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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Financial statement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finansi%C3%ABle_staat" title="Finansiële staat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Finansiële staat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بيان مالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيان مالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliyy%C9%99_hesabat%C4%B1" title="Maliyyə hesabatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maliyyə hesabatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8" title="আর্থিক প্রতিবেদন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্থিক প্রতিবেদন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Финансов отчет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финансов отчет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finansijski_izvje%C5%A1taj" title="Finansijski izvještaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Finansijski izvještaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estats_financers" title="Estats financers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estats financers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A%C4%8Detn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1v%C4%9Brka" title="Účetní závěrka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Účetní závěrka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahresabschluss" title="Jahresabschluss – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jahresabschluss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamatupidamisaruanne" title="Raamatupidamisaruanne – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raamatupidamisaruanne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_financieros" title="Estados financieros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estados financieros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urteko_kontuak" title="Urteko kontuak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urteko kontuak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="صورت مالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صورت مالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptes_annuels" title="Comptes annuels – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comptes annuels" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EB%AC%B4%EC%A0%9C%ED%91%9C" title="재무제표 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재무제표" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հաշվապահական հաշվետվություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաշվապահական հաշվետվություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वित्तीय विवरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वित्तीय विवरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financala_raportajo" title="Financala raportajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Financala raportajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laporan_keuangan" title="Laporan keuangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laporan keuangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rsreikningur" title="Ársreikningur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ársreikningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilancio_d%27esercizio" title="Bilancio d'esercizio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bilancio d'esercizio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%22%D7%97_%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99" title="דו"ח כספי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דו"ח כספי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бухгалтердик отчёттуулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бухгалтердик отчёттуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finan%C5%A1u_p%C4%81rskats" title="Finanšu pārskats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Finanšu pārskats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joresofschloss" title="Joresofschloss – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Joresofschloss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finansin%C4%97_ataskaita" title="Finansinė ataskaita – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Finansinė ataskaita" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ves_besz%C3%A1mol%C3%B3" title="Éves beszámoló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Éves beszámoló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Финансиско известување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Финансиско известување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyata_kewangan" title="Penyata kewangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyata kewangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Санхүүгийн тайлан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Санхүүгийн тайлан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaarrekening" title="Jaarrekening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jaarrekening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="वित्तीय विवरणहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वित्तीय विवरणहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E5%8B%99%E8%AB%B8%E8%A1%A8" title="財務諸表 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="財務諸表" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finansregnskap" title="Finansregnskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Finansregnskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relato_finansiero" title="Relato finansiero – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Relato finansiero" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprawozdanie_finansowe" title="Sprawozdanie finansowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sprawozdanie finansowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_financeira" title="Demonstração financeira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Demonstração financeira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Финансовая отчётность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финансовая отчётность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarata_financiare" title="Deklarata financiare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deklarata financiare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilanciu" title="Bilanciu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bilanciu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_statements" title="Financial statements – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Financial statements" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A%C4%8Dtovn%C3%A1_z%C3%A1vierka" title="Účtovná závierka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Účtovná závierka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Финансијски извештај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Финансијски извештај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilinp%C3%A4%C3%A4t%C3%B6s" title="Tilinpäätös – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tilinpäätös" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks accounting"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting" title="Category:Accounting">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">Accounting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledger.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Early 19th-century German ledger"><img alt="Early 19th-century German ledger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ledger.png/200px-Ledger.