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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_between_on-premises_and_cloud_(SaaS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_between_on-premises_and_cloud_(SaaS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Comparison between on-premises and cloud (SaaS)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_between_on-premises_and_cloud_(SaaS)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparison between on-premises and cloud (SaaS) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparison_between_on-premises_and_cloud_(SaaS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_needed_for_access_to_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_needed_for_access_to_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Costs needed for access to services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_needed_for_access_to_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_and_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Operation and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backup_and_data_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backup_and_data_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Backup and data storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backup_and_data_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Data security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_software_from_on-premises_to_cloud-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_software_from_on-premises_to_cloud-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development of software from on-premises to cloud-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_software_from_on-premises_to_cloud-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_software_market_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_software_market_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Current software market condition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_software_market_condition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current software market condition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_software_market_condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_market_trend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_market_trend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>General market trend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_market_trend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pace_of_market_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pace_of_market_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pace of market adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pace_of_market_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_of_customers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendors'_reaction_(supply-side)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Vendors' reaction (supply-side)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendors'_reaction_(supply-side)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_trend_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_trend_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Impact of trend change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_trend_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Change_in_the_role_of_the_platform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_in_the_role_of_the_platform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Change in the role of the platform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_in_the_role_of_the_platform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variety_of_on-platform_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variety_of_on-platform_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Variety of on-platform services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variety_of_on-platform_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_of_on-premises_and_cloud-based" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_of_on-premises_and_cloud-based"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Integration of on-premises and cloud-based</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_of_on-premises_and_cloud-based-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Software industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_product_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alfresco-community-201707-site-dashboard.png/220px-Alfresco-community-201707-site-dashboard.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alfresco-community-201707-site-dashboard.png/330px-Alfresco-community-201707-site-dashboard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alfresco-community-201707-site-dashboard.png/440px-Alfresco-community-201707-site-dashboard.png 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfresco_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfresco (software)">Alfresco</a>, an example of <b>on-premises</b> document management software</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Online_Session_1_(MediaWIki_2019).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This is a picture showing application use of MediaWiki software, which is an on-premises software, also called a server-based software" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Online_Session_1_%28MediaWIki_2019%29.pdf/page1-220px-Online_Session_1_%28MediaWIki_2019%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Online_Session_1_%28MediaWIki_2019%29.pdf/page1-330px-Online_Session_1_%28MediaWIki_2019%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Online_Session_1_%28MediaWIki_2019%29.pdf/page1-440px-Online_Session_1_%28MediaWIki_2019%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>An Example of on-premises software (MediaWiki)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>On-premises software</b> (abbreviated to <b>on-prem</b>, and often written as "on-premise")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is installed and runs on computers on the <a href="/wiki/Premises" title="Premises">premises</a> of the person or organization using the software, rather than at a remote facility such as a <a href="/wiki/Server_farm" title="Server farm">server farm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a>. On-premises software is sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrink wrap contract">shrinkwrap</a>" software, and off-premises software is commonly called "<a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a>" ("SaaS") or "<a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>". </p><p>The software consists of database and modules that are combined to particularly serve the unique needs of the large organizations regarding the automation of corporate-wide business system and its functions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_between_on-premises_and_cloud_(SaaS)"><span id="Comparison_between_on-premises_and_cloud_.28SaaS.29"></span>Comparison between on-premises and cloud (SaaS)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparison between on-premises and cloud (SaaS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On-premises software is established within the organisation's internal system along with the <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> and other infrastructure necessary for the software to function.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cloud-based" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud-based">Cloud-based</a> software is usually served via <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> and it can be accessed by users online regardless of the time and their location.