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Revisado y aprobado para publicación 15/6/2018 Para citar este artículo: Johanna Martine LEMS, Laura MIJARES MOLINA, y Virtudes TÉLLEZ DELGADO" /> <title>(PDF) Constructing Subaltern Muslim Subjects: the Institutionalization of Islamophobia Construyendo sujetos musulmanes subalternos: la institucionalización de la islamofobia | Laura Mijares, Johanna Martine Lems, and Laura Mijares - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/38573236/Constructing_Subaltern_Muslim_Subjects_the_Institutionalization_of_Islamophobia_Construyendo_sujetos_musulmanes_subalternos_la_institucionalizaci%C3%B3n_de_la_islamofobia" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '2507dcf1a9280a948b350956f4c78cdcb3de1a5f'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1734130423000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1734130423000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Virtudes TÉLLEZ DELGADO Universidad de Castilla La Mancha virtudes.tellez@uclm.es Recibido 24/5/2018. Revisado y aprobado para publicación 15/6/2018 Para citar este artículo: Johanna Martine LEMS, Laura MIJARES MOLINA, y Virtudes TÉLLEZ DELGADO (2018), \u0026amp;quot;Constructing subaltern Muslim subjects: The institutionalization of Islamophobia\u0026amp;quot; en Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 24, 1-8. Para acceder a este artículo: https://doi. Abstract The purpose of this special issue is to go beyond the terminological debate on Islamophobia and to focus on the practices, which are involved in, and cause, the construction of subaltern Muslim subjects within the Spanish state. The six articles of this monograph attempt to shed some light on the dynamics and extent of the processes of exclusion through which persons and groups (self-)identified as Muslim are being stigmatized and discriminated against in a structural manner, as a result of different kinds of institutionalized Islamophobia. Resumen El objetivo de este monográfico es ir más allá de los debates terminológicos sobre islamofobia, para centrar nuestra atención en las prácticas que causan y están implicadas en la construcción de sujetos subalternos musulmanes en el seno del Estado español. Con los seis artículos del 1 Beneficiary of a scholarship from the Ministry of Education for the training of university teaching staff (FPU 2015/01243).","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Laura Mijares"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Johanna Martine Lems"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Laura Mijares"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Johanna Martine Lems"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Laura Mijares"}],"dateCreated":"2019-03-18","dateModified":"2019-03-21","headline":"Constructing Subaltern Muslim Subjects: the Institutionalization of Islamophobia Construyendo sujetos musulmanes subalternos: la institucionalización de la 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Revisado y aprobado para publicación 15/6/2018 Para citar este artículo: Johanna Martine LEMS, Laura MIJARES MOLINA, y Virtudes TÉLLEZ DELGADO (2018), \"Constructing subaltern Muslim subjects: The institutionalization of Islamophobia\" en Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 24, 1-8. Para acceder a este artículo: https://doi. Abstract The purpose of this special issue is to go beyond the terminological debate on Islamophobia and to focus on the practices, which are involved in, and cause, the construction of subaltern Muslim subjects within the Spanish state. The six articles of this monograph attempt to shed some light on the dynamics and extent of the processes of exclusion through which persons and groups (self-)identified as Muslim are being stigmatized and discriminated against in a structural manner, as a result of different kinds of institutionalized Islamophobia. Resumen El objetivo de este monográfico es ir más allá de los debates terminológicos sobre islamofobia, para centrar nuestra atención en las prácticas que causan y están implicadas en la construcción de sujetos subalternos musulmanes en el seno del Estado español. Con los seis artículos del 1 Beneficiary of a scholarship from the Ministry of Education for the training of university teaching staff (FPU 2015/01243)."