CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Basic structure doctrine - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8e846e0d-3ef0-4735-91d7-5c612cd1d3cd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Basic_structure_doctrine","wgTitle":"Basic structure doctrine","wgCurRevisionId":1277213737,"wgRevisionId":1277213737,"wgArticleId":4965534,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Source attribution","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Constitution of India","Legal doctrines and principles","Judicial review"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Basic_structure_doctrine","wgRelevantArticleId":4965534,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4867055","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Basic structure doctrine - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Basic_structure_doctrine rootpage-Basic_structure_doctrine skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Basic+structure+doctrine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Basic+structure+doctrine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Basic+structure+doctrine" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Basic+structure+doctrine" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golaknath_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golaknath_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Golaknath</i> case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golaknath_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kesavananda_Bharati_case_(1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kesavananda_Bharati_case_(1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>Kesavananda Bharati</i> case (1973)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kesavananda_Bharati_case_(1973)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>Kesavananda Bharati</i> case (1973) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kesavananda_Bharati_case_(1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defining_the_basic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defining_the_basic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Defining the basic structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defining_the_basic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Emergency_(1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Emergency_(1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Emergency (1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Emergency_(1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_the_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_the_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolution of the doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_the_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Belize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basic structure doctrine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="মৌলিক কাঠামো তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৌলিক কাঠামো তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_de_la_structure_fondamentale" title="Doctrine de la structure fondamentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Doctrine de la structure fondamentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="आधारभूत लक्षण का सिद्धान्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आधारभूत लक्षण का सिद्धान्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بنیادی ساخت کا نظریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنیادی ساخت کا نظریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4867055#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Basic_structure_doctrine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Basic_structure_doctrine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&oldid=1277213737" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Basic_structure_doctrine&id=1277213737&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBasic_structure_doctrine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBasic_structure_doctrine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4867055" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Common law legal doctrine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_India" title="Category:Constitution of India">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/100px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/150px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/200px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India#Parts" title="Constitution of India">Parts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Part_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part I of the Constitution of India">I</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_II_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part II of the Constitution of India">II</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_III_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part III of the Constitution of India">III</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IV of the Constitution of India">IV</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IVA_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IVA of the Constitution of India">IVA</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_V_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part V of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VI_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VI of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VI</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VII_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VII of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VII</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_VIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part VIII of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">VIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IX of the Constitution of India">IX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_IXA_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part IXA of the Constitution of India">IXA</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_IXB_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part IXB of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IXB</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_X_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part X of the Constitution of India">X</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XI of the Constitution of India">XI</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XII of the Constitution of India">XII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIII of the Constitution of India">XIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIV of the Constitution of India">XIV</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Part_XIVA_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Part XIVA of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)"> XIVA</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XV_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XV of the Constitution of India">XV</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVI of the Constitution of India">XVI</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVII of the Constitution of India">XVII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XVIII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XVIII of the Constitution of India">XVIII</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XIX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XIX of the Constitution of India">XIX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XX_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Part XX of the Constitution of India">XX</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Part_XXI_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXI of the Constitution of India">XXI</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Part_XXII_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Part XXII of the Constitution of India">XXII</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India#Schedules" title="Constitution of India">Schedules</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">First</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Schedule to the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">Second</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Third_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Schedule to the Constitution of India">Third</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fourth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Fifth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Sixth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India">Seventh</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Ninth</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Tenth</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eleventh</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Twelfth</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India#Appendices" title="Constitution of India">Appendices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_I_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix I of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">I</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_II_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix II of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">II</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_III_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix III of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">III</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_IV_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix IV of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">IV</a> ∙ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appendix_V_of_the_Constitution_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appendix V of the Constitution of India (page does not exist)">V</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Amendment of the Constitution of India">Amendments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="List of amendments of the Constitution of India">List</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="First Amendment of the Constitution of India">1</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Second Amendment of the Constitution of India">2</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of