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and related terms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taqiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taqiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Taqiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taqiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitmān" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitmān"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Kitmān</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitmān-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quranic_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quranic_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Quranic basis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quranic_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunni_Islam_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunni_Islam_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sunni Islam view</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sunni_Islam_view-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sunni Islam view subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sunni_Islam_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Niyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Niyya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia_Islam_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia_Islam_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shia Islam view</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shia_Islam_view-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shia Islam view subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shia_Islam_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prudential_Taqiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prudential_Taqiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prudential <i>Taqiyya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prudential_Taqiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Prudential_Taqiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Prudential_Taqiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Non-Prudential <i>Taqiyya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Prudential_Taqiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelver_Shia_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelver_Shia_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Twelver Shia view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelver_Shia_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ismaili_Shia_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ismaili_Shia_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ismaili Shia view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ismaili_Shia_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alawite_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alawite_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Alawite view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alawite_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Druze_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Druze view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Taqiyya</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="তাকিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাকিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%B8%D3%99" title="Таҡиә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Таҡиә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C3%ADja" title="Takíja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Takíja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq%C4%ABya" title="Taqīya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taqīya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiya" title="Taqiya – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taqiya" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تقیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taq%C3%AEya" title="Taqîya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taqîya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%81%BC%EC%95%BC" title="타끼야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타끼야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="तक़िय्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तक़िय्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyyah" title="Taqiyyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taqiyyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="תקייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Тақийа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тақийа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teqiye" title="Teqiye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Teqiye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyyah" title="Taqiyyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taqiyyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takiyya" title="Takiyya – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Takiyya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4" title="タキーヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タキーヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="تقیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تقیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takijja" title="Takijja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Takijja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiya_(Islamismo)" title="Taqiya (Islamismo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taqiya (Islamismo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Такия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Такия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95" title="تەقییە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەقییە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кетман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кетман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukija" title="Tukija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tukija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqqiyya" title="Taqqiyya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taqqiyya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taqiyya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takiye" title="Takiye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Takiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Такія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Такія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="تقیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E" title="塔基亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塔基亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E" title="塔基亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塔基亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9E" title="塔基亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔基亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q954213#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiya&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Denial of Islamic belief in the face of persecution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For the cap worn for religious or cultural purposes, see <a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah (cap)</a>.</span> <span>For the building, see <a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">takya</a>.</span> <span>For sufi lodges, see <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revealed Books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir"><i>Tafsir</i> (exegesis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah"><i>Aqidah</i> (creed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya"><i>Qisas al-Anbiya</i> ("Stories of the Prophets")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a> (Poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> (jurisprudence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i> (law)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a 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Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a 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#060;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihlal" title="Istihlal">Istihlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">Istishab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">Mustahabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batil" title="Batil">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">Bid'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghibah" title="Ghibah">Ghibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Gunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasd">Qasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawbah">Tawbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #686;background:rgb(220,245,220);border-bottom:1px solid #686;"> Legal vocations and titles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqeeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqeeh">Faqeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohyeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Mufassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%27l-amr" title="Ulu'l-amr">Ulu'l-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27azzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'azzin">Mu'azzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">Shahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template talk:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <i><b>Taqiyya</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تقیة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyyah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'prudence')<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a dissimulation and secrecy of religious belief and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StewartNYUEssay_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewartNYUEssay-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, taqiyya is regarded as the action of maintaining secrecy or mystifying one's beliefs. Hiding one's beliefs in non-Muslim nations has been practiced since the early days of Islam and early Muslims used it to avoid torture or getting killed by non-Muslims and tyrants with authority, it used to be acknowledged by Muslims of virtually all persuasions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of taqiyya has varied in recent history, especially between Sunni and Shia Muslims. Sunni Muslims gained political supremacy over time and therefore only occasionally found the need to practice taqiyya. On the other hand, Shia Muslims, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sufi_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Muslims">Sufi Muslims</a> developed taqiyya as a method of self-preservation and protection in hostile environments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related term is <i><b>kitmān</b></i> (lit. "action of covering, dissimulation"), which has a more specific meaning of dissimulation by silence or omission.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-syn_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-syn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Virani47_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virani47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is emphasized in <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a> whereby adherents are permitted to conceal their beliefs when under threat of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Shi'a Islam">persecution</a> or compulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Momen183_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Taqiyya</i></span> was initially practiced under duress by some of <a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Muhammad's companions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, it became important for Sufis, but even more so for Shias, who often experienced persecution as a religious minority.<sup id="cite_ref-Momen183_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Shia theology, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span> is permissible in situations where life or property are at risk and whereby no danger to religion would occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Momen183_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Momen183-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Taqiyya</i></span> has also been politically legitimised in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a>, to maintain unity among Muslims and fraternity among Shia clerics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_related_terms">Etymology and related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taqiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>taqiyya</i> is derived from the Arabic <a href="/wiki/Triliteral_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral root">triliteral root</a> <i>wāw-qāf-yā</i> denoting "caution, fear",<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "prudence, guarding against (a danger)",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "carefulness, wariness".