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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Solomonic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Solomonic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Solomonic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Solomonic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amda_Seyon's_Conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amda_Seyon's_Conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Amda Seyon's Conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amda_Seyon's_Conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_age_of_Solomonic_Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_age_of_Solomonic_Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Golden age of Solomonic Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_age_of_Solomonic_Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adal_Sultanate_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adal_Sultanate_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Adal Sultanate Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adal_Sultanate_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_invasion_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_invasion_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Italian invasion and World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_invasion_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_War_Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_War_Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post War Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_War_Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Fall of monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethiopian Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiserryk_Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Keiserryk Ethiopië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Keiserryk Ethiopië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abessinisches_Kaiserreich" title="Abessinisches Kaiserreich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Abessinisches Kaiserreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%AE%E1%8C%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الإثيوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الإثيوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efiopiya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Efiopiya imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Efiopiya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="اتیوپی ایمپراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اتیوپی ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ইথিওপীয় সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইথিওপীয় সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Ethiopia Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ethiopia Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эфіопская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эфіопская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Етиопска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етиопска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_d%27Eti%C3%B2pia" title="Imperi d'Etiòpia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi d'Etiòpia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Эфиопи империйӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эфиопи империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopsk%C3%A9_c%C3%ADsa%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Etiopské císařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etiopské císařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abessinien" title="Abessinien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abessinien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserreich_Abessinien" title="Kaiserreich Abessinien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaiserreich Abessinien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etioopia_Keisririik" title="Etioopia Keisririik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Etioopia Keisririik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_et%C3%ADope" title="Imperio etíope – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio etíope" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopia_Imperio" title="Etiopia Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etiopia Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopiako_Inperioa" title="Etiopiako Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etiopiako Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری اتیوپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری اتیوپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_%C3%A9thiopien" title="Empire éthiopien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire éthiopien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_de_Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Imperio de Etiopía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio de Etiopía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="에티오피아 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에티오피아 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եթովպական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եթովպական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इथियोपियाई साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इथियोपियाई साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopsko_Carstvo" title="Etiopsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etiopsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Etiopia" title="Kekaisaran Etiopia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_d%27Etiopia" title="Impero d'Etiopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero d'Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה האתיופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה האתיופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აბისინია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბისინია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopijas_imp%C4%93rija" title="Etiopijas impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Etiopijas impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abisinia" title="Abisinia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abisinia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इथियोपियाचे साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इथियोपियाचे साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეთიოპიაშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეთიოპიაშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Habsyah" title="Empayar Habsyah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Habsyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keizerrijk_Ethiopi%C3%AB" title="Keizerrijk Ethiopië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keizerrijk Ethiopië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="エチオピア帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エチオピア帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keiserriket_Etiopia" title="Keiserriket Etiopia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keiserriket Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Etiopia" title="Empèri d'Etiopia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri d'Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaayera_Itoophiyaa" title="Impaayera Itoophiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Impaayera Itoophiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abissiniya" title="Abissiniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abissiniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="اېتوپیا سترواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېتوپیا سترواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesarstwo_Etiopii" title="Cesarstwo Etiopii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cesarstwo Etiopii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Et%C3%ADope" title="Império Etíope – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Etíope" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Etiopian" title="Imperiul Etiopian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Etiopian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфиопская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфиопская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_de_Eti%C3%B2pia" title="Impèriu de Etiòpia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu de Etiòpia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abisinia" title="Abisinia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abisinia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethiopian Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BF%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سلطنت ايٿوپيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطنت ايٿوپيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eti%C3%B3pske_cis%C3%A1rstvo" title="Etiópske cisárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Etiópske cisárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopsko_cesarstvo" title="Etiopsko cesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etiopsko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqortooyada_itoobiya" title="Boqortooyada itoobiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqortooyada itoobiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ئیتیۆپیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی ئیتیۆپیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Етиопско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етиопско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopsko_Carstvo" title="Etiopsko Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etiopsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopian_keisarikunta" title="Etiopian keisarikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etiopian keisarikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6met_Etiopien" title="Kejsardömet Etiopien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kejsardömet Etiopien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="எத்தியோப்பியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எத்தியோப்பியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรวรรดิเอธิโอเปีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิเอธิโอเปีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopya_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Etiyopya İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etiyopya İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ефіопська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефіопська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سلطنت ایتھوپیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت ایتھوپیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Ethiopia" title="Đế quốc Ethiopia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="埃塞俄比亚帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃塞俄比亚帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BB%8Dbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_Ethi%C3%B3p%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Ethiópíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ọbalúayé Ethiópíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="阿比西尼亞帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿比西尼亞帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="埃塞俄比亚帝国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃塞俄比亚帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ethiopian Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez" style="font-style: normal;">መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:80%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Mängəśtä ʾItyop̣p̣ya</i></span></span></span><br /><span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am" style="font-style: normal;">የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት መንግሥት</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:80%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Yäʾityop̣p̣ya Nägusä Nägäst Mängəśt</i></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1270–1974<br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1936–1941: <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1897%E2%80%931974).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Flag of Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(Blank).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%28Blank%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia#Historical_flags" title="Flag of Ethiopia">State Flag</a><br />Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia#Historical_flags" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Civil Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_(Haile_Selassie).