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike on-premises software, cloud-based software users only need to install an application or a web browser in order to access its services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs_needed_for_access_to_services">Costs needed for access to services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Costs needed for access to services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For on-premises software, there are several costs expected to incur until the software and its services would be fully available for use. First of all, the construction of on-premises software within the organisation requires high initial costs, including costs incurred for the purchase of hardwares and other infrastructures as well as costs required for software <a href="/wiki/Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">installation</a> and examination.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, the entity is entitled to the purchase of the <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">license</a> particular to the software, which involves costs and time for the preparation and required procedures. Furthermore, in order to maintain the software functionality, sustainable maintenance and operations are required and the entity will be subjected to the costs incurred for these as well. </p><p>On the other hand, in general, the initial costs required for the use of software services are considered relatively low for cloud-based software and thus suitable to small enterprises without a large amount of capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, cloud-based software users are not subjected to license fees as well as maintenance and operation costs since these are on hands of <a href="/wiki/Independent_software_vendor" title="Independent software vendor">software vendors</a>. Furthermore, costs incurred for infrastructures are expected to be smaller compared to on-premises software as users only need their electronic devices to be able to get access to the services. </p><p>Although initial costs for the access to services are usually low for cloud-based software, total costs required for the use of software over a specific time period are unsure as cloud-based software requires routine payment (i.e. monthly subscription fee) for the use of services whereas on-premises software does not.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_and_maintenance">Operation and maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operation and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entity using on-premises software are fully responsible for the daily operation and maintenance of the system by itself. This results in more time and costs required for the system operation as well as IT personnel who have specialization in managing the system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, for cloud-based software, it is a software provider who is responsible for the system operations and maintenance. Thus, no IT professionals need to be hired within the entity specifically for the purpose of operating the software.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backup_and_data_storage">Backup and data storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Backup and data storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As for the maintenance and operations, the entity using on-premises software is also responsible for <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a> and storage of software data. This implies the ability of the entity to have a full control over its data and its security.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For cloud-based software, the entity has no requirement of data backup by itself, as this is also a responsibility of the software provider and data backup is perquisite for the provider in offering their services. On the other hand, the control of data by software providers suggests that users have no control over the data and software system performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may result in some security issues, especially for those who are subject to high level of regulation standards against data security, such as financial institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_security">Data security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As discussed, users are responsible of data management for on-premises software while for cloud-based software, the responsibility is on the software provider.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the difference in the level of <i>safety</i> over data security between on-premises and cloud-based software is arguable.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts claim that cloud-based software is likely to be more secure as they have more amount of capital and other resources to invest in data security system than normal business entities. While others argue that this is questionable as software vendors are usually more exposed to being targeted by <a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">cyberattacker</a> as they hold vast amount of data within the system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_software_from_on-premises_to_cloud-based">Development of software from on-premises to cloud-based</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Development of software from on-premises to cloud-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On-premises software was invented first mainly for the purpose of corporate-wide process automation of large entities in advance to the evolvement of cloud-based software, SaaS.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SaaS emerged in the early 2000s, and some of businesses that published SaaS products have experienced a failure, as customers wanted SaaS particularly for the purpose of the <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> of single specific corporate functions rather than a corporate-wide system.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the idea of on-demand service delivery of software was not revolutionary at the time of 2000. Some vendors already had attempted this delivery style of software service in 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason the business model was not widely known at that time was the lack of <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> penetration and that there was no sufficient internet accessibility to effectively make all the on-demand software service work effectively. </p><p>As SaaS market evolved in the 2000s, as opposed to on-premises software, the cloud-based software got adopted by the market demand to serve many types of businesses, including small and large corporations, and to automate specific business processes within them.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, SaaS allowed customers to make selections among many functions depending on each customer's needs and economic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although on-premises software previously had the huge advantage of being capable of customization and tailoring software services to each business needs, SaaS has also evolved as a platform where customizable services are available to some extent as cloud-based software market develops.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On-premises software was prevailing in 2013 in the software market, however, more and more customers and thus software vendors are shifting toward cloud-based software.