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searchaux" style="display:none">Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TamTam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TamTam.jpg/220px-TamTam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TamTam.jpg/330px-TamTam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/TamTam.jpg/440px-TamTam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bamileke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamileke">Bamileke</a> people tamtam</figcaption></figure> <p>Developed and used by <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> living in <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forested</a> areas, drums served as an early form of long-distance <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, and were used during <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> functions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talking_drum">Talking drum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Talking drum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One is the <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Talking drum</a>. While the tone and articulation of this type of <a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a>-shaped instrument can be finely controlled, it cannot be heard at distances beyond a gathering or market-place, and it is primarily used in ceremonial settings. Ceremonial functions could include dance, rituals, story-telling and communication of points of order. </p><p>Some of the groups of variations of the talking drum among West African ethnic groups: </p> <ul><li><b>Tama</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> of <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>)</li> <li><b>Gan gan</b>, <b>Dun Dun</b> (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>)</li> <li><b>Dondo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> of central Ghana and <a href="/wiki/Cote_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cote d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>)</li> <li><b>Lunna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>)</li> <li><b>Kalangu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>)</li> <li><b>Doodo</b> (<a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>)</li></ul> <p>In the 20th century the talking drums have become a part of popular <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> in West Africa, especially in the music genres of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a> (Nigeria) and <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a> (Senegal). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slit_gongs">Slit gongs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Slit gongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Message drums, or more properly <a href="/wiki/Slit_gong" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit gong">slit gongs</a>, with hollow chambers and long, narrow openings that <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonate</a> when struck, are larger all-wood instruments hollowed out from a single log. Slit-log drums are common in the drum communication systems of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, where they are known in <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a> as <i>garamut</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in the thickness of the walls give varying tones when struck by the heavy wooden <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">drum sticks</a>. While some are simple and utilitarian, they can also be highly elaborate works of sculpture while still retaining their function. </p><p>A long slit is cut in one side of a log, then it is hollowed out through the slit, leaving lips (wooden ledges) on each side of the opening. Using a larger log enables a louder sound that can be heard over longer distances. By hollowing more under one lip and less under the other, the drum can be <a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">tuned</a> to produce two different <a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">notes</a>, a lower and a higher one. The drum's lips are hit with sticks, beating out <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythms</a> of high and low notes. Small stands are often placed under each end of the drum to keep it off the ground and let it vibrate more freely. </p><p>Under ideal conditions, the sound can be understood at five to eleven kilometres (3–7 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-OLAp470_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OLAp470-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but interesting messages usually get relayed on by the next village. Drums used by the <a href="/wiki/Bulu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulu people">Bulu people</a> of Cameroon might be heard as far away as 10 to 15 miles at night, compared to three to four during daytime.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambarysu">Cambarysu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cambarysu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catuquinaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catuquinaru (page does not exist)">Catuquinaru</a> tribe of Brazil reportedly used a drum called the <a href="/wiki/Cambarysu" title="Cambarysu">cambarysu</a> to send vibrations through the ground to other cambarysus up to 1.5 km away.<sup id="cite_ref-Prometheus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prometheus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHG_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ensign_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ensign-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars expressed skepticism about the claim that it sent vibrations through the ground (rather than the air), and about the claim that it existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Prometheus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prometheus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and tropical areas of America, people have used drum telegraphy for centuries to communicate over long distances. When European expeditions came into the jungles to explore, they were surprised to find that people already knew they were coming and what their intentions were. By repeating a message in turn from one nearby location to another, African drummers can transmit that message a total distance of 100 miles in about an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the famous communication drums are the drums of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drum</a>). From regions known today as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> they spread across West Africa, and to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>. There they were banned because they were being used by the slaves to communicate over long distances in a code unknown to their enslavers.<sup id="cite_ref-Epstein_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epstein-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talking drums were also used in East Africa and are described by Andreus Bauer in the 'Street of Caravans', about his time as a security guard in the Wissmann Truppe for the caravan of Charles Stokes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_is_transmitted">What is transmitted</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: What is transmitted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Talking drum</a></div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Two different types of traditional drum communication are found in Africa. The first type associates each idea with a particular rhythmic pattern, and the second type represents spoken utterances by mimicking their accentual profiles.