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id="toc-Greenbriar_(1806–1826)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenbriar_(1806–1826)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Greenbriar (1806–1826)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenbriar_(1806–1826)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parma_Township_(1826–1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parma_Township_(1826–1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Parma Township (1826–1924)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parma_Township_(1826–1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Village_of_Parma_(1924–1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Village_of_Parma_(1924–1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The Village of Parma (1924–1930)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Village_of_Parma_(1924–1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_City_of_Parma_(1931–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_City_of_Parma_(1931–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The City of Parma (1931–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_City_of_Parma_(1931–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surrounding_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrounding_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Surrounding communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrounding_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2010 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Income</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shopping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Shoppes_at_Parma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Shoppes_at_Parma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The Shoppes at Parma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Shoppes_at_Parma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukrainian_Village" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukrainian_Village"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Ukrainian Village</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukrainian_Village-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_Village" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_Village"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Polish Village</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_Village-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elementary_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Elementary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Middle schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>High Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charter_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charter_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Charter schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charter_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elementary_schools_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_schools_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Elementary schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_schools_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_schools_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_schools_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Middle schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_schools_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_schools_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_schools_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>High schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_schools_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Private schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elementary/middle_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary/middle_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Elementary/middle schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary/middle_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_schools_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_schools_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>High schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_schools_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Colleges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moon_Over_Parma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moon_Over_Parma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Moon Over Parma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moon_Over_Parma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parma_Place" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parma_Place"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Parma Place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parma_Place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novak_v._City_of_Parma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novak_v._City_of_Parma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Novak v. City of Parma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novak_v._City_of_Parma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parma, Ohio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88)" title="بارما (أوهايو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارما (أوهايو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88" title="پارما، اوهایو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پارما، اوهایو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(lungsod_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Ohio)" title="Parma (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Ohio) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Parma (lungsod sa Tinipong Bansa, Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma" title="Parma – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Parma" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88" title="پارما، اوهایو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارما، اوهایو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A4)" title="پارما (اؤهایؤ) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پارما (اؤهایؤ)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%A7%88_(%EC%98%A4%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%A3%BC)" title="파마 (오하이오주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파마 (오하이오주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95)" title="פארמה (אוהיו) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פארמה (אוהיו)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Парма (Огайо) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парма (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Парма (Огайо) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парма (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohium)" title="Parma (Ohium) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Parma (Ohium)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohajas)" title="Parma (Ohajas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parma (Ohajas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7,_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88)" title="بارما (كاياهوجا, اوهايو) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بارما (كاياهوجا, اوهايو)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E5%B7%9E)" title="パーマ (オハイオ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーマ (オハイオ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Парма (Огайо) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Парма (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Парма (Огайо) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парма (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BE)" title="Парма (Охајо) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парма (Охајо)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Парма (Огайо) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Парма (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE)" title="Парма (Огайо) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парма (Огайо)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88" title="پارما، اوہائیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پارما، اوہائیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(Ohio)" title="Parma (Ohio) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Parma (Ohio)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="Parma, Ohio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Parma, Ohio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%A9%AC_(%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="帕马 (俄亥俄州) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="帕马 (俄亥俄州)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parma,_Ohio" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Parma,_Ohio&params=41_23_31_N_081_43_43_W_region:US-OH_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°23′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">081°43′43″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.39194°N 81.72861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.39194; -81.72861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Parma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Parma (disambiguation)">Parma (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ohio, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Parma, Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parma,_OH_-_Cleveland_Skyline_from_State_Rd.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleveland's skyline from State Road"><img alt="Cleveland's skyline from State Road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Parma%2C_OH_-_Cleveland_Skyline_from_State_Rd.png/250px-Parma%2C_OH_-_Cleveland_Skyline_from_State_Rd.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Parma%2C_OH_-_Cleveland_Skyline_from_State_Rd.png/375px-Parma%2C_OH_-_Cleveland_Skyline_from_State_Rd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Parma%2C_OH_-_Cleveland_Skyline_from_State_Rd.png/500px-Parma%2C_OH_-_Cleveland_Skyline_from_State_Rd.png 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="390" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>'s skyline from State Road</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Parma,_Ohio.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Parma, Ohio"><img alt="Flag of Parma, Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Parma%2C_Ohio.png/100px-Flag_of_Parma%2C_Ohio.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Parma%2C_Ohio.png/150px-Flag_of_Parma%2C_Ohio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Parma%2C_Ohio.png/200px-Flag_of_Parma%2C_Ohio.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parma_City_Seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Parma, Ohio"><img alt="Official seal of Parma, Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Parma_City_Seal.jpg/100px-Parma_City_Seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Parma_City_Seal.jpg/150px-Parma_City_Seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Parma_City_Seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="141" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The Garden City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Progress Through Partnerships"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuyahoga_County_Ohio_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Parma_highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location in Cuyahoga County and the state of Ohio"><img alt="Location in Cuyahoga County and the state of Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cuyahoga_County_Ohio_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Parma_highlighted.svg/260px-Cuyahoga_County_Ohio_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Parma_highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cuyahoga_County_Ohio_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Parma_highlighted.svg/390px-Cuyahoga_County_Ohio_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Parma_highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cuyahoga_County_Ohio_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Parma_highlighted.svg/520px-Cuyahoga_County_Ohio_incorporated_and_unincorporated_areas_Parma_highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="475" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location in <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Parma,_Ohio&params=41_23_31_N_081_43_43_W_region:US-OH_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°23′31″N</span> <span class="longitude">081°43′43″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.39194°N 81.72861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.39194; -81.72861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Ohio" title="List of counties in Ohio">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1816</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Township</th><td class="infobox-data">March 7, 1826</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">December 15, 1924 (village) & January 1, 1931 (city)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma, Italy</a><br /><i>Parma translated refers to a <a href="/wiki/Parma_(shield)" title="Parma (shield)">round shield</a>, such as the one used by <a href="/wiki/Legionary" title="Legionary">Roman legionaries</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._DeGeeter" title="Timothy J. DeGeeter">Timothy J. DeGeeter</a> (D)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">20.07 sq mi (51.98 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">20.02 sq mi (51.86 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">0.05 sq mi (0.12 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">863 ft (263 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">81,146</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,052.64/sq mi (1,564.74/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,064,725 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">29th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Parmesan, Parmanian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-5">UTC-5</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-4">UTC-4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Daylight Time">EDT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ZIP_Code" title="ZIP Code">ZIP Code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">44129, 44130, 44134</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_code_440" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 440">440</a> & <a href="/wiki/Area_code_216" title="Area code 216">216</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Information_Processing_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Information Processing Standard">FIPS</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US3961000">39-61000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">1049063<sup id="cite_ref-gnis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofparma-oh.gov">www<wbr />.cityofparma-oh<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Parma</b> is a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, located on the southern edge of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>. As of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 census</a>, its population was 81,146. Parma is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ohio" title="List of municipalities in Ohio">seventh largest city</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> in the state, and the second largest city in Cuyahoga County after Cleveland.