India">3</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">4</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">5</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">6</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">7</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">8</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">9</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">10</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">11</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India">12</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">13</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">14</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">15</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">16</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">17</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">18</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India">19</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">20</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">21</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">22</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">23</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">24</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">25</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">26</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">27</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">28</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">29</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">30</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">31</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">32</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">33</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">34</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">35</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">36</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">37</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">38</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fortieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">40</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">41</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">43</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">44</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">45</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">46</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">47</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">48</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Forty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">49</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fiftieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiftieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">50</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">51</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">52</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">53</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">54</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">55</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">56</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">57</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">58</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Fifty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">59</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixtieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixtieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">60</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">61</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">62</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">63</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">64</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">65</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">66</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">67</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">68</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Sixty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">69</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">70</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">71</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">72</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">73</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">74</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">75</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">76</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">77</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">78</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Seventy-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">79</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eightieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eightieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">80</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">81</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">82</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">83</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">84</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">85</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">86</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">87</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">88</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Eighty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">89</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninetieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninetieth Amendment of the Constitution of India">90</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-first Amendment of the Constitution of India">91</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">92</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-third Amendment of the Constitution of India">93</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">94</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">95</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India">96</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninety-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">97</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India">98</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Ninety-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Ninety-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">99</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundredth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundredth Amendment of the Constitution of India">100</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_First_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India">101</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Second Amendment of the Constitution of India">102</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Third Amendment of the Constitution of India">103</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India">104</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_and_Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="One Hundred and Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India">105</a> ∙ <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reservation_Bill_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Reservation Bill 2023">106</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_bench_(India)" title="Constitution bench (India)">Constitution bench (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_List" title="Union List">Union List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_List" title="State List">State List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_List" title="Concurrent List">Concurrent List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_India" title="Judicial review in India">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basic structure doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_India" title="Template:Constitution of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_India" title="Template talk:Constitution of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>basic structure doctrine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">legal doctrine</a> that the constitution of a sovereign state has certain characteristics that cannot be erased by its legislature. The doctrine is recognised in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. It was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in a series of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> cases in the 1960s and 1970s that culminated in <i><a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a></i>, where the doctrine was formally adopted. Bangladesh is perhaps the only legal system in the world which recognizes this doctrine with an expressed, written and rigid constitutional manner through article 7B of its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a>. </p><p>In <i>Kesavananda</i>, Justice <a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a> propounded that the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> has certain <i>basic features</i> that cannot be altered or destroyed through <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Amendments to the Constitution of India">amendments</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu-basic-features_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-basic-features-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key among these "basic features", as expounded by Justice Khanna, are the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">fundamental rights</a> guaranteed to individuals by the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu-basic-features_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-basic-features-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ik-257876_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ik-257876-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frontline-revisiting_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontline-revisiting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine thus forms the basis of the power of the Supreme Court of India to review and strike down constitutional amendments and acts enacted by the Parliament which conflict with or seek to alter this "basic structure" of the Constitution. The basic features of the Constitution have not been explicitly defined by the Judiciary, and the claim of any particular feature of the Constitution to be a "basic" feature is determined by the Court in each case that comes before it. </p><p>The Supreme Court's initial position on constitutional amendments had been that any part of the Constitution was amendable and that the Parliament might, by passing a Constitution Amendment Act in compliance with the requirements of article 368, amend any provision of the Constitution, including the Fundamental Rights and article 368. </p><p>In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in <i><a href="/wiki/I.C._Golak_Nath_and_Ors._vs._State_of_Punjab_and_Anr." class="mw-redirect" title="I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr.">Golaknath v. State of Punjab</a></i>. It held that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a "transcendental position" and are beyond the reach of Parliament. It also declared any amendment that "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III as unconstitutional. In 1973, the basic structure doctrine was formally introduced with rigorous legal reasoning in Justice <a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a>'s decisive judgment in the <a href="/wiki/Landmark_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark decision">landmark decision</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ik-257876-316_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ik-257876-316-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, the Supreme Court had held that the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution was unfettered.