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the sense of "prudence, fear" it can be used synonymously with the terms <i>tuqa(n)</i>, <i>tuqāt</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">taqwá</a></i>, and <i>ittiqāʾ</i>, which are derived from the same root.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-syn_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-syn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms also have other meanings. For example, the term taqwá generally means "piety" (lit. "fear [of God]") in an Islamic context.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitmān"><span id="Kitm.C4.81n"></span><i>Kitmān</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kitmān"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A related term is <i>kitmān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتمان</span>), the "action of covering, dissimulation".<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-syn_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-syn-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the terms taqiyya and kitmān may be used synonymously, kitmān refers specifically to the concealment of one's convictions by silence or omission.<sup id="cite_ref-Virani47_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virani47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitman derives from Arabic <i>katama</i> "to conceal, to hide".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadis">Ibadis</a> used kitmān to conceal their Muslim beliefs in the face of persecution by their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quranic_basis">Quranic basis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quranic basis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The technical meaning of the term <i>taqiyya</i> is thought<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> reference to religious dissimulation in <a href="/wiki/Sura_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 3">Sura 3</a>:28: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Believers should not take disbelievers as guardians instead of the believers—and whoever does so will have nothing to hope for from Allah—unless it is a precaution against their tyranny. And Allah warns you about Himself. And to Allah is the final return. (<i>illā an <b>tattaqū</b> minhum <b>tuqāt</b></i>).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al_Imran" title="Al Imran">Surah Al Imran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3?startingVerse=28">3:28</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The two words <i>tattaqū</i> ("you fear") and <i>tuqāt</i> "in fear" are derived from the same root as <i>taqiyya</i>, and the use of <i>taqiyya</i> about the general principle described in this passage is first recorded in a Qur'anic gloss by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad al-Bukhari</a> in the 9th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Miscitation, previously cited: http://www.holy-quran.com/ (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Regarding 3:28, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">ibn Kathir</a> writes, "meaning, except those believers who in some areas or times fear for their safety from the disbelievers. In this case, such believers are allowed to show friendship to the disbelievers outwardly, but never inwardly." He quotes the <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Prophet">Companion of the Prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Darda" title="Abu al-Darda">Abu al-Darda</a>, who said "we smile in the face of some people although our hearts curse them," and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a>, who said, "the tuqyah is acceptable till the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Day of Resurrection</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar instance of the Qur'an permitting dissimulation under compulsion is found in <span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/An-Nahl" title="An-Nahl">Surah An-Nahl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/16?startingVerse=106">16:106</a></span> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunni and Shia commentators alike observe that verse 16:106 refers to the case of <a href="/wiki/Ammar_ibn_Yasir" title="Ammar ibn Yasir">'Ammar b. Yasir</a>, who was forced to renounce his beliefs under physical duress and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-Virani47_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virani47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sunni_Islam_view">Sunni Islam view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sunni Islam view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic principle of taqiyya is agreed upon by scholars, though they tend to restrict it to dealing with non-Muslims and when under compulsion (<i>ikrāh</i>), while Shia jurists also allow it in interactions with Muslims and in all necessary matters (<i>ḍarūriyāt</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sunni jurisprudence protecting one's belief during extreme or exigent circumstances is called <i>idtirar</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إضطرار</span></span>), which translates to "being forced" or "being coerced", and this word is not specific to concealing the faith; for example, under the jurisprudence of <i>idtirar</i> one is allowed to consume <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">prohibited food</a> (e.g. pork) to avoid starving to death.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, denying one's faith under duress is "only at most permitted and not under all circumstances obligatory".<sup id="cite_ref-STROT_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STROT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a> comments on sura XVI, verse 106 (Tafsir, Bulak 1323, xxiv, 122): "If any one is compelled and professes unbelief with his tongue, while his heart contradicts him, in order to escape his enemies, no blame falls on him, because God takes his servants as their hearts believe." This verse was recorded after <a href="/wiki/Ammar_Yasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammar Yasir">Ammar Yasir</a> was forced by the idolaters of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to recant his faith and denounce the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Al-Tabari explains that concealing one's faith is only justified if the person is in mortal danger, and even then <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">martyrdom</a> is considered a noble alternative. If threatened, it would be preferable for a Muslim to migrate to a more peaceful place where a person may practice their faith openly, "since God's earth is wide."<sup id="cite_ref-STROT_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STROT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, in the Sunni commentary of <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Fath_al-Bari" title="Fath al-Bari">Fath al-Bari</a>, it is stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أجمعوا على أن من أكره على الكفر واختار القتل أنه أعظم أجرا عند الله ممن اختار الرخصة ، وأما غير الكفر فإن أكره على أكل الخنزير وشرب الخمر مثلا فالفعل أولى</span></span></p></blockquote><p> Which translates to: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a consensus that whomsoever is forced into apostasy and chooses death has a greater reward than a person who takes the license [to deny one's faith under duress], but if a person is being forced to eat pork or drink wine, then they should do that [instead of choosing death].</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> wrote in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">The Revival of the Religious Sciences</a></i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Safeguarding of a Muslim's life is a mandatory obligation that should be observed; and that lying is permissible when the shedding of a Muslim's blood is at stake.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a>, in his book <i>al-Tabaqat al-Kubra</i>, narrates on the authority of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sirin" title="Ibn Sirin">Ibn Sirin</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Prophet (S) saw 'Ammar Ibn Yasir (ra) crying, so he (S) wiped off his (ra) tears, and said: "The nonbelievers arrested you and immersed you in water until you said such and such (i.e., bad-mouthing the Prophet (S) and praising the pagan gods to escape persecution); if they come back, then say it again."</p></blockquote> <p>Jalal al-Din <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a>, in his book <i>al-Ashbah Wa al-Naza'ir</i>, affirms that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is acceptable (for a Muslim) to eat the meat of a dead animal at a time of great hunger (starvation to the extent that the stomach is devoid of all food); and to loosen a bite of food (for fear of choking to death) by alcohol; and to utter words of unbelief; and if one is living in an environment where evil and corruption are the pervasive norm, and permissible things (Halal) are the exception and a rarity, then one can use whatever is available to fulfill his needs.</p></blockquote> <p>Jalal al-Din <a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">al-Suyuti</a>, in his book <i>al-Durr al-Manthoor Fi al-Tafsir al- Ma'athoor</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> narrates that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Abd Ibn Hameed, on the authority of al-Hassan, said: "al-Taqiyya is permissible until the Day of Judgment."</p></blockquote><p>The practice of taqiyya is not limited to any one sect within Islam. It is observed and referenced in Sunni texts of law, hadith collections, and Quranic exegesis. Although historically more extensively practiced and referenced by Shii Muslims, taqiyya is doctrinally available to Sunni Muslims as well. This challenges the negative notion that taqiyya is exclusively associated with one community or confined to a specific group.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niyya"><i>Niyya</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Niyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sunni Islamic law, as in Islamic law in general, the concept of intention (<i><a href="/wiki/Niyyah" title="Niyyah">niyya</a></i>) holds great importance. Merely performing an act without the right intention is considered insufficient. A <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> issued by Ibn Abi Juma highlights the significance of one's inner state and intention in determining their identity as a Muslim. According to this fatwa, if <i>taqiyya</i> is practiced with the right intention, it is not considered sinful but rather a pious act. The fatwa emphasizes that God values the intention of believers over their outward actions, and taqiyya can be seen as a form of outward expression aligned with the correct intention.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Moorish_Proselytes_of_Archbishop_Ximenes,_Granada,_1500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Moorish_Proselytes_of_Archbishop_Ximenes%2C_Granada%2C_1500.jpg/220px-The_Moorish_Proselytes_of_Archbishop_Ximenes%2C_Granada%2C_1500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Moorish_Proselytes_of_Archbishop_Ximenes%2C_Granada%2C_1500.jpg/330px-The_Moorish_Proselytes_of_Archbishop_Ximenes%2C_Granada%2C_1500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_Moorish_Proselytes_of_Archbishop_Ximenes%2C_Granada%2C_1500.jpg/440px-The_Moorish_Proselytes_of_Archbishop_Ximenes%2C_Granada%2C_1500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century painting of a mass baptism of <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> in 1500. Muslim clerics permitted them to use taqiyya and become outwardly Christian, to save their lives.