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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>The Political Graveyard: U.S. District Court in New York</title> <meta name="description" content="A database of political history and cemeteries, with brief biographical entries for 320,919 U.S. political figures, living and dead, from the 1700s to the present."> <meta name="keywords" content="political biography history genealogy cemeteries politics candidates congress senators legislators governors politicians biographies ancestors mayors birthplace geography elections"> <meta name="author" content="Lawrence Kestenbaum"> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-7383562-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'https://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFDD" text="#000000" link="#cc0000" alink="#ff0000" vlink="#760000"> <style type="text/css"> p {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} td {font-family:georgia,garamond,serif} A:link {text-decoration: none} A:visited {text-decoration: none} A:active {text-decoration: none} A:hover {text-decoration: underline} </style> <p align=center style="font-size:28pt; font-family:garamond,serif"> <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">PoliticalGraveyard.com</span><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html" border=0> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgmain6.gif" width=450 height=216 border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard: A Database of American History"></a><br> U.S. District Court in New York</p> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <p> <b>U.S. District Judges for New York, 1790-1814</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/duane-dudkin.html#551.47.26">James Duane</a> 1790-94 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/latno-lavorato.html#864.75.01">John Laurance</a> 1794-96 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/trippe-trumbo.html#650.91.52">Robert Troup</a> 1796-98 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hoagland-hobbie.html#128.13.32">John Sloss Hobart</a> 1798 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/tallmadge-tannehill.html#288.54.59">Matthias B. Tallmadge</a> 1805-14 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/vann-vanvorhis.html#141.38.10">William P. Van Ness</a> 1812-14 <p> <b>Officeholding Events</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <li> 1796 Nov 8: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/latno-lavorato.html#864.75.01">John Laurance</a>, resigned. <p> <b>U.S. District Judges for the Eastern District of New York, 1865-2017</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/benedict.html#116.83.12">Charles L. Benedict</a> 1865-97 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/templeton-terrill.html#302.41.38">Asa W. Tenney</a> 1897 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/thomas3.html#192.86.69">Edward B. Thomas</a> 1898-1906 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/veach-veltri.html#841.82.45">Van Vechten Veeder</a> 1911-17 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/gartner-garwood.html#228.91.23">Edwin L. Garvin</a> 1918-25 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/iacino-ingerman.html#674.95.01">Robert Alexander Inch</a> 1923-58 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mosbacher-moser.html#478.95.88">Grover M. Moscowitz</a> 1925-47 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/gallo-gambino.html#145.33.03">Clarence G. Galston</a> 1929-56 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/button-byrer.html#008.78.20">Mortimer W. Byers</a> 1929-60 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/abbra-abzug.html#155.71.33">Matthew T. Abruzzo</a> 1936-66 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bruchhausen-brunner.html#086.68.01">Walter Bruchhausen</a> 1953-67 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/zaagman-zazachilds.html#385.18.14">Joseph Carmine Zavatt</a> 1957-70 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/barsham-bartless.html#232.56.89">John R. Bartels</a> 1959-73 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/minore-mitchel.html#155.00.50">Jacob Mishler</a> 1960-80 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/rosenzweig-rosoff.html#363.21.16">George Rosling</a> 1961-73 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/traeger-travia.html#333.42.95">Anthony J. Travia</a> 1968 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/corsentino-costas.html#672.09.45">Mark A. Costantino</a> 1971-87 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bragaw-brancato.html#413.18.56">Henry Bramwell</a> 1974-87 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/pratt.html#481.51.42">George C. Pratt</a> 1976 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/siaca-siewert.html#151.19.22">Charles Proctor Sifton</a> 1977-2000 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/nick-nikka.html#064.74.05">Eugene H. Nickerson</a> 1977-94 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mclaughlin-mclay.html#874.24.89">Joseph M. McLaughlin</a> 1981-90 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/alt-amersoon.html#244.86.46">Frank X. Altimari</a> 1982-85 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/westover-weymouth.html#787.91.16">Leonard D. Wexler</a> 1983-94 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/rae-raines.html#759.99.97">Reena Raggi</a> 1987-2002 