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenbriar_(1806–1826)"><span id="Greenbriar_.281806.E2.80.931826.29"></span>Greenbriar (1806–1826)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Greenbriar (1806–1826)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1806, the area that would eventually become Parma and <a href="/wiki/Parma_Heights,_Ohio" title="Parma Heights, Ohio">Parma Heights</a> was originally surveyed by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Tappen" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Tappen">Abraham Tappan</a>, a surveyor for the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Land_Company" title="Connecticut Land Company">Connecticut Land Company</a>, and was known as Township 6 - Range 13. This designation gave the town its first identity in the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a>. Soon after, Township 6 - Range 13 was commonly referred to as "Greenbriar", supposedly for the rambling bush that grew there. Benajah Fay, his wife Ruth Wilcox Fay, and their ten children, arrivals from <a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York" title="Lewis County, New York">Lewis County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, were the first settlers in 1816. It was then that Greenbriar, under a newly organized government seat under <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Township,_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Brooklyn Township</a>, began attending to its own governmental needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubasek_1976_57_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubasek_1976_57-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parma_Township_(1826–1924)"><span id="Parma_Township_.281826.E2.80.931924.29"></span>Parma Township (1826–1924)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Parma Township (1826–1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-government started to gain in popularity by the time the new Greenbriar settlement contained twenty householders. However, prior to the establishment of the new township, the name Greenbriar was replaced by the name Parma. This was largely due to Dr. David Long who had recently returned from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and "impressed with the grandeur and beauty...was reminded of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, Italy and...persuaded the early townspeople that the territory deserved a better name than Greenbriar."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, on March 7, 1826, a resolution was passed ordering the construction of the new township. It stated, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the petition of sundry inhabitants for a new township to be organized and erected comprising No. 6 in the 13th Range. Ordered that said Township No. 6 in the 13th Range be set off and erected into a new Township by the name of Parma, to be bounded by the original lines of said Township.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubasek_1976_57_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubasek_1976_57-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillip_Henninger_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Phillip_Henninger_House.jpg/220px-Phillip_Henninger_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Phillip_Henninger_House.jpg/330px-Phillip_Henninger_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Phillip_Henninger_House.jpg/440px-Phillip_Henninger_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Phillip Henninger House, built in 1842, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the same day, a public notice was issued to qualified electors by the County Commissioners. They met at the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_House" title="Samuel Freeman House">Samuel Freeman House</a> on April 3, 1826, to elect township officers according to the law. It was then that the first eleven officers were elected to lead the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-Kubasek_1976_57_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kubasek_1976_57-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Parma Township remained largely agricultural. The first schoolhouse was a log structure built on the hill at the northern corner of what is now Parma Heights Cemetery. A memorial plate on a stone marks the spot. In 1827, the township was divided into road districts. The <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_176" title="Ohio State Route 176">Broadview Road</a> of today was then known as Town Line Road as well as Independence Road. Ridge Road was known then as Center Road as it cut through the center of town. York Road was then known as York Street as arrivals from the state of New York settled there. Pearl Road then had many names which included Medina Wooster Pike, Wooster Pike, the Cleveland Columbus Road, and the Brighton and Parma Plank Road.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyman_Stearns_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lyman_Stearns_Farm.jpg/220px-Lyman_Stearns_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lyman_Stearns_Farm.jpg/330px-Lyman_Stearns_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lyman_Stearns_Farm.jpg/440px-Lyman_Stearns_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Lyman Stearns Farm house, built 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>A stone house, built in 1849 and known as the Henninger House, was occupied by several generations of Henningers and is still standing today. The house rests on one of the higher points in Cuyahoga County, which provided visibility for the entire northeastern part of Parma Township. This was also the same site where the Erie Indians, centuries before, stood to read and send fire signals as well as pray to their spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1850, the US census listed Parma Township's population at 1,329.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rising population of the township had slowed over the decades. The Civil War affected Parma much as it did other towns and villages in the nation. Three out of four homes sent a father, sons, or sometimes both, to fight in the war. By 1910, the population of the township had increased to 1,631.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Parma_Heights,_Ohio" title="Parma Heights, Ohio">Parma Heights</a>, due to the temperance mood of the day, separated itself from the Parma Township after by a vote of 42 to 32 and was incorporated as a village comprising 4.13 square miles.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"A main reason for establishing the village of Parma Heights was to get a town marshal...There is one saloon in the territory...some pretty rough crowds Sundays have disturbed the quiet of the neighborhood...wanted it closed on Sundays. To do this they wished a town marshal. They couldn't have a town marshal without becoming a village, so they became one."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Village_of_Parma_(1924–1930)"><span id="The_Village_of_Parma_.281924.E2.80.931930.29"></span>The Village of Parma (1924–1930)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Village of Parma (1924–1930)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1920, the US census showed Parma Township had a population of just 2,345, but the following decade proved to be a time of significant growth and development for Parma. It was in the 1920s that Parma Township transformed from a farming community into a village. On December 15, 1924, Parma was incorporated as a village. </p><p>The largest and fastest growing development of that time was H. A. Stahl's Ridgewood Gardens development, which started in 1919, continued through the 1920s, and into the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A resident of <a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaker Heights">Shaker Heights</a>, Ohio's first <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden City</a>, H. A. Stahl developed Ridgewood as an ambitious "model village" project patterned along the lines of and rivaling the earlier Shaker Heights project with "churches, schools, motion picture theater, community house, and other features forming a part of all well-developed residence communities".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ridgewood was designed and marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden City</a> on 1,000 acres of land to accommodate about 40,000 residents "325 feet above Lake Erie, in the healthiest section of the South Side, free from the smoke of industries, or the congestion and noises of sections nearer the Public Square."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_City_of_Parma_(1931–present)"><span id="The_City_of_Parma_.281931.E2.80.93present.29"></span>The City of Parma (1931–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The City of Parma (1931–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 1, 1931, Parma became a city with a population of 13,899. Whereas the incorporation of the village of Parma was met with much optimism, the newly established city of Parma faced the uncertainty of the Great Depression which had almost entirely stopped its growth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Money was scarce, tax income was limited, and some began to talk of annexation of both the city and school district to Cleveland. Both annexation issues, however, were soundly defeated as Parma voters overwhelmingly voted against them and silenced proponents of annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not long after this, Parma was once again solvent due in large part to the newly created <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallagher_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallagher Act (page does not exist)">Gallagher Act</a>, a 1936 Ohio law that aided cities threatened with bankruptcy<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the determination of Parma's Auditor, Sam Nowlin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1941, a building boom appeared to be underway in Parma just as the United States was about to enter <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Parma once again began to experience tremendous growth as young families began moving from Cleveland into the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960, Parma's population soared from 28,897 to 82,845. By 1956, Parma was unchallenged as the fastest growing city in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population peaked in 1970 at 100,216.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_Of_Population_And_Housing_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_Of_Population_And_Housing-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Parma's population had declined to 81,601, though it remains one of the Cleveland area's top three destinations young adults (aged 22 to 34) are increasingly choosing as a place to live, along with Lakewood and downtown Cleveland<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2016 was recognized by Businessweek as one of the best places to raise kids in Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parma is southwest of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a>; it is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn, Ohio">Brooklyn</a> on the north, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn Heights, Ohio">Brooklyn Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Hills,_Ohio" title="Seven Hills, Ohio">Seven Hills</a> on the east, <a href="/wiki/North_Royalton,_Ohio" title="North Royalton, Ohio">North Royalton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadview_Heights,_Ohio" title="Broadview Heights, Ohio">Broadview Heights</a> on the south, and <a href="/wiki/Brook_Park,_Ohio" title="Brook Park, Ohio">Brook Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middleburg_Heights,_Ohio" title="Middleburg Heights, Ohio">Middleburg Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parma_Heights,_Ohio" title="Parma Heights, Ohio">Parma Heights</a> on the west. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, the city has a total area of 20.07 square miles (51.98 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 20.02 square miles (51.85 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 0.05 square miles (0.13 km<sup>2</sup>) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetteer_files_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two major changes and developments have recently occurred regarding two principal sites within the city: </p> <ol><li>The West Creek Preservation Agency has worked to preserve various historic and natural sites in the city, including the Henninger House and the West Creek Watershed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Henninger House, built in 1849 and the oldest standing home in Parma, is planned to be part of the proposed Quarry Creek Historic District.