</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Mamun</a> became <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a> (813 AD), he tried to impose his religious views on the status of the Qur'an over all his subjects, in an ordeal called the <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">mihna</a>, or "inquisition". His views were disputed, and many of those who refused to follow his views were imprisoned, tortured, or threatened with the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Sunni scholars chose to affirm Mamun's view that <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">the Qur'an was created</a>, in spite of their beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-Virani47_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virani47-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though a notable exception to this was scholar and theologian <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, who chose to endure torture instead.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> in 1492, Muslims were persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">forced to convert to Christianity</a> or face expulsion. The principle of taqiyya became very important for Muslims during the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in 16th-century Spain, as it allowed them to convert to Christianity while remaining <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Muslims">crypto-Muslims</a>, practicing Islam in secret. In 1504, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Abi_Jum%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad bin Abi Jum'ah">Ubayd Allah al-Wahrani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran_fatwa" title="Oran fatwa">issued a fatwā</a> allowing Muslims to make extensive use of concealment to maintain their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-StewartNYUEssay_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StewartNYUEssay-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller2008-114_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2008-114-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is seen as an exceptional case, since Islamic law prohibits conversion except in cases of mortal danger, and even then requires recantation as quickly as possible,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and al-Wahrani's reasoning diverged from that of the majority of earlier Maliki <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">Faqīhs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Wansharisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Wansharisi">Al-Wansharisi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2008-114_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2008-114-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shia_Islam_view">Shia Islam view</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shia Islam view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Shi'a Islam">Minority Shi‘a communities</a>, since the earliest days of Islam, were often forced to practice pious circumspection (<i>taqiyya</i>) as an instinctive method of self-preservation and protection, an obligatory practice in the lands which became known as the realm of pious circumspection (<i>dār al-taqiyya</i>). Therefore, the recurring theme is that during times of danger feigning disbelief is allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two primary aspects of circumspection became central for the Shi‘a: not disclosing their association with the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imams</a> when this could put them in danger and protecting the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric teachings of the Imams</a> from those who are unprepared to receive them. While in most instances, minority Shi‘a communities employed <i>taqiyya</i> using the façade of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> in Sunni-dominated societies, the principle also allows for circumspection as other faiths. For instance, Gupti <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili Shi‘a</a> communities in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> circumspect as <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> to avoid caste persecution. In many cases, the practice of <i>taqiyya</i> became deeply ingrained into practitioners' psyche. If a believer wished, he/she could adopt this practice at moments of danger, or as a lifelong process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prudential_Taqiyya">Prudential <i>Taqiyya</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prudential Taqiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kohlberg has coined the expression “prudential <i>taqiyya</i>” to describe caution due to fear of external enemies. It can be further categorized into two distinct forms: concealment and dissimulation. </p><p>For instance, historical accounts narrate how some Imams concealed their identities as a protective measure. In one story, the Imam Jafar al-Sadiq commended the behavior of a follower who chose to avoid direct interaction with the Imam, even though he recognized him on the street, rather than exposing him, and even cursed those who would call him by his name.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kohlberg identifies the second type of prudential <i>taqiyya</i> as dissimulation, characterized by using deceptive words or actions intended to mislead opponents. It is typically employed by individuals possessing secret information. It is not solely confined to Imami Shi'ism but has been observed among various Muslim individuals or groups with minority views. During times of danger, the recurring theme is that <i>taqiyya</i> permits individuals to utter words of disbelief as a means of self-preservation. Prudential <i>taqiyya</i> is considered essential for safeguarding the faith and may be lifted when the political climate no longer poses a threat. Therefore, one way to discern the motivation behind a specific type of <i>taqiyya</i> is to determine whether it ceases once the danger has subsided.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Prudential_Taqiyya">Non-Prudential <i>Taqiyya</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Non-Prudential Taqiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kohlberg coined the expression “non-prudential <i>taqiyya</i>” for when there is a need to conceal secret doctrines from the uninitiated. Non-prudential <i>taqiyya</i> is employed by believers when they possess secret knowledge and are obligated to conceal it from those who have not attained the same level of initiation. This hidden knowledge encompasses diverse aspects, including profound insights into specific Quranic verses, interpretations of the Imam's teachings, and specific religious obligations. The obligation to conceal arises when individuals acquire such exclusive knowledge emphasizing the importance of preserving its secrecy within the initiated community.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelver_Shia_view">Twelver Shia view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Twelver Shia view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If coupled with mental reservation, religious dissimulation is considered lawful in Twelver Shi'ism whenever life or property is at serious risk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985183_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985183-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004678–679_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004678–679-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Twelver theology, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span> also refers to hiding or safeguarding the esoteric teachings of Shia imams,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199426_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199426-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995345_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995345-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200546–47_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200546–47-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a practice intended to “protect the truth from those not worthy of it.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200546_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200546-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This esoteric knowledge (of God), taught by imams to their (true) followers, is said to distinguish them from other Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200547_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200547-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Twelver doctrine of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 732</span></span>), the fifth of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">twelve imams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2020_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201344_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201344-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 765</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198539_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198539-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, this doctrine was likely intended for the survival of Shia imams and their followers, for they were being brutally molested and persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200088–91_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200088–91-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013120_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013120-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198539,_236_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198539,_236-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span> is particularly relevant to Twelver Shias, for until about the sixteenth century they lived mostly as a minority among an often-hostile Sunni majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrothmannDjebli2012_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrothmannDjebli2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985183_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985183-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditions attributed to Shia imams thus encourage their followers to hide their faith for their safety, some even characterizing <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span> as a pillar of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200088–91_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200088–91-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995355–356,_373_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995355–356,_373-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1994129_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1994129-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theological and legal statements of Shia imams were also influenced by <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2000365_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2000365-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199426_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199426-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, al-Baqir is not known to have publicly reviled the first two caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr and Umar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200052_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200052-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979252_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979252-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most likely because the imam exercised <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200090_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200090-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, al-Baqir's conviction that the Islamic prophet had explicitly designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor implies that Abu Bakr and Umar were usurpers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200090_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200090-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, whenever contradictory statements are attributed to Shia imams, those that are aligned with Sunni positions are discarded, for Shia scholars argue that such statements must have been uttered under <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taqiyya</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ismaili_Shia_view">Ismaili Shia view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ismaili Shia view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ismailism" title="Category:Ismailism">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ismail lion calligram"><img alt="Ismail lion calligram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/200px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/300px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg/400px-Shiite_Calligraphy_symbolising_Ali_as_Tiger_of_God.