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ledger.png/300px-Ledger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ledger.png/400px-Ledger.png 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_cost" title="Historical cost">Historical cost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_purchasing_power_accounting" title="Constant purchasing power accounting">Constant purchasing power</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_accounting_in_the_United_States" title="Tax accounting in the United States">Tax</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noborder"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Budget" title="Budget">Budget</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_accounting" title="Cost accounting">Cost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting">Forensic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Financial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fund_accounting" title="Fund accounting">Fund</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Governmental_accounting" title="Governmental accounting">Governmental</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_accounting" title="Management accounting">Management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Social_accounting" title="Social accounting">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tax_accounting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax accounting">Tax</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_period" title="Accounting period">Accounting period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Accrual" title="Accrual">Accrual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_purchasing_power_accounting" title="Constant purchasing power accounting">Constant purchasing power</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_entity" title="Economic entity">Economic entity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_value" title="Fair value">Fair value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Going_concern" title="Going concern">Going concern</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_cost" title="Historical cost">Historical cost</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Matching_principle" title="Matching principle">Matching principle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Materiality_(auditing)" title="Materiality (auditing)">Materiality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_recognition" title="Revenue recognition">Revenue recognition</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Selected accounts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Assets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">Cash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_goods_sold" title="Cost of goods sold">Cost of goods sold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Depreciation" title="Depreciation">Depreciation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amortization_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amortization (business)">Amortization (business)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Expense" title="Expense">Expenses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Goodwill_(accounting)" title="Goodwill (accounting)">Goodwill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)" title="Liability (financial accounting)">Liabilities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">Profit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Accounting_standard" title="Accounting standard">Accounting standards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generally_accepted_accounting_principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally accepted accounting principles">Generally-accepted principles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Generally_accepted_auditing_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally accepted auditing standards">Generally-accepted auditing standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_of_accounting_standards" title="Convergence of accounting standards">Convergence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards" title="International Financial Reporting Standards">International Financial Reporting Standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standards_on_Auditing" title="International Standards on Auditing">International Standards on Auditing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_Accounting_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Management Accounting Principles">Management Accounting Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Financial statements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_sheet" title="Balance sheet">Balance sheet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_flow_statement" title="Cash flow statement">Cash-flow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Statement_of_changes_in_equity" title="Statement of changes in equity">Equity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Income_statement" title="Income statement">Income</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Management_discussion_and_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Management discussion and analysis">Management discussion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_to_the_financial_statements" class="mw-redirect" title="Notes to the financial statements">Notes to the financial statements</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">Bookkeeping</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_reconciliation" title="Bank reconciliation">Bank reconciliation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Debits_and_credits" title="Debits and credits">Debits and credits</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">Double-entry system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/FIFO_and_LIFO_accounting" title="FIFO and LIFO accounting">FIFO and LIFO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/General_journal" title="General journal">Journal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ledger" title="Ledger">Ledger</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_ledger" title="General ledger">General ledger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_balance" title="Trial balance">Trial balance</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Auditing</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_audit" title="Financial audit">Financial</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_audit" title="Internal audit">Internal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_networks_and_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Accounting networks and associations">Firms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor%27s_report" title="Auditor's report">Report</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People and organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">Accountants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accounting_organizations" title="Category:Accounting organizations">Accounting organizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_accounting" title="History of accounting">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_research" title="Accounting research">Research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_accounting" title="Positive accounting">Positive accounting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Misconduct</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_accounting" title="Creative accounting">Creative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Earnings_management" title="Earnings management">Earnings management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Error_account" title="Error account">Error account</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_accounting" title="Hollywood accounting">Hollywood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Off-balance-sheet" title="Off-balance-sheet">Off-balance-sheet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_sets_of_books" title="Two sets of books">Two sets of books</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Accounting" title="Template:Accounting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Accounting" title="Template talk:Accounting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Accounting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Accounting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wachovia_National_Bank_1906_statement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wachovia_National_Bank_1906_statement.jpg/250px-Wachovia_National_Bank_1906_statement.