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Constructing Subaltern Muslim Subjects: the Institutionalization of Islamophobia Construyendo sujetos musulmanes subalternos: la institucionalización de la islamofobia","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [13224299,16489563,26117226]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":58645832,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Constructing Subaltern Muslim Subjects: the Institutionalization of Islamophobia Construyendo sujetos musulmanes subalternos: la institucionalización de la islamofobia”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58645832/mini_magick20190318-28497-96xcc0.png?1552914479" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Constructing Subaltern Muslim Subjects: the Institutionalization of Islamophobia Construyendo sujetos musulmanes subalternos: la institucionalización de la islamofobia</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13224299" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/LauraMijares"><img alt="Profile image of Laura Mijares" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/13224299/3719219/58141916/s65_laura.mijares.jpg" />Laura Mijares</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16489563" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/LMijares"><img alt="Profile image of Laura Mijares" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/16489563/4494279/15026910/s65_laura.mijares.jpg" />Laura Mijares</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26117226" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/JohannaMartineLems"><img alt="Profile image of Johanna Martine Lems" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Johanna Martine Lems</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 38573236; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Virtudes TÉLLEZ DELGADO Universidad de Castilla La Mancha virtudes.tellez@uclm.es Recibido 24/5/2018. Revisado y aprobado para publicación 15/6/2018 Para citar este artículo: Johanna Martine LEMS, Laura MIJARES MOLINA, y Virtudes TÉLLEZ DELGADO (2018), "Constructing subaltern Muslim subjects: The institutionalization of Islamophobia" en Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 24, 1-8. Para acceder a este artículo: https://doi. Abstract The purpose of this special issue is to go beyond the terminological debate on Islamophobia and to focus on the practices, which are involved in, and cause, the construction of subaltern Muslim subjects within the Spanish state. The six articles of this monograph attempt to shed some light on the dynamics and extent of the processes of exclusion through which persons and groups (self-)identified as Muslim are being stigmatized and discriminated against in a structural manner, as a result of different kinds of institutionalized Islamophobia. Resumen El objetivo de este monográfico es ir más allá de los debates terminológicos sobre islamofobia, para centrar nuestra atención en las prácticas que causan y están implicadas en la construcción de sujetos subalternos musulmanes en el seno del Estado español. Con los seis artículos del 1 Beneficiary of a scholarship from the Ministry of Education for the training of university teaching staff (FPU 2015/01243).</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":58645832,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38573236/Constructing_Subaltern_Muslim_Subjects_the_Institutionalization_of_Islamophobia_Construyendo_sujetos_musulmanes_subalternos_la_institucionalizaci%C3%B3n_de_la_islamofobia"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":58645832,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38573236/Constructing_Subaltern_Muslim_Subjects_the_Institutionalization_of_Islamophobia_Construyendo_sujetos_musulmanes_subalternos_la_institucionalizaci%C3%B3n_de_la_islamofobia"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="58645832" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/38573236/Constructing_Subaltern_Muslim_Subjects_the_Institutionalization_of_Islamophobia_Construyendo_sujetos_musulmanes_subalternos_la_institucionalizaci%C3%B3n_de_la_islamofobia" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="89302177" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89302177/Constructing_Subaltern_Muslim_Subjects_the_Institutionalization_of_Islamophobia">Constructing Subaltern Muslim Subjects: the Institutionalization of Islamophobia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13224299" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/LauraMijares">Laura Mijares</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this special issue is to go beyond the terminological debate on Islamophobia and to focus on the practices, which are involved in, and cause, the construction of subaltern Muslim subjects within the Spanish state. The six articles of this monograph attempt to shed some light on the dynamics and extent of the processes of exclusion through which persons and groups (self-)identified as Muslim are being stigmatized and discriminated against in a structural manner, as a result of different kinds of institutionalized Islamophobia.