<sup id="cite_ref-hindu-basic-features_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindu-basic-features-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in this landmark ruling, the Court adjudicated that while Parliament has "wide" powers, it did not have the power to destroy or emasculate the basic elements or fundamental features of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-ik-257876-787_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ik-257876-787-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>Kesavananda</i> was decided by a narrow margin of 7–6, the basic structure doctrine, as propounded in Justice Khanna's judgement, has since gained widespread legal and scholarly acceptance due to a number of subsequent cases and judgments relying heavily upon it to strike down Parliamentary amendments that were held to be violative of the basic structure and therefore unconstitutional. Primary among these was the imposition of a state of <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">emergency</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> in 1975, and her subsequent attempt to suppress her prosecution through the 39th Amendment. When the <i>Kesavananda</i> case was decided, the underlying apprehension of the majority bench that elected representatives could not be trusted to act responsibly was perceived as unprecedented. However, the passage of the 39th Amendment by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>' majority in central and state legislatures, proved that in fact such apprehension was well-grounded. In <i>Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India" title="Minerva Mills v. Union of India">Minerva Mills v. Union of India</a></i>, Constitution Benches of the Supreme Court used the basic structure doctrine to strike down the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-ninth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Thirty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India">39th Amendment</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">42nd Amendment</a> respectively, and paved the way for restoration of Indian democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-frontline-revisiting_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontline-revisiting-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its "basic structure". </p><p>The basic structure doctrine was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court of Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially also rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court of Malaysia</a>, but was later accepted by it. Conversely, the doctrine was initially approved in <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Belize" title="Supreme Court of Belize">Supreme Court</a> but was later reversed on appeal by the Belize Court of Appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> That the Constitution has "basic features" was first theorised in 1964, by Justice <a href="/wiki/Janardan_Raghunath_Mudholkar" title="Janardan Raghunath Mudholkar">J.R. Mudholkar</a> in his dissent, in the case of <i>Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan</i>. He wrote,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is also a matter for consideration whether making a change in a basic feature of the Constitution can be regarded merely as an amendment or would it be, in effect, rewriting a part of the Constitution; and if the latter, would it be within the purview of Article 368 ?"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Supreme Court, through the decisive judgement of Justice <a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a> in <i>Keshavananda Bharti v. State of Kerala</i> (1973) case, declared that the basic structure/features of the constitution is resting on the basic foundation of the constitution. The basic foundation of the constitution is the dignity and the freedom of its citizens which is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any legislation of the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic features of the Constitution have not been explicitly defined by the Judiciary. At least, 20 features have been described as "basic" or "essential" by the Courts in numerous cases, and have been incorporated in the basic structure. Only Judiciary decides the basic features of the Constitution. In <i>Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Naraian</i> and also in the <i>Minerva Mills</i> case, it was observed that the claim of any particular feature of the Constitution to be a "basic" feature would be determined by the Court in each case that comes before it. Some of the features of the Constitution termed as "basic" are listed below: </p> <ol><li>Supremacy of the Constitution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li>The principle of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a></li> <li>The objectives specified in the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">preamble</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li>Articles 32 and 226</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> (including financial liberty of states under <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XII" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part XII">Articles 282 and 293</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a> of the individual</li> <li>Unity and integrity of the nation</li> <li>The principle of equality, not every feature of equality, but the quintessence of <a href="/wiki/Equal_justice_under_law" title="Equal justice under law">equal justice</a>;</li> <li>The "essence" of other fundamental rights in <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights_in_India" title="Fundamental rights in India">Part III</a></li> <li>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_justice" title="Economic justice">economic justice</a> — to build a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>: <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles" title="Directive Principles">Part IV</a> of the Constitution</li> <li>The balance between <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">fundamental rights and directive principles</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government</li> <li>The principle of <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free and fair elections</a></li> <li>Limitations upon the amending power conferred by Article 368</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">Independence of the judiciary</a></li> <li>Effective <a href="/wiki/Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">access to justice</a></li> <li>Powers of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> under Articles 32, 136, 141, 142</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court's initial position on constitutional amendments was that no part of the Constitution was unamendable and that the Parliament might, by passing a Constitution Amendment Act in compliance with the requirements of article 368, amend any provision of the Constitution, including the Fundamental Rights and article 368. In <i>Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court unanimously held, "The terms of article 368 are perfectly general and empower Parliament to amend the Constitution without any exception whatever. In the context of article 13, "law" must be taken to mean rules or regulations made in exercise of ordinary legislative power and not amendments to the Constitution made in exercise of constituent power, with the result that article 13 (2) does not affect amendments made under article 368. In <i>Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a majority of 3–2, the Supreme Court held, "When article 368 confers on Parliament the right to amend the Constitution, the power in question can be exercised over all the provisions of the Constitution. It would be unreasonable to hold that the word "Law" in article 13 (2) takes in Constitution Amendment Acts passed under article 368."<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both cases, the power to amend the rights had been upheld on the basis of Article 368. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golaknath_case"><i>Golaknath</i> case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Golaknath case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/I.C._Golak_Nath_and_Ors._vs._State_of_Punjab_and_Anr." class="mw-redirect" title="I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr.">I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr.</a></div> <p>In 1967, the Supreme Court reversed its earlier decisions in <a href="/wiki/I.C._Golak_Nath_and_Ors._vs._State_of_Punjab_and_Anr." class="mw-redirect" title="I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr."><i>Golaknath v. State of Punjab</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bench of eleven judges (the largest ever at the time) of the Supreme Court deliberated as to whether any part of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Rights in India">Fundamental Rights</a> provisions of the constitution could be revoked or limited by amendment of the constitution. The Supreme Court delivered its ruling, by a majority of 6-5 on 27 February 1967. The Court held that an amendment of the Constitution is a legislative process, and that an amendment under article 368 is "law" within the meaning of article 13 of the Constitution and therefore, if an amendment "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III, it is void. Article 13(2) reads, "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the right conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of contravention, be void." The Court also ruled that Fundamental Rights included in Part III of the Constitution are given a "transcendental position" under the Constitution and are kept beyond the reach of Parliament. The Court also held that the scheme of the Constitution and the nature of the freedoms it granted incapacitated Parliament from modifying, restricting or impairing Fundamental Freedoms in Part III. Parliament passed the 24th Amendment in 1971 to abrogate the Supreme Court ruling in the Golaknath case. It amended the Constitution to provide expressly that Parliament has the power to amend any part of the Constitution including the provisions relating to Fundamental Rights. This was done by amending articles 13 and 368 to exclude amendments made under article 368, from article 13's prohibition of any law abridging or taking away any of the Fundamental Rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Koka_Subba_Rao" title="Koka Subba Rao">Koka Subba Rao</a> writing for the majority held that: </p> <ul><li>A law to amend the constitution is a law for the purposes of Article 13.</li> <li>Article 13 prevents the passing of laws which "take away or abridge" the Fundamental Rights provisions.</li> <li>Article 368 does not contain a power to amend the constitution but only a procedure.</li> <li>The power to amend comes from the normal legislative power of Parliament.</li> <li>Therefore, amendments which "take away or abridge" the Fundamental Rights provisions cannot be passed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kesavananda_Bharati_case_(1973)"><span id="Kesavananda_Bharati_case_.281973.29"></span><i>Kesavananda Bharati</i> case (1973)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kesavananda Bharati case (1973)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a></div> <p>Six years later in 1973, the largest ever Constitution Bench of 13 Judges, heard arguments in <i>Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</i> (<a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">case citation</a>: AIR 1973 SC 1461). The Supreme Court reviewed the decision in <i><a href="/wiki/I.C._Golak_Nath_and_Ors._vs._State_of_Punjab_and_Anr." class="mw-redirect" title="I.C. Golak Nath and Ors. vs. State of Punjab and Anr.">Golaknath v. State of Punjab</a></i>, and considered the validity of the 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th Amendments. The Court held, by a margin of 7–6, that although no part of the constitution, including fundamental rights, was beyond the amending power of Parliament (thus overruling the 1967 case), the "basic structure of the Constitution could not be abrogated even by a constitutional amendment".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision of the Judges is complex, consisting of multiple opinions taking up one complete volume in the law reporter "Supreme Court Cases". The findings included the following: </p> <ul><li>All of the Judges held that the 24th, 25th and 29th Amendments Acts are valid.