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrounding_communities">Surrounding communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surrounding communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parma is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn, Ohio">Brooklyn</a> on the north, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn Heights, Ohio">Brooklyn Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Hills,_Ohio" title="Seven Hills, Ohio">Seven Hills</a> on the east, <a href="/wiki/North_Royalton,_Ohio" title="North Royalton, Ohio">North Royalton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadview_Heights,_Ohio" title="Broadview Heights, Ohio">Broadview Heights</a> on the south, and <a href="/wiki/Brook_Park,_Ohio" title="Brook Park, Ohio">Brook Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middleburg_Heights,_Ohio" title="Middleburg Heights, Ohio">Middleburg Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parma_Heights,_Ohio" title="Parma Heights, Ohio">Parma Heights</a> on the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="sr-only">Note</span></th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>13,899</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>16,365</td><td></td><td>17.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>28,897</td><td></td><td>76.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>82,845</td><td></td><td>186.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>100,216</td><td></td><td>21.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>92,548</td><td></td><td>−7.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>87,876</td><td></td><td>−5.0%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>85,655</td><td></td><td>−2.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>81,601</td><td></td><td>−4.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>81,146</td><td></td><td>−0.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote" style="text-align: center">U.S. Decennial Census<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020_census">2020 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, Parma had a population of 81,146. Of which, 82.3% were non-Hispanic White, 6.8% were Hispanic/Latino, 4.0% were non-Hispanic Black, 2.5% were Asian, 4.4% were mixed or other.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Parma, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition</b><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.</i></span></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race / Ethnicity <small>(<i>NH = Non-Hispanic</i>)</small> </th> <th>Pop 2000<sup id="cite_ref-2000CensusP004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000CensusP004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pop 2010<sup id="cite_ref-2010CensusP2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010CensusP2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Pop 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2020CensusP2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CensusP2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% 2000 </th> <th>% 2010 </th> <th style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">% 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino whites">White</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>81,102 </td> <td>74,186 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">66,785 </td> <td>94.68% </td> <td>90.91% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">82.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_or_Latino_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans">Black or African American</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>901 </td> <td>1,797 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3,271 </td> <td>1.05% </td> <td>2.20% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">4.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Native">Alaska Native</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>110 </td> <td>121 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">140 </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>1,346 </td> <td>1,497 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2,027 </td> <td>1.57% </td> <td>1.83% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">2.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>13 </td> <td>11 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">8 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Some Other Race</a> alone (NH) </td> <td>50 </td> <td>54 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">257 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">0.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Mixed Race or Multi-Racial</a> (NH) </td> <td>810 </td> <td>1,020 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3,094 </td> <td>0.95% </td> <td>1.25% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">3.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (any race) </td> <td>1,323 </td> <td>2,915 </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">5,564 </td> <td>1.54% </td> <td>3.57% </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;">6.86% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>85,655</b> </td> <td><b>81,601</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>81,146</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td><b>100.00%</b> </td> <td style="background: #ffffe6;"><b>100.00%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_census">2010 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2010 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States Census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were 81,601 people, 34,489 households, and 21,646 families residing in the city. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> was 4,076.0 inhabitants per square mile (1,573.8/km<sup>2</sup>). There were 36,608 housing units at an average density of 1,828.6 per square mile (706.0/km<sup>2</sup>). The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% <a href="/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</a>, 2.3% <a href="/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</a>, 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</a>, 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</a>, 1.0% from <a href="/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">other races</a>, and 1.6% from two or more races. <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</a> of any race were 3.6% of the population. According to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22.5% were of <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a> ancestry, 17.6% <a href="/wiki/Polish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish American">Polish</a>, 14.8% <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a>, 13.8% <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a>, 7.4% <a href="/wiki/Slovak_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak American">Slovak</a>, 6.7% <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a>, 5.3% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian American">Ukrainian</a>, 2.6% <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French</a>, 2.2% <a href="/wiki/Serbian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian American">Serbian</a>, 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Czech_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech American">Czech</a>, 1.4% <a href="/wiki/Arab_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab American">Arab</a>, and 1.2% of <a href="/wiki/Croatian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian American">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian American">Lithuanian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Russian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian American">Russian</a> ancestries. In regard to languages spoken, 87.03% spoke <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="English language in the United States">English</a>, 2.26% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, 1.68% <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, 1.27% <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">Spanish</a>, 1.24% <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German</a>, and 1.18% <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian</a> as their first language.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were 34,489 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</a> living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95. </p><p>The median age in the city was 41.5 years. 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Income">Income</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Income"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The median income for a household in the city was $50,198, the median income for a family was $60,696 and the mean income for a family was $68,828. The <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</a> for the city was $25,064. The poverty rate in the city was 10.2%. This was low in comparison to other large Ohio cities as well as the state's individual poverty rate of 15.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, Parma ranked as the third safest city in the United States with a population of 25,000 or more by Neighborhood Scout.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Parma had a crime index of 90 meaning it was safer than 90% of cities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the population boom between 1950 and 1980, Parma's commercial sector grew to match its residential sector. Since the 1950s, Parma has fostered the growth of many small businesses and been an operating hub for companies including <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cox_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Cox Cable">Cox Cable</a>, and formerly, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Carbide" title="Union Carbide">Union Carbide</a> Research Center.<sup id="cite_ref-eoc_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoc-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shopping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parmatown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Parmatown.jpg/220px-Parmatown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Parmatown.jpg/330px-Parmatown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Parmatown.jpg/440px-Parmatown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Shoppes_at_Parma" title="The Shoppes at Parma">The Shoppes at Parma</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Shoppes_at_Parma">The Shoppes at Parma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Shoppes at Parma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Shoppes_at_Parma" title="The Shoppes at Parma">The Shoppes at Parma</a>, formerly Parmatown Mall, is a commercial shopping district that totals approximately 800,000 square feet. It is located approximately 3 miles south of Cleveland's southern border at the southwest corner of Ridge Road and West Ridgewood Drive in central Cuyahoga County. It is anchored by <a href="/wiki/JCPenney" title="JCPenney">J.C. Penney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick%27s_Sporting_Goods" title="Dick's Sporting Goods">Dick's Sporting Goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc%27s" title="Marc's">Marc's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a>. The mall opened as a shopping plaza in 1956 and was enclosed in the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, it is owned and managed by Phillip's Edison & Co. and is undergoing extensive redevelopment at an expected cost of more than $70 million.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Redevelopment will transform the commercial center into a pedestrian-friendly community-oriented mall and will include attractive landscaping, new lighting, creation of two tree-lined boulevards, repaving of the parking lots, changing the entire facade of the outdoor shopping strip and medical offices, demolition of the current Macy's and Dick's Sporting Goods buildings, creating a new point of entry to J.C. Penney from West Ridgewood Drive, the construction of six new outbuildings, and the separation of Walmart from the rest of the mall.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, it was announced that a 15-member "Parma Mayor's Town Center Task Force"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will be formed to develop a plan for a town center based around the Ridge Road-West Ridgewood Drive intersection that features the Shoppes at Parma, Parma Branch library, University Hospitals Parma Medical Center and City Hall. It will be made up of representatives from various organizations including the Cuyahoga County Public Library, Parma Area Chamber of Commerce, Parma schools and the Cleveland Metroparks' West Creek Reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukrainian_Village">Ukrainian Village</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ukrainian Village"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ukrainian Village commercial district is located along State Road between Tuxedo Avenue and Grantwood Drive. This district was designated Ukrainian Village in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This commercial district features a large number of small, family-owned businesses and medical offices, features one of the most "walkable" neighborhoods in Parma,<sup id="cite_ref-walkscore.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkscore.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and boasts a traffic count of more than 40,000 vehicles each day at the intersection of State and Snow Roads.<sup id="cite_ref-noaca.org_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaca.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area also hosts the Ukrainian Independence Day parade (August).