Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium

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href="https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25353" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=8127&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=30844154&db=pubmed" title="See full text options at National Academies Press" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="National Academies Press" data-ga-label="30844154" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-corehtml-pmc-pmcgifs-bookshelf-nas_lo.png" alt="National Academies Press full text link"><span class="text"> National Academies Press </span></a><a class="link-item book " href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=3057&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=30844154&db=pubmed" title="See full text options at NCBI Bookshelf" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="NCBI Bookshelf" data-ga-label="30844154" ><img class="book-icon" 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Stallings">Virginia A. Stallings</a></span> </div> <span class="ending">, editors.</span> </div> </div> <div class="book-citation"> <div class="citation">Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2019 Mar 5.</div> <div class="collection-title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/napcollect/" ref="linksrc=book_collection_title"> The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. </a> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">30844154</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier bookshelf"> <span class="id-label"> Bookshelf ID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=NBK538102&id_type=Bookshelf" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="" > NBK538102 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.17226/25353&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.17226/25353" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.17226/25353 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <span class="free-label">Free Books & Documents</span> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> <div class="short-view" id="short-view-heading"> <div class="publication-type" >Review</div> <h1 class="heading-title"> Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item only-author"><span class="full-name">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span></span> </span> </div> <span class="free-label">Free Books & Documents</span> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/30844154/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"> <span class="button-label">Display options</span> </button> <div class="dropdown" hidden> <div class="title"> Display options </div> <div class="content"> <div class="format-container"> <span class="option-label"> Format </span> <select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="mobile-display-format"> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="pubmed">PubMed</option> <option value="pmid">PMID</option> </select> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="full-article-details" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="book-citation"> <div class="citation">Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2019 Mar 5.</div> <div class="collection-title"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/napcollect/" ref="linksrc=book_collection_title"> The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. </a> </div> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Author </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine%3B+Health+and+Medicine+Division%3B+Food+and+Nutrition+Board%3B+Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium%5BCorporate+Author%5D" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="editors"> <h3 class="title"> Editors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Oria+M%5BEditor%5D" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Maria Oria">Maria Oria</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Harrison+M%5BEditor%5D" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Meghan Harrison">Meghan Harrison</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Stallings+VA%5BEditor%5D" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Virginia A. Stallings">Virginia A. Stallings</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">30844154</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier bookshelf"> <span class="id-label"> Bookshelf ID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=NBK538102&id_type=Bookshelf" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="" > NBK538102 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.17226/25353&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.17226/25353" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.17226/25353 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/30844154/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/30844154/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Excerpt </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> As essential nutrients, sodium and potassium contribute to the fundamentals of physiology and pathology of human health and disease. In clinical settings, these are two important blood electrolytes, are frequently measured and influence care decisions. Yet, blood electrolyte concentrations are usually not influenced by dietary intake, as kidney and hormone systems carefully regulate blood values. Over the years, increasing evidence suggests that sodium and potassium intake patterns of children and adults influence long-term population health mostly through complex relationships among dietary intake, blood pressure and cardiovascular health. The public health importance of understanding these relationships, based upon the best available evidence and establishing recommendations to support the development of population clinical practice guidelines and medical care of patients is clear. This report reviews evidence on the relationship between sodium and potassium intakes and indicators of adequacy, toxicity, and chronic disease. It updates the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) using an expanded DRI model that includes consideration of chronic disease endpoints, and outlines research gaps to address the uncertainties identified in the process of deriving the reference values and evaluating public health implications. </p> </div> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> Copyright 2019 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="book-sections" id="book-sections"> <h2 class="title"> Sections </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/fm1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> The National Academies of SCIENCES • ENGINEERING • MEDICINE </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/fm2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR SODIUM AND POTASSIUM </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/fm3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Reviewers </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/fm4/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Preface </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_sum1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Summary </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_partI/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Part I </a> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch1/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 1. Introduction </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 2. Applying the Guiding Principles Report </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 3. Methodological Considerations </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_partII/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Part II </a> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch4/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 4. Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch5/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 5. Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch6/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 6. Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch7/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 7. Potassium Dietary Reference Intakes: Risk Characterization and Special Considerations for Public Health </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_partIII/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Part III </a> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch8/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 8. Sodium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch9/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 9. Sodium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Toxicity </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch10/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 10. Sodium: Dietary Reference Intakes Based on Chronic Disease </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch11/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 11. Sodium Dietary Reference Intakes: Risk Characterization and Special Considerations for Public Health </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_partIV/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Part IV </a> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_ch12/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> 12. Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appA/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix A. Acronyms and Abbreviations </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appB/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix B. Open Session Agendas </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appC/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix C. Committee's Assessment of the <italic>Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Systematic Review</italic> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appD/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix D. Indicators Not Relevant for Establishing Dietary Reference Intake Values </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appE/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix E. Supplemental Literature Searches </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appF/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix F. Estimates of Potassium and Sodium Intakes from Breast Milk and Complementary Foods </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appG/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix G. Sources of Evidence for Potassium and Sodium Intake Distributions </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appH/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix H. Supplemental Risk Characterization Figures </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appI/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix I. Committee Member Biographical Sketches </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/nap25353/sec_appJ/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=book_abstract_section_link"> Appendix J. 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Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium - PubMed