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">Ta'wil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_(Islam)" title="Zahir (Islam)">Ẓāhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_(Islam)" title="Batin (Islam)">Bātin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʿIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Daʿwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i" title="Da'i">Dāʿī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">Bāb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">Satr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pīr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology_(Ismailism)" title="Numerology (Ismailism)">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_Theology#Imami-Ismā'īlīs" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of Islamic Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Islam" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_titles" title="List of Ismaili titles">Titles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Seven_pillars_of_Ismailism" title="Seven pillars of Ismailism">Seven Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'lism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nizari_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Nizari Ismailism">Nizarism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Branches/sects</b> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a></b> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak_Badar" title="Atba-e-Malak Badar">Badar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak_Vakil" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak Vakil">Vakil</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></b></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Seveners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p><b>States</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarmatian">Qarmatian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty_of_Multan" title="Lodi dynasty of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismaili state</a></li></ul> <p><b>People</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawshab" title="Ibn Hawshab">ibn Faraj ibn Ḥawshab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Fadl_al-Jayshani" title="Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani">ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Mansur_al-Yaman" title="Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman">ibn Mansur al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi">Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Tahir_al-Jannabi" title="Abu Tahir al-Jannabi">Abu Tahir al-Jannabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Numan" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Numan">Qadi Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ahmad_al-Nasafi" title="Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi">al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Queen Arwa al-Sulayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan-i_Sabbah" title="Hasan-i Sabbah">Hasan-i Sabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Zikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Zikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_ad-Din_Sinan" title="Rashid ad-Din Sinan">Rashid ad-Din Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dai_of_the_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="List of Dai of the Dawoodi Bohra">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai</a></li></ul> <p><b>Centers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjudan" title="Anjudan">Anjudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nizari_Ismaili_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nizari Ismaili strongholds">Nizārī strongholds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamut_Castle" title="Alamut Castle">Alamut </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atashgah_Castle" title="Atashgah Castle">Atashgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerdkuh" title="Gerdkuh">Gerdkuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambsar_Castle" title="Lambsar Castle">Lambsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyaf_Castle" title="Masyaf Castle">Masyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymun-Diz" title="Maymun-Diz">Maymun-Diz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudkhan_Castle" title="Rudkhan Castle">Rudkhan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalaat_al-Madiq" title="Qalaat al-Madiq">Qalaat al-Madiq</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa" title="Palace of Queen Arwa">Palace of Queen Arwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque" title="Queen Arwa Mosque">Queen Arwa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizārī">Nizārī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ili_Constitution" title="Isma'ili Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegation_of_the_Ismaili_Imamat,_Ottawa" title="Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat, Ottawa">Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginans" title="Ginans">Ginans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Du%27a" title="Holy Du'a">Holy Du'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyama_(Nizari_Isma%27ilism)" title="Qiyama (Nizari Isma'ilism)">Qiyama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a>-<a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ismailism" title="Women in Ismailism">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ismaili_imams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ismaili imams">leaders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Ismāʿīl ibn Jaʿfar al-Mubārak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Ismāʿīl ash-Shākir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi_(Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Wafi (Abadullah)">ʿAbad Allāh <i>(al-Wāfī Ahmad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Ahmed_ibn_Abadullah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)">Ahmad <i>(al-Taqī Muhammad)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi Abdullah">Ḥusayn <i>(ar-Raḍī ʿAbd Allāh)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">ʿAbd Allāh al-Mahdī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qāʾim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">al-Manṣūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Maʿad al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizār al-ʿAzīz biʾllāh,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Manṣūr al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">ʿAlī al-Ẓāhir li-iʿzāz Dīn Allāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Maʿad al-Mustanṣir bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizār al-Muṣṭafā li-Dīn’il-Lāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Aḥmad al-Mustāʿlī bi'l-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Manṣūr al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām’il-Lāh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">ʿAbd al-Majīd al-Ḥāfiz li-Dīn Allāh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qāsim al-Tayyib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Incumbent leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizārī Ismā'īlī</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Imām</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Ismaili">Musta'li Ismaili</a>-<a href="/wiki/Taiyabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyabi">Taiyabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Dā'ī al-Mutlaqs</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Haatim_Zakiyuddin" title="Haatim Zakiyuddin">Haatim Zakiyuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mufaddal_Saifuddin" title="Mufaddal Saifuddin">Mufaddal Saifuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taher_Fakhruddin" title="Taher Fakhruddin">Taher Fakhruddin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ismailism" title="Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ismailism" title="Template talk:Ismailism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ismailism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Ismailis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis">Ismailis</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> onslaught of the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Alamut state</a> in 1256 CE, the need to practice taqiyya became necessary, not only for the protection of the community itself, which was now stateless, but also for safeguarding the line of the <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Ismaili_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Ismaili doctrine)">Ismaili Imamate</a> during this period of unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-Virani12_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virani12-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the Shia <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> stated "Taqiyya is my religion and the religion of my ancestors",<sup id="cite_ref-al-Islamtaqiyya3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Islamtaqiyya3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tradition recorded in various sources including <i>Kitāb al-Maḥāsin</i> of Aḥmad b. Muhammad al-Barqī and the <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27a%27im_al-Islam" title="Da'a'im al-Islam">Da‘ā’im al-Islām</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Qadi_al-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi al-Nu'man">al-Qāḍī al-Nu‘mān</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Virani53_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virani53-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such periods in which the Imams are concealed are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">satr</a></i>, however the term may also refer to times when the Imams were not physically hidden from view but rather when the community was required to practice precautionary dissimulation. During <i>satr</i> the Imam could only be accessed by his community and in extremely dangerous circumstances, would be accessible only to the highest-ranking members of the Ismaili hierarchy (ḥudūd), whose function it was to transmit the teachings of the Imam to the community. Shi'a Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq is reputed to have said, "Our teaching is the truth, the truth of the truth; it is the exoteric and the esoteric, and the esoteric of the esoteric; it is the secret and the secret of a secret, a protected secret, hidden by a secret."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fatimid Imam-Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a> expresses the sentiment of <i>taqiyya</i> when he confides to his followers that "if any religion is stronger than you, follow it, but keep me in your hearts."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Shia scholar Muhammad Husain Javari Sabinal, Shiism would not have spread at all if not for taqiyya, referring to instances where Shia have been ruthlessly persecuted by the Sunni political elite during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, for the Ismailis, the persistence and prosperity of the community today owes largely to the careful safeguarding of the beliefs and teachings of the Imams during the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Safawid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safawid">Safawid</a> dynasty, and other periods of persecution. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 16th century Ismaili author Khwāja Muḥammad Riḍā b. Sulṭān Ḥusayn, also known as Khayrkhvah-i Harati, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Anjudan" title="Anjudan">Anjudan</a> period, writes about the end of an era of <i>taqiyya</i>. He explains that thus far "a veil was drawn over the visage of truth," but now the Imam "allowed the veil to be lifted". Since the Imam had allowed written correspondence with his followers, he had effectively ended the era of <i>taqiyya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gupti community viewed the Aga Khan III as their spiritual leader and Imam, but concealed these beliefs to protect themselves. However, the Guptis used a unique form of taqiyya, they did not appear as Sunni, Sufi, or Ithna ashari, which were the more common identities to take on. Rather they identified as Hindus, and this became a significant aspect of who they were. The Guptis view their <i>taqiyya</i> as a fulfillment and culmination of their outwardly professed faith, rather than contrary to it. The name ‘Gupta’ in Sanskrit, means secret or hidden, which perfectly embodies the concealment of their faith and true identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alawite_view">Alawite view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alawite view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawites</a> beliefs have never been confirmed by their modern religious authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Yunis_1992,_p._63_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yunis_1992,_p._63-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alawites tend to conceal their beliefs (<i>taqiyya</i>) due to historical persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some tenets of the faith are secret, known only to a select few;<sup id="cite_ref-GlobSec_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobSec-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, they have been described as a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> sect.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.co.uk_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alawites celebrate <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Islamic festivals</a> but consider the most important one to be <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadir" title="Eid al-Ghadir">Eid al-Ghadir</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze_view">Druze view</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Druze view"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>'s Ismaili Shia origin, they have also been associated with taqiyya. When the Druze were a minority being persecuted they took the appearance of another religion externally, usually the ruling religion in the area, and for the most part adhered to Muslim customs by this practice.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_debate">Contemporary debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contemporary debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 21st century, taqiyya has become the subject of debate. According to S. Jonathon O'Donnell, some theories posit "the idea that Muslims have a religious duty to deceive non-Muslims if it furthers the cause" of Islam. He argues the "claim rests on a misreading of the concept of <i>taqiyya</i>, by which believers may conceal their faith if under threat of violence. This misreading is widely deployed in Islamophobic writings."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has been used by writers and <a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">counter-jihadists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Sookhdeo" title="Patrick Sookhdeo">Patrick Sookhdeo</a>, who posit that Muslims use the doctrine as a key strategy in the <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of Western countries by hiding their true violent intents.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ibrahim" title="Raymond Ibrahim">Raymond Ibrahim</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Islamic Affairs Analyst</a></i> an article titled "Islam's doctrines of deception".<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim2008_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim presented his own translation<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim2010_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim2010-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of part of Lebanese <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Sami_Makarem" title="Sami Makarem">Sami Makarem</a>'s monograph <i>Al Taqiyya Fi Al Islam</i> ("Dissimulation in Islam"). Ibrahim quoted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Taqiyya is of fundamental importance in Islam. Practically every Islamic sect agrees to it and practices it ... We can go so far as to say that the practice of taqiyya is mainstream in Islam, and that those few sects not practicing it diverge from the mainstream ... Taqiyya is very prevalent in Islamic politics, especially in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim2008_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim2008-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ibrahim2010_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibrahim2010-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musaji_2013_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musaji_2013-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Michael Ryan,<sup id="cite_ref-IbrahimRI_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbrahimRI-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also in <i>Jane's</i>, characterized Ibrahim's article as "well-researched, factual in places but ... ultimately misleading".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musaji_2013_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musaji_2013-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim responded in 2009 with "Taqiyya Revisited: A Response to the Critics", on his blog and on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Forum" title="Middle East Forum">Middle East Forum</a> website.<sup id="cite_ref-IbrahimRI_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbrahimRI-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IbrahimME_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbrahimME-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim was again criticised for his view on Taqiyya in 2019, by Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Usama_Hasan" title="Usama Hasan">Usama Hasan</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Chronicle">Jewish Chronicle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim also responded to Hasan in a <a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a> article titled "Taqiyya Sunset: Exposing the Darkness Shrouding Islamic Deceit." </p><p>Stefan Wimmer argues that taqiyya is not a tool to deceive non-Muslims and spread Islam, but instead a defensive mechanism to save one's life when it is in great danger (giving the example of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar views are shown by Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Christianity" title="Crypto-Christianity">Crypto-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Islam" title="Crypto-Islam">Crypto-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_mental_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of mental reservation">Doctrine of mental reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Religious views on truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_reservation" title="Mental reservation">Mental reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Islam and Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munafiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sacrifice_in_Jewish_law" title="Self-sacrifice in Jewish law">Self-sacrifice in Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EI2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. STROTHMANN, MOKTAR DJEBLI. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, 2nd ed, Brill. "TAKIYYA", vol. 10, p. 134. Quote: "TAKIYYA "prudence, fear" ... denotes dispensing with the ordinances of religion in cases of constraint of preaching.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStewart2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Devin (8 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/viewFile/310/300">"Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco <i>Taqiyya</i>"</a>. <i>Al-Qanṭara</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 439–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2013.016">10.3989/alqantara.2013.016</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Qan%E1%B9%ADara&rft.atitle=Dissimulation+in+Sunni+Islam+and+Morisco+Taqiyya&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=439-490&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Falqantara.2013.016&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal-qantara.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fal-qantara%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F310%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada">"Taqiyah"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125580" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125580"><bdi>9780195125580</bdi></a>. <q>Precautionary denial of religious belief in the face of potential persecution. Stressed by Shia Muslims, who have been subject to periodic persecution by the Sunni majority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taqiyah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780195125580&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_E._Walker2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paul E. Walker (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0784">"Taqīyah"</a></span>. <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305135" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305135"><bdi>9780195305135</bdi></a>. <q>Taqīyah is the precautionary dissimulation of religious belief and practice in the face of persecution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taq%C4%AByah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195305135&rft.au=Paul+E.+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195305135.001.0001%2Facref-9780195305135-e-0784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StewartNYUEssay-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StewartNYUEssay_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StewartNYUEssay_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Devin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docslide.us/documents/islam-in-spain-afta-the-reconquista.html">"Islam in Spain after the Reconquista"</a>. <i>Teaching Materials</i>. The Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teaching+Materials&rft.atitle=Islam+in+Spain+after+the+Reconquista&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocslide.us%2Fdocuments%2Fislam-in-spain-afta-the-reconquista.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ibn ʻUmar Taftāzānī, Masʻūd. A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: Saʻd Al-Dīn Al-Taftāzānī on the Creed of Najm Al-Dīn Al-Nasafī. No. 43. Columbia University Press, 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2020" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45814099">"Surviving Persecution: Ismailism and Taqiyyah after the Mongol Invasions"</a>. <i>Sufis and Their Opponents in the Persianate World</i>: 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sufis+and+Their+Opponents+in+the+Persianate+World&rft.atitle=Surviving+Persecution%3A+Ismailism+and+Taqiyyah+after+the+Mongol+Invasions&rft.pages=209&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45814099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2020" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45814099">"Surviving Persecution: Ismailism and Taqiyya after the Mongol Invasions"</a>. <i>Sufis and Their Opponents in the Persianate World</i>: 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sufis+and+Their+Opponents+in+the+Persianate+World&rft.atitle=Surviving+Persecution%3A+Ismailism+and+Taqiyya+after+the+Mongol+Invasions&rft.pages=210&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45814099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-syn-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-syn_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-syn_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-syn_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrothmann,_R.Djebli,_Moktar2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Strothmann, R.; Djebli, Moktar (2012). "Taḳiyya". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ta%E1%B8%B3iyya&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341&rft.au=Strothmann%2C+R.