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ethiopian Empire"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ethiopian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/85px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/128px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg/170px-Imperial_coat_of_arms_of_Ethiopia_%28Haile_Selassie%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Ethiopia#History" title="Emblem of Ethiopia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am">ኢትዮጵያ ታበፅዕ እደዊሃ ኀበ እግዚአብሔር</span></span><br /><span title="Amharic-language text"><i lang="am-Latn">Ityopia tabetsih edewiha ḫabe Igziabiher</i></span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_Stretches_Her_Hands_unto_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopia Stretches Her Hands unto God">Ethiopia Stretches Her Hands unto God</a>"</span>)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Psalm_68" title="Psalm 68">Psalm 68:31</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br />ኢትዮጵያ ሆይ ደስ ይበልሽ<br /><span title="Amharic-language text"><i lang="am-Latn">Ityoṗya hoy des ybelish</i></span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia,_Be_happy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopia, Be happy">Ethiopia, Be happy</a>"</span>)<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="Ityopp'ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Ityopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Ityopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg/Ityopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=am&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="am" label="አማርኛ ‪(am)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AItyopp%27ya_Hoy_dess_yibelish.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdr_ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/220px-Pdr_ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/330px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/440px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">20th-century boundaries</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg/220px-Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg/330px-Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg/440px-Menelik_II_conquests_map_on_world_sphere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>The location of the Ethiopian Empire during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a> (dark orange) compared with modern day Ethiopia (orange)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">19th-century boundaries</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><i>None</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1635)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1635–1855)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Debre_Tabor" title="Debre Tabor">Debre Tabor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1855–1881)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1881–1889)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1889–1974)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> (dynastic, official, court)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a>, literature)<br /><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">many others</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/State_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="State religions">State religions</a>:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li>—<a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1622 and 1632–1974)</span></li><li>–<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1622–1632)</span></li><li><b>Unofficial:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/P%27ent%27ay" title="P'ent'ay">P'ent'ay Evangelicalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#East_Africa" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Endonym: Ethiopian<br />Exonym: Abyssinian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1931)</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>under a decentralized <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1769–1855)</span></li></ul> <br /><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1974)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1270–1285 <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1930–1974 <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1909–1927 <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Habte_Giyorgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habte Giyorgis">Habte Giyorgis</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974 <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Imru" title="Mikael Imru">Mikael Imru</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1931)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia" title="Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia">Parliament</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1974)</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia#Senate" title="Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia">Senate</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1974)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Parliament_of_Ethiopia#Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Imperial Parliament of Ethiopia">Chamber of Deputies</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1931–1974)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak#Reign" title="Yekuno Amlak">Ascension</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1270</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I's Expansions">Conquests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1314–1344</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1529–1543</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1632–1769</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1769–1855</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II%27s_conquests" title="Menelik II's conquests">Menelik II's conquests</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1878–1904</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1895–1896</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1931 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 July 1931</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> (annexed into <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1935</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Sovereignty restored</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 1952</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></i></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="#Fall_of_monarchy">Monarchy abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">21 March 1975<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1954</th><td class="infobox-data">1,221,900 km<sup>2</sup> (471,800 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> tax<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_K._P_1967_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_K._P_1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt blocks (Amoleh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Richard_K._P_1967_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_K._P_1967-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler" title="Maria Theresa thaler">Maria Theresa thaler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 18th–19th century)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr, thaler, or dollar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1894)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ethiopian Empire</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historically known as <b>Abyssinia</b> or simply <b>Ethiopia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a sovereign state<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that encompassed the present-day territories of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>. It existed from the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> around 1270 until the <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a>, which ended the reign of the final Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>. In the late 19th century, under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II%27s_conquests" title="Menelik II's conquests">empire expanded significantly</a> to the south, and in 1952, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Eritrea was federated</a> under Selassie's rule. Despite being surrounded by hostile forces throughout much of its history, the empire maintained a kingdom centered on its <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">ancient Christian heritage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Founded in 1270 by <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a>, who claimed to descend from the last <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite</a> king and ultimately King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, it replaced the <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw</a> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagwe Kingdom">kingdom of the Zagwe</a>. While initially a rather small and politically unstable entity, the Empire managed to expand significantly under the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusades</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a> (1314–1344) and <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a> (1382–1413), temporarily becoming the dominant force in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopian Empire would reach its peak during the long reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> (1434–1468). He consolidated the conquests of his predecessors, built numerous churches and monasteries, encouraged literature and art, centralized imperial authority by substituting regional warlords with administrative officials, and significantly expanded his hegemony over adjacent Islamic territories.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neighboring Muslim <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> began to threaten the empire by repeatedly attempting to invade it, finally succeeding under <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahfuz" title="Mahfuz">Mahfuz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahfuz's ambush and defeat by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Lebna_Dengel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebna Dengel">Lebna Dengel</a> brought about the early 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian–Adal war">jihad</a> of the Ottoman-supported Adalite Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Gran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Gran">Ahmed Gran</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">defeated in 1543</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greatly weakened, much of the Empire's southern territory and vassals were lost due to the <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a>. In the north, in what is now Eritrea, Ethiopia managed to repulse <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Habesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Habesh">Ottoman invasion</a> attempts, although losing its access to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to them.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reacting to these challenges, in the 1630s Emperor <a href="/wiki/Fasilides" title="Fasilides">Fasilides</a> founded the new capital of <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a>, marking the start of a new golden age known as the <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a>. It saw relative peace, the successful integration of the Oromo and a flourishing of culture. With the deaths of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_II" title="Iyasu II">Iyasu II</a> (1755) and <a href="/wiki/Iyoas_I" title="Iyoas I">Iyoas I</a> (1769) the realm eventually entered a period of decentralization, known as the <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> where regional warlords fought for power, with the emperor being a mere puppet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a> (r. 1855–1868) put an end to the <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a>, reunified the Empire and led it into the modern period before dying during the <a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">British Expedition to Abyssinia</a>. His successor <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a> engaged primarily in war and successfully fought <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Egyptian War">the Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdist Sudan">Mahdists</a> before dying against the latter in 1889. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>, now residing in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, subjugated many peoples and kingdoms in what is now western, southern, and eastern Ethiopia, like <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Welayta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar" title="Emirate of Harar">Harar</a>, and other kingdoms. Thus, by 1898 Ethiopia expanded into its modern territorial boundaries. In the northern region, he confronted <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>'s expansion. Through a resounding victory over the Italians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a> in 1896, utilizing modern imported weaponry, Menelik ensured Ethiopia's independence and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">confined Italy to Eritrea</a>. </p><p>Later, after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, Benito Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> occupied Ethiopia and established <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, merging it with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> colonies to the south-east. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Italians were driven out of Ethiopia with the help of the British army. The Emperor returned from exile and the country became one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/1958%E2%80%931975_Wollo%E2%80%93Tigray_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="1958–1975 Wollo–Tigray famine">1973 Wollo famine</a> and domestic discontent led to the fall of the Empire in 1974 and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of Ethiopia</a></div> <p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> in the 10th century AD, the Ethiopian Highlands would fall under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagwe Dynasty">Zagwe Dynasty</a>. The new rulers were <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaws</a> that had come from the <a href="/wiki/Lasta" title="Lasta">Lasta</a> region, later ecclesiastical texts accused this dynasty of not having pure "Solomonic" stock and derided their achievements. Even at the zenith of their power, most Christians would consider them to be usurpers. However, the architecture of the Zagwe shows a connotation of earlier Aksumite traditions, among those can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>, the building of rock hewn churches first appeared in the late Aksumite era and reached its peak under the Zagwe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zagwe were not able to stop squabbling over the throne, diverting men, energy and resources that could have been used to affirm the dynasty's authority. By the late 13th century, a young <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> nobleman named <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> rose to power in <a href="/wiki/Bete_Amhara" title="Bete Amhara">Bete Amhara</a>. He was strongly supported by the Orthodox Church as he promised to make the church a semi independent institution, he had also enjoyed support from the neighboring Muslim <a href="/wiki/Makhzumi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhzumi dynasty">Makhzumi dynasty</a>. Yekuno Amlak then rebelled against the Zagwe king and defeated him at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ansata" title="Battle of Ansata">Battle of Ansata</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taddesse_Tamrat" title="Taddesse Tamrat">Taddesse Tamrat</a> argued that this king was <a href="/wiki/Yetbarak" title="Yetbarak">Yetbarak</a>, but due to a local form of <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i>, his name was removed from the official records.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent chronicler of <a href="/wiki/Wollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollo">Wollo</a> history, Getatchew Mekonnen Hasen, states that the last Zagwe king deposed by Yekuno Amlak was <a href="/wiki/Na%27akueto_La%27ab" title="Na'akueto La'ab">Na'akueto La'ab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Solomonic_Period">Early Solomonic Period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomonic Dynasty">Solomonic Dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yekuno_Amlak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yekuno_Amlak.jpg/260px-Yekuno_Amlak.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yekuno_Amlak.jpg/390px-Yekuno_Amlak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yekuno_Amlak.jpg/520px-Yekuno_Amlak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Non-contemporary portrait painting of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> from the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a> would rise to the throne by 1270 AD. He was allegedly a descendant of the last king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dil_Na%27od" title="Dil Na'od">Dil Na'od</a>, and hence the royal kings of Aksum. Through the Aksumite royal lineage, it was also claimed that Yekuno Amlak was a descendant of the biblical king <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. The canonical form of the claim was set out in legends recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i>, a 14th century text. According to this, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, who supposedly came from Aksum, visited <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> where she conceived a son with King Solomon. On her return to her homeland of Ethiopia, she gave birth to the child, <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a>. He and his descendants (which included the Aksumite royal house) ruled Ethiopia until overthrown by the Zagwe usurpers. Yekuno Amlak, as a supposed direct descendant of Menelik I, was therefore claimed to have "restored" the Solomonic line.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_&_Company_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_&_Company-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak" title="Yekuno Amlak">Yekuno Amlak</a>'s reign he would enjoy friendly relations with the Muslims. He not only had established close ties with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Makhzumi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Makhzumi dynasty">Makhzumi dynasty</a> but had also made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulids</a> in Yemen and the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. In a letter sent to the Mamluke Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars">Baybars</a>, he would state his intention of friendly cooperation with the Muslims of Arabia, and described himself as being a protector of all Muslims in Abyssinia. A devout Christian, he would order the construction of the church of Genneta Maryam, commemorating his work with an inscription that reads, "By the grace of God, I king Yekuno Amlak, after I had come to the throne by the will of God, built this church."<sup id="cite_ref-Hurst_&_Company_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurst_&_Company-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Ethiopians:_A_History_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ethiopians:_A_History-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1285 Yekuno Amlak was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Yagbe%27u_Seyon" title="Yagbe'u Seyon">Yagbe'u Seyon</a>, who wrote a letter the Mamluke Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> asking him to allow the patriarch of Alexandria to send an <i><a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">abuna</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, but also protesting the Sultan's treatment of his Christian subjects in Egypt, stating that he was a protector of his own Muslim subjects in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of his reign, Yagbe'u refused to appoint one of his sons to be his successors and instead decreed that each of them should rule for one year, he was succeeded by his sons in 1294 but this agreement immediately broke down, by 1299 one of his sons <a href="/wiki/Wedem_Arad" title="Wedem Arad">Wedem Arad</a> seized the throne. Wedem Arad seems to have been in conflict with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a> who were trying to expand in eastern <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amda_Seyon's_Conquests"><span id="Amda_Seyon.27s_Conquests"></span>Amda Seyon's Conquests</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I's Expansions">Amda Seyon I's Expansions</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ethiopian_empire_under_Amda_Seyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_the_Ethiopian_empire_under_Amda_Seyon.jpg/201px-Map_of_the_Ethiopian_empire_under_Amda_Seyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_the_Ethiopian_empire_under_Amda_Seyon.jpg/301px-Map_of_the_Ethiopian_empire_under_Amda_Seyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Map_of_the_Ethiopian_empire_under_Amda_Seyon.jpg/401px-Map_of_the_Ethiopian_empire_under_Amda_Seyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>The Ethiopian Empire under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wedem_Arad" title="Wedem Arad">Wedem Arad</a> was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a>, whose reign witnessed the composition of a very detailed and seemingly accurate account of the monarch's various campaigns against his Muslim enemies. This was the first of a series of royal chronicles which were written for the Ethiopian Emperors until modern times. These royal chronicles provided an unbroken chronological record of the entire medieval period in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. A no less important work produced during his reign was the <a href="/wiki/Fetha_Nagast" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetha Nagast">Fetha Nagast</a> or "Law of the Kings," which served as the country's legal code. Largely based on biblical principles, it codified the legal and social ideas of the time and remained in use until the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ethiopians:_A_History_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ethiopians:_A_History-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The warlike emperor of <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I" title="Amda Seyon I">Amda Seyon I</a> conducted many campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damot_(historical_region)" title="Damot (historical region)">Damot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, but his most important campaigns were against his Muslim enemies to the east, which shifted the balance of power in favour of the Christians for the next two centuries. Around 1320, Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad of the Mamluk Sultanate based in Cairo began persecuting Copts and destroying their churches. Amda Seyon then threatened to divert the flow of the Nile if the sultan did not stop his persecution. <a href="/wiki/Haqq_ad-Din_I" title="Haqq ad-Din I">Haqq ad-Din I</a>, sultan of Ifat, seized and imprisoned an Ethiopian envoy on his way back from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Amda Seyon responded by invading the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a>, killing the sultan, sacking the capital and ravaging the Muslim territories, taking livestock, killing many inhabitants, destroying towns and mosques, and taking slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ifat sultan was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Sabr_ad-Din_I" title="Sabr ad-Din I">Sabr ad-Din I</a> who rallied the Muslims and waged a rebellion against the Ethiopian occupation. Amda Seyon responded by launching another campaign against his Muslim adversaries to the east, killing the Sultan and campaigning as far as <a href="/wiki/Adal_(historical_region)" title="Adal (historical region)">Adal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawaro" title="Dawaro">Dawaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia" title="Bale Province, Ethiopia">Bali</a> in present day eastern Ethiopia. Amda Seyon's conquests significantly expanded the territory of the Ethiopian Empire, more than doubling it by size and establishing complete hegemony over the region. Relations between the Muslims of the Horn and the Ethiopian Empire seems to have broken down completely around this era, with the chronicler referring to the Muslims in the east and along the coast as "liars, hyenas, dogs, children of evil who deny the son of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Golden_age_of_Solomonic_Rule">Golden age of Solomonic Rule</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zara_Yacob.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Zara_Yacob.png/260px-Zara_Yacob.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Zara_Yacob.png/390px-Zara_Yacob.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Zara_Yacob.png/520px-Zara_Yacob.png 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> at his coronation</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Amda Seyon's campaigns to the east. Most of the Muslims in the Horn would become tributaries to the Ethiopian Empire, among them being the <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a>. Amda Seyon was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Newaya_Krestos" title="Newaya Krestos">Newaya Krestos</a> in 1344. Newaya Krestos would put down several Muslim revolts in <a href="/wiki/Adal_(historical_region)" title="Adal (historical region)">Adal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mora_(historical_region)" title="Mora (historical region)">Mora</a>. Towards the end of his reign he aggressively helped the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch of Alexandria</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark_IV_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Mark IV of Alexandria">Mark IV</a>, who had been imprisoned by <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Salih" title="As-Salih Salih">As-Salih Salih</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Egypt" title="Sultan of Egypt">Sultan of Egypt</a>. One step Newaya Krestos took was to imprison the Egyptian merchants in his kingdom, the Sultan was forced to back down.