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Parma formed a sister-city relationship with <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv, Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is home to Ohio's largest Ukrainian community, the majority of whom are foreign born, with more than twice the number of any other city.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parma is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Josaphat_in_Parma" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Josaphat in Parma">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Josaphat</a>, which was established by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in 1983. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish_Village">Polish Village</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Polish Village"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polish Village commercial district is located along Ridge Road between Pearl Road and Thornton Avenue. This district was designated Polish Village on May 1, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This commercial district features a large number of small, family-owned businesses and medical offices,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> features one of the most walkable neighborhoods in Parma,<sup id="cite_ref-walkscore.com_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkscore.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and boasts a traffic count of more than 40,000 vehicles each day at the intersection of Ridge and Snow Roads.<sup id="cite_ref-noaca.org_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noaca.org-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area also hosts the Polish Constitution Day parade (May), St. Charles Carnival parade (July), Independence Day parade (July), and Christmas parade (December).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_schools">Public schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_HS_8-7-22(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Normandy_HS_8-7-22%283%29.jpg/220px-Normandy_HS_8-7-22%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Normandy_HS_8-7-22%283%29.jpg/330px-Normandy_HS_8-7-22%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Normandy_HS_8-7-22%283%29.jpg/440px-Normandy_HS_8-7-22%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="2139" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Normandy_High_School_(Ohio)" title="Normandy High School (Ohio)">Normandy High School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Parma_City_School_District" title="Parma City School District">Parma City School District</a> serves Parma, <a href="/wiki/Parma_Heights,_Ohio" title="Parma Heights, Ohio">Parma Heights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Hills,_Ohio" title="Seven Hills, Ohio">Seven Hills</a>. The District's sports stadium is Byers Field. All three high schools play golf at Ridgewood for their home course. The rivalry that exists between these schools is well documented.<sup id="cite_ref-article_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-article-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elementary_schools">Elementary schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Elementary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dentzler Elementary School</li> <li>Green Valley Elementary School</li> <li>John Muir Elementary School</li> <li>Pleasant Valley Elementary School</li> <li>Ridge-Brook Elementary School</li> <li>Thoreau Park Elementary School</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_schools">Middle schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Middle schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Greenbriar Middle School</li> <li>Shiloh Middle School</li> <li>Hillside Middle School</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_Schools">High Schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: High Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_High_School_(Ohio)" title="Normandy High School (Ohio)">Normandy High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_High_School" title="Valley Forge High School">Valley Forge High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma_Senior_High_School" title="Parma Senior High School">Parma Senior High School</a> (1953-2023)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charter_schools">Charter schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Charter schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constellation Schools: Parma Community public charter schools: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elementary_schools_2">Elementary schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Elementary schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Parma Community Elementary<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_schools_2">Middle schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Middle schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Parma Community Middle<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_schools_2">High schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: High schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Parma Community High<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_schools">Private schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Private schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elementary/middle_schools"><span id="Elementary.2Fmiddle_schools"></span>Elementary/middle schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Elementary/middle schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Al Ihsan School Elementary (K-5)</li> <li>Bethany Lutheran School (PK-8)</li> <li>Bethel Christian Academy (PK-8)</li> <li>Holy Family School (PK-8)</li> <li>St. Anthony of Padua Elementary School (K-8)</li> <li>St. Bridget School (PK-8)</li> <li>St. Charles Borromeo Parish School (PK-8)</li> <li>St. Columbkille Parish School (PK-8)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_schools_3">High schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: High schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padua_Franciscan_High_School" title="Padua Franciscan High School">Padua Franciscan</a> (9–12)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges">Colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Colleges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bryant & Stratton College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Community_College" title="Cuyahoga Community College">Cuyahoga Community College</a> Western Campus</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parma's major north–south roads, in order from west to east, are: </p> <ul><li>West 130th Street, which forms part of the western border of Parma,</li> <li>Chevrolet Boulevard/Stumph Road/York Road,</li> <li>Ridge Road (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_3" title="Ohio State Route 3">State Route 3</a>),</li> <li>West 54th Street</li> <li>State Road (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_94" title="Ohio State Route 94">State Route 94</a>),</li> <li>Broadview Road (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_176" title="Ohio State Route 176">State Route 176</a>), which forms part of the eastern boundary of Parma. The State Route 176 designation continues northward via the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_176" title="Ohio State Route 176">Jennings Freeway</a>, connecting Parma to downtown Cleveland.</li></ul> <p>Its major east–west roads, in order from north to south, are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_480_(Ohio)" title="Interstate 480 (Ohio)">I-480</a>, running just north of Parma's northern border,</li> <li>Brookpark Road (<a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_17" title="Ohio State Route 17">State Route 17</a>), forming Parma's northern border with Cleveland,</li> <li>Snow Road,</li> <li>West Ridgewood Drive,</li> <li>West Pleasant Valley Road, and</li> <li>Sprague Road, which forms the southern border of Parma.</li></ul> <p>Also, Pearl Road (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_42" title="U.S. Route 42">U.S. Route 42</a>) runs from southwest to northeast through northern Parma for less than two miles (3 km). </p><p>The speed limit is 35 mph on most major thoroughfares in Parma. The exception is in business zones which have 25 mph speed limit. </p><p>Public transportation in Parma includes bus routes operated by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority">Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority</a>, which serves the city of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Balas" title="Bill Balas">Bill Balas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">director</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wallace_Baldock" title="Jeremiah Wallace Baldock">Jeremiah Wallace Baldock</a>, Wisconsin State Assemblyman <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bierut" title="Michael Bierut">Michael Bierut</a>, graphic designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Boiardi" title="Ettore Boiardi">Hector Boiardi</a>, better known as <a href="/wiki/Chef_Boyardee" title="Chef Boyardee">Chef Boyardee</a>, died in Parma in 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shya_Chitaley" title="Shya Chitaley">Shya Chitaley</a>, Curator of <a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">paleobotany</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Cozza" title="Carmen Cozza">Carmen Cozza</a>, football coach at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_DeGeeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy DeGeeter">Timothy DeGeeter</a>, state representative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Fritsche" title="Dan Fritsche">Dan Fritsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a> player, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Wild" title="Minnesota Wild">Minnesota Wild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Blue_Jackets" title="Columbus Blue Jackets">Columbus Blue Jackets</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Rangers" title="New York Rangers">New York Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Gliebe" title="Erich Gliebe">Erich Gliebe</a>, CEO of the white supremacist National Alliance, also professional boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Good" title="Michael T. Good">Michael T. Good</a>, NASA astronaut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Holzinger" title="Brian Holzinger">Brian Holzinger</a>, NHL, Buffalo Sabres</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hoye" title="James Hoye">James Hoye</a>, umpire in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Huberty" title="Dan Huberty">Dan Huberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">Texas House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Jarvis_(actor)" title="Scott Jarvis (actor)">Scott Jarvis</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kowalski" title="William Kowalski">William Kowalski</a>, author and educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Levine" title="Ted Levine">Ted Levine</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">James A. Lovell</a>, NASA Astronaut (<a href="/wiki/Gemini_7" title="Gemini 7">Gemini 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_12" title="Gemini 12">Gemini 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> missions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biagio_Messina" title="Biagio Messina">Biagio Messina</a>, television producer, filmmaker, and actor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mizanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Mizanin">Mike Mizanin</a>, actor and professional wrestler known under the ring name <b>The Miz</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Nageotte" title="Clint Nageotte">Clint Nageotte</a>, professional baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Nedeljkovic" title="Alex Nedeljkovic">Alex Nedeljkovic</a>, goaltender for the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins%E2%80%93New_York_Islanders_brawl" title="Pittsburgh Penguins–New York Islanders brawl">Pittsburgh Penguins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom E. Olds</a>, automotive pioneer<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Orr" title="Benjamin Orr">Benjamin Orr</a> (Orzechowski), best known as co-lead singer and bassist for <a href="/wiki/The_Cars" title="The Cars">The Cars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Poling" title="Kermit Poling">Kermit Poling</a>, conductor, violinist and composer; music director of the South Arkansas Symphony; concertmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Shreveport_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Shreveport Symphony Orchestra">Shreveport Symphony Orchestra</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Romano" title="Frank Romano">Frank Romano</a>, guitarist, songwriter and record producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Ruck" title="Alan Ruck">Alan Ruck</a>, actor (<i>Ferris Bueller's Day Off</i>, <i>Spin City</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moon_Over_Parma">Moon Over Parma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Moon Over Parma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1980s, Bob McGuire penned a song entitled "Moon Over Parma", about an eccentric courtship that traverses the various suburbs of Cleveland. The song first received wide exposure on <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Chuck_and_Lil%27_John" title="Big Chuck and Lil' John">Big Chuck and Lil' John</a></i> during its "New Talent Time" segment. Though McGuire was given the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_crook" title="Shepherd's crook">shepherd's crook</a>, McGuire's song was offered for free, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>, to those who wrote to the show requesting a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Drew_Carey_Show" title="The Drew Carey Show">The Drew Carey Show</a></i>’s opening credits of its first season consisted of a caricature of <a href="/wiki/Drew_Carey" title="Drew Carey">Drew Carey</a> — consisting of his face and a yellow tie — singing "Moon Over Parma" with an abridgment and some minor lyrical changes.