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bragaw-brancato.html#413.18.56">Henry Bramwell</a> 1987 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sparling-spellman.html#799.17.62">Arthur Donald Spatt</a> 1989-2004 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/amick-andersen.html#768.31.40">Carol Bagley Amon</a> 1990- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sewell-seyler.html#799.42.17">Joanna Seybert</a> 1993-2014 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/blight-block.html#040.91.03">Frederic Block</a> 1994- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/beucher-biddis.html#359.91.15">Joseph Frank Bianco</a> 2006- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/coffinburg-cohelan.html#713.37.74">Brian Mark Cogan</a> 2006- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/matthewson-maxson.html#971.38.41">Roslynn Renee Mauskopf</a> 2007- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mathewson-matthaei.html#209.30.95">Kiyo A. Matsumoto</a> 2008- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brockson-bronrott.html#209.45.87">Margo Kitsy Brodie</a> 2012- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/chastain-chenet.html#010.51.03">Pamela K. Chen</a> 2013- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/aylesworth-azro.html#510.14.05">Joan Marie Azrack</a> 2014- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/donnelly.html#669.96.35">Ann Marie Donnelly</a> 2015- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hall6.html#787.40.33">LaShann Moutique DeArcy Hall</a> 2015- <p> <b>Officeholding Events</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <li> 1897 Jan 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/benedict.html#116.83.12">Charles L. Benedict</a>, resigned. <li> 1906: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/thomas3.html#192.86.69">Edward B. Thomas</a>, resigned. <li> 1917 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/veach-veltri.html#841.82.45">Van Vechten Veeder</a>, resigned. <li> 1947 Mar 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mosbacher-moser.html#478.95.88">Grover M. Moscowitz</a>, died in office. <li> 1958 Jan 6: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/iacino-ingerman.html#674.95.01">Robert Alexander Inch</a>, took senior status. <li> 1960 Feb 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/button-byrer.html#008.78.20">Mortimer W. Byers</a>, took senior status. <li> 1966 Feb 15: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/abbra-abzug.html#155.71.33">Matthew T. Abruzzo</a>, took senior status. <li> 1967 May 20: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bruchhausen-brunner.html#086.68.01">Walter Bruchhausen</a>, took senior status. <li> 1970 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/zaagman-zazachilds.html#385.18.14">Joseph Carmine Zavatt</a>, took senior status. <li> 1973 Apr 16: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/rosenzweig-rosoff.html#363.21.16">George Rosling</a>, died in office. <li> 1973 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/barsham-bartless.html#232.56.89">John R. Bartels</a>, took senior status. <li> 1980 Apr 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/minore-mitchel.html#155.00.50">Jacob Mishler</a>, took senior status. <li> 1987 Dec 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/corsentino-costas.html#672.09.45">Mark A. Costantino</a>, took senior status. <li> 1994 Jan 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/nick-nikka.html#064.74.05">Eugene H. Nickerson</a>, took senior status. <li> 1994 Jun 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/westover-weymouth.html#787.91.16">Leonard D. Wexler</a>, took senior status. <li> 2000 Mar 18: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/siaca-siewert.html#151.19.22">Charles Proctor Sifton</a>, took senior status. <li> 2004 Dec 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sparling-spellman.html#799.17.62">Arthur Donald Spatt</a>, took senior status. <li> 2014 Jan 13: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sewell-seyler.html#799.42.17">Joanna Seybert</a>, took senior status. <p> <b>U.S. District Judges for the Northern District of New York, 1814-2017</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/tallmadge-tannehill.html#288.54.59">Matthias B. Tallmadge</a> 1814-19 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/skinner.html#935.65.74">Roger Skinner</a> 1819-25 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/conduit-conkling.html#827.42.07">Alfred Conkling</a> 1825-52 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hall6.html#251.40.86">Nathan K. Hall</a> 1852-74 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/wallace.html#263.47.04">William James Wallace</a> 1874 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/coxe-crago.html#167.76.23">Alfred Conkling Coxe</a> 1882-1902 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ray.html#229.03.18">George W. Ray</a> 1902-08 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bryan-bucciarelli.html#212.85.86">Frederick H. Bryant</a> 1927-45 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brennan.html#407.64.56">Stephen W. Brennan</a> 1942-63 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/kabzinski-kanczuzewski.html#005.93.37">Edward S. Kampf</a> 1946 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/muncell-murdoch.html#258.62.94">Howard G. Munson</a> 1976-90 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mccullogh-mcdade.html#294.14.61">Neal P. McCurn</a> 1979-93 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/miner.html#356.79.29">Roger J. Miner</a> 1981-85 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mcalpin-mcbrayer.html#063.48.41">Thomas James McAvoy</a> 1986-2003 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/choate-chrisman.html#065.52.90">Con. G. Cholakis</a> 1986-96 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/scull-searls.html#621.99.33">Frederick J. Scullin, Jr.