<sup id="cite_ref-Layers_of_Time:_A_History_of_Ethiop_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layers_of_Time:_A_History_of_Ethiop-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1382, <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a> succeeded the son of Newaya Krestos, <a href="/wiki/Newaya_Maryam" title="Newaya Maryam">Newaya Maryam</a>, as Emperor of Ethiopia. The tributary state of the <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a> had begun to resist Ethiopian hegemony and assert their independence under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_ad-Din_II" title="Sa'ad ad-Din II">Sa'ad ad-Din II</a>. Sultan Sa'ad as-Din would then raid the Ethiopian frontier provinces capturing much loot and slaves, this resulted in Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a> declaring all the Muslims of the surrounding region to be "enemies of the Lord" and invading the <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a>, After a battle between Sa'ad ad-Din and the Emperor, in which the Ifat army was defeated and "no less than 400 elders, each of whom carried an iron bar as his insignia of office" were killed, Sa'ad ad-Din with his remaining supporters were chased to as far as <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>. There, the Ethiopian army besieged Zeila, finally capturing the city and killing Sultan Sa'ad ad-Din, ending the <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a>. After Sa'ad ad-Din's death "the strength of the Muslims was abated", as Egyptian historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a> states, and then the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> settled in the Muslim territories "and from the ravaged mosques and they made churches". The followers of Islam were said to have been harassed for over twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this victory, Ethiopian power would reach its zenith and this era would become legendary as a golden age of peace and stability for the Ethiopian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the remaining <a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma</a> returned from their exile in 1415 and established the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> centred around the <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> region. The Muslims then began to harass Christian held territories in the east prompting Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yeshaq_I" title="Yeshaq I">Yeshaq I</a> to dedicate much of his time to defending his eastern peripheral territories, he seems to have employed several Egyptian Christian advisors to drill his army and teach them how to make Greek fire. These advances were not enough to keep the Muslims at bay and Emperor Yeshaq was soon killed fighting the Adalites in 1429. Yeshaq's death was followed by several years of dynastic confusion during which 5 emperors succeeded each other in 5 years. However in 1434, <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> of Ethiopia would establish himself on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his first years on the throne, <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> launched a strong campaign against survivals of pagan worship and "un-Christian practices" within the church. He also took measures to greatly centralize the administration of the country, bringing regions under much tighter imperial control. After hearing about the demolition of the Egyptian Debre Mitmaq monastery, he ordered a period of national mourning and built a church of the same name in <a href="/wiki/Termaber" title="Termaber">Tegulet</a>. He then sent envoys to Egyptian Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Sayf_ad-Din_Jaqmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq">Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq</a> strongly protesting against the persecution of Egyptian Copts and threaten to divert the flow of the Nile. The Sultan would then encourage the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> to invade the province of <a href="/wiki/Dawaro" title="Dawaro">Dawaro</a> to distract the Emperor, however this invasion was repulsed by the Emperor at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gomit" title="Battle of Gomit">Battle of Gomit</a>. The Egyptian sultan then had the Patraich of Alexandria severely beaten and threaten to execute him, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> decided to back down and did not move in to Adal territory. Zara Yaqob persecuted many idolaters who admitted to worshipping pagan gods, these idolators were decapitated in public. <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> later founded <a href="/wiki/Debre_Berhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Berhan">Debre Berhan</a> after seeing a <a href="/wiki/Miraculous" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraculous">miraculous</a> light that in the sky. Believing this was a sign from <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> showing his approval for his persecution of pagans, the emperor ordered a church built on the site, and later constructed an extensive palace nearby, and a second church, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cyriacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cyriacus">Saint Cyriacus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Layers_of_Time:_A_History_of_Ethiop_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layers_of_Time:_A_History_of_Ethiop-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Baeda_Maryam_I" title="Baeda Maryam I">Baeda Maryam I</a>. Emperor Baeda Maryam would give the title of the Queen Mother to <a href="/wiki/Eleni_of_Ethiopia" title="Eleni of Ethiopia">Eleni of Ethiopia</a>, one of his father's wives. She was proved to be an effective member of the royal family, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henze" title="Paul B. Henze">Paul B. Henze</a> comments that she "was practically co-monarch" during his reign. After the death of Baeda Maryam in 1478 he was succeeded by his 7 year old son <a href="/wiki/Eskender" title="Eskender">Eskender</a>, to whom <a href="/wiki/Eleni_of_Ethiopia" title="Eleni of Ethiopia">Eleni</a> would serve as his regent. She would attempt to establish peace with the Adal Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Azhar_ad-Din" title="Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din">Muhammad</a>, but could not prevent the Emir of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahfuz" title="Mahfuz">Mahfuz</a> from making raids into Ethiopian territory. When <a href="/wiki/Eskender" title="Eskender">Eskender</a> was of age, he invaded Adal and sacked its capital, <a href="/wiki/Dakkar" title="Dakkar">Dakkar</a> but was killed in an ambush returning home. His successor, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Na%27od" title="Na'od">Na'od</a> was eventually killed defending Ethiopian territory from Adalite raids. In 1517 <a href="/wiki/Mahfuz" title="Mahfuz">Mahfuz</a> invaded the Ethiopian province of <a href="/wiki/Fatager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatager">Fatager</a>, but was killed and ambushed by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_II" title="Dawit II">Dawit II</a> (Lebna Dengel). His chronicles state that the Muslim threat was finished and the Emperor return to the highlands as a hero.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adal_Sultanate_Invasion">Adal Sultanate Invasion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Adal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Adal War">Ethiopian-Adal War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cristofano_dell%E2%80%99Altissimo,_Portrait_of_Lebn%C3%A4-Dengel._c._1552-1568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cristofano_dell%E2%80%99Altissimo%2C_Portrait_of_Lebn%C3%A4-Dengel._c._1552-1568.jpg/160px-Cristofano_dell%E2%80%99Altissimo%2C_Portrait_of_Lebn%C3%A4-Dengel._c._1552-1568.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cristofano_dell%E2%80%99Altissimo%2C_Portrait_of_Lebn%C3%A4-Dengel._c._1552-1568.jpg/241px-Cristofano_dell%E2%80%99Altissimo%2C_Portrait_of_Lebn%C3%A4-Dengel._c._1552-1568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cristofano_dell%E2%80%99Altissimo%2C_Portrait_of_Lebn%C3%A4-Dengel._c._1552-1568.jpg/320px-Cristofano_dell%E2%80%99Altissimo%2C_Portrait_of_Lebn%C3%A4-Dengel._c._1552-1568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dawit_II" title="Dawit II">Emperor Dawit II</a> (Lebna Dengel)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1527 a young imam by the name of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> would rise to power in Adal after years of internal strife. The Adal Sultanate would stockpile on imported firearms, cannons and other advanced weaponry from Arabia and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. He invaded Ethiopia in 1529 and inflicted a heavy defeat on Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_II" title="Dawit II">Dawit II</a>, but later withdrew. He returned two years later to begin a definite invasion of the empire, burning churches, forcibly converting Christians and massacring the inhabitants. According to the chroniclers everywhere he went his men "slew every adult Christian they found, and carried off the youths and the maidens and sold them as slaves." By the mid 1530s most of Ethiopia was under Adalite occupation and Lebna Dengel fled from mountain fortress to mountain fortress until he finally died of natural causes in <a href="/wiki/Debre_Damo" class="mw-redirect" title="Debre Damo">Debre Damo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emperor was succeeded by his 18 year old son, <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos" title="Gelawdewos">Gelawdewos</a>, who faced a desperate situation but rallied his soldiers and people to resist the Muslim invasion. By 1540 Gelawdewos led a small force of around 70 men resisting in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>. However, in 1541 four hundred well armed Portuguese musketeers had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> where they were reinforced by small contingents of Ethiopian warriors, this modest force made their way across <a href="/wiki/Tigray_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray province">Tigray</a> where they would defeat much larger contingents of Adalite men. Alarmed by the success of the Portuguese, Gragn would send a petition to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and would receive 2,900 musket armed reinforcements. Together with his Turkish allies Gragn would attack the Portuguese camp at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wofla" title="Battle of Wofla">Wofla</a> killing 200 of their rank and file including their commander, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="Cristóvão da Gama">Cristóvão da Gama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the catastrophe at Wofla, the surviving Portuguese were able to meet up with <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos" title="Gelawdewos">Gelawdewos</a> and his army in the <a href="/wiki/Semien_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Semien Mountains">Semien Mountains</a>. The Emperor did not hesitate to take the offensive and won a major victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">Battle of Wayna Daga</a> when the fate of Abyssinia was decided by the death of the Imam and the flight of his army. The invasion force collapsed and all the Abyssinians who had been cowed by the invaders returned to their former allegiance, the reconquest of Christian territories proceeded without encountering any effective opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1559 Gelawdewos was killed attempting to invade <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fatagar" title="Battle of Fatagar">Battle of Fatagar</a>, and his severed head was paraded in Adal's capital <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fasilides_Palace_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fasilides_Palace_02.jpg/220px-Fasilides_Palace_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fasilides_Palace_02.jpg/330px-Fasilides_Palace_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Fasilides_Palace_02.jpg/440px-Fasilides_Palace_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1611" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Fasil Ghebbi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gonder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonder">Gonder</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Habesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Habesh">Ottoman conquest of Habesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> occupied parts of Ethiopia, from 1557, establishing <a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh Eyalet</a>, the province of Abyssinia, by conquering <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>, the Empire's main port and seizing <a href="/wiki/Suakin" title="Suakin">Suakin</a> from the allied <a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Funj Sultanate</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. In 1573 the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> attempted to invade Ethiopia again however Sarsa Dengel successfully defended the Ethiopian frontier at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Webi_River" title="Battle of Webi River">Battle of Webi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottomans were checked by <a href="/wiki/Sarsa_Dengel" title="Sarsa Dengel">Emperor Sarsa Dengel's</a> victory and sacking of <a href="/wiki/Arqiqo" class="mw-redirect" title="Arqiqo">Arqiqo</a> in 1589, thus containing them on a narrow coastline strip. The Afar Sultanate maintained the remaining Ethiopian port on the Red Sea, at <a href="/wiki/Beilul" title="Beilul">Baylul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a> through the same period, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire. A contemporary account was recorded by the monk <a href="/wiki/Bahrey" title="Bahrey">Abba Bahrey</a>, from the Gamo region. Subsequently, the empire organization changed progressively, with faraway provinces taking more independence. A remote province such as <a href="/wiki/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia" title="Bale Province, Ethiopia">Bale</a> is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during <a href="/wiki/Yaqob" title="Yaqob">Yaqob</a> reign (1590–1607).