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parma_Place">Parma Place</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Parma Place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally, during the 1960s and 1970s, Parma was the target of light-hearted jabs by local movie show hosts <a href="/wiki/Ghoulardi" title="Ghoulardi">Ghoulardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_%22Hoolihan%22_Wells" title="Bob "Hoolihan" Wells">Hoolihan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Chuck_and_Little_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Chuck and Little John">Big Chuck and Lil’ John</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Sweed" title="Ron Sweed">The Ghoul</a>, due to its central European image promoted by the friendly rivalry between Ernie "Ghoulardi" Anderson and "Big Chuck" Schodowski and contrary to actual demographics. Ghoulardi, the horror host of late night Shock Theater at WJW-TV, Channel 8, in Cleveland from January 13, 1963, through December 16, 1966, made a series of shorts called "Parma Place" and focused on an alleged love of white socks, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_flamingo" title="Plastic flamingo">pink flamingos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yard_globe" title="Yard globe">chrome balls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kielbasa" title="Kielbasa">kielbasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">pierogi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novak_v._City_of_Parma">Novak v. City of Parma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Novak v. City of Parma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Novak_v._City_of_Parma" title="Novak v. City of Parma"><i>Novak v. City of Parma</i></a></div> <p>In March 2016, Anthony Novak, a resident of Parma, created a parody Facebook page superficially resembling the local police department's official page, with outlandish, satirical posts easily distinguished from actual police public-affairs content.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the page being voluntarily removed after 12 hours, the Parma Police subsequently obtained warrants and raided Novak's apartment in the middle of the night three weeks later, seizing electronic devices belonging Novak and his roommate, and arresting and jailing Novak for four days until he could make bail. Novak was charged with felony disruption of police operations, but was acquitted at trial; a subsequent lawsuit against the police for civil rights violations was rebuffed by the Sixth Circuit, citing qualified immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novak's appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court garnered legal briefs from the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, but gained notoriety because of a supporting brief filed by satirical website <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TigerWebMapServer-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TigerWebMapServer_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer">"ArcGIS REST Services Directory"</a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+REST+Services+Directory&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftigerweb.geo.census.gov%2Farcgis%2Frest%2Fservices%2FTIGERweb%2FPlaces_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD%2FMapServer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1049063">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Parma, Ohio</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kubasek_1976_57-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kubasek_1976_57_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubasek_1976_57_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kubasek_1976_57_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parma&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Ernest+R+Kubasek+and+Bernard+Survoy&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kubasek&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parma&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Ernest+R+Kubasek+and+Bernard+Survoy&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kubasek&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parma&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Ernest+R+Kubasek+and+Bernard+Survoy&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kubasek&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parma&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Ernest+R+Kubasek+and+Bernard+Survoy&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kubasek&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parma&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Ernest+R+Kubasek+and+Bernard+Survoy&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kubasek&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parma&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Ernest+R+Kubasek+and+Bernard+Survoy&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kubasek&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Parma&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Ernest+R+Kubasek+and+Bernard+Survoy&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Kubasek&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive?p_theme=ahnpdoc&p_action=doc&p_product=EANX&p_nbid=T5FU60KTMTM4Njc4MDMyNS4zNzM1OTg6MToxMzoyMDUuMjI3LjkwLjI2&f_docref=image/v2:122AFBBA107AC9E4@EANX-125DD8E494D00D3D@2419232-125AE1D100DD4ADA@7-138DBC91D9DA6A16@Black%20Eye%20Wins%20As%20Vote%20Getter%20Beating%20by%20Rowdies%20Carries%20Election%20and%20Carves%20Out%20New&p_docref=image/v2:122AFBBA107AC9E4@EANX-125DD8E494D00D3D@2419232-125AE1D100DD4ADA@7-138DBC91D9DA6A16@Black%20Eye%20Wins%20As%20Vote%20Getter%20Beating%20by%20Rowdies%20Carries%20Election%20and%20Carves%20Out%20New&p_docnum=-1">"Black Eye Wins as Vote Getter"</a>. <i>Plain Dealer</i>. July 14, 1911<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Black+Eye+Wins+as+Vote+Getter&rft.date=1911-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com%2Fiw-search%2Fwe%2FHistArchive%3Fp_theme%3Dahnpdoc%26p_action%3Ddoc%26p_product%3DEANX%26p_nbid%3DT5FU60KTMTM4Njc4MDMyNS4zNzM1OTg6MToxMzoyMDUuMjI3LjkwLjI2%26f_docref%3Dimage%2Fv2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40EANX-125DD8E494D00D3D%402419232-125AE1D100DD4ADA%407-138DBC91D9DA6A16%40Black%2520Eye%2520Wins%2520As%2520Vote%2520Getter%2520Beating%2520by%2520Rowdies%2520Carries%2520Election%2520and%2520Carves%2520Out%2520New%26p_docref%3Dimage%2Fv2%3A122AFBBA107AC9E4%40EANX-125DD8E494D00D3D%402419232-125AE1D100DD4ADA%407-138DBC91D9DA6A16%40Black%2520Eye%2520Wins%2520As%2520Vote%2520Getter%2520Beating%2520by%2520Rowdies%2520Carries%2520Election%2520and%2520Carves%2520Out%2520New%26p_docnum%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"From Green Fields to City Streets". <i>Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>. September 2, 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=From+Green+Fields+to+City+Streets&rft.date=1926-09-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Real Estate Has Made Many Rich in City". <i>Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>. April 13, 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Real+Estate+Has+Made+Many+Rich+in+City&rft.date=1919-04-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Thousand Acres In Latest Plot". <i>Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>. April 30, 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Thousand+Acres+In+Latest+Plot&rft.date=1921-04-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ridgewood - The New Home Community". <i>Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>. July 4, 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Ridgewood+-+The+New+Home+Community&rft.date=1920-07-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ridgewood - The New Home Community". <i>Cleveland Plain Dealer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Cleveland+History&rft.atitle=Kuth%2C+Byron+D.&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Fech%2Farticles%2Fk%2Fkuth-byron-d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasek1976" class="citation book cs1">Kubasek, Ernest (1976). <i>The History of Parma</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3AEANX&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=1276A08771D9F94B&svc_dat=HistArchive%3Aahnpdoc&req_dat=0FDEC62F6DF22455">the original</a> on November 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.date=1956-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fopenurl%3Fctx_ver%3Dz39.88-2004%26rft_id%3Dinfo%253Asid%252Fiw.newsbank.com%253AEANX%26rft_val_format%3Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx%26rft_dat%3D1276A08771D9F94B%26svc_dat%3DHistArchive%253Aahnpdoc%26req_dat%3D0FDEC62F6DF22455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_Of_Population_And_Housing-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_Of_Population_And_Housing_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census Of Population And Housing"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Of+Population+And+Housing&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Robert L. (January 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2013/01/clevelands_urban_scene_gets_a.html">"Cleveland's urban scene gets a boost from young adults moving in"</a>. <i>The Plain Dealer</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span> – via cleveland.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Cleveland%27s+urban+scene+gets+a+boost+from+young+adults+moving+in&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fbusiness%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F01%2Fclevelands_urban_scene_gets_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/businessweek">"Businessweek - Bloomberg"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Gazetteer+files+2010&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fwww%2Fgazetteer%2Ffiles%2FGaz_places_national.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westcreek.org/">Welcome to West Creek!</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013301/http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=11500&folder_id=251">"Historic Henninger House Saved (OH)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=11500&folder_id=251">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Henninger+House+Saved+%28OH%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpl.org%2Ftier3_cd.cfm%3Fcontent_item_id%3D11500%26folder_id%3D251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Census_Bureau" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.au=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Parma%20city,%20ohio&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2">"Explore Census Data"</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3961000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2">"P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Parma city, Ohio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=P2+Hispanic+or+Latino%2C+and+Not+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Race+%E2%80%93+2020%3A+DEC+Redistricting+Data+%28PL+94-171%29+%E2%80%93+Parma+city%2C+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3Dp2%26g%3D160XX00US3961000%26tid%3DDECENNIALPL2020.P2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwwcensusgov-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwwcensusgov_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+outbuildings+are+part+of+plan+to+redevelop+Parmatown+Mall&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F01%2Fsix_outbuildings_are_part_of_p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cityofparma-oh.gov/en-US/011314-Mayors-Town-Center-Task-Force-formed.aspx">"The City of Parma"</a>. <i>cityofparma-oh.gov</i>. January 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cityofparma-oh.gov&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Parma&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcityofparma-oh.gov%2Fen-US%2F011314-Mayors-Town-Center-Task-Force-formed.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2014" class="citation news cs1">Byrne, Brian (January 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2014/01/parma_mayor_tim_degeeter_annou.html">"Parma Mayor Tim DeGeeter announces task force to create plan for town center"</a>. <i>Parma Sun News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parma+Sun+News&rft.atitle=Parma+Mayor+Tim+DeGeeter+announces+task+force+to+create+plan+for+town+center&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2014%2F01%2Fparma_mayor_tim_degeeter_annou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/UkrainianVillage/info/">"Ukrainian Village In Parma Ohio - About - Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Village+In+Parma+Ohio+-+About+-+Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FUkrainianVillage%2Finfo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walkscore.com-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walkscore.com_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walkscore.com_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkscore.com/">"Find Apartments for Rent and Rentals - Get Your Walk Score"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Find+Apartments+for+Rent+and+Rentals+-+Get+Your+Walk+Score&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walkscore.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-noaca.org-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noaca.org_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-noaca.org_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noaca.org/index.aspx?page=61">"Northeast Ohio Areawide Coordinating Agency (NOACA) : Traffic Counts"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northeast+Ohio+Areawide+Coordinating+Agency+%28NOACA%29+%3A+Traffic+Counts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noaca.org%2Findex.aspx%3Fpage%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/08/parmas_ukrainian_village_will.html">"Parma's Ukrainian Village will commemorate Ukrainian Independence Day with parade, festival on Saturday"</a>. August 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parma%27s+Ukrainian+Village+will+commemorate+Ukrainian+Independence+Day+with+parade%2C+festival+on+Saturday&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F08%2Fparmas_ukrainian_village_will.