday-1e540c277dea07bd84242d290b4ebcdc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrande2024" class="citation web cs1">Grande, Peggy (1 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/happy-birthday-americas-first-presidential-centenarian">"Happy birthday to America's first presidential centenarian"</a>. Fox News. Retrieved 12 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Happy+birthday+to+America%27s+first+presidential+centenarian&rft.date=2024-10-01&rft.aulast=Grande&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fhappy-birthday-americas-first-presidential-centenarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:dlh-90"><a href="#cite_ref-:dlh_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2021/09/willard-scott-dead-today-weatherman-celebrated-centenarians-was-87-obituary-1234827550/">"Willard Scott Dies: 'Today' Weatherman Who Celebrated Centenarians Was 87"</a>. 4 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Willard+Scott+Dies%3A+%27Today%27+Weatherman+Who+Celebrated+Centenarians+Was+87&rft.date=2021-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2021%2F09%2Fwillard-scott-dead-today-weatherman-celebrated-centenarians-was-87-obituary-1234827550%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-birthday-idUSTRE5220ZP20090303">Ageing Japan cuts cost of 100th birthday gifts March 3, 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927142713/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/03/us-japan-birthday-idUSTRE5220ZP20090303">Archived</a> 27 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> Retrieved 26 September 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Izadi, Elahe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/08/21/japan-has-so-many-super-old-people-that-it-cant-afford-to-give-them-special-sake-cups-anymore/">Japan has so many super old people that it can't afford to give them special sake cups anymore August 21, 2015</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Retrieved 26 September 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Plucinska, Joanna (20 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4004281/japan-centenarian-gift-seniors-day-sakazuki/">"Japan Can't Afford to Give Centenarians Gifts Anymore Because There Are Too Many of Them"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052842/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/oldest-indian-man-dies-in-madhya-pradesh_100583050.html">"'Oldest' Indian man dies in Madhya Pradesh"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/oldest-indian-man-dies-in-madhya-pradesh_100583050.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Oldest%27+Indian+man+dies+in+Madhya+Pradesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Funcategorized%2Foldest-indian-man-dies-in-madhya-pradesh_100583050.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-95"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101211238/http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?lang=eng&ptype=cfonew&mtype=view&no=41635">"Centenarian Receives Birthday Spread"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uriminzokkiri" title="Uriminzokkiri">Uriminzokkiri</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?lang=eng&ptype=cfonew&mtype=view&no=41635">the original</a> on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uriminzokkiri&rft.atitle=Centenarian+Receives+Birthday+Spread&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uriminzokkiri.com%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Deng%26ptype%3Dcfonew%26mtype%3Dview%26no%3D41635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">[/<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.dswd.gov.ph/download/senior_citizens/laws_on_senior_citizens/IRR-RA-10868-Centenarians-Act.pdf">https://www.dswd.gov.ph/download/senior_citizens/laws_on_senior_citizens/IRR-RA-10868-Centenarians-Act.pdf</a> "Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Republic Act (RA) No. 10868, otherwise known as the "Centenarians Act of 2016""] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Welfare_and_Development" title="Department of Social Welfare and Development">Department of Social Welfare and Development</a>. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Social+Welfare+and+Development&rft.atitle=Implementing+Rules+and+Regulations+%28IRR%29+of+Republic+Act+%28RA%29+No.+10868%2C+otherwise+known+as+the+%E2%80%9CCentenarians+Act+of+2016%22&rft_id=%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.dswd.gov.ph%2Fdownload%2Fsenior_citizens%2Flaws_on_senior_citizens%2FIRR-RA-10868-Centenarians-Act.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solerie.com/page/album/show.aspx?num=26&kind=19&page=1">"衛福部年度重陽節致贈人瑞金鎖片採購案"</a>. 崇光金品. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%B4%87%E5%85%89%E9%87%91%E5%93%81&rft.atitle=%E8%A1%9B%E7%A6%8F%E9%83%A8%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8D%E9%99%BD%E7%AF%80%E8%87%B4%E8%B4%88%E4%BA%BA%E7%91%9E%E9%87%91%E9%8E%96%E7%89%87%E6%8E%A1%E8%B3%BC%E6%A1%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solerie.com%2Fpage%2Falbum%2Fshow.aspx%3Fnum%3D26%26kind%3D19%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF蔡" class="citation news cs1">蔡, 慧貞. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storm.mg/article/22072">"衛福部贈重陽金鎖片爆百名幽靈人瑞"</a>. 風傳媒. Retrieved 22 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%A2%A8%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92&rft.atitle=%E8%A1%9B%E7%A6%8F%E9%83%A8%E8%B4%88%E9%87%8D%E9%99%BD%E9%87%91%E9%8E%96%E7%89%87+%E7%88%86%E7%99%BE%E5%90%8D%E5%B9%BD%E9%9D%88%E4%BA%BA%E7%91%9E&rft.aulast=%E8%94%A1&rft.aufirst=%E6%85%A7%E8%B2%9E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storm.mg%2Farticle%2F22072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF郭" class="citation news cs1">郭, 建志. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922105032/https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83-%E6%95%AC%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E7%91%9E%E9%87%91%E9%8E%96%E7%89%87-%E5%86%8D%E8%B2%B4%E4%B9%9F%E8%A6%81%E8%B2%B7-234926109.html">"敬老人瑞金鎖片再貴也要買"</a>. 工商時報. 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Aging. 