</a> 1992-2006 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/morang-moreaux.html#110.80.87">Norman A. Mordue</a> 1998-2013 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sharpe.html#948.80.68">Gary L. Sharpe</a> 2004-16 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/suarez-sullinger.html#895.55.98">Glenn T. Suddaby</a> 2008- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/daba-daigre.html#953.49.26">Mae Avila D'Agostino</a> 2011- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sanger-sargeant.html#727.78.34">Brenda K. Sannes</a> 2014- <p> <b>Officeholding Events</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <li> 1819 Jul 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/tallmadge-tannehill.html#288.54.59">Matthias B. Tallmadge</a>, resigned. <li> 1825 Aug 19: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/skinner.html#935.65.74">Roger Skinner</a>, died in office. <li> 1874 Mar 2: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hall6.html#251.40.86">Nathan K. Hall</a>, died in office. <li> 1945 Sep 4: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bryan-bucciarelli.html#212.85.86">Frederick H. Bryant</a>, died in office. <li> 1990 Nov 5: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/muncell-murdoch.html#258.62.94">Howard G. Munson</a>, took senior status. <li> 1993 Apr 6: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mccullogh-mcdade.html#294.14.61">Neal P. McCurn</a>, took senior status. <li> 1996 Jun 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/choate-chrisman.html#065.52.90">Con. G. Cholakis</a>, took senior status. <li> 2003 Sep 17: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mcalpin-mcbrayer.html#063.48.41">Thomas James McAvoy</a>, took senior status. <li> 2006 Mar 13: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/scull-searls.html#621.99.33">Frederick J. Scullin, Jr.</a>, took senior status. <li> 2013 Jun 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/morang-moreaux.html#110.80.87">Norman A. Mordue</a>, took senior status. <li> 2016 Jan 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sharpe.html#948.80.68">Gary L. Sharpe</a>, took senior status. <p> <b>U.S. District Judges for the Southern District of New York, 1814-2017</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/vann-vanvorhis.html#141.38.10">William P. Van Ness</a> 1814-26 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/berryhill-betz.html#682.04.57">Samuel Rossiter Betts</a> 1826-67 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/blandford-blaz.html#305.97.79">Samuel M. Blatchford</a> 1867-78 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/choate-chrisman.html#541.58.99">William Gardner Choate</a> 1878-81 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brown1.html#055.11.38">Addison Brown</a> 1881-1901 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams4.html#417.22.34">George Bethune Adams</a> 1901-11 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/holt.html#389.15.70">George Chandler Holt</a> 1903-14 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hough.html#630.82.64">Charles M. Hough</a> 1906-16 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hand.html#248.76.72">Learned Hand</a> 1909-24 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mayall-maynadier.html#567.97.80">Julius M. Mayer</a> 1912-21 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hand.html#769.26.49">Augustus N. Hand</a> 1914-27 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/manshel-mapp.html#545.20.06">Martin T. Manton</a> 1916-18 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/godard-goder.html#286.78.09">Henry Warren Goddard</a> 1923-54 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bondurant-boog.html#174.07.87">William Bondy</a> 1923-56 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/terryll-thaxton.html#576.79.65">Thomas D. Thacher</a> 1925-30 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/coxe-crago.html#833.30.07">Alfred Conkling Coxe, Jr.</a> 1929 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/woody-worthey.html#728.79.47">John Munro Woolsey</a> 1929-43 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/caesar-caillavet.html#543.99.18">Francis G. Caffey</a> 1929-47 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/patterson.html#361.27.85">Robert P. Patterson</a> 1930-39 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hughey-hulka.html#275.85.33">G. Murray Hulbert</a> 1934-50 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/lehmann-lemp.html#875.24.88">Vincent L. Leibell</a> 1936-54 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/malster-manly.html#278.39.85">Samuel Mandelbaum</a> 1936-46 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/conduit-conkling.html#474.35.32">Edward A. Conger</a> 1938-54 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bright-britten.html#291.32.34">John Bright</a> 1941-48 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ridge-riggin.html#525.00.81">Simon Rifkind</a> 1941-50 