</li> <li>Ten judges held that <i>Golak Nath'</i>s case was wrongly decided and that an amendment to the Constitution was not a "law" for the purposes of Article 13.</li> <li>Seven judges held that the power of amendment is plenary and can be used to amend all the articles of the constitution (including the Fundamental Rights).</li> <li>Seven judges held (six judges dissenting on this point) that "the power to amend does not include the power to alter the basic structure of the Constitution so as to change its identity".</li> <li>Seven judges held (two judges dissenting, one leaving this point open) that "there are no inherent or implied limitations on the power of amendment under Article 368".</li></ul> <p>Nine judges (including two dissenters) signed a statement of summary for the judgment that reads: </p> <ol><li>Golak Nath's case is over-ruled.</li> <li>Article 368 does not enable Parliament to alter the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.</li> <li>The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid.</li> <li>Section 2(a) and 2(b) of the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid.</li> <li>The first part of section 3 of the Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid. The second part namely "and no law containing a declaration that it is for giving effect to such policy shall be called in question in any court on the ground that it does not give effect to such policy" is invalid.</li> <li>The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1971 is valid.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nujs-todays-promise_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nujs-todays-promise-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The ruling thus established the principle that the basic structure cannot be amended on the grounds that a power to amend is not a power to destroy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_the_basic_structure">Defining the basic structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defining the basic structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority had differing opinions on what the "basic structure" of the Constitution comprised </p><p>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Sarv_Mittra_Sikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarv Mittra Sikri">Sarv Mittra Sikri</a>, writing for the majority, indicated that the basic structure consists of the following: </p> <ul><li>The supremacy of the constitution.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> system.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> character of the Constitution.</li> <li>Maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> character of the Constitution.</li></ul> <p>Justices Shelat and Grover in their opinion added three features to the Chief Justice's list: </p> <ul><li>The mandate to build a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> contained in the <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles_of_State_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive Principles of State Policy">Directive Principles of State Policy</a>.</li> <li>Maintenance of the unity and integrity of India.</li> <li>The sovereignty of the country.</li></ul> <p>Justices Hegde and Mukherjea, in their opinion, provided a separate and shorter list: </p> <ul><li>The sovereignty of India.</li> <li>The democratic character of the polity.</li> <li>The unity of the country.</li> <li>Essential features of individual freedoms.</li> <li>The mandate to build a welfare state.</li></ul> <p>Justice Jaganmohan Reddy preferred to look at the preamble, stating that the basic features of the constitution were laid out by that part of the document, and thus could be represented by: </p> <ul><li>A sovereign democratic republic.</li> <li>The provision of social, economic and political justice.</li> <li>Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.</li> <li>Equality of status and opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-jp-judicialization_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jp-judicialization-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Emergency_(1975)"><span id="The_Emergency_.281975.29"></span>The Emergency (1975)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Emergency (1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court reaffirmed and applied the basic structure doctrine in <i>Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain</i>, popularly known as Election case. The constitutionality of Article 329A, which had been inserted by the 39th Amendment in 1975 was challenged in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the imposition of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Emergency">Emergency</a>, a bench of thirteen judges was hastily assembled to hear the case. Presided over by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Nath_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajit Nath Ray">Ajit Nath Ray</a>, the court had to determine the degree to which amendments were restricted by the basic structure theory. Ray, who was among the dissenters in the Kesavananda Bharati case, had been promoted to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice of India</a> on 26 April 1973, superseding three senior Judges, Shelat, Grover and Hegde (all in the majority in the same case), which was unprecedented in Indian legal history. On November 10 and 11, the team of civil libertarian barristers, led by <a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a>, argued against the Union government's application for reconsideration of the Kesavananda decision. Some of the judges accepted his argument on the very first day, the others on the next; by the end of the second day, the Chief Justice was reduced to a minority of one. On the morning of 12 November, Chief Justice Ray tersely pronounced that the bench was dissolved, and the judges rose. </p><p>The 39th Amendment attempted, among other provisions, to legitimize the election of Indira Gandhi in 1971. Article 329A put the elections of the Prime Minister and Lok Sabha Speaker outside the purview of the judiciary and provided for determination of disputes concerning their elections by an authority to be set up by a Parliamentary law. The Supreme Court struck down clauses (4) and (5) of the article 329A, which made the existing election law inapplicable to the Prime Minister's and Speaker's election, and declared the pending proceedings in respect of such elections null and void.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constitutional lawyer <a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">A. G. Noorani</a> notes<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the doctrine has "now spread far and wide beyond its frontiers.", but that the eventual attribution to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietrich_Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietrich Conrad (page does not exist)">Dietrich Conrad</a> is absent, who propounded the arguments in a lecture to the law faculty in the <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>. The argument, Noorani narrates made way to <a href="/w/index.php?title=M_K_Nambyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M K Nambyar (page does not exist)">M K Nambyar</a> who read the excerpt out in <i>Golaknath</i>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Implied Limitations of the Amending Power</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Perhaps the position of the Supreme Court is influenced by the fact that it has not so far been confronted with any extreme type of constitutional amendments. It is the duty of the jurist, though, to anticipate extreme cases of conflict, and sometimes only extreme tests reveal the true nature of a legal concept. So, if for the purpose of legal discussion, I may propose some fictive amendment laws to you, could it still be considered a valid exercise of the amendment power conferred by Article 368 if a two-thirds majority changed Article 1 by dividing India into two States of Tamilnad and Hindustan proper? </p><p>"Could a constitutional amendment abolish Article 21, to the effect that forthwith a person could be deprived of his life or personal liberty without authorisation by law? Could the ruling party, if it sees its majority shrinking, amend Article 368 to the effect that the amending power rests with the President acting on the advice of the Prime Minister? Could the amending power be used to abolish the Constitution and reintroduce, let us say, the rule of a moghul emperor or of the Crown of England? I do not want, by posing such questions, to provoke easy answers. But I should like to acquaint you with the discussion which took place on such questions among constitutional lawyers in Germany in the Weimar period - discussion, seeming academic at first, but suddenly illustrated by history in a drastic and terrible manner." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090950.htm">http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090950.htm</a></cite></div> </div> <p>The note is that in <i>Kesavananda Bharati</i> the dissenting judge, Justice Khanna, approved as "substantially correct" the following observations by Conrad: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Any amending body organised within the statutory scheme, howsoever verbally unlimited its power, cannot by its very structure change the fundamental pillars supporting its constitutional authority. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Limitation of Amendment Procedures and the Constituent Power; Indian Year Book of International Affairs, 1966–1967, Madras, pp. 375-430</cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_the_doctrine">Evolution of the doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution of the doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic structure doctrine was further clarified in <i><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India" title="Minerva Mills v. Union of India">Minerva Mills v. Union of India</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_amendment_of_the_Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-second amendment of the Indian Constitution">42nd Amendment</a> had been enacted by the government of Indira Gandhi in response to the Kesavananda Bharati judgment in an effort to reduce the power of the judicial review of constitutional amendments by the Supreme Court. In the Minerva Mills case, <a href="/wiki/Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a> successfully moved the Supreme Court to declare sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment as unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-ssrn-minerva-mills_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn-minerva-mills-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality</a> of sections 4 and 55 of the 42nd Amendment were challenged in this case, when <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a> was <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker Prime Minister</a>. Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment, had amended Article 31C of the Constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles of State Policy articulated in <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive Principles in India">Part IV</a> of the Constitution over the Fundamental Rights of individuals articulated in <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Rights in India">Part III</a>. Section 55 prevented any constitutional amendment from being "called in question in any Court on any ground". It also declared that there would be no limitation whatever on the constituent power of Parliament to amend by way of definition, variation or repeal the provisions of the Constitution. On 31 July 1980, when Indira Gandhi was <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">back in power</a>, the Supreme Court declared sections 4 & 55 of the 42nd amendment as unconstitutional. It further endorsed and evolved the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-ssrn-minerva-mills_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn-minerva-mills-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As had been previously held through the basic structure doctrine in the <i>Kesavananda</i> case, the Court ruled that Parliament could not by amending the constitution convert limited power into an unlimited power (as it had purported to do by the 42nd amendment). </p><p> In the judgement on section 55, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Yeshwant_Vishnu_Chandrachud" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud">Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud</a> wrote, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since the Constitution had conferred a limited amending power on the Parliament, the Parliament cannot under the exercise of that limited power enlarge that very power into an absolute power. Indeed, a limited amending power is one of the basic features of our Constitution and therefore, the limitations on that power can not be destroyed. In other words, Parliament can not, under Article 368, expand its amending power so as to acquire for itself the right to repeal or abrogate the Constitution or to destroy its basic and essential features. The donee of a limited power cannot by the exercise of that power convert the limited power into an unlimited one.<sup id="cite_ref-oa-4488_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oa-4488-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The ruling was widely welcomed in India, and Gandhi did not challenge the verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the judgement on Section 4, Chandrachud wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Three Articles of our Constitution, and only three, stand between the heaven of freedom into which <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a> <a href="/wiki/Chitto_Jetha_Bhayshunyo" title="Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo">wanted his country to awake</a> and the abyss of unrestrained power. They are Articles 14, 19 and 21. Article 31C has removed two sides of that golden triangle which affords to the people of this country an assurance that the promise held forth by the preamble will be performed by ushering an egalitarian era through the discipline of fundamental rights, that is, without emasculation of the rights to liberty and equality which alone can help preserve the dignity of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-oa-4488_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oa-4488-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This latter view of Article 31C was questioned, but not overturned, in <i>Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co v Bharat Cooking Coal Ltd.</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of basic structure has since been developed by the Supreme Court in subsequent cases, such as <i>Waman Rao v. Union of India</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bhim Singhji v. Union of India</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>S.P. Gupta v. President of India</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (known as Transfer of Judges case), <i>S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kihota Hollohon v. Zachilhu and others</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i> L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India and others </i>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>P. V. Narsimha Rao v. State (CBI/SPE)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Raja Ram Pal v. The Hon'ble Speaker, Lok Sabha and others</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (known as Cash for Query case).<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court's position on constitutional amendments laid out in its judgements is that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot destroy its "basic structure".<sup id="cite_ref-indianexpress2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indianexpress2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aside from India, the basic structure doctrine has been adopted in a number of jurisdictions, and rejected in some others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic structure doctrine was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court of Bangladesh</a> in 1989, by expressly relying on the reasoning in the Kesavananda case, in its ruling on <i>Anwar Hossain Chowdhary v. Bangladesh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bangladesh is the only legal system to introduce this concept through constitutional provisions. Article 7B of the Constitution of Bangladesh introduced some parts of it as basic provisions of the constitution and referred to some others (which are not properly defined) as basic structure of the constitution and declares all of these as not amendable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belize">Belize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Belize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic structure doctrine was invoked by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Belize">Supreme Court of Judicature of Belize</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_v_Attorney_General&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen v Attorney General (page does not exist)">Bowen v Attorney General</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in rejecting the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belize_Constitution_(Sixth_Amendment)_Bill_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belize Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Bill 2008 (page does not exist)">Belize Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Bill 2008</a>, which had sought to exclude certain deprivation of property rights from judicial review. The court recognised the fundamental rights granted by the constitution, respect for the rule of law and the right to the ownership of private property as basic features of the Belizean constitution, as well as the separation of powers, which <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Belize" title="Chief Justice of Belize">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdulai_Conteh" title="Abdulai Conteh">Abdulai Conteh</a> noted had been recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> in <i>Hinds v The Queen</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which was not a constitutional amendment case<sup id="cite_ref-BCBvAGBelize2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCBvAGBelize2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup>) as implicit in Westminster model constitutions in the Caribbean Commonwealth realm.<sup id="cite_ref-OBrien2013_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrien2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court affirmed the doctrine in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Caribbean_Bank_Ltd_v_AG_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Caribbean Bank Ltd v AG Belize (page does not exist)">British Caribbean Bank Ltd v AG Belize</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BCBvAGBelize2011_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCBvAGBelize2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jusmundi_19th-december-2014_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jusmundi_19th-december-2014-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and struck down parts of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belize_Telecommunications_(Amendment)_Act_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belize Telecommunications (Amendment) Act 2011 (page does not exist)">Belize Telecommunications (Amendment) Act 2011</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belize_Constitution_(Eighth)_Amendment_Act_2011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belize Constitution (Eighth) Amendment Act 2011 (page does not exist)">Belize Constitution (Eighth) Amendment Act 2011</a>. The amendments had sought to preclude the court from deciding on whether deprivation of property by the government was for a public purpose, and to remove any limits on the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Belize)" title="National Assembly (Belize)">National Assembly</a>'s power to alter the constitution. This was found to impinge on the separation of powers, which had earlier been identified as part of the basic structure of the Belizean constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-OBrien2013_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrien2013-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On appeal, the Court of Appeal reversed the decision of the Supreme Court, ruling that "the so-called basic structure doctrine is not a part of the law of Belize and does not apply to the Belize Constitution".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cypriot Supreme Court used the basic structure doctrine in 29 October 2020, in ΚΛΟΓΟΔΙΚΕΙΟ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ, ΑΝΔΡΕΑΣ ΜΙΧΑΗΛΙΔΗΣ κ.α. v. ΓΕΝΙΚΟΥ ΕΦΟΡΟΥ ΕΚΛΟΓΗΣ κ.α., 29 Οκτωβρίου 2020, (Εκλογική Αίτηση Αρ. 1/2019), to declare unconstitutional a constitutional amendment that modified the election legal framework. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court of Israel in majority judgement on January 1, 2024 ruled against an amendment passed by Parliament in July, 2023 which scrapped the “reasonableness” clause, used by the court to overturn government decisions deemed unconstitutional, on the ground that “this does severe and unprecedented damage to the basic characteristics of the State of Israel as a democratic state,”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malaysia, the basic features doctrine was initially found to be inapplicable by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a> in <i>Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court remarked that the Indian constitution was drafted by a constituent assembly representative of the Indian people in territorial, racial and community terms,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not "ordinary mortals", while the same could not be said for the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Malaysian constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was enacted by an ordinary legislature. </p><p>The basic structure doctrine was first cited with approval by the Federal Court in <i>obiter dicta</i> in <i>Sivarasa Rasiah v. Badan Peguam Malaysia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before ultimately being applied by the same court in <i>Semenyih Jaya Sdn Bhd v. Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Hulu Langat & Ano'r Case</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Indira Gandhi a/p Mutho v. Pengarah Jabatan Agama Islam Perak & 2 O'rs & 2 Other Cases</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those cases, the Federal Court held that the vesting of the judicial power of the Federation in the civil courts formed part of the basic structure of the Constitution, and could not be removed even by constitutional amendment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic structure doctrine was recognised in <i>Constitution Petition No.12 of 2010, etc.