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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>The Political Graveyard: Sigma Pi Phi Politicians</title> <meta name="description" content="A database of political history and cemeteries, with brief biographical entries for 320,919 U.S. political figures, living and dead, from the 1700s to the present."> <meta name="keywords" content="political biography history genealogy cemeteries politics candidates congress senators legislators governors politicians biographies ancestors mayors birthplace geography elections"> <meta name="author" content="Lawrence Kestenbaum"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-7383562-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'https://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFDD" text="#000000" link="#cc0000" alink="#ff0000" vlink="#760000"> <style type="text/css"> p {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} td {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} A:link {text-decoration: none} A:visited {text-decoration: none} A:active {text-decoration: none} A:hover {text-decoration: underline} </style> <p align=center style="font-size:28pt; font-family:garamond,serif"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">PoliticalGraveyard.com</span><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html" border=0> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgmain6.gif" width=450 height=216 border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard: A Database of American History"></a><br> Sigma Pi Phi<br> <span style="font-size:14pt;">Politician members</span></p> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%><tr><td valign="top"> <p><i>Very incomplete list!</i></p> <table align="left" cellpadding=5> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Sidney Barthwell (1906-2005)</b> — of Detroit, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/WY-lived.html">Wayne County</a>, Mich. Born in Cordele, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/GA/CP-born.html">Crisp County</a>, Ga., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1906/02-17.html">February 17, 1906</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/drugs.html">Pharmacist</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MI/ofc/cncn7.html">delegate to Michigan state constitutional convention</a> from Wayne County 2nd District, 1961-62. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/congregationalist.html">Congregationalist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/urban-league.html">Urban League</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/kappa-alpha-psi.html">Kappa Alpha Psi</a>; <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>. Died <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2005/06-23.html">June 23, 2005</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/99.html">99 years, 126 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Jack Barthwell and Sarah (Eubanks) Barthwell; married to Gladys Marie Whitfield.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Theodore Moody Berry (1905-2000)</b> — also known as <b>Theodore M. Berry</b>; <b>Ted Berry</b> — of Cincinnati, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/HA-lived.html">Hamilton County</a>, Ohio. Born in Maysville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/KY/MA-born.html">Mason County</a>, Ky., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1905/11-05.html">November 5, 1905</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; associate general counsel, Dunbar <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/insurance.html">Life Insurance</a> Co.; delegate to Democratic National Convention from Ohio, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/D/1972/OH.html">1972</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/ofc/cincinnati.html">mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio</a>, 1972-75. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/methodist.html">Methodist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/urban-league.html">Urban League</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-phi-alpha.html">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>; <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/first.html">First</a> Black mayor of Cincinnati. Died <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/2000/10-15.html">October 15, 2000</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/94.html">94 years, 345 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/HA-buried.html#cms00470">Spring Grove Cemetery</a>, Cincinnati, Ohio. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Daniel Berry and Cora (Parks) Berry; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1938/">1938</a> to Johnnie Mae Newton.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/17959856">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Lee P. Brown (b. 1937)</b> — of Portland, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OR/MU-lived.html">Multnomah County</a>, Ore.; Houston, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/HR-lived.html">Harris County</a>, Tex. Born in Wewoka, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OK/SM-born.html">Seminole County</a>, Okla., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1937/10-04.html">October 4, 1937</a>. Democrat. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawenforcement.html">Police officer</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OR/MU-officials.html">Multnomah County Sheriff</a>, 1975-76; Houston chief of police, 1982-90; New York City police commissioner, 1990-92; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/ofc/houston.html">mayor of Houston, Tex.</a>, 1998-2004. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-phi-alpha.html">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>; <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>. Still living as of 2014. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Andrew Brown and Zelma (Edwards) Brown; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1958/07-14.html">July 14, 1958</a>, to Yvonne Carolyn Streets; married to Frances Young.