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Constructing Subaltern Muslim Subjects: the Institutionalization of Islamophobia","attachmentId":93127697,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89302177/Constructing_Subaltern_Muslim_Subjects_the_Institutionalization_of_Islamophobia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89302177/Constructing_Subaltern_Muslim_Subjects_the_Institutionalization_of_Islamophobia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="93873613" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93873613/_Review_Enes_Bayrakl%C4%B1_and_Farid_Hafez_2019_Islamophobia_in_Muslim_Majority_Societies">[Review] Enes Bayraklı and Farid Hafez (2019) Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52000815" href="https://nus.academia.edu/Alikassem">Ali kassem</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Reorient, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"[Review] Enes Bayraklı and Farid Hafez (2019) Islamophobia in Muslim Majority Societies","attachmentId":96489897,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93873613/_Review_Enes_Bayrakl%C4%B1_and_Farid_Hafez_2019_Islamophobia_in_Muslim_Majority_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93873613/_Review_Enes_Bayrakl%C4%B1_and_Farid_Hafez_2019_Islamophobia_in_Muslim_Majority_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="41495571" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41495571/11th_Annual_International_Islamophobia_Conference_The_Imagined_Real_Embraceable_Threatening_and_the_in_Between_Muslim_Subject_From_the_Inquisition_to_War_on_Terror_and_Securitization_">11th Annual International Islamophobia Conference: The Imagined, Real, Embraceable, Threatening and the in-Between Muslim Subject: From the Inquisition to War on Terror and Securitization!</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="150150" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/HatemBazian">Hatem Bazian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International Islamophobia Studies and Research Association Present The Imagined, Real, Embraceable, Threatening and the in-Between Muslim Subject: From the Inquisition to War on Terror and Securitization! Call for Papers: Submit Online https://irdp.submittable.com/submit/150249/cfp-the-imagined-real-embraceable-threatening-and-the-in-between-muslim-subje Co-Sponsored: Islamophobia Research and Documentation Project University of California, Berkeley & Centre for Ethnicity and Racism Studies University of Leeds, UK Islamophobia Studies Journal & ReOrient Graduate Theological Union Center for Islamic Studies Haas Institute for Fair and Inclusive Society</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"11th Annual International Islamophobia Conference: The Imagined, Real, Embraceable, Threatening and the in-Between Muslim Subject: From the Inquisition to War on Terror and Securitization!","attachmentId":61666806,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41495571/11th_Annual_International_Islamophobia_Conference_The_Imagined_Real_Embraceable_Threatening_and_the_in_Between_Muslim_Subject_From_the_Inquisition_to_War_on_Terror_and_Securitization_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41495571/11th_Annual_International_Islamophobia_Conference_The_Imagined_Real_Embraceable_Threatening_and_the_in_Between_Muslim_Subject_From_the_Inquisition_to_War_on_Terror_and_Securitization_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="33752098" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33752098/V%C3%B6lkisch_versus_Catholic_Islamophobia_in_Spain_the_conflict_between_racial_and_religious_understandings_of_Muslim_identity">Völkisch versus Catholic Islamophobia in Spain: the conflict between racial and religious understandings of Muslim identity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2734897" href="https://uam.academia.edu/FernandoBravoL%C3%B3pez">Fernando Bravo López</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">REIM, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article sets out to demonstrate that considering Islamophobia as a form of racism prevents us from fully grasping the complexity of this phenomenon. The author contends that there are different types of Islamophobia and while some are racist, others are not. To argue this point, he draws on a conflict that was sparked within a Spanish extreme right party revolving around two different conceptions of the human being and society, one rooted in the völkisch tradition and the other in the Catholic tradition. By analysing the only book the leader of that party wrote, we see how these two conceptions engendered two different types of Islamophobia: one völkisch, the other Catholic. Both share the same vision of Islam as a vital "threat" to the "West", but they differ in their understanding of the foundations of the Muslim and European identities: racist versus religious perspectives.