&rft.au=Djebli%2C+Moktar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virani47-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Virani47_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virani47_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virani47_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Virani47_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2009" class="citation book cs1">Virani, Shafique N. (2009). <i>The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0"><bdi>978-0-19-531173-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ismailis+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+History+of+Survival%2C+a+Search+for+Salvation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47f&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531173-0&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen183-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Momen183_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momen183_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Momen183_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam</i>. Yale University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a>. <q>Religious dissimulation (Taqiyya) ... while maintaining mental reservation is considered lawful in Shi'ism in situations where there is overwhelming danger of loss of life or property and where no danger to religioun would occur thereby. ... Living as a minority among a frequently-hostile Sunni majority, the condition of most Shi'is until the rise of the Safavid dynasty, made such a doctrine important to Shi'is</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Takiyya". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i>. Edition II. <b>10</b>: 134–5. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Takiyya&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=134-5&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Strothmann-[Moktar Djebli]. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, 2nd ed, Brill. "Taḳiyya", Vol. 10, p. 135. Quote: "Taḳiyya is above all of special significance for the Shī'a ... The peculiar fate of the Shī'a, that of a suppressed minority with occasional open but not always unheroic rebellions, gave them even more than the Khāridjites occasions and examples for extreme taḳiyya and its very opposite"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaréchalZemni2013" class="citation book cs1">Maréchal, Brigitte; Zemni, Sami, eds. (29 May 2013). <i>The Dynamics of Sunni-Shia Relationships: Doctrine, Transnationalism, Intellectuals and the Media</i>. Hurst Publishers. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849042178" title="Special:BookSources/9781849042178"><bdi>9781849042178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Sunni-Shia+Relationships%3A+Doctrine%2C+Transnationalism%2C+Intellectuals+and+the+Media&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.isbn=9781849042178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_BöweringPatricia_CroneMahan_Mirza2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Böwering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza (2013). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i> (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691134840" title="Special:BookSources/9780691134840"><bdi>9780691134840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=136&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780691134840&rft.au=Gerhard+B%C3%B6wering&rft.au=Patricia+Crone&rft.au=Mahan+Mirza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpus.quran.com/search.jsp?q=pos%3Av+%28VIII%29+root%3Awqy">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus – Quran Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+%E2%80%93+Quran+Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Fsearch.jsp%3Fq%3Dpos%253Av%2B%2528VIII%2529%2Broot%253Awqy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Muslim-Jewish encounters</i> by Nettler</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewisohn, L. 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University of Toronto. 13 July 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam_COM-1457">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpus.quran.com/qurandictionary.jsp?q=ktm">"Quran Dictionary – K.M."</a> <i>Corpus Quran</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corpus+Quran&rft.atitle=Quran+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+K.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Fqurandictionary.jsp%3Fq%3Dktm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir#Tafsir" title="Ibn Kathir">Tafsir Ibn Kathir</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/3:28/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir">3:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/16?startingVerse=106">16:106</a> "Whoever disbelieves in Allah after their belief—not those who are forced while their hearts are firm in faith, but those who embrace disbelief wholeheartedly—they will be condemned by Allah and suffer a tremendous punishment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Medoff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/taqiya-i-shiism">"TAQIYA i. In Shiʿism,"</a> Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqbal'Umar2000" class="citation book cs1">Iqbal, Javid; 'Umar, Muhammad Suhail (2000). <i>The concept of state in Islam: a reassessment (Volume 13 of Iqbal Academy brochure series)</i>. Iqbal Academy Pakistan, original from the University of Michigan. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-416-294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-416-294-2"><bdi>978-969-416-294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+concept+of+state+in+Islam%3A+a+reassessment+%28Volume+13+of+Iqbal+Academy+brochure+series%29&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Iqbal+Academy+Pakistan%2C+original+from+the+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-969-416-294-2&rft.aulast=Iqbal&rft.aufirst=Javid&rft.au=%27Umar%2C+Muhammad+Suhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STROT-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STROT_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STROT_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Strothmann2000" class="citation book cs1">R. Strothmann (2000). "Takkiyya". In P. J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11211-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11211-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Takkiyya&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=134-135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11211-7&rft.au=R.+Strothmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926211345/http://hadith.al-islam.com/Page.aspx?pageid=192&TOCID=3825&BookID=33&PID=12714">"عرض صفحة الكتاب – الحديث – موقع الإسلام"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hadith.al-islam.com/Page.aspx?pageid=192&TOCID=3825&BookID=33&PID=12714">the original</a> on 26 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6+%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%E2%80%93+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB+%E2%80%93+%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhadith.al-islam.com%2FPage.aspx%3Fpageid%3D192%26TOCID%3D3825%26BookID%3D33%26PID%3D12714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">v2, p176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Devin (30 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-qantara.revistas.csic.es/index.php/al-qantara/article/view/310/300">"Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco Taqiyya"</a>. <i>Al-Qanṭara</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 439–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3989%2Falqantara.2013.016">10.3989/alqantara.2013.016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1988-2955">1988-2955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Qan%E1%B9%ADara&rft.atitle=Dissimulation+in+Sunni+Islam+and+Morisco+Taqiyya&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=439-490&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3989%2Falqantara.2013.016&rft.issn=1988-2955&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fal-qantara.revistas.csic.es%2Findex.php%2Fal-qantara%2Farticle%2Fview%2F310%2F300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patton, Walter Melville (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahmedibnhanbalan00pattuoft"><i>Ahmed Ibn Hanbal and the Mihna</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 79–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._E._McMillan2013" class="citation cs2">M. E. McMillan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kadaoQrEo_0C&pg=PA149"><i>Fathers and Sons: The Rise and Fall of Political Dynasty in the Middle East</i></a>, Springer, p. 149, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30811-5"><bdi>978-1-137-30811-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fathers+and+Sons%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Political+Dynasty+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-30811-5&rft.au=M.+E.+McMillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkadaoQrEo_0C%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen, Henry</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishinquisiti00henr"><i>The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision</i></a></span>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishinquisiti00henr/page/219">219</a>–220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07522-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07522-9"><bdi>978-0-300-07522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Inquisition%3A+A+Historical+Revision&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07522-9&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishinquisiti00henr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller2008-114-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2008-114_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller2008-114_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Kathryn A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-_4E4-_QNYC&pg=PA267"><i>Guardians of Islam: Religious Authority and Muslim Communities of Late Medieval Spain</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13612-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13612-9"><bdi>978-0-231-13612-9</bdi></a>. <q>Unlike the majority of Maliki scholars before him, he openly embraced the idea of a Mudejar jihad that was bound to the notion of inner steadfastness under persecution...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guardians+of+Islam%3A+Religious+Authority+and+Muslim+Communities+of+Late+Medieval+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13612-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-_4E4-_QNYC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer2010" class="citation book cs1">Kraemer, Joel L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeSjPrAjF0kC&pg=PA100"><i>Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51200-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51200-8"><bdi>978-0-385-51200-8</bdi></a>. <q>A responsum (fatwa) by 'Ubaydallah al-Wahrani, issued in December 1504, permitted [the Moriscos] to exercise prudent dissimulation (<i>taqiyya</i>) by pretending to be Christians. ... The Moriscos' behavior was exceptional, however, and a departure from a general Islamic norm – Muslims may not convert to another religion unless their lives are in mortal danger, and then they must end their new status as quickly as possible</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maimonides%3A+The+Life+and+World+of+One+of+Civilization%27s+Greatest+Minds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51200-8&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=Joel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeSjPrAjF0kC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlbergEhteshami2020" class="citation cs2">Kohlberg, Etan; Ehteshami, Amin (24 April 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004406971_017">"Taqiyya in Shiʿi Theology and Religion"</a>, <i>In Praise of the Few. 