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1636, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Fasilides" title="Fasilides">Fasilides</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> as a permanent capital, which became a highly stable, prosperous commercial center. This period saw profound achievements in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">architecture</a>, and innovations such as the construction of the royal complex <a href="/wiki/Fasil_Ghebbi" title="Fasil Ghebbi">Fasil Ghebbi</a>, and 44 churches<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that were established around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tana" title="Lake Tana">Lake Tana</a>. In the arts, the Gondarine period saw the creation of <a href="/wiki/Diptych" title="Diptych">diptychs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptychs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murals" class="mw-redirect" title="Murals">murals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, mostly with religious motifs. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_I" title="Iyasu I">Iyasu the Great</a> (1682-1706) was a major period of consolidation. It also saw the dispatching of embassies to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV's France</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a>. The Early Modern period was one of intense cultural and artistic creation. Notable philosophers from that area are <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yacob_(philosopher)" title="Zera Yacob (philosopher)">Zera Yacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walda_Heywat" title="Walda Heywat">Walda Heywat</a>. After the death of Iyasu I the empire fell into a period of political turmoil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="3524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1769 to 1855, the Ethiopian empire passed through a period known as the <i>Princes Era</i> (in Amharic: <i>Zemene Mesafint</i>). This was a period of Ethiopian history with numerous conflicts between the various <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles#Ras" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ras</a> (equivalent to the English <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukes</a>) and the Emperor, who had only limited power and only dominated the area around the contemporary capital of <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a>. Both the development of society and culture stagnated in this period. Religious conflict, both within the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a> and between them and the Muslims were often used as a pretext for mutual strife. The Princes Era ended with the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a>. </p><p>In 1868, following the imprisonment of several <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> government, the British engaged in the punitive <a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">Expedition to Abyssinia</a> against Emperor Tewodros. With the backing of most nobles in Ethiopia, the campaign was a success for Britain and the Ethiopian Emperor committed suicide rather than surrender. </p><p>From 1874 to 1876, the Empire expanded into <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV" title="Yohannes IV">Yohannes IV</a> King of <a href="/wiki/Tembien" title="Tembien">Tembien</a>, whose forces led by <a href="/wiki/Ras_Alula" title="Ras Alula">Ras Alula</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian-Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian-Egyptian War">Ethiopian-Egyptian War</a>, decisively beating the Egyptian forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gundet" title="Battle of Gundet">Battle of Gundet</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hamasien" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a>. In 1887 Menelik king of <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Harar" title="Emirate of Harar">Emirate of Harar</a> after his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chelenqo" title="Battle of Chelenqo">Battle of Chelenqo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889 Menelik's general <a href="/wiki/Gobana_Dacche" title="Gobana Dacche">Gobana Dacche</a> also defeated the <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_people" title="Hadiya people">Hadiya</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Enjamo" title="Hassan Enjamo">Hassan Enjamo</a> and annexed <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_(historical_region)" title="Hadiya (historical region)">Hadiya</a> territory.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1880s were marked by the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>. Italy, seeking a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial presence</a> in Africa, was awarded Eritrea by Britain which led to the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889</a> and the scramble for Eritrea's coastal regions between King Yohannes IV of Tembien and Italy. After the death of Emperor Yohannes IV, Italy signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wuchale" title="Treaty of Wuchale">treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> (an autonomous kingdom within the empire), creating the protectorate of Abyssinia. </p><p>Due to significant differences between the Italian and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> translations of the treaty, Italy believed they had subsumed Ethiopia as a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> of Shewa repudiated the protectorate status in 1893. Insulted, Italy declared war on Ethiopia in 1895. The <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a> resulted in the 1896 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>, in which Italy was decisively defeated by the numerically superior Ethiopians. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Addis_Ababa" title="Treaty of Addis Ababa">Treaty of Addis Ababa</a> was signed in October, which strictly delineated the borders of Eritrea and forced Italy to recognize the independence of Ethiopia. Due to the Entoto Reforms, which provided the Ethiopian Military with modern rifles, many Italian Commanders expressed shock when seeing that some Ethiopians had more advanced rifles than the average Italian Infantryman. </p><p>Beginning in the 1890s, under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Emperor Menelik II</a>, the empire's forces set off from the central province of <a href="/wiki/Shoa,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoa, Ethiopia">Shewa</a> to incorporate through conquest inhabited lands to the west, east and south of its realm.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territories that were annexed included those of the western Oromo (non-Shoan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta,<sup id="cite_ref-International_Crisis_Group_2009_p._2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Crisis_Group_2009_p._2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dizi.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the imperial troops was <a href="/wiki/Ras_Gobena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Gobena">Ras Gobena</a>'s Shewan Oromo militia. Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delegations from the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> – European powers whose colonial possessions lay next to Ethiopia – soon arrived in the Ethiopian capital to negotiate their own treaties with this newly-proven power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_invasion_and_World_War_II">Italian invasion and World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign (World War II)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie#Exile" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie § Exile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Kaiserpalast,_%22der_grosse_Gibi%22_aus_der_Luft-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0222.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ETH-BIB-Kaiserpalast%2C_%22der_grosse_Gibi%22_aus_der_Luft-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0222.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Kaiserpalast%2C_%22der_grosse_Gibi%22_aus_der_Luft-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0222.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ETH-BIB-Kaiserpalast%2C_%22der_grosse_Gibi%22_aus_der_Luft-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0222.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ETH-BIB-Kaiserpalast%2C_%22der_grosse_Gibi%22_aus_der_Luft-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0222.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/ETH-BIB-Kaiserpalast%2C_%22der_grosse_Gibi%22_aus_der_Luft-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0222.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ETH-BIB-Kaiserpalast%2C_%22der_grosse_Gibi%22_aus_der_Luft-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0222.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3530" /></a><figcaption>The Emperor's palace, 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1935, Italian soldiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Italy" title="Marshal of Italy">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Emilio De Bono</a> began what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>. During the conflict, both Ethiopian and Italian troops committed war crimes. Ethiopian troops are known to have made use of <a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Dum-Dum bullets</a> (in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a>) and mutilated captured soldiers (often with castration).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonicelli197579_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonicelli197579-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian troops used <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">sulfur mustard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a>, ignoring the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a> that it had signed seven years earlier. The Italian military dropped mustard gas in bombs, sprayed it from airplanes and spread it in powdered form on the ground. 150,000 chemical casualties were reported, mostly from mustard gas. </p><p>On May 1, 1936, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> took a train to <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">Djibouti</a> and then boarded a British ship to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spending the majority of his time in the city with Ethiopian monks, praying with them at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then fled to <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_House,_Bath" title="Fairfield House, Bath">Bath</a>, where he was granted asylum by British authorities who did not want to stay in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> as long as possible due to being perceived as "politically embarrassing". Upon arrival, he stayed at a hotel, purchasing <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_House,_Bath" title="Fairfield House, Bath">Fairfield House</a> shortly afterward to spend the remainder of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accompanied by his children, grandchildren, servants and others. In Bath, Haile Selassie accustomed to the "army of servants" and living in single house as financially restricted. He was seen getting rid of jewelry on a couple of occasions. Upon leaving England, he left the house for the elderly, not visiting again until 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war lasted seven months, during which <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> was occupied on May 5, 1936, before an Italian victory was declared on May 9, 1936. Italy proclaimed the establishment of he <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> in East Africa, with King Victor Emmanuel III as Emperor of Ethiopia, which was united with other Italian colonies in eastern Africa to form the new colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> on June 1. The invasion was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, though not much was done to end the hostility. </p><p>On June 30, 1936, Selassie traveled once to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> to plead with the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> that Ethiopia not be officially recognized as part of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>. He also had European allies who traveled to Ethiopia to report the news about the <a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopian Army</a> struggling with Italy. This helped the British's later entry into Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France, as the latter was in the process of being conquered by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German forces</a> at the time and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> wished to expand Italy's colonial holdings. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Italian conquest of British Somaliland</a> in August 1940 was successful, but the war turned against Italy afterward. The British accompanied Haile Selassie to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> and helped him organise his army within seven months,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finally launching a <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">military campaign</a> in January 1941 which returned him to the throne on May 5 of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_War_Ethiopia">Post War Ethiopia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_with_LBJ_Nov_26,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Haile_Selassie_with_LBJ_Nov_26%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Haile_Selassie_with_LBJ_Nov_26%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Haile_Selassie_with_LBJ_Nov_26%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Haile_Selassie_with_LBJ_Nov_26%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Haile_Selassie_with_LBJ_Nov_26%2C_1963.jpg/440px-Haile_Selassie_with_LBJ_Nov_26%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3016" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 27 August 1942, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> abolished the legal basis of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">slavery</a> throughout the empire and imposed severe penalties, including death, for slave trading.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, Ethiopia became a <a href="/wiki/Charter_member" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter member">charter member</a> of the United Nations. In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a>, a region disputed with <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, was granted to Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 December 1950, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 390 (V), establishing the federation of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> (the former Italian colony) into Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-shinn141_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shinn141-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eritrea was to have its own constitution, which would provide for ethnic, linguistic, and cultural balance, while Ethiopia was to manage its finances, defense, and foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-shinn141_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shinn141-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his centralization policies that had been made before World War II, Haile Selassie still found himself unable to push for all the programs he wanted. In 1942, he attempted to institute a progressive tax scheme, but this failed due to opposition from the nobility, and only a flat tax was passed; in 1951, he agreed to reduce this as well.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopia was still "semi-feudal",<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the emperor's attempts to alter its social and economic form by reforming its modes of taxation met with resistance from the nobility and clergy, which were eager to resume their privileges in the postwar era.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where Haile Selassie actually did succeed in effecting new land taxes, the burdens were often passed by the landowners to the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his wishes, the tax burden remained primarily on the peasants. </p><p>Between 1941 and 1959, Haile Selassie worked to establish the <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-copts_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copts-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopian Orthodox Church had been headed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Abuna" title="Abuna">abuna</a></i>, a bishop who answered to the Patriarchate in Egypt. Haile Selassie applied to Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod" title="Holy Synod">Holy Synod</a> in 1942 and 1945 to establish the independence of Ethiopian bishops, and when his appeals were denied he threatened to sever relations with the <a href="/wiki/See_of_St._Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="See of St. Mark">See of St. Mark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-copts_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copts-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in 1959, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Kyrillos_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Kyrillos VI">Pope Kyrillos VI</a> elevated the Abuna to Patriarch-Catholicos.<sup id="cite_ref-copts_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copts-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopian Church remained affiliated with the Alexandrian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these efforts, Haile Selassie changed the Ethiopian church-state relationship by introducing taxation of church lands, and by restricting the legal privileges of the clergy, who had formerly been tried in their own courts for civil offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the celebrations of his Silver Jubilee in November 1955, Haile Selassie introduced a <a href="/wiki/1955_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1955 Constitution of Ethiopia">revised constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby he retained effective power, while extending political participation to the people by allowing the lower house of parliament to become an elected body. Party politics were not provided for. Modern educational methods were more widely spread throughout the Empire, and the country embarked on a development scheme and plans for modernization, tempered by Ethiopian traditions, and within the framework of the ancient monarchical structure of the state. Haile Selassie compromised when practical with the traditionalists in the nobility and church. He also tried to improve relations between the state and ethnic groups, and granted autonomy to <a href="/wiki/Afar_people" title="Afar people">Afar</a> lands that were difficult to control. Still, his reforms to end feudalism were slow and weakened by the compromises he made with the entrenched aristocracy. The Revised Constitution of 1955 has been criticized for reasserting "the indisputable power of the monarch" and maintaining the relative powerlessness of the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, his Imperial Guard forces staged <a href="/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 Ethiopian coup">an unsuccessful coup</a>, briefly proclaiming Haile Selassie's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Asfa Wossen</a> as emperor. The coup d'état was crushed by the regular army and police forces. The coup attempt lacked broad popular support, was denounced by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, and was unpopular with the army, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">air force</a> and police. Nonetheless, the effort to depose the emperor had support among students and the educated classes.<sup id="cite_ref-zewde_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zewde-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, the point at which Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".<sup id="cite_ref-mammo100_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammo100-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Student populations began to empathize with the peasantry and poor, and to advocate on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-mammo100_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mammo100-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials. </p><p>The emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West, while pursuing a firm policy of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding the status of Eritrea, with the superpowers each vying for a stake in the state's future. Britain, the administrator at the time, suggested the partition of Eritrea between Sudan and Ethiopia, separating Christians and Muslims. A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federated</a> with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and would be represented in what had been the Ethiopian parliament and would become the federal parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_GA_res-5_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_GA_res-5-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> would have none of European attempts to draft a separate Constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and wanted his own 1955 Constitution to apply in both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>. The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> presided over the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU), the precursor of the continent-wide <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>. In May of that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with <a href="/wiki/Modibo_Ke%C3%AFta" title="Modibo Keïta">Modibo Keïta</a> of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a>, a proposition later taken up by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s and 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> took root in large segments of the Ethiopian intelligentsia, particularly among those who had studied abroad and had thus been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments that were becoming popular in other parts of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-zewde_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zewde-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance by conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament, and by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Haile Selassie's land reform proposals difficult to implement, and also damaged the standing of the government, costing Haile Selassie much of the goodwill he had once enjoyed. This bred resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to weaken unions also hurt his image. As these issues began to pile up, Haile Selassie left much of domestic governance to his Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold" title="Aklilu Habte-Wold">Aklilu Habte Wold</a>, and concentrated more on foreign affairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_monarchy">Fall of monarchy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haile_Selassie_(1969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haile_Selassie_%281969%29.jpg/220px-Haile_Selassie_%281969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haile_Selassie_%281969%29.jpg/330px-Haile_Selassie_%281969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Haile_Selassie_%281969%29.jpg/440px-Haile_Selassie_%281969%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie I</a> was the last Emperor of the Ethiopian Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>The government's failure to adequately respond to the 1973 Wollo famine, the growing discontent of urban interest groups, and high fuel prices due to the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> led to a revolt in February 1974 by the army and civilian populace. In June, a group of military officers formed the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army</a> also known as the Derg to maintain law and order due to the powerlessness of the civilian government following the widespread <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>. </p><p>In July, Emperor Haile Selassie gave the Derg key concessions to arrest military and government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Tsehafi_Taezaz_Aklilu_Habte-Wold" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold">Tsehafi Taezaz Aklilu Habte-Wold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endelkachew Makonnen</a>, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the Emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government to forestall further developments in that direction. The Derg <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">deposed</a> and imprisoned the Emperor on 12 September 1974 and chose Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Aman_Andom" title="Aman Andom">Aman Andom</a>, a popular military leader and a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Sandhurst</a> graduate, to be acting head of state. This was pending the return of Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Asfaw Wossen</a> from medical treatment in Europe when he would assume the throne as a constitutional monarch. However, General Aman Andom quarrelled with the radical elements in the Derg over the issue of a new military offensive in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and their proposal to execute the high officials of Selassie's former government. After eliminating units loyal to him: the Engineers, the <a href="/wiki/Kebur_Zabagna" title="Kebur Zabagna">Imperial Bodyguard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Air Force</a>, the Derg removed General Aman from power and executed him on 23 November 1974, along with some of his supporters and 60 officials of the previous Imperial government.