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Völkisch versus Catholic Islamophobia in Spain: the conflict between racial and religious understandings of Muslim identity","attachmentId":53743342,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33752098/V%C3%B6lkisch_versus_Catholic_Islamophobia_in_Spain_the_conflict_between_racial_and_religious_understandings_of_Muslim_identity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33752098/V%C3%B6lkisch_versus_Catholic_Islamophobia_in_Spain_the_conflict_between_racial_and_religious_understandings_of_Muslim_identity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="124278368" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124278368/Unveiling_the_Main_Frames_of_Islamophobia_Insights_from_Spanish_Experts_through_Delphi_Research">Unveiling the Main Frames of Islamophobia: Insights from Spanish Experts through Delphi Research</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4878845" href="https://murcia.academia.edu/ROCIOZAMORAMEDINA">ROCIO ZAMORA MEDINA</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since the Gaza war began on October 7th, there has been a surge in anti-Arab and anti-Muslim bias worldwide. This paper explores the complex social issue of Islamophobia from a framing perspective, and proposes a new methodological approach based on a Delphi research with Spanish experts in the field to better understand the complexities of anti-Muslim rejection. Among two rounds, experts reached a consensus on certain conceptual issues but noted differences in Islamophobia targeting. They recognized the influence of religion, sexual orientation, sex, skin color, and ethnicity in shaping anti-Muslim speech. The study also highlighted challenges in distinguishing between conflicting scenarios like gender versus race-ethnicity, illegality versus crime, and invasion versus terrorism. Overall, this research sheds light on the nuances of Islamophobia as a multidimensional concept. Additionally, it aims to offer timely framework to improve journalistic treatment of this phenomenon, based on experts' opinions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Unveiling the Main Frames of Islamophobia: Insights from Spanish Experts through Delphi Research","attachmentId":118534499,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124278368/Unveiling_the_Main_Frames_of_Islamophobia_Insights_from_Spanish_Experts_through_Delphi_Research","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124278368/Unveiling_the_Main_Frames_of_Islamophobia_Insights_from_Spanish_Experts_through_Delphi_Research"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="88811412" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88811412/Islamophobia_in_Spain_Inheritance_of_Reconquista_and_Hate_Political_Rhetoric">Islamophobia in Spain: Inheritance of Reconquista and Hate Political Rhetoric</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="231304179" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KuswayaAdang">Adang Kuswaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Al-Tamaddun, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The article discusses the development of Islamophobia in Spain and the connection with the ruling of Islam in Andalus, including the impact of Reconquista (re-conquest) that was followed by inquisition; and the connection between Islamophobia and the changing orientalist tradition which impact social and political constellation in Andalus and the West in general up to Post 9/11. Employing a qualitative approach, this study shows that the rise of Islamophobia in Spain in the modern-contemporary era is enabled through the rise of populist politics in Europe in general. Populist rhetoric revives the memories of Islamic domination in Andalus and Reconquista to win votes. Islamophobia is also worsened by Islamophilia— uncritical admiration of the values of Islam, generally associated with an admiration of Islamic civilization and Maurophilia – the explicit romanticization of the Moors in Spanish literature and the complex, often silent presence of Moorish forms in Spanish material cultur...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Islamophobia in Spain: Inheritance of Reconquista and Hate Political Rhetoric","attachmentId":92715649,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88811412/Islamophobia_in_Spain_Inheritance_of_Reconquista_and_Hate_Political_Rhetoric","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88811412/Islamophobia_in_Spain_Inheritance_of_Reconquista_and_Hate_Political_Rhetoric"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="30642582" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30642582/Islamophobia_Studies_Journal_Volume_3_Issue_2_Spring_2016">Islamophobia Studies Journal Volume 3, Issue 2, Spring 2016</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="150150" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/HatemBazian">Hatem Bazian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Special Volume Editor’s Statement: Comparative Approaches to the Study of Islamophobia in Europe and Beyond Farid Hafez University of Salzburg Comparing Islamophobia with other phenomena is nothing new. Recent scholarship in Islamophobia Studies primarily conceptualizes Islamophobia as a form of racism, especially