7 (5): 294–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.100742">10.18632/aging.100742</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468311">4468311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26000617">26000617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging&rft.atitle=The+cerebellum+ages+slowly+according+to+the+epigenetic+clock.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=294-306&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4468311%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26000617&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18632%2Faging.100742&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Mah%2C+V&rft.au=Lu%2C+AT&rft.au=Woo%2C+JS&rft.au=Choi%2C+OW&rft.au=Jasinska%2C+AJ&rft.au=Riancho%2C+JA&rft.au=Tung%2C+S&rft.au=Coles%2C+NS&rft.au=Braun%2C+J&rft.au=Vinters%2C+HV&rft.au=Coles%2C+LS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4468311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horvath2013-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Horvath2013_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvath2013" class="citation journal cs1">Horvath, S (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015143">"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types"</a>. Genome Biology. 14 (10): R115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2013-14-10-r115">10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4015143">4015143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24138928">24138928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation+age+of+human+tissues+and+cell+types&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=R115&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4015143%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24138928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2013-14-10-r115&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4015143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> (Erratum: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13059-015-0649-6">10.1186/s13059-015-0649-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25968125">25968125</a>,  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retractionwatch.com/2015/06/15/high-profile-aging-paper-posts-old-erratum-requested-by-author-more-than-one-year-prior/">Retraction Watch</a>. If the <a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">erratum</a> has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Erratum" title="Template:Erratum">erratum</a>|...}}</code> with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Erratum" title="Template:Erratum">erratum</a>|...|checked=yes}}</code>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Horvath2015centenarian-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Horvath2015centenarian_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvath2015" class="citation journal cs1">Horvath, S (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712339">"Decreased epigenetic age of PBMCs from Italian semi-supercentenarians and their offspring"</a>. Aging. 7 (Dec): 1159–1170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18632%2Faging.100861">10.18632/aging.100861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712339">4712339</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26678252">26678252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging&rft.atitle=Decreased+epigenetic+age+of+PBMCs+from+Italian+semi-supercentenarians+and+their+offspring.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=Dec&rft.pages=1159-1170&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4712339%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26678252&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18632%2Faging.100861&rft.aulast=Horvath&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4712339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochKralikPower2005" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Tina; Kralik, Debbie; Power, Charmaine (2005). 100 Years Old: 24 Australian Centenarians Tell Their Stories. Camberwell, Vic: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-02872-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-02872-X"><bdi>0-670-02872-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+Old%3A+24+Australian+Centenarians+Tell+Their+Stories&rft.place=Camberwell%2C+Vic&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-670-02872-X&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft.au=Kralik%2C+Debbie&rft.au=Power%2C+Charmaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentenarian" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenarian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Centenarians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Centenarians">Centenarians</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bumc.bu.edu/centenarian">New England Centenarian Study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okicent.org/">Okinawa Centenarian Study</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216001232/http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=51387">Mortality of Centenarians</a> via Princeton University (archived 16 February 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111234128/http://politicalgraveyard.com/special/lived-long.html">U.S. politicians who lived the longest</a> via Political Graveyard (archived 11 January 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genarians.com/">Noted Nonagenarians and Centenarians</a> via Genarians.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.AdlerCentenarians.org/">Centenarian research and celebration</a> via AdlerCentenarians.