</i><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a> in 2015. The case was heard by the full 17-member bench, of which a plurality of 8 accepted the basic structure doctrine as a basis for limiting the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament of Pakistan</a> to amend the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution</a>, 4 rejected the premise of such limitations, describing the basic structure doctrine as a "vehicle for judicial aggrandisement of power", and 5 accepted that some limitations exist but did not endorse the basic structure doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanghi2017_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanghi2017-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rizvi2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizvi2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isaam2015_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaam2015-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judgement identified democracy, federalism and independence of the judiciary as among the characteristics protected by the doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaam2015_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaam2015-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before this decision, it was unclear whether the basic structure doctrine applied in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Rizvi2015_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizvi2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine was considered and rejected shortly after the <i>Kesavananda</i> decision, revived in 1997, and rejected again in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanghi2017_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanghi2017-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 decision addressed the issue directly and accepted the doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanghi2017_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanghi2017-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rizvi2015_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rizvi2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court of Singapore</a> denied the application of the basic features doctrine in Singapore in <i><a href="/wiki/Teo_Soh_Lung_v._Minister_for_Home_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs">Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs</a></i>. Justice Frederick Arthur Chua held that the doctrine was not applicable to the Singapore Constitution: "Considering the differences in the making of the Indian and our Constitution, it cannot be said that our Parliament's power to amend our Constitution is limited in the same way as the Indian Parliament's power to amend the Indian Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2017, the Ugandan parliament passed a Constitutional Amendment which removed the age limit of 75 years for the President and Chairpersons of the Local Council. The President Yoweri Museveni, who has been President of Uganda since 1986, signed the amendment into law in January 2018, aged '74 years' (Unsubstantiated evidence is available that the alleged dictator is in his late 80's). Several opposition leaders and the Uganda Law Society, challenged the constitutionality of the amendment before the Constitutional Court, which (majority) upheld the validity of the amendment. Taking note of the judgments in <i>Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</i><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Minerva Mills v. Union of India</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court of Uganda in <i>Mabirizi Kiwanuka & ors. v. Attorney General</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unanimously upheld the Constitutional Court (majority) finding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial activism in India">Judicial activism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democratic_basic_order" title="Liberal democratic basic order">Liberal democratic basic order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenched_clause" title="Entrenched clause">Entrenched clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional_constitutional_amendment" title="Unconstitutional constitutional amendment">Unconstitutional constitutional amendment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hindu-basic-features-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hindu-basic-features_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindu-basic-features_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hindu-basic-features_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725005100/http://hindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600491600.htm">"The basic features"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 2004-09-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindu.com/2004/09/26/stories/2004092600491600.htm">the original</a> on 2012-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+basic+features&rft.date=2004-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2F2004%2F09%2F26%2Fstories%2F2004092600491600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ik-257876-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ik-257876_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">"Kesavananda Bharati .... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973"</a>. Indian Kanoon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214053355/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kesavananda+Bharati+....+vs+State+Of+Kerala+And+Anr+on+24+April%2C+1973&rft.pub=Indian+Kanoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F257876%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frontline-revisiting-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frontline-revisiting_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frontline-revisiting_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063934/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm">"Revisiting a verdict"</a>. Vol. 29, no. 1. Frontline. Jan 14–27, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm">the original</a> on 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revisiting+a+verdict&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-01-14%2F2012-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Ffline%2Ffl2901%2Fstories%2F20120127290107100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ik-257876-316-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ik-257876-316_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">"Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973"</a>. Indian Kanoon. Para. 316. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214053355/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kesavananda+Bharati+...+vs+State+Of+Kerala+And+Anr+on+24+April%2C+1973&rft.pages=Para.+316&rft.pub=Indian+Kanoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F257876%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ik-257876-787-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ik-257876-787_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">"Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April, 1973"</a>. Indian Kanoon. Para. 787. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214053355/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kesavananda+Bharati+...+vs+State+Of+Kerala+And+Anr+on+24+April%2C+1973&rft.pages=Para.+787&rft.pub=Indian+Kanoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F257876%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Teo Soh Lung v Minister of Home Affairs</i> [1989] 1 SLR(R) 461</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belizejudiciary.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Civil-Appeal-No.-18-19-21-of-2012-THE-ATTORNEY-GENERAL-v-THE-BRITISH-CARIBBEAN-BANK-LIMITED-v-DEAN-BOYCE-and-FORTIS-ENERGY-INTERNATIONAL-BELIZE-INC-v-THE-ATTORNEY-GENERAL.pdf">"Civil Appeal No. 18 19 21 of 2012 THE ATTORNEY GENERAL v THE BRITISH CARIBBEAN BANK LIMITED v DEAN BOYCE and FORTIS ENERGY INTERNATIONAL (BELIZE) INC v THE ATTORNEY GENERAL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Judiciary of Belize</i>. 15 May 2014. Section [3](iii)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Judiciary+of+Belize&rft.atitle=Civil+Appeal+No.+18+19+21+of+2012+THE+ATTORNEY+GENERAL+v+THE+BRITISH+CARIBBEAN+BANK+LIMITED+v+DEAN+BOYCE+and+FORTIS+ENERGY+INTERNATIONAL+%28BELIZE%29+INC+v+THE+ATTORNEY+GENERAL&rft.pages=Section+3%28iii%29&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belizejudiciary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F01%2FCivil-Appeal-No.-18-19-21-of-2012-THE-ATTORNEY-GENERAL-v-THE-BRITISH-CARIBBEAN-BANK-LIMITED-v-DEAN-BOYCE-and-FORTIS-ENERGY-INTERNATIONAL-BELIZE-INC-v-THE-ATTORNEY-GENERAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indialawjournal.com/volume3/issue_2/article_by_rushminsunny.html">"India Law Journal"</a>. <i>www.indialawjournal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080137/http://indialawjournal.com/volume3/issue_2/article_by_rushminsunny.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indialawjournal.com&rft.atitle=India+Law+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indialawjournal.com%2Fvolume3%2Fissue_2%2Farticle_by_rushminsunny.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">"13 member constitutional bench verdict (refer paras 316 and 317) in Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April,1973"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214053355/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13+member+constitutional+bench+verdict+%28refer+paras+316+and+317%29+in+Kesavananda+Bharati+...+vs+State+Of+Kerala+And+Anr+on+24+April%2C1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F257876%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shankari Prasad Singh Deo v. Union of India</i> AIR. 1951 SC 458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sajjan Singh v. State of Rajasthan</i> 1965 AIR 845, 1965 SCR (1) 933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lok_Sabha_Secretariat_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013055/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf">"Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lok Sabha Secretariat</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lok+Sabha+Secretariat&rft.atitle=Constitution+Amendment%3A+Nature+and+Scope+of+the+Amending+Process&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.134%2Fintranet%2FCAI%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1999" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Granville (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati0000aust/page/258/mode/2up"><i>Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience</i></a></span>. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">258–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019565610-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-019565610-7"><bdi>978-019565610-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+a+Democratic+Constitution+-+A+History+of+the+Indian+Experience&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-019565610-7&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Granville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkingdemocrati0000aust%2Fpage%2F258%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nujs-todays-promise-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nujs-todays-promise_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatya_Prateek2008" class="citation journal cs1">Satya Prateek (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nujslawreview.org/articles2008vol1no3/satya_prateek.pdf">"Today's Promise, Tomorrow's Constitution: 'Basic Structure', Constitutional Transformations And The Future Of Political Progress In India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NUJS Law Review</i>. <b>1</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NUJS+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Today%27s+Promise%2C+Tomorrow%27s+Constitution%3A+%27Basic+Structure%27%2C+Constitutional+Transformations+And+The+Future+Of+Political+Progress+In+India&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Satya+Prateek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nujslawreview.org%2Farticles2008vol1no3%2Fsatya_prateek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jp-judicialization-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jp-judicialization_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasdeep_Randhawa" class="citation web cs1">Jasdeep Randhawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115232718/http://www.juspoliticum.com/Understanding-Judicialization-Of.html">"Understanding Judicialization Of Mega-Politics : The Basic Structure Doctrine And Minimum Core"</a>. Jus Politicum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juspoliticum.com/Understanding-Judicialization-Of.html">the original</a> on 2012-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Judicialization+Of+Mega-Politics+%3A+The+Basic+Structure+Doctrine+And+Minimum+Core&rft.pub=Jus+Politicum&rft.au=Jasdeep+Randhawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juspoliticum.com%2FUnderstanding-Judicialization-Of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOORANI2001" class="citation web cs1">NOORANI, A. G. (Apr 28 – May 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090950.htm">"Behind the 'basic structure' doctrine : On India's debt to a German jurist, Professor Dietrich Conrad"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. the Hindu group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322194716/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1809/18090950.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>THERE is, sadly, little acknowledgment in India of that debt we owe to a distinguished German jurist and a scholar steeped in other disciplines beyond the confines of law - Professor Dietrich Conrad, formerly Head of the Law Department, South Asia Institute of the University of Heidelberg, Germany....It was no mere coincidence that a German jurist had thought of implied limitations on the amending power. Article 79(3) of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, adopted on May 8, 1949, six months before the drafting of India's Constitution ended, bars explicitly amendments to provisions concerning the federal structure and to "the basic principles laid down in Articles 1 and 20 (on human rights and the "democratic and social" set-up). The Germans learnt from the bitter experience of the Nazi era. The framers of the Constitution of India refused to look beyond the Commonwealth countries and the United States....Prof. Conrad aptly remarked that "in this free trade of constitutional ideas the Indian Supreme Court has come to play the role of an exporter. This holds true with respect to at least two major innovations introduced by the court"; namely, public interest litigation and "the basic structure doctrine".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Behind+the+%27basic+structure%27+doctrine+%3A+On+India%27s+debt+to+a+German+jurist%2C+Professor+Dietrich+Conrad&rft.date=2001-04-28%2F2001-05-11&rft.aulast=NOORANI&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl1809%2F18090950.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssrn-minerva-mills-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn-minerva-mills_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn-minerva-mills_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghav_Sharma2008" class="citation web cs1">Raghav Sharma (2008-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1121817">"Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors: A Jurisprudential Perspective"</a>. Social Science Research Network. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1121817">1121817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerva+Mills+Ltd.+%26+Ors.+v.+Union+of+India+%26+Ors%3A+A+Jurisprudential+Perspective&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.date=2008-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1121817%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Raghav+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1121817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indianexpress2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indianexpress2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/indian-constitution-sixty-years-of-our-faith/574507/0">"Indian Constitution: Sixty years of our faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 2010-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Indian+Constitution%3A+Sixty+years+of+our+faith&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Findian-constitution-sixty-years-of-our-faith%2F574507%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oa-4488-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oa-4488_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oa-4488_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404195325/http://openarchive.in/judis/4488.htm">"Minerva Mills Ltd. & Ors. vs. Union of India & Ors"</a>. Open Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openarchive.in/judis/4488.htm">the original</a> on 2012-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minerva+Mills+Ltd.+%26+Ors.+vs.+Union+of+India+%26+Ors.&rft.pub=Open+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenarchive.in%2Fjudis%2F4488.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/when-in-doubt-amend/504813/0">"When in doubt, amend"</a>. <i>Indian Express</i>. 2009-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Express&rft.atitle=When+in+doubt%2C+amend&rft.date=2009-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fwhen-in-doubt-amend%2F504813%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Sanjeev Coke Manufacturing Co v Bharat Cooking Coal Ltd.</i>AIR 1983 SC 239)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Waman Rao v. Union of India</i> AIR 1981 SC 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bhim Singhji v. Union of India</i> AIR 1981 SC 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>S.P. Gupta v. President of India</i> AIR 1982 SC 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>S.P. Sampath Kumar v. Union of India</i> AIR 1987 SC 386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>P. Sambamurthy v. State of Andhra Pradesh</i> AIR 1987 SC 663</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kihota Hollohon v. Zachilhu and others</i> 1992 1 SCC 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India and others </i> AIR 1997 SC 1125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>P. V. Narsimha Rao v. State (CBI/SPE)</i> AIR 1998 SC 2120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others</i> 2007 2 SCC 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Raja Ram Pal v. The Hon'ble Speaker, Lok Sabha and others</i> JT 2007 (2) SC 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/india/109.htm">"India - The Constitution"</a>. Countrystudies.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014185951/http://countrystudies.us/india/109.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+-+The+Constitution&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Findia%2F109.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anwar Hossain Chowdhary v. Bangladesh</i> 41 DLR 1989 App. Div. 165, 1989 BLD (Spl.) 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220120644/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1809/18090950.htm">"Behind the 'basic structure' doctrine"</a>. Archived from the original on 2010-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Behind+the+%27basic+structure%27+doctrine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Ffline%2Ffl1809%2F18090950.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_v_Attorney_General&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen v Attorney General (page does not exist)">Bowen v Attorney General</a></i> BZ 2009 SC 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hinds v The Queen</i> [1977] AC 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCBvAGBelize2011-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BCBvAGBelize2011_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BCBvAGBelize2011_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw7738.pdf">"British Caribbean Bank Ltd v AG Belize Claim No. 597 of 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Belize">Supreme Court of Judicature of Belize</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122015535/https://www.italaw.com/sites/default/files/case-documents/italaw7738.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Caribbean+Bank+Ltd+v+AG+Belize+Claim+No.+597+of+2011&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Judicature+of+Belize&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.italaw.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcase-documents%2Fitalaw7738.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBrien2013-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2013_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBrien2013_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2013" class="citation web cs1">O'Brien, Derek (2013-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2013/05/28/derek-obrien-the-basic-structure-doctrine-and-the-courts-of-the-commonwealth-caribbean/">"Derek O'Brien: The Basic Structure Doctrine and the Courts of the Commonwealth Caribbean"</a>. <i>UK Constitutional Law Blog</i>. UK Constitutional Law Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021101350/https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2013/05/28/derek-obrien-the-basic-structure-doctrine-and-the-courts-of-the-commonwealth-caribbean/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Constitutional+Law+Blog&rft.atitle=Derek+O%27Brien%3A+The+Basic+Structure+Doctrine+and+the+Courts+of+the+Commonwealth+Caribbean&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukconstitutionallaw.org%2F2013%2F05%2F28%2Fderek-obrien-the-basic-structure-doctrine-and-the-courts-of-the-commonwealth-caribbean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Caribbean_Bank_Ltd_v_AG_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Caribbean Bank Ltd v AG Belize (page does not exist)">British Caribbean Bank Ltd v AG Belize</a></i> Claim No. 597 of 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jusmundi_19th-december-2014-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jusmundi_19th-december-2014_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-british-caribbean-bank-ltd-v-the-government-of-belize-award-friday-19th-december-2014">"British Caribbean Bank Limited v. The Government of Belize PCA 2010-18"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a>. 2014-12-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122030218/https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/en-british-caribbean-bank-ltd-v-the-government-of-belize-award-friday-19th-december-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Caribbean+Bank+Limited+v.+The+Government+of+Belize+PCA+2010-18&rft.pub=Permanent+Court+of+Arbitration&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjusmundi.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fdecision%2Fen-british-caribbean-bank-ltd-v-the-government-of-belize-award-friday-19th-december-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[1980] 1 M.L.J. [<i>Malayan Law Journal</i>] 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaclyn_Ling-Chien_NeoYvonne_C.L._Lee2009" class="citation cs2">Jaclyn Ling-Chien Neo; Yvonne C.L. Lee (2009), "Protecting Rights", in <a href="/wiki/Thio_Li-ann" title="Thio Li-ann">Li-ann Thio</a>; Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (eds.), <i>Evolution of a Revolution: Forty years of the Singapore Constitution</i>, London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge-Cavendish, p. 169, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protecting+Rights&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.au=Jaclyn+Ling-Chien+Neo&rft.au=Yvonne+C.L.