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/meagher-meek.html#255.46.09">Harold R. Medina</a> 1947-51 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/kaufman.html#206.77.35">Samuel Hamilton Kaufman</a> 1948 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/kaufman.html#552.74.18">Irving R. Kaufman</a> 1949-61 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mcgeehan-mcgoodwin.html#944.30.04">John F. X. McGohey</a> 1949-70 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/suarez-sullinger.html#486.60.80">Sidney Sugarman</a> 1949-71 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/murphy8.html#482.98.40">Thomas F. Murphy</a> 1951-70 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dilweg-dionysius.html#088.61.46">Edward Jordan Dimock</a> 1951-61 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ede-edlin.html#342.50.26">David N. Edelstein</a> 1951-94 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/walsh.html#590.78.34">Lawrence Edward Walsh</a> 1954-57 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/beucher-biddis.html#949.10.74">Alexander Bicks</a> 1954-63 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/palmer-parillo.html#345.80.13">Edmund Louis Palmieri</a> 1954-72 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/herberts-herlong.html#467.90.21">William Bernard Herlands</a> 1955-69 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cash-casperson.html#302.76.76">John M. Cashin</a> 1955-65 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/leszynski-levi.html#282.87.60">Richard Harrington Levet</a> 1956-66 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bryan.html#248.79.63">Frederick V. P. Bryan</a> 1956-72 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/maclafferty-madar.html#098.08.72">Lloyd F. MacMahon</a> 1959-82 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/metaker-meyenborg.html#412.83.24">Charles Miller Metzner</a> 1959-77 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/feickert-fellman.html#638.80.97">Wilfred Feinberg</a> 1961 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bondurant-boog.html#941.55.43">Dudley B. Bonsal</a> 1961-76 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cooper.html#363.96.13">Irving Ben Cooper</a> 1961-72 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/wyatt.html#379.07.55">Inzer B. Wyatt</a> 1962-77 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mclean.html#777.75.59">Edward Cochrane McLean</a> 1962-72 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/campbell-cannington.html#159.50.15">John Matthew Cannella</a> 1963-77 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/templeton-terrill.html#288.12.56">Charles Henry Tenney</a> 1963-79 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/frankberg-frankland.html#329.55.28">Marvin E. Frankel</a> 1965-78 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mansfield.html#284.75.56">Walter R. Mansfield</a> 1966-71 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mossburg-motley.html#992.09.91">Constance Baker Motley</a> 1966-86 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/pollack-pomerene.html#816.98.68">Milton Pollack</a> 1967-83 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/larue-latchaw.html#469.56.53">Morris E. Lasker</a> 1968-83 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/pierce.html#584.11.38">Lawrence Warren Pierce</a> 1971 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/gundry-guthery.html#013.40.39">Murray Gurfein</a> 1971-74 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brewton-brigadier.html#720.12.95">Charles L. Brieant, Jr.</a> 1971- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/battles-baxmeyer.html#862.27.86">Arnold Bauman</a> 1971-74 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/gagliardi-gainer.html#829.34.25">Lee Parsons Gagliardi</a> 1971-85 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/knapp.html#192.71.23">Whitman Knapp</a> 1972-87 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stewart2.html#467.63.32">Charles E. Stewart, Jr.</a> 1972-85 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/carter7.html#371.29.40">Robert L. Carter</a> 1972-86 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/duffy.html#029.78.72">Kevin Thomas Duffy</a> 1972-98 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ward7.html#833.00.38">Robert Joseph Ward</a> 1972-91 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/owen.html#777.56.33">Richard Owen</a> 1973-89 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/wentz-werline.html#008.50.57">Henry Frederick Werker</a> 1974-84 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/haibach-haiko.html#349.50.98">Charles Sherman Haight, Jr.</a> 1976-95 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/godfroy-goetz.html#350.61.73">Gerard Louis Goettel</a> 1976-93 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brockson-bronrott.html#076.17.29">Vincent L. Broderick</a> 1976-88 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/leszynski-levi.html#903.35.52">Pierre Nelson Leval</a> 1977 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sweet.html#751.40.98">Robert Workman Sweet</a> 1978-91 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sanbury-sander.html#330.48.72">Leonard B. Sand</a> 1978-93 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/lowe.html#315.91.41">Mary Johnson Lowe</a> 1978-91 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/soapy-solwin.html#736.06.42">Abraham David Sofaer</a> 1979-85 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/spriggs-springweiler.html#018.02.84">John Emilio Sprizzo</a> 1981-2000 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/kovach-krapohl.html#370.37.16">Shirley Wohl Kram</a> 1983-93 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/lehmann-lemp.html#672.76.81">Peter Keeton Leisure</a> 1984-97 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/walker5.html#195.64.53">John M. Walker, Jr.