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee P. Brown">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/097/000161611">NNDB dossier</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>William Treyanne Francis (1870-1929)</b> — also known as <b>William T. Francis</b> — of Minnesota. Born in Indianapolis, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/IN/MA-born.html">Marion County</a>, Ind., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1870/03-26.html">March 26, 1870</a>. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; worked in legal department of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/railroading.html">railroad</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/MN.html">Minnesota Republican State Central Committee</a>, 1914; candidate for Presidential Elector for Minnesota; U.S. Minister to <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/LB-diplomats.html ">Liberia</a>, 1927-29, died in office 1929; U.S. Consul General in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/LB-consuls.html ">Monrovia</a>, 1927-29, died in office 1929. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/baptist.html">Baptist</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/urban-league.html">Urban League</a>; <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-phi-alpha.html">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>. Died in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/LB-died.html">Liberia</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1929/07-15.html">July 15, 1929</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/59.html">59 years, 111 days</a>). Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of James Francis and Harriet (Taylor) Francis; married, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1893/08-08.html">August 8, 1893</a>, to Nellie Frances Griswold.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/francis-william-treyanne ?">U.S. State Dept career summary</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Alphonso Jackson (b. 1945)</b> — of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/MO/sl-lived.html">St. Louis</a>, Mo.; Dallas, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/DA-lived.html">Dallas County</a>, Tex. Born in Marshall, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/TX/HJ-born.html">Harrison County</a>, Tex., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1945/09-09.html">September 9, 1945</a>. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; St. Louis director of public safety, 1977; executive director, St. Louis Housing Authority. 1981-83; president and CEO of Dallas Housing Authority, 1989-95; president, American <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/utilities.html">Electric Power</a>-Texas, 1998-2001; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/offices/cabinet.html">U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a>, 2004-08. Member, <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>. Still living as of 2008. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonso Jackson">Wikipedia article</a></span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Perry Brooks Jackson (b. 1896)</b> — also known as <b>Perry B. Jackson</b> — of Cleveland, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/CU-lived.html">Cuyahoga County</a>, Ohio. Born in Zanesville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/OH/MU-born.html">Muskingum County</a>, Ohio, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1896/01-27.html">January 27, 1896</a>. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; delegate to Republican National Convention from Ohio, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1940/OH.html">1940</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1944/OH.html">1944</a>; municipal judge in Ohio, 1940. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/methodist.html">African Methodist Episcopal</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/phi-beta-kappa.html">Phi Beta Kappa</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/alpha-phi-alpha.html">Alpha Phi Alpha</a>; <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/aba.html">American Bar Association</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/elks.html">Elks</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/urban-league.html">Urban League</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>. Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of Brooks Cary Jackson and Ida May (Hogan) Jackson; married to Fern Payne.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"><a href="https://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=55579&img=1&mode=1&pg=1&tid=2037385"><img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/thumb/015/84.80.jpg" width=70 height=103 border=0 alt="James Weldon Johnson"></a></td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938)</b> — also known as <b>James W. Johnson</b>; <b>James William Johnson</b> — of Jacksonville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/DU-lived.html">Duval County</a>, Fla. Born in Jacksonville, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/FL/DU-born.html">Duval County</a>, Fla., <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1871/06-17.html">June 17, 1871</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/teacher.html">School principal</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/writing.html">author</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">lawyer</a>; U.S. Consul in <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/VZ-consuls.html ">Puerto Cabello</a>, 1906-07; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/SN-consuls.html ">Dakar</a>, 1907-08; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ZZ/NC-consuls.html ">Corinto</a>, 1908-09; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/faculty.html">university professor</a>. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/african.html">African</a> ancestry. Member, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/naacp.html">NAACP</a>; <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/phi-beta-sigma.html">Phi Beta Sigma</a>; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/masons.html">Freemasons</a>. Author of the words to the song "Lift Every Voice and Sing," which became known as the "Negro National Anthem". Killed in a <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/automobile.html">car</a>-<a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/railroad.html">train</a> collision, in Wiscasset, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/ME/LI-died.html">Lincoln County</a>, Maine, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1938/06-26.html">June 26, 1938</a> (age <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/death/age/67.html">67 years, 9 days</a>). Interment at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/KI-buried.html#cms00142">Green-Wood Cemetery</a>, Brooklyn, N.Y. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Son of James Johnson and Helen Louise (Dillet) Johnson; married <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/chrono/1910/">1910</a> to Grace Nail.</span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;">The World War II <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/namesake-ships.html">Liberty ship</a> <i>SS James W. Johnson</i> (built 1943 at <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/CA/LA-names.html">Terminal Island, Los Angeles, California</a>; scrapped 1971) was <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/special/namesake.html">named for him</a>.</li> </span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>See also</i> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James Weldon Johnson">Wikipedia article</a> — <a href="https://www.nndb.com/people/830/000101527">NNDB dossier</a> — <a href="https://findagrave.com/memorial/6125709">Find-A-Grave memorial</a></span></td></tr> <tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Image source:</i> U.S. postage stamp (1988)</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> <tr><td width=82 align="right" valign="top"> </td><td valign="top"><img src="rd.gif" width=13 height=13> <b>Oliver Randolph</b> — of Newark, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ES-lived.html">Essex County</a>, N.J. Republican. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/occ/lawyer.html">Lawyer</a>; member of <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ofc/asmbly.html">New Jersey state house of assembly</a> from Essex County, 1923; delegate to Republican National Convention from New Jersey, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1932/NJ.html">1932</a>, <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/parties/R/1936/NJ.html">1936</a> (alternate); <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NJ/ofc/cncn9.html">delegate to New Jersey state constitutional convention</a> from Essex County, 1947. <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/methodist.html">Methodist</a>. Member, <b>Sigma Pi Phi</b>. Burial location unknown. <table width=100% align="left"><tr><td width=20> </td> <td width=26 valign="top"><img src="hand.gif" width=26 height=17></td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"><i>Relatives:</i> Married to Bertha Baumann.</span></td></tr> </table> </td></tr> </table> </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></tr></table> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%> <tr><td align="center"><span style="font-size:20pt;"> <span style="font-family:garamond,serif"> <i>"Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard."</i></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:8pt;">Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872</span></td> <td><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgsub.gif" width=450 height=71 align="right" border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard"></a></td></tr></table> <br clear="all"> <table width=100% cellpadding=2> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html">The Political Graveyard</a></b> is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:8pt;"> </span></td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The listings are <b>incomplete</b>; development of the database is a continually ongoing project.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is <b>not</b> guaranteed. Users are advised to check with other sources before relying on any information here.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The official URL for this page is: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/sigma-pi-phi.html">https://politicalgraveyard.com/group/sigma-pi-phi.html</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Links to this or any other Political Graveyard page are welcome, but specific page addresses may sometimes change as the site develops.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> If you are searching for a specific named individual, try the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html">alphabetical index of politicians</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Copyright notices:</b> (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/499_US_340.htm">Feist v. Rural Telephone</a>. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute <b>fair use</b> under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons License</a>.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Site information:</b> The Political Graveyard is created and maintained by <b>Lawrence Kestenbaum</b>, who is solely responsible for its structure and content. — The mailing address is <b>The Political Graveyard, P.O. Box 2563, Ann Arbor MI 48106.</b> — This site is hosted by <b><a href="https://www.hdl.com">HDL</a></b>. — The Political Graveyard opened on <b>July 1, 1996</b>; the last full revision was done on <b>March 8, 2023</b>. </span></td></tr> </table> <hr> <table align="center" cellpadding=5><tr> <td align="center" valign="center"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="https://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights.gif" width=88 height=31></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/politicalgraveyard" target="_TOP" title="The Political Graveyard"><img src="https://badge.facebook.com/badge/40475596932.4982.1015512377.png" width="120" height="84" style="border: 0px;" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/polgraveyard"> <img src="https://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_us-a.png" border=0 alt="Follow polgraveyard on Twitter"/></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=thepoliticalg-20&path=subst/home/home.html"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/a150X70b.gif" border=0 alt="[Amazon.com]" align="center"></a></td> </tr></table> </body> </html>