within the Anglo-Saxon scientific community. At the same time, scholars in different areas of the world explore Islamophobia by drawing on the most popular and widest studied forms of racism, e.g. anti-Semitism in Germany, anti-Communism in the United States and anti-Black racism in Britain and the USA. This special issue of the Islamophobia Studies Journal takes a closer look at comparative research on Islamophobia. Farid Hafez starts with an article on the state of the art of contemporary comparative studies on anti-Semitism and Islamophobia and takes especially German and English literature into consideration. He concludes in presenting blind spots of both traditions and identifies fruitful future research to be done. Fatih Ünal analyzes both phenomena in their structural and dispositional similarities and differences from a social psychological perspective based on a survey with young adults from Berlin. Also Henk Dekker and Jolanda van der Noll conducted a study based on Dutch youths’ attitudes toward Islam and Muslims, and their attitudes toward Judaism and Jews. They ask to what extent Islamophobia is empirically a unique phenomenon, or that it is not funda-mentally different from negative attitudes toward other out-groups. They conclude that in order to understand individual differences in Islamophobia, one needs to consider cog-nitions and emotions targeted at Islam and Muslims specifically. Based on a comparative understanding of anti-Muslim racism in Hannover (Germany) and Vienna (Austria), Eva Kalny presents strategies of how to counter Islamophobia in the classroom. Ineke Van der Valk explores the state of the art of racism and Islamophobia Studies. She argues that unlike anti-Semitism, racism as well as Islamophobia are an under-researched field of study. She shows how academics, politics and the police struggle with social problems and concepts. Based on a case study on police practices she illustrated that the under-theorization and lack of recognition and know-how of problems related to racism and discrimination toward Muslims is not only detrimental for science, but also has undesirable practical implications. Peter O’Brien examines a form of resistance to Islamophobia in what he calls “Europhobia” (essentializing and distorting depictions of Europe [and the West] as thoroughly decadent, corrupt, and sadistic) by Islamists. With the category of “inverted othering”, he system-atically compares Islamophobic and Europhobic discourse in Europe. A theory-informed article, which discusses Islamophobia as anti-Muslim racism is presented by Fanny Uri-Müller and Benjamin Opratko. Wolfgang Aschauer presents the multidimensional nature of Islamophobia with the helo of a Mixed Method Approach to construct the Attitudes Towards Muslims Scale (ATMS). Stephanie Wright looks at the recent discourse of Islamophobes in the USA on ‘Creeping Sharia’. She analyzes these recent discourses in light of broader historical and discursive practices in the United States. Two cases are analyzed: the debates over the US Constitution in 1787-88; and anti-Mormon polemics in the mid-nineteenth century. Coskun Canan and Naika Foroutan demonstrate in their article what they call “the paradox of equal belonging of Muslims.” Adapting Axel Honneth and Ferdinand Sutterlüty’s model of normative paradox, they show how the ongoing process of social integration of Muslims produces reverse effects of disrespect. They present the first results of a representative telephone survey conducted among German citizens with more than 8,000 respondents. By using representative surveys from Germany (2005, 2007, and 2011), Marcus Eisentraut and Aribert Heyder try to examine several causes of Islamophobia. With the help of structural equation modeling, they investigate the effect of age and education on perceptions of Islam and Muslims.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Islamophobia Studies Journal Volume 3, Issue 2, Spring 2016","attachmentId":51153038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30642582/Islamophobia_Studies_Journal_Volume_3_Issue_2_Spring_2016","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30642582/Islamophobia_Studies_Journal_Volume_3_Issue_2_Spring_2016"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="34867131" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34867131/LMCE_1012_ACADEMIC_COMMUNICATION_I_TITLE_ISLAMOPHOBIA_PREPARED_BY_NINIE_AMIRA_BINTI_DRAHIM">LMCE 1012 ACADEMIC COMMUNICATION I TITLE: ISLAMOPHOBIA PREPARED BY: NINIE AMIRA BINTI DRAHIM</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24367290" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmiraNinie">Ninie Amira</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"LMCE 1012 ACADEMIC COMMUNICATION I TITLE: ISLAMOPHOBIA PREPARED BY: NINIE AMIRA BINTI