</a> 1985-89 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stanton.html#042.13.73">Louis Lee Stanton</a> 1985-96 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cavarly-chaka.html#536.25.46">Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum</a> 1986-98 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/darnell-daughenbaugh.html#660.41.71">Richard J. Daronco</a> 1987-88 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mozer-mullarky.html#593.09.40">Michael B. Mukasey</a> 1987-2006 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/comte-conditt.html#413.14.53">Kenneth Conboy</a> 1987-93 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/martin5.html#684.21.91">John S. Martin, Jr.</a> 1990-2003 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mckeegan-mckenty.html#189.40.75">Lawrence M. McKenna</a> 1990-2002 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/frederick-freels.html#548.46.80">Louis J. Freeh</a> 1991-93 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/somervell-souter.html#633.76.86">Sonia Sotomayor</a> 1992-98 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/schwartz.html#688.37.91">Allen G. Schwartz</a> 1993-2003 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/battles-baxmeyer.html#755.99.28">Deborah A. Batts</a> 1994- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/baczkowski-baile.html#982.94.25">Harold Baer, Jr.</a> 1994-2004 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/childress-chipley.html#474.15.43">Denny Chin</a> 1994-2010 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/costigan-cottman.html#500.44.24">Denise Cote</a> 1994-2011 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/schauber-schemanske.html#971.81.96">Shira A. Scheindlin</a> 1994-2011 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stein-steinmetz.html#706.03.63">Sidney H. Stein</a> 1995-2010 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/rainie-ralph.html#770.41.85">Jed Saul Rakoff</a> 1996-2010 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/casebolt-caseyjones.html#601.95.69">Richard Conway Casey</a> 1997-2007 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/berl-berrien.html#858.40.08">Richard M. Berman</a> 1998- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/heisel-hellyer.html#767.50.36">Alvin K. Hellerstein</a> 1998-2011 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mcmahon.html#107.73.52">Colleen McMahon</a> 1998- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/buchecker-buchtel.html#938.55.80">Naomi Reice Buchwald</a> 1999- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/marling-marschner.html#344.45.02">Victor Marrero</a> 1999-2010 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/suvacki-swampfox.html#669.62.20">Laura Taylor Swain</a> 2000- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cassill-castillo.html#331.23.07">P. Kevin Castel</a> 2003- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sullivan7.html#878.91.56">Richard Joseph Sullivan</a> 2007- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/seeligson-selby.html#010.73.25">Cathy Seibel</a> 2008- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brewton-brigadier.html#308.51.39">Vincent Louis Briccetti</a> 2011- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/emest-engle.html#550.58.73">Paul Adam Engelmayer</a> 2011- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/carter1.html#997.53.03">Andrew Lamar Carter, Jr.</a> 2011- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/abbra-abzug.html#606.85.88">Ronnie Abrams</a> 2012- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/schneiderman-schrock.html#890.03.03">Lorna G. Schofield</a> 2012- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brockson-bronrott.html#626.90.16">Vernon Speede Broderick</a> 2013- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/capozzi-carew.html#497.32.67">Valerie Elaine Caproni</a> 2013- <p> <b>Officeholding Events</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <li> 1826 Sep 6: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/vann-vanvorhis.html#141.38.10">William P. Van Ness</a>, died in office. <li> 1867 Apr 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/berryhill-betz.html#682.04.57">Samuel Rossiter Betts</a>, resigned. <li> 1901 Aug 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brown1.html#055.11.38">Addison Brown</a>, retired. <li> 1911 Oct 9: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adams4.html#417.22.34">George Bethune Adams</a>, died in office. <li> 1914 Jan 16: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/holt.html#389.15.70">George Chandler Holt</a>, retired. <li> 1943 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/woody-worthey.html#728.79.47">John Munro Woolsey</a>, took senior status. <li> 1946 Nov 20: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/malster-manly.html#278.39.85">Samuel Mandelbaum</a>, died in office. <li> 1947 Oct 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/caesar-caillavet.html#543.99.18">Francis G. Caffey</a>, took senior status. <li> 1948 Mar 