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(23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36996009">"Taqiyya and Identity in a South Asian Community"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 99–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911810002974">10.1017/s0021911810002974</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143431047">143431047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Taqiyya+and+Identity+in+a+South+Asian+Community&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-139&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143431047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021911810002974&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36996009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985183-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985183_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985183_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004678–679-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004678–679_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleave2004678–679">Gleave, 2004 & 678–679</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGleave2004678–679 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199426-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199426_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199426_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995345-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995345_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg1995">Kohlberg 1995</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200546–47-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200546–47_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2005">Clarke 2005</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200546-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200546_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2005">Clarke 2005</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200547-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke200547_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2005">Clarke 2005</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2012_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2012">Kohlberg 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2020-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2020_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2020">Buckley 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201344-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201344_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198539-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198539_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200088–91-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200088–91_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200088–91_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, pp. 88–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013120-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani2013120_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198539,_236-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198539,_236_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 39, 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrothmannDjebli2012-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrothmannDjebli2012_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrothmannDjebli2012">Strothmann & Djebli 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995355–356,_373-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1995355–356,_373_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg1995">Kohlberg 1995</a>, pp. 355–356, 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1994129-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1994129_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2000365-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohlberg2000365_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohlberg2000">Kohlberg 2000</a>, p. 365.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFKohlberg2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleave2004">Gleave 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200052-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200052_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979252-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri1979252_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200090-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200090_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200090_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Virani12-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Virani12_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shafique_Virani" title="Shafique Virani">Virani, Shafique N.</a> (2007). <i>The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0"><bdi>978-0-19-531173-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ismailis+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+History+of+Survival%2C+a+Search+for+Salvation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531173-0&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Islamtaqiyya3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-al-Islamtaqiyya3_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-islam.org/encyclopedia/chapter6b/3.html">"AlTaqiyya, Dissimulation Part 3"</a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531173-0"><bdi>978-0-19-531173-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ismailis+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+History+of+Survival%2C+a+Search+for+Salvation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531173-0&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarikhush Shi'ah, p.230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirani2020" class="citation journal cs1">Virani, Shafique (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43664942">"Khayrkhvāh-i Harātī"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_35517">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_35517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.atitle=Khayrkhv%C4%81h-i+Har%C4%81t%C4%AB&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_35517&rft.aulast=Virani&rft.aufirst=Shafique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43664942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yunis_1992,_p._63-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yunis_1992,_p._63_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Abd al‑Latif al‑Yunis, Mudhakkirat al‑Duktur 'Abd al‑Latif al‑Yunis, Damascus: Dar al‑'Ilm, 1992, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/8684113/Secretive-sect-of-the-rulers-of-Syria.html">Secretive sect of the rulers of Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>, 5 August 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobSec-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobSec_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-alawi.htm">"Alawi Islam"</a>. Globalsecurity.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alawi+Islam&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fintro%2Fislam-alawi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2010" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Yaron (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GB31QSFmVYC"><i>The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs</i></a>. 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Rolland (2003)</i></a>. Nova. 1 August 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781590338711" title="Special:BookSources/9781590338711"><bdi>9781590338711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+current+issues+and+background%2C+John+C.+Rolland+%282003%29&rft.pub=Nova&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.isbn=9781590338711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-JVOKeNkllgC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi8cmbTa6qMC&pg=PA74"><i>The war for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521794763" title="Special:BookSources/9780521794763"><bdi>9780521794763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521794763&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi8cmbTa6qMC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2017" class="citation journal cs1">O'Donnell, S. Jonathon (19 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2017.1414473">"Islamophobic conspiracism and neoliberal subjectivity: the inassimilable society"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_Prejudice" title="Patterns of Prejudice">Patterns of Prejudice</a></i>. <b>52</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322X.2017.1414473">10.1080/0031322X.2017.1414473</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-322X">0031-322X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Islamophobic+conspiracism+and+neoliberal+subjectivity%3A+the+inassimilable+society&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2017-12-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322X.2017.1414473&rft.issn=0031-322X&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=S.+Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0031322X.2017.1414473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuestArweck2016" class="citation book cs1">Guest, Mathew; Arweck, Elisabeth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUoGDAAAQBAJ&dq=taqiya+%22Counter-jihad%22&pg=PA120"><i>Religion and Knowledge: Sociological Perspectives</i></a>. Routledge. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317068051" title="Special:BookSources/9781317068051"><bdi>9781317068051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Knowledge%3A+Sociological+Perspectives&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317068051&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft.au=Arweck%2C+Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUoGDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtaqiya%2B%2522Counter-jihad%2522%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/13/14559822/trump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia">"Trump's counter-jihad"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+counter-jihad&rft.date=2017-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2F2%2F13%2F14559822%2Ftrump-islam-muslims-islamophobia-sharia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim2008-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim2008_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim2008_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Ibrahim2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ibrahim" title="Raymond Ibrahim">Raymond Ibrahim</a> (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meforum.org/2095/islams-doctrines-of-deception">"Islam's doctrines of deception"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islam%27s+doctrines+of+deception&rft.date=2008-10&rft.au=Raymond+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F2095%2Fislams-doctrines-of-deception&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ibrahim2010-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim2010_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ibrahim2010_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Ibrahim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Raymond Ibrahim (Winter 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meforum.org/2538/taqiyya-islam-rules-of-war">"How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War"</a>. <i>Middle East Quarterly</i>. <b>17</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=How+Taqiyya+Alters+Islam%27s+Rules+of+War&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Raymond+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F2538%2Ftaqiyya-islam-rules-of-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musaji_2013-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musaji_2013_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musaji_2013_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusaji2013" class="citation web cs1">Musaji, Sheila (2 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theamericanmuslim.org/tam.php/features/articles/raymond_ibrahim_and_the_middle_east_forum">"Raymond Ibrahim and the Middle East Forum – updated 8/2/2013"</a>. <i>The American Muslim (TAM)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Muslim+%28TAM%29&rft.atitle=Raymond+Ibrahim+and+the+Middle+East+Forum+%E2%80%93+updated+8%2F2%2F2013&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.aulast=Musaji&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheamericanmuslim.org%2Ftam.php%2Ffeatures%2Farticles%2Fraymond_ibrahim_and_the_middle_east_forum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbrahimRI-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IbrahimRI_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IbrahimRI_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Ibrahim2009" class="citation web cs1">Raymond Ibrahim (26 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raymondibrahim.com/2009/02/26/taqiyya-revisited-a-response-to-the-critics/">"Taqiyya Revisited: A Response to the Critics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taqiyya+Revisited%3A+A+Response+to+the+Critics&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.au=Raymond+Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fraymondibrahim.com%2F2009%2F02%2F26%2Ftaqiyya-revisited-a-response-to-the-critics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ryan2008" class="citation web cs1">Michael Ryan (12 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005215437/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Islamic-Affairs-Analyst-2008/Interpreting-Taqiyya.html">"Interpreting Taqiyya: Special Report"</a>. <i>Jane's Islamic Affairs Analyst</i>. <a href="/wiki/IHS_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="IHS Inc.">IHS</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane%27s_Information_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane's Information Group">Jane's Information Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Islamic-Affairs-Analyst-2008/Interpreting-Taqiyya.