CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135a9e8492d9ba8',cH: 'AQjzWJEhXsEcSFvpjKAf54SEEcQ6i1a343ynNfZ2reU-1739794115-1.2.1.1-tPrRo0eRKwbglBtCYTLmHa50i_1EHZ8DLcNRP.iBbq_1DfnVYaY1a6me9l_SnueS',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=Friction%20stir%20welding&__cf_chl_tk=jhjcEHoetyBg6cmoxNNC5Am6CuyQv4DFvEBk4cMjYOM-1739794115-1.0.1.1-uOcWkoHHLyvEjKoAXMGWlBQ.64yABSUVaJopQi2LkDU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739794115',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=Friction%20stir%20welding&__cf_chl_f_tk=jhjcEHoetyBg6cmoxNNC5Am6CuyQv4DFvEBk4cMjYOM-1739794115-1.0.1.1-uOcWkoHHLyvEjKoAXMGWlBQ.64yABSUVaJopQi2LkDU",md: "M4yy6EHybUSAEngSe24sYJtMRpnqDlVnEUVtd7waW5M-1739794115-1.2.1.1-AeArzkc975vW0IYOq6c6bYY0T_2UuCWY7S9OHtOdrDCTIoTfFCG7GPDrWIOVPw9d9bI27qCsouefNRUYYg9fHCA3iNKQvlgnUcFXllF0WXza7.qP2_n3WcDOLD7unKRw7RYxoBHSH2hvsElufGLrYZ8OOS3qpONgVyPdrueeYAr6g0T__f9.F3E3ijAALyM7LiuIT3MjQfxftyqL_JtAlGNdNOpBLVA8oMAMGIoIhjusuzg070sO60ZImm.ouoBMDahDMdUEsjhC4Rjv4kQ83qNDWABhSVKuMFFF1ugVsLs16p0EpOHtt296vQORYhkDiJz2XtdSo4gFXQ1ZJx8sBBtkyFnZrXYBu4ccgo5497eQL_jrV8M8nzbigaRF662PcnJhlmQelMYO7VOxclOimoyJ1PF_LU4UXVypPKSt_zsqugc88pnbI4CuaHRnFwyaWcmT7ugrOIejHYfJ16Z40p1V.VlYW8JTRQ_gv0byXcbT7YeEF80QI4iRTN8FYte4BaiHUfSGSH5nRSy0Ali3WpKCoAckuP6NSngIlcGmk2w27MSDYXjFns8NHjIPJMeOt1fGgo8ncinpeTLqstp5Fs24l8tsriqWlgLIZ60Qbl9V.MHD7QnJ.b15EWpd4.zqMqrzlIYgQrmV1o1ezMUraN3MTZPww40P43KZNglftjbFXdZJNI0H9ZpvVG7WgHmsRnSNX0052X2leEOcslp34XbV.cAnkEeTM6h4Q2FSYaLVVVtiS.lAH7.iFKYiX5ZH2pkQ8cup4IzFVM4Hhq22n49gisXPvQhy3RVUJK.5yWYXYZLo_IDeIuax99cO2GxMaICB7Ym5he_8eNRz4xoKUOhP4VY.Pye2e2KhF.XGqgn5DQsctbAflu_tjHtzSkT4m.gofrIp5VqQ9BJw.IAzUnMjF7n11R9v08R149ozjg6NHgm7Atp9Jgcu83OyPnODxPwmcgHozyigaU8oKnQxvFWfF3W7bQojjpSqawv4EyTFFCZGB7mnNSlOaGRza11Tkmw4tLiEQHN6AKKIhCh..yu1xfuicb7aZMC7gAzvluvVz96bk6Pomk6STIPAZq.HYdhO4F4oqXlc1Zu3giH_naM7hArnmOBPZmrV8MPYYeqX.AutzmTMKlAXeIkec2KEKZPVV.40TVN0unOI1.AWfPsiHwidjhXFoycJwaUI6AWWPmUnCJae61EO5SMQBOwxA8Z8wIFTGlXgAUqfpMsKslFxlAptg49rZl7VLoP.bvSMpSopU0xixsEtGRuMOhrcCYselPKUUNLvKt32zPvpLYWL3Qa7R1DMUIBc6K8hVthoEZfo4BBwPqxcKtiu3kNP2cS18sNg4EkinxfhzwuShFi0zPH2TLmzIIM8rC0TwrPiXIk34kHtgeAJJ2Dc4zm8s6FPkpVwX80qJUAgUW.bb9yAnIR3VJEhlCYYEmrg2VfcZc.51qELfWynCe7qGuJEczGuPQ83NYpKsdbGA9gxaRhbB33oR0_8pfPWK2Wf0.0QMgrp24eibX9ul7VaBjBiE3tdd5yw9VQG4UG3wJFzXG2oTmjd76zRapa3FkhKCOAHgXF7bWnzqPJF.bx7E6JUPBh5wsC6OOw9N9KoVSNptjB6MJBCvb.Y5q4OEhri6vWsW9SwILSG27VDGI_u7ISXXjkExt4z53hyEm9uxda7VNu_KsnmDlrVGa5bjvBA9hq9lX.6pfUV.0T1.2Xmf7cf0nRL_C0YKqhv8dnuRIYDhsrQMug657VpBwbunznCrE5pmCVmhYohFrNWcKhWVTEPei6YBZYxV8gnQDs8redyxwctCaLZfe6v.sVK0mHxInm8mNmh1TZ5IJ.VDBqP9IPIzbizzu4Gv.VOzuxzE_vge8MWe_TdzUrRiQ9HQSNu4ihvuYwtOV_MJFZ_vLWjPtRorcIoytylJRmxUW9bLZsIuDcaKAHSlqw_jpkWZzBiRs0",mdrd: "n0exYTMS.Ll4wUGbyxBetFUlQLZKq3rYiRuXpPdIUM0-1739794115-1.2.1.1-kvGyhfkjgAEumv659oGqEkHiGl2Q3XrjHlenSVfDo42cyiGeLYx6RcnidbjI9jiiFHIsqoI.3QJ.e4NaQUq2S4HWPWLMhb34HRruImEFqtEfwQsE4brIZxv5umgevge827AZg1CTEJKMKUzm3rYSt929WbyI40odFVAQaJDTwJU4yUzJOZUbcQbBjWb0SLetb6IxpVr50iIZprQb5JqkPEDnMbW8jIjFMXT_4IryL9IuSm6dcVIpSYugNkvizET.hptKaZSjKagFOsuEdESUKwlX_GMWMMXQ5slcFNSQNjAuUUZp6NlxRpips28hMvcT86ITzJiO75jaFtPGDleulO6sezFSucbS5WNdisDdZ0WEcEE52eL4xA4HoAmLRgcQy8pTGDrrgQHIBhr72a7y7DXdytY8ccERPvSdr9rVaVyKRQD3WdLr87y.ridJUqOFPWumte.UCCPDgm0fAQn_08c9Xu3Hi9KhW.fw55Rm2Lm6gVEZ13rJPQvjP.6xe0qKn_9NR6Nadi7SBrrXXFZQJ0zJ8tWWbYCqUobcbBy_MhMxeGub0C2vcAGXxCAQUU3y3_kbsXFsixjb26dq.BuxP27R4.UgRoBcPr8d0wzKsZxJ7K0OUXc4.Xn3Oaue1sak6FrNljtdSTM6MxsehCGCEPcb7grcbHXhuTWvgFsf4r7OTz83bqmtNzEsqd_TSWfCHfx.mLhgpYkIWzdOXoRM8VBLlvgW9P91axj.E2pDWCI0id2S.v6dGdEl3g1HxURp5CN8J52LGyIwU8r1KVPE5VSpBLgbN9SYa3NFyu4O5J06aGB_NQSOIXc_UyPAJFTSYKXpm3EUS9m_mWobCoklaj8HOb5r4o5aHksI2UMvgdsIHGsthGUPKvKd8OXgDGBabha9K1_wgsN90orc2NNmLR9z8am5tfeDxPw4vtTsvGhClH6UbagYmSEw7103.6Hqn4mf5sI.9x29PzKnL48Q3fET.Y3yvBG6RI_.jV653DdXDDxS9j6upRbJr1qBzgMunGHG531OH5NhOBd2UcynBGFg0U_T189QG1hFU_CVdOSKO0e2R.vt4axmSmpxr4EXXKA_DLLddH2EECQmKyv2gfpDXO4wKfaimhXbN1AUQEL4aZ_pMGkWzCu9Wm.uCHzv9Bs.azhOgExcotalWGNd9Ge2RZezmqDScfCDcPcOC6nQ4q9HParaqglT_OqXYn9z9MSiWH1wVZJyaHEJLXs05NpFBgQtikPBKW9fmZ.uxSiwd7FF1uqR9IcTsIdKuJIOzkhvvHb2EnFdkOPyDw6r6TPKxS2YNoKZ.mHR.57WSP.jd3FxgUwFJHVRjHit24vFMo3wsZ.femzVYC3w0NVBzOw2OSbL8411asaSwnRx22i80f7MDPEt6A7SaNQFVPeU2eP6fuHG2A8ArgtDVfXHQPm5pkdftjE.TcgwIcSSBFCahxuMvtd.HD6RxO9yHAv.XIfZ_jgzikfGOcNwczZyGzmG2H0gdHPazqjNbcIxQwBSk6sAeg3Z_Z0qwTJ3o1BWVjCkt7VD66zA8r_1qH_DuN5lgtncHbi7wCUuSX0rEY_0G8.T_1E4OsLb9E5fvdUXalWYvAU3tJo1qohGPOpkXmCZAZeSfQBHrJidPUb02yQXL3yv_fylyUzj5mwuZMlIsYHAmHIglG0WAAHEZl8TtnMPZ1HZXAWwqgXowInAN8Do1VdieqJOZATfBsmBI15fVeoH.uSkPZP9.gdPpfiwZ9ddzbHpS1kUOa3NR4Fsd9YUfBEUvfs6C48rCEdgJH1CIfHutmXjpS8n8fQ5RgTeXKyY6NCGioPq_eJuImWLsP3ZSspHrmCSusmjoMIXHw5YA4617BYWPGuSxPbz_vAaP5VmG9LOpFTyeOXnoFIf_yulxbe5gkEp7N3M9yg6sLYBJ_hoGHBSJpzaB5uSyWLNuNNCu8Dw1tbtjJc2m.LbASOF9O7IESUj_Vn5TgdzfysmNoyvSiEO2hzU3Bysev9jBg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135a9e8492d9ba8';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=Friction%20stir%20welding&__cf_chl_rt_tk=jhjcEHoetyBg6cmoxNNC5Am6CuyQv4DFvEBk4cMjYOM-1739794115-1.0.1.1-uOcWkoHHLyvEjKoAXMGWlBQ.64yABSUVaJopQi2LkDU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>