24: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bright-britten.html#291.32.34">John Bright</a>, died in office. <li> 1950 Apr 26: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/hughey-hulka.html#275.85.33">G. Murray Hulbert</a>, died in office. <li> 1950 May 24: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ridge-riggin.html#525.00.81">Simon Rifkind</a>, resigned. <li> 1954 Jan 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/lehmann-lemp.html#875.24.88">Vincent L. Leibell</a>, took senior status. <li> 1954 Feb 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/godard-goder.html#286.78.09">Henry Warren Goddard</a>, took senior status. <li> 1954 Oct 20: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/conduit-conkling.html#474.35.32">Edward A. Conger</a>, took senior status. <li> 1956 May 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bondurant-boog.html#174.07.87">William Bondy</a>, took senior status. <li> 1957 Dec 29: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/walsh.html#590.78.34">Lawrence Edward Walsh</a>, resigned. <li> 1961 Jul 28: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/dilweg-dionysius.html#088.61.46">Edward Jordan Dimock</a>, took senior status. <li> 1963 May 9: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/beucher-biddis.html#949.10.74">Alexander Bicks</a>, died in office. <li> 1965 Oct 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cash-casperson.html#302.76.76">John M. Cashin</a>, took senior status. <li> 1966 Jul 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/leszynski-levi.html#282.87.60">Richard Harrington Levet</a>, took senior status. <li> 1969 Aug 28: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/herberts-herlong.html#467.90.21">William Bernard Herlands</a>, died in office. <li> 1970 Mar 17: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mcgeehan-mcgoodwin.html#944.30.04">John F. X. McGohey</a>, took senior status. <li> 1970 Dec 3: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/murphy8.html#482.98.40">Thomas F. Murphy</a>, took senior status. <li> 1971 Jun 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/suarez-sullinger.html#486.60.80">Sidney Sugarman</a>, took senior status. <li> 1972 Feb 7: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cooper.html#363.96.13">Irving Ben Cooper</a>, took senior status. <li> 1972 Apr 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bryan.html#248.79.63">Frederick V. P. Bryan</a>, took senior status. <li> 1972 Jun 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/palmer-parillo.html#345.80.13">Edmund Louis Palmieri</a>, took senior status. <li> 1972 Oct 12: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mclean.html#777.75.59">Edward Cochrane McLean</a>, died in office. <li> 1974 Aug 15: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/battles-baxmeyer.html#862.27.86">Arnold Bauman</a>, resigned. <li> 1976 Dec 6: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bondurant-boog.html#941.55.43">Dudley B. Bonsal</a>, took senior status. <li> 1977 Sep 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/metaker-meyenborg.html#412.83.24">Charles Miller Metzner</a>, took senior status. <li> 1977 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/campbell-cannington.html#159.50.15">John Matthew Cannella</a>, took senior status. <li> 1978 Sep 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/frankberg-frankland.html#329.55.28">Marvin E. Frankel</a>, resigned. <li> 1979 Jan 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/templeton-terrill.html#288.12.56">Charles Henry Tenney</a>, took senior status. <li> 1982 May 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/maclafferty-madar.html#098.08.72">Lloyd F. MacMahon</a>, took senior status. <li> 1983 Sep 29: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/pollack-pomerene.html#816.98.68">Milton Pollack</a>, took senior status. <li> 1983 Oct 3: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/larue-latchaw.html#469.56.53">Morris E. Lasker</a>, took senior status. <li> 1984 May 10: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/wentz-werline.html#008.50.57">Henry Frederick Werker</a>, died in office. <li> 1985 Jan 2: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stewart2.html#467.63.32">Charles E. Stewart, Jr.</a>, took senior status. <li> 1985 Jun 9: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/soapy-solwin.html#736.06.42">Abraham David Sofaer</a>, resigned. <li> 1985 Jul 17: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/gagliardi-gainer.html#829.34.25">Lee Parsons Gagliardi</a>, took senior status. <li> 1986 Sep 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mossburg-motley.html#992.09.91">Constance Baker Motley</a>, took senior status. <li> 1986 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/carter7.html#371.29.40">Robert L. Carter</a>, took senior status. <li> 1987 Nov 23: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/knapp.html#192.71.23">Whitman Knapp</a>, took senior status. <li> 1988 May 21: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/darnell-daughenbaugh.html#660.41.71">Richard J. Daronco</a>, died in office. <li> 1988 Dec 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/brockson-bronrott.html#076.17.29">Vincent L. Broderick</a>, took senior status. <li> 1989 Sep 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/owen.html#777.56.33">Richard Owen</a>, took senior status. <li> 1991 Feb 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ward7.html#833.00.38">Robert