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616222541/http://www.ilcuk.org.uk/index.php/publications/publication_details/living_beyond_100_a_report_on_centenarians">Living Beyond 100</a> via International Longevity Center UK (archived 16 June 2017)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demogr.mpg.de/Papers/Books/Monograph1/table5.htm">Table of numbers of centenarians for select nations, 1960 and 1990</a> via Demogr.mpg.de</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624175925/http://www.viadeicentenari.it/ENG/centenariansroadproject.htm">Centenarians' Road Project website</a> (archived 24 June 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" 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selflink">Centenarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercentenarian" title="Supercentenarian">supercentenarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_into_centenarians" title="Research into centenarians">research into centenarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_life_expectancy" title="LGBT life expectancy">LGBT life expectancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">Maximum life span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging" title="Biomarkers of aging">Biomarkers of aging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_life_extension" title="Outline of life extension">Topic outline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension" title="Index of topics related to life extension">index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aging_movement" title="Anti-aging movement">Anti-aging movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodemography_of_human_longevity" title="Biodemography of human longevity">Biodemography of human longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Indefinite lifespan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_escape_velocity" title="Longevity escape velocity">Longevity escape velocity</a></li> <li>Methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorie_restriction" title="Calorie restriction">calorie restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_longevity" title="Diet and longevity">Diet and longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_printing" title="Organ printing">organ printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">rejuvenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_therapy" title="Stem-cell therapy">stem-cell therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategies_for_engineered_negligible_senescence" title="Strategies for engineered negligible senescence">SENS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Americas_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries in the Americas by life expectancy">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of North American countries by life expectancy">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American countries by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian countries by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian countries by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of world regions by life expectancy">World macroregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions of countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Argentine provinces and territories by life expectancy">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Belgian provinces by life expectancy">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by life expectancy">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China_by_life_expectancy" title="List of cities in China by life expectancy">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Finnish regions by life expectancy">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Greek regions by life expectancy">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Kazakhstan_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Kazakhstan by life expectancy">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Israel_and_Palestine_by_life_expectancy" title="List of regions of Israel and Palestine by life expectancy">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South African provinces by life expectancy">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_counties_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Swedish counties by life expectancy">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tajikistani_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Tajikistani regions by life expectancy">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Turkish provinces by life expectancy">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_shortest_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. counties with shortest life expectancy">shortest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._counties_with_longest_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. counties with longest life expectancy">longest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">regions by continents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African regions by life expectancy">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Asian regions by life expectancy">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Oceanian regions by life expectancy">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of South American regions by life expectancy">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Records</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longevity_claims" title="Longevity claims">Longevity claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldest_people" title="Oldest people">Oldest people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_verified_oldest_people" title="List of the verified oldest people">verified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_people_by_country" title="List of the oldest people by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_living_people" title="List of oldest living people">living</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_immortality" title="Biological immortality">Biological immortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">Regeneration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_immortality" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_youth" title="Eternal youth">Eternal youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality_in_fiction" title="Immortality in fiction">Immortality in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Longevity genes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">FOXO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_E" title="Apolipoprotein E">APOE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesteryl_ester_transfer_protein" title="Cholesteryl ester transfer protein">CETP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">ACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klotho_(biology)" title="Klotho (biology)">Klotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirtuin_1" title="Sirtuin 1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor" title="Tumor necrosis factor">TNF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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