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandrick2013" class="citation web cs1">Sandrick, Bob (July 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/07/parma_forms_sister-city_relati.html">"Parma forms sister-city relationship with Lviv in Ukraine"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parma+forms+sister-city+relationship+with+Lviv+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2013-07-16&rft.aulast=Sandrick&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F07%2Fparma_forms_sister-city_relati.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExner2014" class="citation web cs1">Exner, Rich (March 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2014/03/parma_is_home_to_ohios_largest.html">"Parma is home to Ohio's largest Ukrainian community"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parma+is+home+to+Ohio%27s+largest+Ukrainian+community&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft.aulast=Exner&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fdatacentral%2Findex.ssf%2F2014%2F03%2Fparma_is_home_to_ohios_largest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/PolishVillage/info">"Polish Village In Parma Ohio - About - Facebook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Polish+Village+In+Parma+Ohio+-+About+-+Facebook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FPolishVillage%2Finfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishvillageparma.com/business-directory/">"Polish Village Business Directory - Polish Village In Parma Ohio"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+Village+Business+Directory+-+Polish+Village+In+Parma+Ohio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishvillageparma.com%2Fbusiness-directory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.cleveland.com/pdmultimedia/2013/05/slideshow_parma_shines_in_sunn.html">"Slideshow: Parma shines in sunny 65th annual Polish Constitution Day parade"</a>. May 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slideshow%3A+Parma+shines+in+sunny+65th+annual+Polish+Constitution+Day+parade&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.cleveland.com%2Fpdmultimedia%2F2013%2F05%2Fslideshow_parma_shines_in_sunn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/06/st_charles_in_parma_prepares_f.html">"St. Charles in Parma prepares for its annual parade and carnival"</a>. June 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Charles+in+Parma+prepares+for+its+annual+parade+and+carnival&rft.date=2013-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F06%2Fst_charles_in_parma_prepares_f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/07/fourth-of-july_parade_on_ridge.html">"Fourth-of-July parade on Ridge Road in Parma draws huge crowd: GALLERY"</a>. July 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fourth-of-July+parade+on+Ridge+Road+in+Parma+draws+huge+crowd%3A+GALLERY&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F07%2Ffourth-of-july_parade_on_ridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2012/12/parma_has_annual_christmas_par.html">"Parma has annual Christmas parade"</a>. December 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parma+has+annual+Christmas+parade&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fparma%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F12%2Fparma_has_annual_christmas_par.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-article-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-article_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parmacityschools.org/imagesonline/02062006.cfm#DistrictNews"><i>Even though rivalry may exist on the field of sports, the Spanish pen pals found connections to begin new friendships</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928230342/http://www.parmacityschools.org/imagesonline/02062006.cfm#DistrictNews">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gridirongazette.net/East_West.htm"><i>"On the field, you think that the guys from Valley Forge and Parma are bad guys because they're playing you tough trying to get the win" said recent Normandy graduate Dan Ebinger, who will play defensive end. "But, after you meet with them, you realize that they're all actually pretty nice guys. It's pretty nice getting to know them as people instead of just judging them by how they played against you."</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094524/http://gridirongazette.net/East_West.htm">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118172422/http://invaderfootball.com/history/2004season/vf/">"Normandy vs. Valley Forge -- September 3rd, 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invaderfootball.com/history/2004season/vf/">the original</a> on November 18, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Normandy was upsetted [<i>sic</i>] last week against Parma. Over the years, a second rivalry has formed between Valley Forge & Normandy, the battle of Parma, a battle that would determine the better team</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normandy+vs.+Valley+Forge+--+September+3rd%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvaderfootball.com%2Fhistory%2F2004season%2Fvf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosich2022" class="citation news cs1">Kosich, John (June 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/oh-cuyahoga/parma-senior-high-school-and-2-elementary-schools-closing-at-end-of-2022-23-school-year">"Parma Senior High School and 2 elementary schools closing at end of 2022-23 school year"</a>. <i>News 5 Cleveland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+5+Cleveland&rft.atitle=Parma+Senior+High+School+and+2+elementary+schools+closing+at+end+of+2022-23+school+year&rft.date=2022-06-10&rft.aulast=Kosich&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news5cleveland.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Foh-cuyahoga%2Fparma-senior-high-school-and-2-elementary-schools-closing-at-end-of-2022-23-school-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015212647/http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=18">"Constellation Schools.Parma Community Elementary Front Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=18">the original</a> on October 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constellation+Schools.Parma+Community+Elementary+Front+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constellationschools.com%2FEZ_Dept_Menu.aspx%3Fd%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015212652/http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=19">"Constellation Schools.Parma Community Middle Front Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=19">the original</a> on October 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constellation+Schools.Parma+Community+Middle+Front+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constellationschools.com%2FEZ_Dept_Menu.aspx%3Fd%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015212507/http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=20">"Constellation Schools.Parma Community High Front Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=20">the original</a> on October 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constellation+Schools.Parma+Community+High+Front+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constellationschools.com%2FEZ_Dept_Menu.aspx%3Fd%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riderta.com/pdf/maps/System_Map_Main.pdf">"RTA 2010-2011 System Map"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RTA+2010-2011+System+Map&rft.pub=Greater+Cleveland+Regional+Transit+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riderta.com%2Fpdf%2Fmaps%2FSystem_Map_Main.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Wisconsin Blue Book 1899,' Biographical Sketch of Jeremiah Wallace Baldock, pg. 764</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~dano/robtolds_desc.pdf#search=%22ransom%20olds%20parma%22">"Robert Olds of Windsor and Suffield, CT and his descendants"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Olds+of+Windsor+and+Suffield%2C+CT+and+his+descendants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com%2F~dano%2Frobtolds_desc.pdf%23search%3D%2522ransom%2520olds%2520parma%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.cleveland.com/parmasunpost/2010/12/radio_stations_top_10_classica.html">Radio station's top 10 classical pick for December is like music to this Parma mom's ears: Rick Haase</a>. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8bVqPWKyd8">"Moon Over Parma - Bob McGuire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/h8bVqPWKyd8">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Moon+Over+Parma+-+Bob+McGuire&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dh8bVqPWKyd8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskayem22011" class="citation web cs1">Eskayem2 (May 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV2NX1kabEg">"Moon Over Parma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZV2NX1kabEg">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2016</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moon+Over+Parma&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.au=Eskayem2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZV2NX1kabEg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeranR.D._Heldenfels1997" class="citation book cs1">Feran, Tom; R.D. Heldenfels (1997). <i>Ghoulardi: inside Cleveland TV's wildest ride</i>. Gray & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886228-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-886228-18-3"><bdi>1-886228-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghoulardi%3A+inside+Cleveland+TV%27s+wildest+ride&rft.pub=Gray+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-886228-18-3&rft.aulast=Feran&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=R.D.+Heldenfels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEidelmanShapiroBerry" class="citation web cs1">Eidelman, Vera; Shapiro, Ilya; Berry, Thomas A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/legal-briefs/novak-v-city-parma">"<i>Novak v. City of Parma</i>"</a>. <i>Cato Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cato+Institute&rft.atitle=Novak+v.+City+of+Parma&rft.aulast=Eidelman&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Ilya&rft.au=Berry%2C+Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Flegal-briefs%2Fnovak-v-city-parma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimer2022" class="citation web cs1">Wimer, Andrew (September 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ij.org/press-release/new-supreme-court-appeal-asks-can-police-arrest-and-prosecute-you-for-making-fun-of-them/">"New Supreme Court Appeal Asks: "Can Police Arrest and Prosecute You for Making Fun of Them?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ij.org</i>. Institute for Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ij.org&rft.atitle=New+Supreme+Court+Appeal+Asks%3A+%22Can+Police+Arrest+and+Prosecute+You+for+Making+Fun+of+Them%3F%22&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft.aulast=Wimer&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fij.org%2Fpress-release%2Fnew-supreme-court-appeal-asks-can-police-arrest-and-prosecute-you-for-making-fun-of-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126699814/the-onion-supreme-courts-parody-law-enforcement-anthony-novak-parma">"The Onion advises the Supreme Court's 'total Latin dorks' on parody"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Onion+advises+the+Supreme+Court%27s+%27total+Latin+dorks%27+on+parody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F10%2F04%2F1126699814%2Fthe-onion-supreme-courts-parody-law-enforcement-anthony-novak-parma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParma%2C+Ohio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parma,_Ohio&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Template:Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Template talk:Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio"><span class="region">Cuyahoga County, Ohio</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland"><span>Cleveland</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City_(Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Ohio)">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Village,_Ohio" title="Bay Village, Ohio">Bay Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachwood,_Ohio" title="Beachwood, Ohio">Beachwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford,_Ohio" title="Bedford, Ohio">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Heights,_Ohio" title="Bedford Heights, Ohio">Bedford Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berea,_Ohio" title="Berea, Ohio">Berea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecksville,_Ohio" title="Brecksville, Ohio">Brecksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadview_Heights,_Ohio" title="Broadview Heights, Ohio">Broadview Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Park,_Ohio" title="Brook Park, Ohio">Brook Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn, Ohio">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cleveland Heights, Ohio">Cleveland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Cleveland,_Ohio" title="East Cleveland, Ohio">East Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview_Park,_Ohio" title="Fairview Park, Ohio">Fairview Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_Heights,_Ohio" title="Garfield Heights, Ohio">Garfield Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Heights,_Ohio" title="Highland Heights, Ohio">Highland Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Ohio" title="Independence, Ohio">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndhurst,_Ohio" title="Lyndhurst, Ohio">Lyndhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Heights,_Ohio" title="Maple Heights, Ohio">Maple Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Heights,_Ohio" title="Mayfield