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Tafari_Benti" title="Tafari Benti">Tafari Benti</a> became the new chairman of the Derg and the head of state. The monarchy was formally abolished in March 1975, and <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a> was proclaimed the new ideology of the state. Emperor Haile Selassie died under mysterious circumstances on 27 August 1975 while his personal physician was absent. It is commonly believed that <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> killed him, either by ordering it done or by his own hand although the former is more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Bahrey" title="Bahrey">Bahrey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were ten social groups in the feudal Ethiopia of his time, i.e. at the end of the 16th century. These social groups consisted of the monks; the <a href="/wiki/Debtera" title="Debtera">debtera</a>; lay officials (including judges); men at arms giving personal protection to the wives of dignitaries and to princesses; the shimaglle, who were the lords and hereditary landowners; their farm labourers or serfs; traders; artisans; wandering singers; and the soldiers, who were called chewa. According to modern thinking, some of these categories are not true classes. But at least the shimaglle, the serfs, the chewa, the artisans and the traders constitute definite classes. Power was vested in the Emperor and those aristocrats he appointed to execute his power, and the power enforcing instrument consisted of a class of soldiers, the chewa.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Ethiopian Empire</a></div> <p>From the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amde_Tseyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amde Tseyon">Amde Tseyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewa_regiments" title="Chewa regiments">Chewa regiments</a>, or legions, formed the backbone of the Empire military forces. The Ge'ez term for these regiments is ṣewa (ጼዋ) while the Amharic term is č̣äwa (ጨዋ). The normal size of a regiment was several thousand men.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each regiment was allocated a fief (Gult), to ensure its upkeep ensured by the land revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1445, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gomit" title="Battle of Gomit">Battle of Gomit</a>, the chronicles record that Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> started garrisoning the provinces with Chewa regiments. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Imperial Ethiopian Army: Summary of known deployments <i>c.</i> 15th century</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of regiment<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bäṣär waǧät </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serae">Serae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawaro" title="Dawaro">Dawaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menz" title="Menz">Menz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamo-Gofa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamo-Gofa">Gamo</a> </td> <td>Enemy of the waǧät </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jan_Amora#Overview" title="Jan Amora">Ǧan amora</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doba_(historical_region)" title="Doba (historical region)">Dobe'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tselemt" title="Tselemt">Tselemt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efratana_Gidim" title="Efratana Gidim">Gedem</a> </td> <td>Eagle of the majesty </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ǧan sagana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dawaro" title="Dawaro">Dawaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doba_(historical_region)" title="Doba (historical region)">Dobe'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angot" title="Angot">Angot</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>č̣äwa Bale </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia" title="Bale Province, Ethiopia">Bali</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>č̣äwa <a href="/wiki/Maya_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (Ethiopia)">Maya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Medre Bahr</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bäṣur amora </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gamo-Gofa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamo-Gofa">Gamo</a> </td> <td>Spear of the eagle </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bäṣär šotäl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damot_(historical_region)" title="Damot (historical region)">Damot</a> </td> <td>Spear of the foe </td></tr> <tr> <td>č̣äwa Begemder </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>č̣äwa Ifat </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ifat_(historical_region)" title="Ifat (historical region)">Ifat</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Major divisions of the military were : </p> <ul><li>Regiments at the court, under high court officials</li> <li>Regiments in the provinces, under regional Rases or other officials</li> <li>Regiments in border regions, or more autonomous provinces, such as <a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiya Sultanate">Hadiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahir_Negash" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahir Negash">Bahir Negash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bale" title="Sultanate of Bale">Bale</a>, under azmač who were military officials appointed by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One of the Chewa regiments, known as the <i>Abe Lahm</i> in Geez, or the <i>Weregenu</i>, in Oromo, lasted, and participated to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a>, only to be phased out in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern army was created under Ras Tafari Makonnen, in 1917, with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kebur_Zabagna" title="Kebur Zabagna">Kebur Zabagna</a>, the imperial guard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Economy of the Ethiopian Empire">Economy of the Ethiopian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Bank_of_Ethiopia,_Addis_Abeba-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0994.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ETH-BIB-Bank_of_Ethiopia%2C_Addis_Abeba-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0994.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Bank_of_Ethiopia%2C_Addis_Abeba-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0994.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ETH-BIB-Bank_of_Ethiopia%2C_Addis_Abeba-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0994.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ETH-BIB-Bank_of_Ethiopia%2C_Addis_Abeba-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0994.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/ETH-BIB-Bank_of_Ethiopia%2C_Addis_Abeba-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0994.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ETH-BIB-Bank_of_Ethiopia%2C_Addis_Abeba-Abessinienflug_1934-LBS_MH02-22-0994.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Abyssinia" title="Bank of Abyssinia">Bank of Abyssinia</a> in 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy consisted of centuries old <a href="/wiki/Barter_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Barter system">barter system</a> with "primitive money" and currency of various kinds until the 20th century in the framework of feudal system.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peasants worked to produce and fixated their activities to taxation, marketing infrastructure and agrarian production.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, Menelik II established the first bank, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Abyssinia" title="Bank of Abyssinia">Bank of Abyssinia</a> following concession from British occupied <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank of Egypt</a> in December 1904, that used to monopolize all government public funds, loans, print banknotes, mint coins and other privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It expanded branches to <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dire_Dawa" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gore,_Ethiopia" title="Gore, Ethiopia">Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dembidolo" title="Dembidolo">Dembidolo</a> and agencies in <a href="/wiki/Gambela_(city)" title="Gambela (city)">Gambela</a> and transit office in <a href="/wiki/Djibouti_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Djibouti (city)">Djibouti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, it was renamed as "Bank of Ethiopia" following paid compensation by Emperor Haile Selassie. To promote industrial and manufacturing expansion, Haile Selassie, with assistance of National Economic Council, embarked development plan encompassing three Five-Years Master Plan from 1957 to 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1960 and 1970, Ethiopia enjoyed an annual 4.4% growth rate in per capita and gross domestic product (GDP). There was an increase of manufacturing growth rate from 1.9% in 1960/61 to 4.4% in 1973/74, with wholesale, retail trade, transportation, and communication sectors increased from 9.5% to 15.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopia exported around 800,000 bushels of wheat, mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, and Greece. The GDP of Ethiopia around 1934 was $1.3 billion, before dropping drastically due to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency">Currency</h2></div> <p>The most common currency of the earlier periods of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopian history</a> were essential items such as, "amole" (<i>salt bars</i>), pieces of cloth or iron and later cartridges. It's only in the 19th century that the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler" title="Maria Theresa thaler">Maria Theresa Thaler</a> had become the medium of exchange for large transactions until <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik</a> finally started minting local currency around the turn of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Government of the Ethiopian Empire">Government of the Ethiopian Empire</a></div> <p>As feudalism became the central tenet in the Ethiopian Empire, it developed into an authoritarian system with institutionalized social inequality. As land became the prime commodity, its acquisition became the main driving force behind imperialism, especially from the reign of Menelik II onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of Emperor Haile Selassie's modernization efforts, the traditional monarchical regime was reformed through the introduction of the 1931 and 1955 constitutions, which introduced a unitary parliamentary system with two legislative bodies: the Chamber of Senate (Yeheggue Mewossegna Meker Beth) and Chamber of Deputies (Yeheggue Memeriya Meker Beth).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1956 constitution Article 56, no one can be simultaneously a member of both chambers, who meet at the beginning or ending of each session.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the parliamentary structure, the Chamber of Deputies consisted of 250 members elected every four years, whereas the Senate consisted of one-half of the Deputies (125) and were appointed by the Emperor in every six years.