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Phang Chin Hock</i>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studocu.com/en/document/universiti-teknologi-mara/law/other/phang-chin-hock-v-public-prosecutor-1980/6171836/view">"Phang CHIN HOCK v Public Prosecutor - [1980] - Law LAW224"</a>. <i>StuDocu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StuDocu&rft.atitle=Phang+CHIN+HOCK+v+Public+Prosecutor+-+%5B1980%5D+-+Law+LAW224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studocu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Funiversiti-teknologi-mara%2Flaw%2Fother%2Fphang-chin-hock-v-public-prosecutor-1980%2F6171836%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[2010] 2 M.L.J. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[2017] 3 M.L.J. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Federal Court, 29 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201122002330/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/xsp/.ibmmodres/domino/OpenAttachment/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/6E4DCBAB2B307CE1C12581AD004FD725/CASE_TEXT/Pakistan%20-%20District%20Bar%20Association%20v%20Federation%20of%20Pakistan%2C%202015%20%5BEng%5D.pdf">"District Bar Association v Federation of Pakistan, 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov.pk/web/user_files/File/Const.P.12of2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Bar+Association+v+Federation+of+Pakistan%2C+2015&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov.pk%2Fweb%2Fuser_files%2FFile%2FConst.P.12of2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanghi2017-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanghi2017_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanghi2017_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanghi2017_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanghi2017" class="citation web cs1">Sanghi, Sanskriti (2017-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelawblog.in/2017/01/22/the-basic-structure-doctrine-goes-global/">"The Basic Structure doctrine goes global"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Law_Blog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Law Blog (page does not exist)">The Law Blog</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_Matters_Centre_for_Research,_Education,_and_Social_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law Matters Centre for Research, Education, and Social Action (page does not exist)">Law Matters Centre for Research, Education, and Social Action</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222732/https://thelawblog.in/2017/01/22/the-basic-structure-doctrine-goes-global/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Law+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Basic+Structure+doctrine+goes+global&rft.date=2017-01-22&rft.aulast=Sanghi&rft.aufirst=Sanskriti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelawblog.in%2F2017%2F01%2F22%2Fthe-basic-structure-doctrine-goes-global%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rizvi2015-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rizvi2015_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizvi2015_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rizvi2015_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2015" class="citation web cs1">Rizvi, Majid (2015-09-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iconnectblog.com/2015/09/south-asian-constitutional-convergence-revisited-pakistan-and-the-basic-structure-doctrine/">"South Asian Constitutional Convergence Revisited: Pakistan and the Basic Structure Doctrine"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=I-CONnect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-CONnect (page does not exist)">I-CONnect</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808151409/http://www.iconnectblog.com/2015/09/south-asian-constitutional-convergence-revisited-pakistan-and-the-basic-structure-doctrine/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I-CONnect&rft.atitle=South+Asian+Constitutional+Convergence+Revisited%3A+Pakistan+and+the+Basic+Structure+Doctrine&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Majid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iconnectblog.com%2F2015%2F09%2Fsouth-asian-constitutional-convergence-revisited-pakistan-and-the-basic-structure-doctrine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isaam2015-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isaam2015_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isaam2015_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Haris2015" class="citation web cs1">bin Haris, Isaam (2015-09-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2015/09/24/isaam-bin-haris-judicial-review-of-constitutional-amendments-pakistans-uneasy-subscription-to-the-basic-structure-doctrine/">"Isaam Bin Haris: Judicial Review of Constitutional Amendments – Pakistan's Uneasy Subscription to the Basic Structure Doctrine"</a>. <i>UK Constitutional Law Blog</i>. UK Constitutional Law Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922151050/https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2015/09/24/isaam-bin-haris-judicial-review-of-constitutional-amendments-pakistans-uneasy-subscription-to-the-basic-structure-doctrine/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Constitutional+Law+Blog&rft.atitle=Isaam+Bin+Haris%3A+Judicial+Review+of+Constitutional+Amendments+%E2%80%93+Pakistan%27s+Uneasy+Subscription+to+the+Basic+Structure+Doctrine&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.aulast=bin+Haris&rft.aufirst=Isaam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fukconstitutionallaw.org%2F2015%2F09%2F24%2Fisaam-bin-haris-judicial-review-of-constitutional-amendments-pakistans-uneasy-subscription-to-the-basic-structure-doctrine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasic+structure+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Teo Soh Lung</i> (H.C.), p. 479, para. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</i> AIR 1973 SC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Minerva Mills v. Union of India</i> AIR 1980 SC 1789</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mabirizi Kiwanuka & ors. v. Attorney General</i> [2019] UGSC 6</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/const/the_basic_structure_of_the_indian_constitution.pdf">The Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution</a>. Human Rights Initiative.</li> <li>H M Seervai, 'Constitutional Law of India'</li> <li>V.N. Shukla 'Constitution of India' 10th edition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/legitimacy-of-the-basic-structure/article26168775.ece">Legitimacy of the basic structure</a>. <i>The Hindu.</i></li> <li>Anuranjan Sethi (October 25, 2005), 'Basic Structure Doctrine: Some Reflections". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=835165">835165</a></li> <li>Conrad, Dietrich, Law and Justice, United Lawyers Association, New Delhi (Vol. 3, Nos. 1–4; pages 99–114)</li> <li>Conrad, Dietrich, Limitation of Amendment Procedures and the Constituent Power; Indian Year Book of International Affairs, 1966–1967, Madras, pp. 375–430</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law" title="Template:Law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law" title="Template talk:Law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Core subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)" title="Outline of civil law (common law)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">Law of obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">Private law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">Procedure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment" title="Restitution and unjust enrichment">Restitution and unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_law" title="Agricultural law">Agricultural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Aviation law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_law" title="Amnesty law">Amnesty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Banking law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="IT law">Cyberlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drugs law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a> (Media law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">Financial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_law" title="Health law">Health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International slavery laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">Legal code</a> / <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-made_law" title="Man-made law">Man-made law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">Case law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">Law reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_treatise" title="Legal treatise">Legal treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">Law making</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Executive order (disambiguation)">Executive order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Category:Law" title="Category:Law">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_law_articles" title="Index of law articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&oldid=1277213737">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&oldid=1277213737</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_India" title="Category:Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_doctrines_and_principles" title="Category:Legal doctrines and principles">Legal doctrines and principles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judicial_review" title="Category:Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017">Articles with dead external links from July 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 February 2025, at 10:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_structure_doctrine&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basic structure doctrine</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>4 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-57rrx","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.539","walltime":"0.690","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3343,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":130565,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6175,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":142632,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 565.142 1 -total"," 44.32% 250.493 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.39% 86.966 1 Template:Indian_Constitution_TOC"," 15.18% 85.810 4 Template:Cite_news"," 14.27% 80.642 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 14.16% 80.012 21 Template:Cite_web"," 13.23% 74.795 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.07% 56.930 1 Template:Law"," 9.56% 54.039 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.97% 39.393 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.294","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7002245,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7d44b9cd95-jpm46","timestamp":"20250223103108","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Basic structure doctrine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_structure_doctrine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4867055","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4867055","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-05-01T07:19:02Z","dateModified":"2025-02-23T10:31:07Z","headline":"Indian judicial principle"}</script> </body> </html>