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jane%27s+Islamic+Affairs+Analyst&rft.atitle=Interpreting+Taqiyya%3A+Special+Report&rft.date=2008-11-12&rft.au=Michael+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.janes.com%2Farticles%2FJanes-Islamic-Affairs-Analyst-2008%2FInterpreting-Taqiyya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbrahimME-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IbrahimME_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Ibrahim2009" class="citation web cs1">Raymond Ibrahim (26 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meforum.org/2094/taqiyya-revisited">"Taqiyya Revisited: A Response to the Critics"</a>. <i>Middle East Forum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Forum&rft.atitle=Taqiyya+Revisited%3A+A+Response+to+the+Critics&rft.date=2009-02-26&rft.au=Raymond+Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F2094%2Ftaqiyya-revisited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan,_Usama2019" class="citation web cs1">Hasan, Usama (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/comment/comment/taqiyyah-sunrise-shining-light-on-contemporary-deception-1.494566">"Taqiyyah Sunrise: Shining Light on Contemporary Deception"</a>. <i>Jewish Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Taqiyyah+Sunrise%3A+Shining+Light+on+Contemporary+Deception&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Usama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fcomment%2Fcomment%2Ftaqiyyah-sunrise-shining-light-on-contemporary-deception-1.494566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Wimmer2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stefan Wimmer (23 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409001738/http://www.islam-penzberg.de/?p=527">"Die Taqiya-Lüge (=Verstellung)?"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam-penzberg.de/?p=527">the original</a> on 9 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Taqiya-L%C3%BCge+%28%3DVerstellung%29%3F&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft.au=Stefan+Wimmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam-penzberg.de%2F%3Fp%3D527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakob_Skovgaard-Petersen" class="citation journal cs1">Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34856255">"On Taqiyya and Democracy"</a>. <i>University of Copenhagen</i>: 8–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Copenhagen&rft.atitle=On+Taqiyya+and+Democracy&rft.pages=8-9&rft.au=Jakob+Skovgaard-Petersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34856255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994" class="citation book cs1">Amir-Moezzi, M. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thedivineguideinearlyshiism1/mode/2up"><i>The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam</i></a>. Translated by Streight, D. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2122-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2122-8"><bdi>0-7914-2122-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Guide+in+Early+Shi%27ism%3A+The+Sources+of+Esotericism+in+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7914-2122-8&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthedivineguideinearlyshiism1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buckley, R.P. (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36641">"Muḥammad al-Bāqir"</a></span>. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Three ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_36641">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_36641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004413443" title="Special:BookSources/9789004413443"><bdi>9789004413443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-B%C4%81qir&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Three&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_36641&rft.isbn=9789004413443&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=R.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_36641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2005" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq9zSbNr8gIC&pg=PA46">"The Rise and Decline of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Taqiyya</i></span> in Twelver Shi'ism"</a>. In Lawson, T. (ed.). <i>Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Essays in Honour of Hermann Landolt</i>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 46–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850434702" title="Special:BookSources/9781850434702"><bdi>9781850434702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Arabic-language+romanization%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ar-Latn%22%3ETaqiyya%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.btitle=Reason+and+Inspiration+in+Islam%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Hermann+Landolt&rft.pages=46-63&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781850434702&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBq9zSbNr8gIC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104"><i>A History of Shi'i Islam</i></a></span>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857723338" title="Special:BookSources/9780857723338"><bdi>9780857723338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780857723338&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleave2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleave, R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0002unse/mode/2up">"Taqiyya"</a>. In Martin, R. C. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656059" title="Special:BookSources/0028656059"><bdi>0028656059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taqiyya&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656059&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0002unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJafri1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">Jafri, S. H. M.</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsearlydeve0000jafr/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582780802" title="Special:BookSources/0582780802"><bdi>0582780802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Shi%27a+Islam&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0582780802&rft.aulast=Jafri&rft.aufirst=S.+H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsearlydeve0000jafr%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Kohlberg, E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=korHuwmTTQQC&pg=PA373"><i>Secrecy and Concealment</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004102354" title="Special:BookSources/9789004102354"><bdi>9789004102354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrecy+and+Concealment&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789004102354&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkorHuwmTTQQC%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kohlberg, E. (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346">"Muḥammad b. 'Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn"</a></span>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+Zayn+al-%27%C4%80bid%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2000" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, A. R. (2000). <i>Early Shī'ī Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850435928" title="Special:BookSources/1850435928"><bdi>1850435928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Sh%C4%AB%27%C4%AB+Thought%3A+The+Teachings+of+Imam+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+al-B%C4%81qir&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1850435928&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavani2013" class="citation book cs1">Mavani, H. (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/"><i>Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini</i></a></span>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203694282" title="Special:BookSources/9780203694282"><bdi>9780203694282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Authority+and+Political+Thought+in+Twelver+Shi%27ism%3A+From+Ali+to+Post-Khomeini&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780203694282&rft.aulast=Mavani&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousauthori0000mava%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrothmannDjebli2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Strothmann, R.; Djebli, M. (2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341">"Taḳiyya"</a></span>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ta%E1%B8%B3iyya&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341&rft.issn=1573-3912&rft.aulast=Strothmann&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Djebli%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_7341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bar-Asher, Me'ir Mikha'el (1999). <i>Scripture and Exegesis in Early Imami Shiism</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11495-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11495-5">90-04-11495-5</a></li> <li>Cook, Michael (2003). <i>Early Muslim Dogma: A Source-Critical Study</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54572-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54572-2">0-521-54572-2</a></li> <li>Daftary, Farhad (1992). <i>The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42974-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42974-9">0-521-42974-9</a></li> <li>Goldziher, I., <i>Das Prinzip der takijja im Islam</i>, ZMLG 60 (1906), 213–226.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/63682">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Emadi" title="Hafizullah Emadi">Emadi, Hafizullah</a> (1998). The end of taqiyya: reaffirming the religious identity of Ismailis in Shughnan, Badakhshan – political implications for Afghanistan. <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>34</b>(3): 103–120.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Emadi" title="Hafizullah Emadi">Emadi, Hafizullah</a> (2000). Praxis of <i>taqiyya</i>: perseverance of Pashaye Ismaili enclave, Nangarhar, Afghanistan. <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>19</b>(2): 253–264.</li> <li>Firro, Kais (1999). <i>The Druzes in the Jewish State: A Brief History</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11251-0">90-04-11251-0</a></li> <li>Gleave, Robert (2000). <i>Inevitable Doubt. Two Theories of Shi'i Jurisprudence</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11595-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11595-1">90-04-11595-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg1975" class="citation journal cs1">Kohlberg, Etan (July–September 1975). "Some Imāmī-Shīʿī Views on Taqiyya". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>95</b> (3): 395–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599351">10.2307/599351</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599351">599351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Some+Im%C4%81m%C4%AB-Sh%C4%AB%CA%BF%C4%AB+Views+on+Taqiyya&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-402&rft.date=1975-07%2F1975-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599351&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599351%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=Etan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaqiyya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Misri, Ahmad ibn Naqib al- (1997). <i>The <a href="/wiki/Reliance_of_the_Traveler" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance of the Traveler">Reliance of the Traveler</a></i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a>, Amana Publications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Makarem" title="Sami Makarem">Makarem, Sami</a> (2004). <i>Al-Taqiyya Fi Al-Islam</i> (Dissimulation in Islam), Druze Heritage Foundation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904850-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904850-02-1">978-1-904850-02-1</a> (in Arabic)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taqiyya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Taqiyya" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"al-Taqiyya/Dissimulation" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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