Joseph Ward</a>, took senior status. <li> 1991 Mar 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sweet.html#751.40.98">Robert Workman Sweet</a>, took senior status. <li> 1991 Jul 27: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/lowe.html#315.91.41">Mary Johnson Lowe</a>, took senior status. <li> 1993 May 23: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/kovach-krapohl.html#370.37.16">Shirley Wohl Kram</a>, took senior status. <li> 1993 Jul 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/sanbury-sander.html#330.48.72">Leonard B. Sand</a>, took senior status. <li> 1993 Aug 5: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/godfroy-goetz.html#350.61.73">Gerard Louis Goettel</a>, took senior status. <li> 1993 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/comte-conditt.html#413.14.53">Kenneth Conboy</a>, resigned. <li> 1994 Nov 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/ede-edlin.html#342.50.26">David N. Edelstein</a>, took senior status. <li> 1995 Sep 23: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/haibach-haiko.html#349.50.98">Charles Sherman Haight, Jr.</a>, took senior status. <li> 1996 Oct 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stanton.html#042.13.73">Louis Lee Stanton</a>, took senior status. <li> 1997 Mar 21: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/lehmann-lemp.html#672.76.81">Peter Keeton Leisure</a>, took senior status. <li> 1998 Jan 10: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/duffy.html#029.78.72">Kevin Thomas Duffy</a>, took senior status. <li> 1998 Mar 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/cavarly-chaka.html#536.25.46">Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum</a>, took senior status. <li> 2000 Jan 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/spriggs-springweiler.html#018.02.84">John Emilio Sprizzo</a>, took senior status. <li> 2002 May 24: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mckeegan-mckenty.html#189.40.75">Lawrence M. McKenna</a>, took senior status. <li> 2003 Mar 22: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/schwartz.html#688.37.91">Allen G. Schwartz</a>, died in office. <li> 2003 May 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/martin5.html#684.21.91">John S. Martin, Jr.</a>, took senior status. <li> 2004 Sep 8: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/baczkowski-baile.html#982.94.25">Harold Baer, Jr.</a>, took senior status. <li> 2006 Aug 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/mozer-mullarky.html#593.09.40">Michael B. Mukasey</a>, took senior status. <li> 2007 Mar 22: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/casebolt-caseyjones.html#601.95.69">Richard Conway Casey</a>, died in office. <li> 2010 Sep 1: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/stein-steinmetz.html#706.03.63">Sidney H. Stein</a>, took senior status. <li> 2010 Dec 31: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/marling-marschner.html#344.45.02">Victor Marrero</a>, took senior status; <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/rainie-ralph.html#770.41.85">Jed Saul Rakoff</a>, took senior status. <li> 2011 Jan 30: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/heisel-hellyer.html#767.50.36">Alvin K. Hellerstein</a>, took senior status. <li> 2011 Aug 16: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/schauber-schemanske.html#971.81.96">Shira A. Scheindlin</a>, took senior status. <li> 2011 Dec 15: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/costigan-cottman.html#500.44.24">Denise Cote</a>, took senior status. <p> <b>U.S. District Judges for the Western District of New York, 1927-2015</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adamske-aedanus.html#443.41.18">Simon L. Adler</a> 1927-34 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/burke.html#532.41.17">Harold P. Burke</a> 1937-81 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/morgan.html#466.12.38">Justin C. Morgan</a> 1956-59 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/appling-archambault.html#321.40.21">Richard J. Arcara</a> 1988- <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/skipper-slason.html#669.06.99">William M. Skretny</a> 1990-2015 <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/simspon-sizemore.html#840.45.68">Charles J. Siragusa</a> 1997-2012 <p> <b>Officeholding Events</b> <i>(may be incomplete!)</i><br> <li> 1934 May 23: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/adamske-aedanus.html#443.41.18">Simon L. Adler</a>, died in office. <li> 1959 May 24: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/morgan.html#466.12.38">Justin C. Morgan</a>, died in office. <li> 1981 Jun 15: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/burke.html#532.41.17">Harold P. Burke</a>, took senior status. <li> 2012 Dec 15: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/simspon-sizemore.html#840.45.68">Charles J. Siragusa</a>, took senior status. <li> 2015 Mar 8: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/skipper-slason.html#669.06.99">William M. Skretny</a>, took senior status. </td> <td width=180 align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></tr></table> <table width=100%> <td align="center" valign="center"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></table> <table width=100%> <tr><td align="center"><span style="font-size:20pt;"> <span style="font-family:garamond,serif"> <i>"Enjoy the hospitable entertainment of a political graveyard."