Heights, Ohio">Mayfield Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleburg_Heights,_Ohio" title="Middleburg Heights, Ohio">Middleburg Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Olmsted,_Ohio" title="North Olmsted, Ohio">North Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Royalton,_Ohio" title="North Royalton, Ohio">North Royalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Falls,_Ohio" title="Olmsted Falls, Ohio">Olmsted Falls</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parma_Heights,_Ohio" title="Parma Heights, Ohio">Parma Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Pike,_Ohio" title="Pepper Pike, Ohio">Pepper Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Heights,_Ohio" title="Richmond Heights, Ohio">Richmond Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_River,_Ohio" title="Rocky River, Ohio">Rocky River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Hills,_Ohio" title="Seven Hills, Ohio">Seven Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Heights,_Ohio" title="Shaker Heights, Ohio">Shaker Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon,_Ohio" title="Solon, Ohio">Solon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Euclid,_Ohio" title="South Euclid, Ohio">South Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongsville,_Ohio" title="Strongsville, Ohio">Strongsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Heights,_Ohio" title="University Heights, Ohio">University Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrensville_Heights,_Ohio" title="Warrensville Heights, Ohio">Warrensville Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westlake,_Ohio" title="Westlake, Ohio">Westlake</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/120px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg/160px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Cuyahoga_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1141" /></span><figcaption>Map of Ohio highlighting Cuyahoga County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Village_(Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Village (Ohio)">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentleyville,_Ohio" title="Bentleyville, Ohio">Bentleyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratenahl,_Ohio" title="Bratenahl, Ohio">Bratenahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights,_Ohio" title="Brooklyn Heights, Ohio">Brooklyn Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagrin_Falls,_Ohio" title="Chagrin Falls, Ohio">Chagrin Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Heights, Ohio">Cuyahoga Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_Mills,_Ohio" title="Gates Mills, Ohio">Gates Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwillow,_Ohio" title="Glenwillow, Ohio">Glenwillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Highland Hills, Ohio">Highland Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Valley,_Ohio" title="Hunting Valley, Ohio">Hunting Valley</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linndale,_Ohio" title="Linndale, Ohio">Linndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield,_Ohio" title="Mayfield, Ohio">Mayfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Moreland Hills, Ohio">Moreland Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Heights,_Ohio" title="Newburgh Heights, Ohio">Newburgh Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Randall,_Ohio" title="North Randall, Ohio">North Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakwood,_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Oakwood, Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Oakwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_Ohio" title="Orange, Ohio">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_View,_Ohio" title="Valley View, Ohio">Valley View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton_Hills,_Ohio" title="Walton Hills, Ohio">Walton Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodmere,_Ohio" title="Woodmere, Ohio">Woodmere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Townships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagrin_Falls_Township,_Ohio" title="Chagrin Falls Township, Ohio">Chagrin Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmsted_Township,_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Olmsted Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Olmsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defunct_townships_of_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Defunct townships of Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Paper townships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Ohio (state)"><span>Ohio portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ohio" title="Template:Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ohio" title="Template talk:Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ohio-related_articles" title="Index of Ohio-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ohio" title="Outline of Ohio">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ohio" title="Climate change in Ohio">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio#Geography" title="Ohio">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ohio" title="Government of Ohio">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ohio" title="Administrative divisions of Ohio">administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Ohio" title="United States congressional delegations from Ohio">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ohio" title="Law of Ohio">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Ohio" title="List of people from Ohio">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio_state_symbols" title="List of Ohio state symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/With_God,_all_things_are_possible" title="With God, all things are possible">motto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Ohio" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Ohio">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ohio" title="Abortion in Ohio">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ohio_culture" title="Category:Ohio culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Ohio" title="Crime in Ohio">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio#Demographics" title="Ohio">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">African Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ohio" title="Economy of Ohio">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ohio" title="Education in Ohio">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Ohio" title="List of colleges and universities in Ohio">colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Ohio" title="Gun laws in Ohio">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ohio" title="Homelessness in Ohio">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ohio">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ohio" title="Politics of Ohio">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Ohio" title="Sports in Ohio">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Ohio" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Ohio" title="Appalachian Ohio">Appalachian Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_region" title="Bluegrass region">The Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_till_plains_(Ohio)" title="Glacial till plains (Ohio)">Glacial till plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Black_Swamp" title="Great Black Swamp">Great Black Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Lake_Erie_Islands" title="List of Lake Erie Islands">List of Lake Erie Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Valley" title="Miami Valley">Miami Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">Northeast Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ohio" title="Northwest Ohio">Northwest Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacationland_(Ohio)" title="Vacationland (Ohio)">Vacationland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Western_Reserve" title="Connecticut Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_statistical_areas" title="Ohio statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Ashland_metropolitan_area" title="Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area">Huntington–Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima%E2%80%93Van_Wert%E2%80%93Wapakoneta,_OH,_combined_statistical_area" title="Lima–Van Wert–Wapakoneta, OH, combined statistical area">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield%E2%80%93Ashland%E2%80%93Bucyrus,_OH_Combined_Statistical_Area" title="Mansfield–Ashland–Bucyrus, OH Combined Statistical Area">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio" title="Erie County, Ohio">Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weirton%E2%80%93Steubenville_metropolitan_area" title="Weirton–Steubenville metropolitan area">Steubenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Youngstown–Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ohio" title="List of municipalities in Ohio">Largest cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio">Cuyahoga Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ohio" title="Dublin, Ohio">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio" title="Elyria, Ohio">Elyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid,_Ohio" title="Euclid, Ohio">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettering,_Ohio" title="Kettering, Ohio">Kettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio" title="Lakewood, Ohio">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middletown,_Ohio" title="Middletown, Ohio">Middletown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_Ohio" title="Newark, Ohio">Newark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Ohio" title="List of counties in Ohio">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Ohio" title="Adams County, Ohio">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_County,_Ohio" title="Allen County, Ohio">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_County,_Ohio" title="Ashland County, Ohio">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtabula_County,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula County, Ohio">Ashtabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens_County,_Ohio" title="Athens County, Ohio">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auglaize_County,_Ohio" title="Auglaize County, Ohio">Auglaize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont_County,_Ohio" title="Belmont County, Ohio">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Ohio" title="Brown County, Ohio">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_County,_Ohio" title="Butler County, Ohio">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_County,_Ohio" title="Carroll County, Ohio">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign_County,_Ohio" title="Champaign County, Ohio">Champaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Ohio" title="Clark County, Ohio">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_County,_Ohio" title="Clermont County, Ohio">Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_Ohio" title="Clinton County, Ohio">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbiana_County,_Ohio" title="Columbiana County, Ohio">Columbiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coshocton_County,_Ohio" title="Coshocton County, Ohio">Coshocton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_County,_Ohio" title="Crawford County, Ohio">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" title="Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Cuyahoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darke_County,_Ohio" title="Darke County, Ohio">Darke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_County,_Ohio" title="Defiance County, Ohio">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_Ohio" title="Delaware County, Ohio">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_Ohio" title="Erie County, Ohio">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Ohio" title="Fairfield County, Ohio">Fairfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Ohio" title="Fayette County, Ohio">Fayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Ohio" title="Franklin County, Ohio">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_Ohio" title="Fulton County, Ohio">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_County,_Ohio" title="Gallia County, Ohio">Gallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Ohio" title="Greene County, Ohio">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_County,_Ohio" title="Guernsey County, Ohio">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_County,_Ohio" title="Hancock County, Ohio">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Ohio" title="Hardin County, Ohio">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Ohio" title="Harrison County, Ohio">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Ohio" title="Henry County, Ohio">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_County,_Ohio" title="Highland County, Ohio">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocking_County,_Ohio" title="Hocking County, Ohio">Hocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Ohio" title="Holmes County, Ohio">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_County,_Ohio" title="Huron County, Ohio">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Ohio" title="Jackson County, Ohio">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Ohio" title="Jefferson County, Ohio">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_County,_Ohio" title="Knox County, Ohio">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_Ohio" title="Lake County, Ohio">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_County,_Ohio" title="Lawrence County, Ohio">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licking_County,_Ohio" title="Licking County, Ohio">Licking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_County,_Ohio" title="Logan County, Ohio">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorain_County,_Ohio" title="Lorain