DRAHIM","attachmentId":54726266,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34867131/LMCE_1012_ACADEMIC_COMMUNICATION_I_TITLE_ISLAMOPHOBIA_PREPARED_BY_NINIE_AMIRA_BINTI_DRAHIM","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34867131/LMCE_1012_ACADEMIC_COMMUNICATION_I_TITLE_ISLAMOPHOBIA_PREPARED_BY_NINIE_AMIRA_BINTI_DRAHIM"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="40470259" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40470259/Islamophobia_in_European_Schools_A_Multinational_Phenomenological_Research_Avrupa_Okullar%C4%B1nda_%C4%B0slamofobi_%C3%87ok_Uluslu_Fenomenolojik_Bir_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma">Islamophobia in European Schools: A Multinational Phenomenological Research=Avrupa Okullarında İslamofobi: Çok Uluslu Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="128606420" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ULUMJournalofReligiousInquiries">ULUM Journal of Religious Inquiries</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ULUM, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study, which aims to investigate the existence of Islamophobia in European schools, an important part of the social structure, is designed as a phenomenological study. Data were collected through interviews with 36 teachers working in seven different European countries. As a result of the study, Islamophobia has been identified as an unignorable and a major problem in European schools. Moreover, it reveals that the teachers do not have enough knowledge about Islam, but the majority of participants have open or hidden Islamophobic tendencies. In addition, the teachers think that Islamic lifestyles and Muslims are not part of European cultures and that Muslim students should be subjected to intense cultural training. Again, the majority of the participants argue that the fight against Islamophobia can be achieved through prejudice and communication training for teachers. This study is important in that it is a pioneering work in the literature that investigates the entity of Islamophobia among teachers in Europe.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Islamophobia in European Schools: A Multinational Phenomenological Research=Avrupa Okullarında İslamofobi: Çok Uluslu Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma","attachmentId":60736248,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40470259/Islamophobia_in_European_Schools_A_Multinational_Phenomenological_Research_Avrupa_Okullar%C4%B1nda_%C4%B0slamofobi_%C3%87ok_Uluslu_Fenomenolojik_Bir_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40470259/Islamophobia_in_European_Schools_A_Multinational_Phenomenological_Research_Avrupa_Okullar%C4%B1nda_%C4%B0slamofobi_%C3%87ok_Uluslu_Fenomenolojik_Bir_Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="83354042" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83354042/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Islamophobieforschung_Islamophobia_Studies_Yearbook">Jahrbuch für Islamophobieforschung | Islamophobia Studies Yearbook</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="176293" href="https://ash-berlin.academia.edu/ImanAttia">Iman Attia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Jahrbuch für Islamophobieforschung Islamophobia Studies Yearbook 2015 Farid Hafez, Hrsg./Editor Rijad Dautovic & Farid Hafez-BürgerIn zweiter Klasse? Der österreichische Islam gesetzesentwurf  • Armin Muftić-Kampfbegriff &#39;Islamkritik&#39; , Freischwimmerin • Dudu Kücükgöl-Eine postkoloniale Kritik • Vassilis S. Tsianos-Urbane Paniken • Farid Hafez-Die mediale Berichterstattung über die Islamlehrer-Studie • Adisa Begic-Dokumentierte islamophobe Übergriffe in Österreich im Jahr . new academic press nap www.newacademicpress.at www.jahrbuch-islamophobie.de Über das Jahrbuch Das Jahrbuch für Islamophobieforschung (JfI) erscheint seit 2010 und bietet interdisziplinäre Ansätze zur Erforschung von Islamophobie. Es werden sowohl Fallstudien mit aktuellem Bezug zum Jahresgeschehen aus den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen wie Medien, Politik, Recht, Alltagsdiskriminierung als auch theoretische Reflexionen geboten. Das Anliegen des JfI ist es, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis über aktuelle...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Jahrbuch für Islamophobieforschung | Islamophobia Studies Yearbook","attachmentId":88726027,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83354042/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Islamophobieforschung_Islamophobia_Studies_Yearbook","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83354042/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Islamophobieforschung_Islamophobia_Studies_Yearbook"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58645832,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":58645832,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_58645832" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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