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key corporate players who have contributed to this software model change as well as associated <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning" title="Enterprise resource planning">ERP</a> systems are:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Group" title="Sage Group">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP" title="SAP">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li></ul> <p>For instance, SAP was originally an on-premises software vendor. In accordance with the change in technologies and customer preferences in the software market, the company has turned itself into cloud-based ERP provider that are available both in public cloud and private clouds depending on the customer's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft previously provided on-premises collaborative platforms such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-au/microsoft-365/previous-versions/microsoft-sharepoint-2010">SharePoint2010</a> for automation of corporate-wide business system of large corporations. In the recent years the company has been publishing many cloud-based piece of software such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azure.microsoft.com/en-au/">Azure</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lcs.dynamics.com/Logon/Index">Microsoft Dynamics LCS</a> that provide customers internet services that offer automated and standardized business functions for specific area of the businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salesforce has brought revolution to business's <a href="/wiki/Customer_relationship_management" title="Customer relationship management">CRM</a> process through its cloud-based software service, including Sales Cloud that offers best suitable standardized business processes regarding the customer relation to the businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_software_market_condition">Current software market condition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current software market condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_market_trend">General market trend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General market trend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last decade of software market, an increasing trend toward cloud-based software from traditional on-premises software has been appeared with an acceleration to its speed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of 2016, despite this trend, most of corporations maintained their traditional <a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">information management</a> system through on-premises software.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggested that the trend shift in software market is occurring with a slow pace as the businesses are gradually shifting their software system from the traditional on-premises to cloud-based. </p><p>In 2020, approximately 70% of business customers are planning new or further transitions from on-premises software to cloud-based software.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance to this consumer movement toward cloud-based solutions in software market, more and more vendors, including industry leading software corporations such as Microsoft, Oracle and SAP, shift their business model and transfer their products to cloud-based solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pace_of_market_adaptation">Pace of market adaptation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pace of market adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_of_customers">Type of customers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Type of customers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faster shift from on-premises to cloud-based is expected in <a href="/wiki/B2C" class="mw-redirect" title="B2C">B2C</a> market than <a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">B2B</a> market. </p><p>This is because businesses usually require much more complex structure and system of information management in contrast to private users. In addition, businesses are more prudent to the shift of its software system because they have significant concern over the data security as its failure could potentially result in the loss of enormous amount of data as well as the business's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_model">Business model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Business model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary customers for relatively new software, SaaS, were the non-users of on-premises software as it was easier for them to make the purchase, installation and implementation of its service due to the factors previously discussed such as the lower installation cost and the lower system management cost.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the convenience of these features associated with cloud-based software becomes widely known, more customers (mainly businesses) start shifting their software system toward cloud-based as they have been realizing that SaaS brings more efficiency to their information and system management.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially for those whose business processes are highly standardized and shared within their industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation_and_restriction">Legislation and restriction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legislation and restriction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another factor resulted in the difference of the pace of market adaptation toward cloud-based software was the degree of concern and legislation regarding data security.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, developing economies where subjected to less restrictions regarding data security and legacy management, showed a relatively quicker response to the software market trend shift. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vendors'_reaction_(supply-side)"><span id="Vendors.27_reaction_.28supply-side.29"></span>Vendors' reaction (supply-side)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vendors' reaction (supply-side)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some vendors, particularly for those who have originally been offering on-premises software, are not willing to shift their software service to cloud-based as they will need to change their business model entirely and this requires a large amount of cost, time and efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the demand-side (or customer-side) factors above, this vendor reaction could be another reason for the slow migration toward cloud-based services in software market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_trend_change">Impact of trend change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Impact of trend change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement toward cloud-based software not only implies the change in business's information management system but also result in potential change in their value creation processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Change_in_the_role_of_the_platform">Change in the role of the platform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Change in the role of the platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cloud-based platform incorporates the functionality of facilitating the interactions and communications among customers and producers due to its feature of being accessible from various stakeholders at the same time, while on-premises software usually limits the access to its platform owner in exclusion to other group of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variety_of_on-platform_services">Variety of on-platform services</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Variety of on-platform services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cloud-based software provides the software services in relatively more flexible way and with more variations. The reason of this exists in the architecture of cloud-based software platform that consists of a number of different platforms with different specialty and functions. The most representative example of such platform is Microsoft Azure. The software consists of a number of distinct business platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integration_of_on-premises_and_cloud-based">Integration of on-premises and cloud-based</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Integration of on-premises and cloud-based"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As discussed above, on-premises solution and cloud-based solution have both positive and negative sides respectively. Thus, the 'better' choice among 2 software depends on many factors, for instance, customer's business model, financial status and business strategy. However, neither choice would provide customers the <i>perfect</i> solutions as both software do not offer full functionalities to its users.