County, Ohio">Lorain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_County,_Ohio" title="Lucas County, Ohio">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_Ohio" title="Madison County, Ohio">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_County,_Ohio" title="Mahoning County, Ohio">Mahoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Ohio" title="Marion County, Ohio">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_County,_Ohio" title="Medina County, Ohio">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_County,_Ohio" title="Meigs County, Ohio">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Mercer County, Ohio">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_County,_Ohio" title="Miami County, Ohio">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Ohio" title="Monroe County, Ohio">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Ohio" title="Montgomery County, Ohio">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_County,_Ohio" title="Morgan County, Ohio">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrow_County,_Ohio" title="Morrow County, Ohio">Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_County,_Ohio" title="Muskingum County, Ohio">Muskingum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_County,_Ohio" title="Noble County, Ohio">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_County,_Ohio" title="Ottawa County, Ohio">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulding_County,_Ohio" title="Paulding County, Ohio">Paulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_County,_Ohio" title="Perry County, Ohio">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickaway_County,_Ohio" title="Pickaway County, Ohio">Pickaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Ohio" title="Pike County, Ohio">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portage_County,_Ohio" title="Portage County, Ohio">Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preble_County,_Ohio" title="Preble County, Ohio">Preble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Putnam County, Ohio">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland_County,_Ohio" title="Richland County, Ohio">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio" title="Ross County, Ohio">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandusky_County,_Ohio" title="Sandusky County, Ohio">Sandusky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scioto_County,_Ohio" title="Scioto County, Ohio">Scioto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_County,_Ohio" title="Seneca County, Ohio">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County,_Ohio" title="Shelby County, Ohio">Shelby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stark_County,_Ohio" title="Stark County, Ohio">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_County,_Ohio" title="Summit County, Ohio">Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumbull_County,_Ohio" title="Trumbull County, Ohio">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarawas_County,_Ohio" title="Tuscarawas County, Ohio">Tuscarawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Ohio" title="Union County, Ohio">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wert_County,_Ohio" title="Van Wert County, Ohio">Van Wert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinton_County,_Ohio" title="Vinton County, Ohio">Vinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Ohio" title="Warren County, Ohio">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Ohio" title="Washington County, Ohio">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_Ohio" title="Wayne County, Ohio">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_County,_Ohio" title="Williams County, Ohio">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_County,_Ohio" title="Wood County, Ohio">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_County,_Ohio" title="Wyandot County, Ohio">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Template talk:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Lakes_Megalopolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Lakes Megalopolis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Lakes_megalopolis_as_defined_by_the_RPA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_megalopolis" title="Great Lakes megalopolis">Great Lakes megalopolis</a> as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Plan_Association" title="Regional Plan Association">RPA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Includes all metropolitan areas that have a population of 150,000 or greater according to the most recent national census.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Lakes region cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo%E2%80%93Niagara_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area"> Buffalo–Niagara Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Cleveland" title="Greater Cleveland">Cleveland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Detroit" title="Metro Detroit">Detroit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Ports" title="Twin Ports">Duluth–Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie%E2%80%93Meadville,_PA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Erie–Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area">Erie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_metropolitan_area" title="Grand Rapids metropolitan area">Grand Rapids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_metropolitan_area" title="Green Bay metropolitan area">Green Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland,_Michigan" title="Holland, Michigan">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo%E2%80%93Portage_metropolitan_area" title="Kalamazoo–Portage metropolitan area">Kalamazoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin" title="Kenosha, Wisconsin">Kenosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93East_Lansing_metropolitan_area" title="Lansing–East Lansing metropolitan area">Lansing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_metropolitan_area" title="Milwaukee metropolitan area">Milwaukee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskegon,_Michigan" title="Muskegon, Michigan">Muskegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Catharines" title="St. Catharines">St. Catharines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welland,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Welland, Ontario">Welland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niles,_Michigan" title="Niles, Michigan">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_New_York" title="Rochester metropolitan area, New York">Rochester, New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend%E2%80%93Mishawaka_metropolitan_area" title="South Bend–Mishawaka metropolitan area">South Bend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana" title="South Bend, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_metropolitan_area" title="Toledo metropolitan area">Toledo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City_metropolitan_area" title="Traverse City metropolitan area">Traverse City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_City,_Michigan" title="Traverse City, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo,_Ontario" title="Waterloo, Ontario">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/145px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/218px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/ChiPitts_megaregion.png/290px-ChiPitts_megaregion.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="704" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surrounding cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron_metropolitan_area" title="Akron metropolitan area">Akron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altoona,_Pennsylvania" title="Altoona, Pennsylvania">Altoona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Bloomington metropolitan area, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington%E2%80%93Normal" title="Bloomington–Normal">Bloomington–Normal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Massillon,_Ohio,_metropolitan_area" title="Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area">Canton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaign%E2%80%93Urbana_metropolitan_area" title="Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area">Champaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champaign,_Illinois" title="Champaign, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_metropolitan_area" title="Cincinnati metropolitan area">Cincinnati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_metropolitan_area,_Ohio" title="Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio">Columbus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_metropolitan_area" title="Dayton metropolitan area">Dayton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire%E2%80%93Chippewa_Falls_metropolitan_area" title="Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area">Eau Claire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana" title="Elkhart, Indiana">Elkhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evansville_metropolitan_area" title="Evansville metropolitan area">Evansville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana" title="Evansville, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo%E2%80%93Moorhead" title="Fargo–Moorhead">Fargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_IN_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area">Fort Wayne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Cities" title="Fox Cities">Fox Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area" title="Indianapolis metropolitan area">Indianapolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beloit,_Wisconsin" title="Beloit, Wisconsin">Beloit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley,_IL_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankakee-Bourbonnais-Bradley, IL MSA">Kankakee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse%E2%80%93Onalaska" title="La Crosse–Onalaska">La Crosse–Onalaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse,_Wisconsin" title="La Crosse, Wisconsin">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onalaska,_Wisconsin" title="Onalaska, Wisconsin">Onalaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_metropolitan_area,_Indiana" title="Lafayette metropolitan area, Indiana">Lafayette</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_metropolitan_area" title="Madison metropolitan area">Madison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoning_Valley" title="Mahoning Valley">Mahoning Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longueuil" title="Longueuil">Longueuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">National Capital Region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh%E2%80%93New_Castle%E2%80%93Weirton_combined_statistical_area" title="Pittsburgh–New Castle–Weirton combined statistical area">Pittsburgh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoria metropolitan area, Illinois">Peoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois">Rockford</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_metropolitan_area,_Minnesota" title="Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota_metropolitan_area" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota metropolitan area">St. Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Midland,_and_Bay_City_metropolitan_area" title="Saginaw, Midland, and Bay City metropolitan area">Saginaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw,_Michigan" title="Saginaw, Michigan">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioux Falls metropolitan area">Sioux Falls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Falls,_South_Dakota" title="Sioux Falls, South Dakota">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_metropolitan_area,_Illinois" title="Springfield metropolitan area, Illinois">Springfield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_neighbourhoods_of_Sudbury" title="Urban neighbourhoods of Sudbury">urban neighbourhoods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_metropolitan_area" title="Syracuse metropolitan area">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute_metropolitan_area" title="Terre Haute metropolitan area">Terre Haute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica%E2%80%93Rome_metropolitan_area" title="Utica–Rome metropolitan area">Utica–Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettendorf,_Iowa" title="Bettendorf, Iowa">Bettendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Moline,_Illinois" title="East Moline, Illinois">East Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moline,_Illinois" title="Moline, Illinois">Moline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City_metropolitan_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec City metropolitan community">Greater Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities of states south of region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_metropolitan_area" title="Elizabethtown metropolitan area">Elizabethtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_metropolitan_area" title="Kansas City metropolitan area">Kansas City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_metropolitan_area" title="Louisville metropolitan area">Louisville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">St. Louis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_metropolitan_area,_Kansas" title="Topeka metropolitan area, Kansas">Topeka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling_metropolitan_area" title="Wheeling metropolitan area">Wheeling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">city</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other metro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City%E2%80%93Windsor_Corridor" title="Quebec City–Windsor Corridor">Quebec City–Windsor Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Pittsburgh" title="Greater Pittsburgh">Greater Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_East" 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