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Drum communication methods are not languages in their own right, though they can be based on spoken languages. In such cases, the sounds produced are conventionalized or idiomatic signals based on speech patterns. The drummed messages are normally very stereotyped and context-dependent; speakers of true languages have the ability to form new combinations and expressions that will immediately be understood by the listener, but that is not the case in drum communication. </p><p>In Central and East Africa, drum patterns represent the <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> lengths and <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> of the particular language. In <a href="/wiki/Tone_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone language">tone languages</a>, where syllables are associated with a certain tone, some words are distinguished only by their <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">suprasegmental profile</a>. Therefore, syllable drum languages can often transfer a message using the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">tonal phonemes</a> alone. </p><p>In certain languages, the pitch of each syllable is uniquely determined in relation to adjacent syllables. In these cases, messages can be transmitted as rapid beats at the same speed as speech, as the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> both match the equivalent spoken utterance. </p><p>Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of <a href="/wiki/Stock_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock phrase">stock phrases</a>. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Jabo_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabo (language)">Jabo</a>, most stems are monosyllabic. By using a <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a> or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic <a href="/wiki/Motif_(music)" title="Motif (music)">motif</a> for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Talking drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_Tony2018" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Tony (2018-04-19). <i>Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315406480" title="Special:BookSources/9781315406480"><bdi>9781315406480</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033693900">1033693900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Garamut+Player+in+Baluan%2C+Papua+New+Guinea+Musical+Analysis+As+a+Pathway+to+Learning&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033693900&rft.isbn=9781315406480&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrums+in+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OLAp470-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OLAp470_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnegan2012" class="citation book cs1">Finnegan, Ruth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unglue.it/work/81834/"><i>Oral Literature in Africa</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. p. 470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906924-72-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906924-72-0"><bdi>978-1-906924-72-0</bdi></a>. <q>Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oral+Literature+in+Africa&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-906924-72-0&rft.aulast=Finnegan&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funglue.it%2Fwork%2F81834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrums+in+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood1942" class="citation journal cs1">Good, AI (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1942_09_pick.html">"Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Natural History Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Drum+Talk+Is+the+African%27s+%22Wireless%22&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=AI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalhistorymag.com%2Fhtmlsite%2Feditors_pick%2F1942_09_pick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrums+in+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prometheus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prometheus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prometheus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift über die Fortschritte</i>, volume 20 (1908)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHG-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EHG_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enrico Hillyer Giglioli, <i>Il "Cambarysú": telefono dei Catuquinarú dell'Amazzonia</i> (1898)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ensign-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ensign_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ME18981213.2.16&cl=&srpos=0&e=-------10--1----0--"><i>The original of the telephone</i></a>, <i>Mataura Ensign</i>, issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation web cs1">Davis, Ernest (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece">"Information, from drums to Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">James Gleick</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood" title="The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood">The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood</a>. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6</i>. The Times Literary Supplement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114011403/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tls/public/article760768.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+Gleick.+The+Information%3A+A+History%2C+a+Theory%2C+a+Flood.+526pp.+Fourth+Estate.+978+0+00+722573+6&rft.atitle=Information%2C+from+drums+to+Wikipedia&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Ftls%2Fpublic%2Farticle760768.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrums+in+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epstein-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epstein_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1963" class="citation journal cs1">Epstein, Dena J. (1963). "Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)". <i>Music Library Association Notes</i>. Second Series. <b>20</b> (3): 377–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F895685">10.2307/895685</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/895685">895685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Library+Association+Notes&rft.atitle=Slave+Music+in+the+United+States+before+1860%3A+A+Survey+of+Sources+%28Part+II%29&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=377-390&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F895685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F895685%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Dena+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrums+in+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Schmidt-Jones, C. (2005, May 24). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040617012913/http://cnx.rice.edu/content/m11422/latest/">Message Drums</a></i>. Connexions (licensed under CC-BY 1.0)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drums_in_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030165844/http://www2.si.umich.edu/chico/instrument/pages/tlkdrum_gnrl.html">Talking Drum from Instrument Encyclopedia, including a sound sample</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtulga.com/Drum%20Language.html">Drum Language in Ghanaian Schools</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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