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wachovia_National_Bank_1906_statement.jpg/375px-Wachovia_National_Bank_1906_statement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wachovia_National_Bank_1906_statement.jpg/500px-Wachovia_National_Bank_1906_statement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4390" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Historical financial statements</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Financial statements</b> (or <b>financial reports</b>) are formal records of the financial activities and position of a business, person, or other entity. </p><p>Relevant financial information is presented in a structured manner and in a form which is easy to understand. They typically include four basic financial statements accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Management_discussion_and_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Management discussion and analysis">management discussion and analysis</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_for_financial_statements">Purpose for financial statements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose for financial statements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions." Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position. </p><p>Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have "a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently."<sup id="cite_ref-iasplus.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iasplus.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Financial statements may be used by users for different purposes: </p> <ul><li>Owners and managers require financial statements to make important business decisions that affect its continued operations. <a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">Financial analysis</a> is then performed on these statements to provide management with a more detailed understanding of the figures. These statements are also used as part of management's annual report to the <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">stockholders</a>.</li> <li>Employees also need these reports in making <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> agreements (CBA) with the management, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor unions">labor unions</a> or for individuals in discussing their compensation, promotion and rankings.</li> <li>Prospective <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investors</a> make use of financial statements to assess the viability of investing in a business. Financial analyses are often used by investors and are prepared by professionals (financial analysts), thus providing them with the basis for making investment decisions.</li> <li>Financial institutions (banks and other lending companies) use them to decide whether to grant a company with fresh <a href="/wiki/Working_capital" title="Working capital">working capital</a> or extend debt <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> (such as a long-term <a href="/wiki/Bank_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank loan">bank loan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Debenture" title="Debenture">debentures</a>) to finance expansion and other significant expenditures.</li> <li>Stockholders may from time to time request <a href="/wiki/Corporate_transparency" title="Corporate transparency">insight</a> into how <a href="/wiki/Share_capital" title="Share capital">share capital</a> is managed, which may be made available via financial statements (or <a href="/wiki/Stock_statement" title="Stock statement">stock statements</a>), as it lies in the financial interest of shareowners in affirming that capital stock is handled viably and mindfully with duly care.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidated">Consolidated</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consolidated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_financial_statement" title="Consolidated financial statement">Consolidated financial statement</a></div> <p>Consolidated financial statements are defined as "Financial statements of a group in which the <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)" title="Liability (financial accounting)">liabilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expense" title="Expense">expenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cash_flow" title="Cash flow">cash flows</a> of the parent (company) and its <a href="/wiki/Subsidiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidiaries">subsidiaries</a> are presented as those of a single <a href="/wiki/Economic_entity" title="Economic entity">economic entity</a>", according to <a href="/wiki/International_Accounting_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="International Accounting Standard">International Accounting Standard</a> 27 "Consolidated and separate <a href="/wiki/Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial">financial</a> statements", and <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="International Financial Reporting Standard">International Financial Reporting Standard</a> 10 "Consolidated financial statements".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_and_regulations">Standards and regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standards and regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different countries have developed their own accounting principles over time, making international comparisons of companies difficult. To ensure uniformity and comparability between financial statements prepared by different companies, a set of guidelines and rules are used. Commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Generally Accepted Accounting Principles">Generally Accepted Accounting Principles</a> (GAAP), these set of guidelines provide the basis in the preparation of financial statements, although many companies <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_disclosure" title="Voluntary disclosure">voluntarily disclose</a> information beyond the scope of such requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-FASB2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASB2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recently there has been a push towards standardizing accounting rules made by the <a href="/wiki/International_Accounting_Standards_Board" title="International Accounting Standards Board">International Accounting Standards Board</a> (IASB). IASB develops <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards" title="International Financial Reporting Standards">International Financial Reporting Standards</a> that have been adopted by <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Canada and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (for publicly quoted companies only), are under consideration in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards#Adaptation_and_convergence" title="International Financial Reporting Standards">other countries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Accounting_Standards_Board" title="Financial Accounting Standards Board">Financial Accounting Standards Board</a> has made a commitment to converge the U.S. GAAP and IFRS over time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management_discussion_and_analysis">Management discussion and analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Management discussion and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Management discussion and analysis or MD&A is an integrated part of a company's annual financial statements. The purpose of the MD&A is to provide a narrative explanation, through the eyes of management, of how an entity has performed in the past, its financial condition, and its future prospects. In so doing, the MD&A attempt to provide investors with complete, fair, and balanced information to help them decide whether to invest or continue to invest in an entity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The section contains a description of the year gone by and some of the key factors that influenced the business of the company in that year, as well as a fair and unbiased overview of the company's past, present, and future. </p><p>MD&A typically describes the corporation's <a href="/wiki/Accounting_liquidity" title="Accounting liquidity">liquidity