</i></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:8pt;">Henry L. Clinton, Apollo Hall, New York City, February 3, 1872</span></td> <td><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/tpgsub.gif" width=450 height=71 align="right" border=0 alt="The Political Graveyard"></a></td></tr></table> <br clear="all"> <table width=100% cellpadding=2> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b><a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/index.html">The Political Graveyard</a></b> is a web site about U.S. political history and cemeteries. Founded in 1996, it is the Internet's most comprehensive free source for American political biography, listing 320,919 politicians, living and dead.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3><span style="font-size:8pt;"> </span></td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The coverage of this site includes (1) the President, Vice President, members of Congress, elected state and territorial officeholders in all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories; and the chief elected official, typically the mayor, of qualifying municipalities; (2) candidates at election, including primaries, for any of the above; (3) all federal judges and all state appellate judges; (4) certain federal officials, including the federal cabinet, diplomatic chiefs of mission, consuls, U.S. district attorneys, collectors of customs and internal revenue, members of major federal commissions; and political appointee (pre-1969) postmasters of qualifying communities; (5) state and national political party officials, including delegates, alternate delegates, and other participants in national party nominating conventions; (6) Americans who served as "honorary" consuls for other nations before 1950. Note: municipalities or communities "qualify", for Political Graveyard purposes, if they have at least half a million person-years of history, inclusive of predecessor, successor, and merged entities.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The listings are <b>incomplete</b>; development of the database is a continually ongoing project.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Information on this page — and on all other pages of this site — is believed to be accurate, but is <b>not</b> guaranteed. Users are advised to check with other sources before relying on any information here.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> The official URL for this page is: <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usdjud.html">https://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/NY/ofc/usdjud.html</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> Links to this or any other Political Graveyard page are welcome, but specific page addresses may sometimes change as the site develops.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td width=32 align="right" valign="top"> </td> <td valign="top"><span style="font-size:8pt;"> <img src="rd.gif" width=10 height=10> If you are searching for a specific named individual, try the <a href="https://politicalgraveyard.com/alpha/index.html">alphabetical index of politicians</a>.</span></td> <td width=100 align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Copyright notices:</b> (1) Facts are not subject to copyright; see <a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/499_US_340.htm">Feist v. Rural Telephone</a>. (2) Politician portraits displayed on this site are 70-pixel-wide monochrome thumbnail images, which I believe to constitute <b>fair use</b> under applicable copyright law. Where possible, each image is linked to its online source. However, requests from owners of copyrighted images to delete them from this site are honored. (3) Original material, programming, selection and arrangement are © 1996-2023 Lawrence Kestenbaum. (4) This work is also licensed for free non-commercial re-use, with attribution, under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons License</a>.</span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan=3 align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-size:10pt;"> <b>Site information:</b> The Political Graveyard is created and maintained by <b>Lawrence Kestenbaum</b>, who is solely responsible for its structure and content. — The mailing address is <b>The Political Graveyard, P.O. Box 2563, Ann Arbor MI 48106.</b> — This site is hosted by <b><a href="https://www.hdl.com">HDL</a></b>. — The Political Graveyard opened on <b>July 1, 1996</b>; the last full revision was done on <b>March 8, 2023</b>. </span></td></tr> </table> <hr> <table align="center" cellpadding=5><tr> <td align="center" valign="center"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="https://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights.gif" width=88 height=31></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/politicalgraveyard" target="_TOP" title="The Political Graveyard"><img src="https://badge.facebook.com/badge/40475596932.4982.1015512377.png" width="120" height="84" style="border: 0px;" /></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.twitter.com/polgraveyard"> <img src="https://twitter-badges.s3.amazonaws.com/follow_us-a.png" border=0 alt="Follow polgraveyard on Twitter"/></a></td> <td align="center" valign="center"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/redirect?tag=thepoliticalg-20&path=subst/home/home.html"> <img src="https://politicalgraveyard.com/images/a150X70b.gif" border=0 alt="[Amazon.com]" align="center"></a></td> </tr></table> </body> </html>