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In transition to cloud-based solution for the information management, customers' concern involves the security of data, privacy, and many more that may be better provided by the traditional on-premises solution.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to deal with this problem, the software market came up with new solution to combine on-premises and cloud-based solution and its best features. As such, the software will be provided on-demand with customization simultaneously. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_industry">Software industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Software industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_evolution">History and evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software has begun evolving from the beginning of 1990s and there was a big movement in business market trend toward the use of software at the beginning of 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, during these periods, IT industry as a whole was in the middle of market boom and experienced a rapid growth in its market size, software market accounted for nearly 25% of all the spending in IT industry products. </p><p>According to Hietala's research, US has been always the biggest country player in the software business and has been presenting a dominant market position in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, software products of US companies occupied around 60% of the whole world software product turnover. sa.. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_product_types">Software product types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Software product types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are mainly 3 types of software product from the function point of view and from a commercial perspective:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Pure software product</b></li> <li><b>Embedded software product</b></li> <li><b>Customer-tailored software</b></li></ol> <p><i>Pure</i> software is mainly sold or purchased on its own as one independent product and not being incorporated into other products.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these software are traded as main product, sometimes vendors get more revenue stream from services that are combined with or offered on the software platform. </p><p>Unlike pure software product, embedded software products are not traded on its own but rather considered as a part being incorporated in other products. The examples are the software embedded into the mobile phone, computer and other electronic devices. In general, completely different ways of architecture and system construction needed for this type of software compared to that of traditional software products.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Customer-tailored software are the software of which the system and the service can be tailored to individual needs of customers. This customization can be achieved through a variety of different combinations of software modules and platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core purpose of this software product is to solve a specific business issues of individual customers and provide a unique solution to that through technology. While standard cloud-based software usually offer standardized solution and service to a broad range of customers within an industry and/or market area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">Client (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">Self-hosting (web services)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/on-premises/">on-premises (Webopedia)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+News+Daily&rft.atitle=What+Is+Custom+Software+Development%3F&rft.date=2019-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessnewsdaily.com%2F5175-custom-software-development.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOn-premises+software" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On-premises_software&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_licensing" title="Floating licensing">Floating licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely_redistributable_software" title="Freely redistributable software">Freely redistributable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License-free_software" title="License-free software">License-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compensation models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">Freemium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">Pay what you want</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Careware" title="Careware">Careware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donationware" title="Donationware">Donationware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcardware">Postcardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">Shareware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagware" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagware">Nagware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialware" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialware">Trialware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delivery methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Digital distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">On-premises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_software" title="Pre-installed software">Pre-installed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakernet" title="Sneakernet">Sneakernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deceptive and/or illicit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_software_bundling" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted software bundling">Unwanted software bundling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scareware" title="Scareware">Scareware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">Shovelware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Software release life cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintainer" title="Software maintainer">Software maintainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_publisher" title="Software publisher">Software publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">Vaporware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaporware" title="List of vaporware">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_protection_dongle" title="Software protection dongle">Software protection dongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="License manager">License manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_activation" title="Product activation">Product activation</a></li> <li><a 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data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>7 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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