position</a>, capital resources,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> results of its operations, underlying causes of material changes in financial statement items (such as asset impairment and restructuring charges), events of unusual or infrequent nature (such as <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Share_buyback" class="mw-redirect" title="Share buyback">share buybacks</a>), positive and negative trends, effects of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, domestic and international market risks,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significant uncertainties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountable_Fundraising" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountable Fundraising">Accountable Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_accounting" title="Financial accounting">Corporate financial accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_statement_analysis" title="Financial statement analysis">Financial statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_annual_financial_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive annual financial report">Comprehensive annual financial report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_audit" title="Model audit">Model audit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasplus.com/standard/ias01.htm">"Presentation of Financial Statements"</a> Standard IAS 1, International Accounting Standards Board. Accessed 24 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iasplus.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iasplus.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasplus.com/standard/framewk.htm">"The Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements"</a> International Accounting Standards Board. Accessed 24 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165410101000118">"Accounting standards and value relevance of financial statements: An international analysis"</a>. Science Direct<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accounting+standards+and+value+relevance+of+financial+statements%3A+An+international+analysis&rft.pub=Science+Direct&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0165410101000118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+statement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias27-2011">"IAS 27 — Separate Financial Statements (2011)"</a>. <i>www.iasplus.com</i>. IAS Plus (This material is provided by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), or a member firm of DTTL, or one of their related entities. This material is provided “AS IS” and without warranty of any kind, express or implied. Without limiting the foregoing, neither Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), nor any member firm of DTTL (a “DTTL Member Firm”), nor any of their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte Network”) warrants that this material will be error-free or will meet any particular criteria of performance or quality, and each entity of the Deloitte Network expressly disclaims all implied warranties, including without limitation warranties of merchantability, title, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, and accuracy.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iasplus.com&rft.atitle=IAS+27+%E2%80%94+Separate+Financial+Statements+%282011%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasplus.com%2Fen%2Fstandards%2Fias%2Fias27-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+statement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ifrs/ifrs10">"IFRS 10 — Consolidated Financial Statements"</a>. <i>www.iasplus.com</i>. IAS Plus (This material is provided by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), or a member firm of DTTL, or one of their related entities. This material is provided “AS IS” and without warranty of any kind, express or implied. Without limiting the foregoing, neither Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (“DTTL”), nor any member firm of DTTL (a “DTTL Member Firm”), nor any of their related entities (collectively, the “Deloitte Network”) warrants that this material will be error-free or will meet any particular criteria of performance or quality, and each entity of the Deloitte Network expressly disclaims all implied warranties, including without limitation warranties of merchantability, title, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, compatibility, and accuracy.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iasplus.com&rft.atitle=IFRS+10+%E2%80%94+Consolidated+Financial+Statements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasplus.com%2Fen%2Fstandards%2Fifrs%2Fifrs10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+statement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FASB2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FASB2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FASB, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasb.org/brrp/brrp2.shtml">Improving Business Reporting: Insights into Enhancing Voluntary Disclosures</a>. Retrieved on April 20, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cica.ca/research-and-guidance/mda-and-business-reporting/index.aspx">MD&A & Other Performance Reporting</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061115081547/http://www.nikoresources.com/2002manage.html">"Nico Resources Management's Discussion and Analysis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikoresources.com/2002manage.html">the original</a> on 2006-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nico+Resources+Management%27s+Discussion+and+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikoresources.com%2F2002manage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+statement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319194828/http://www.pepsico.com/Annual-Reports/1998/financial/analysis.html">"PepsiCo Management's Discussion and Analysis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pepsico.com/Annual-Reports/1998/financial/analysis.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PepsiCo+Management%27s+Discussion+and+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pepsico.com%2FAnnual-Reports%2F1998%2Ffinancial%2Fanalysis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+statement" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexander, D., Britton, A., Jorissen, A., "International Financial Reporting and Analysis", Second Edition, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84480-201-2">978-1-84480-201-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Financial_statement&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Financial statement</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Financial+statement">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifrs.org">IFRS Foundation & International Accounting Standards Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasb.org">Financial Accounting Standards Board</a> (U.S.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/trade/untdid/welcome.htm">UN/CEFACT</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMańko" class="citation web cs1">Mańko, Rafał. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130552/LDM_BRI(2013)130552_REV1_EN.pdf">"New legal framework for financial statements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library Briefing</i>. Library of the European Parliament<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Briefing&rft.atitle=New+legal+framework+for+financial+statements&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%84ko&rft.aufirst=Rafa%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fbibliotheque%2Fbriefing%2F2013%2F130552%2FLDM_BRI%282013%29130552_REV1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFinancial+statement" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523144037/http://www.investopedia.com/university/fundamentalanalysis/notes.asp">Fundamental Analysis: Notes To The Financial Statements</a> by <a href="/wiki/Investopedia.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Investopedia.com">Investopedia.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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