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:History of Ethiopia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of <span class="fn org label">Ethiopia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion of Judah"><img alt="Lion of Judah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/75px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/113px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/150px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980 – 400 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ethiopia in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 – 940 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 900–1270</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Early Solomonic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1270–1529</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I's Expansions">Amda Seyon's Expansions</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1314–1344</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1543</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">1543 – 17th cent. </span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Habesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Habesh">Habesh Eyalet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">1557 – 17th cent. </span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1632–1769</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1769–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Ottoman_border_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Ottoman border conflict">Ottoman border conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1832–1848</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia#1855–1936" title="History of Ethiopia">Unification</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1855–1913</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Invasions">Menelik's Invasions</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1878–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italo–Ethiopian War">First Italo–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernization_under_Haile_Selassie" title="Modernization under Haile Selassie">Modernization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1913–1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo–Ethiopian War">Second Italo–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1935–1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1936–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federation with Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1952–1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean Independence War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1961–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977–1978</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Recent history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean border conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2005_Ethiopian_general_election_violence" title="2005 Ethiopian general election violence">Police massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2005</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Somalia (2006–09)">War in Somalia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">East Africa drought</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Oromo_protests" title="2014–2016 Oromo protests">Oromo protests</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr#History" title="Ethiopian birr">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Template:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Eritrea" title="Category:History of Eritrea">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">History of <span class="fn org label">Eritrea</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Eritreae.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the flag of Eritrea"><img alt="Arms of the flag of Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Insigne_Eritreae.svg/70px-Insigne_Eritreae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Insigne_Eritreae.svg/105px-Insigne_Eritreae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Insigne_Eritreae.svg/140px-Insigne_Eritreae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea#Prehistory" title="History of Eritrea">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500–980 BC)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dəmot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 980–400 BC)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150 BC–AD 960)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak" title="Sultanate of Dahlak">Sultanate of Dahlak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1557)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagwe Dynasty">Zagwe Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1137–1270)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1974)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Dankali_Sultanate" title="Dankali Sultanate">Dankali Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> Late 13th century–18th century)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Sultanate of Aussa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1734–1936)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Eyalet-i Habeş</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1554–1872)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1936)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Governorate" title="Eritrea Governorate">Eritrea Governorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–1941)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940–1941)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea#British_administration_and_federalisation" title="History of Eritrea">British Military Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1952)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Autonomy within Ethiopia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1952–1962)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–1991)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> Annexation as the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Province" title="Eritrea Province">Eritrea Province</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1993)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1991)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">State of Eritrea</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea#1990s" title="History of Eritrea">1990s in Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2000)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Eritrea" title="2000s in Eritrea">2000s in Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Eritrea" title="2010s in Eritrea">2010s in Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/16px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/24px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/32px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Eritrea" title="Portal:Eritrea">Eritrea portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Eritrea" title="Template:History of Eritrea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Eritrea" title="Template talk:History of Eritrea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Eritrea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Eritrea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Ethiopian historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">List of emperors of Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_of_Ethiopia" title="Crown Council of Ethiopia">Crown Council of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Shewa" title="Sultanate of Shewa">Sultanate of Shewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a> (1755–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a> (1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (1936–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Arbegnoch</a> (1936–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign (World War II)</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> (1974–1991)</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span lang="gez">መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Mängəśtä ʾItyop̣p̣ya</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Kingdom of Ethiopia'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>: <span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am" style="font-style: normal;">ኢትዮጵያ</span></span> <span title="Amharic-language text"><i lang="am-Latn">ʾĪtyōṗṗyā</i></span>, <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/Ityopya.ogg\/Ityopya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ityopya.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/Ityopya.ogg/Ityopya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ityopya.ogg" title="File:Ityopya.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: <span title="Oromo-language text"><i lang="om">Itoophiyaa</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">Itoobiya</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <i><span title="Afar-language text"><i lang="aa">Itiyoophiyaa</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The old tradition of the Ethiopian emperors was travelling around the country accompanied by their many courtiers and innumerable soldiers, living off the produce of peasants, and dwelling in fortified encampments known as <a href="/wiki/Katama" title="Katama">katamas</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Katama" title="Katama">katamas</a> would serve as the headquarters of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this several Ethiopian rulers had attempted to establish fixed capitals such as <a href="/wiki/Termaber" title="Termaber">Tegulet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emfraz" title="Emfraz">Emfraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debre_Birhan" title="Debre Birhan">Debre Birhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1982" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1982). <i>History Of Ethiopian Towns</i>. Steiner. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9"><bdi>978-3-515-03204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ethiopian+Towns&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-515-03204-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2009_num_24_1_1394">"Barara, the Royal City of 15th and Early 16th Century (Ethiopia). Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer"</a>. <i>Annales d'Éthiopie</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>249. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fethio.2009.1394">10.3406/ethio.2009.1394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+d%27%C3%89thiopie&rft.atitle=Barara%2C+the+Royal+City+of+15th+and+Early+16th+Century+%28Ethiopia%29.+Medieval+and+Other+Early+Settlements+Between+Wechecha+Range+and+Mt+Yerer&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fethio.2009.1394&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fethio_0066-2127_2009_num_24_1_1394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Southern Marches of Imperial Ethiopia: Essays in History and Social Anthropology</i>, Donham Donald Donham, Wendy James, Christopher Clapham, Patrick Manning. CUP Archive, Sep 4, 1986, p. 11, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228065900/https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false">Archived</a> 28 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>, Paul B. Henze, November 18, 2008, p. 78, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false">https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228065900/https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false">Archived</a> 28 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathaniel_T._Kenney1965" class="citation journal cs1">Nathaniel T. Kenney (1965). "Ethiopian Adventure". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. <b>127</b>: 555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Adventure&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=555&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Nathaniel+T.+Kenney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegash2006" class="citation journal cs1">Negash, Tekeste (2006). "The Zagwe Period and the Zenith of Urban Culture in Ethiopia, Ca. 930–1270 AD". <i><a href="/wiki/Africa:_Rivista_trimestrale_di_studi_e_documentazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione">Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente</a></i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40761842">40761842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Rivista+Trimestrale+di+Studi+e+Documentazione+dell%27Istituto+Italiano+per+l%27Africa+e+l%27Oriente&rft.atitle=The+Zagwe+Period+and+the+Zenith+of+Urban+Culture+in+Ethiopia%2C+Ca.+930%E2%80%931270+AD&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40761842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Negash&rft.aufirst=Tekeste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ethiopia, 4 November 1955, Article 76 (source: <i>Constitutions of Nations: Volume I, Africa</i> by Amos Jenkins Peaslee)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ethiopia Ends 3,000 Year Monarchy". <i><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee Sentinel">Milwaukee Sentinel</a></i>. 22 March 1975. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Ends+3%2C000+Year+Monarchy&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1975-03-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19750322&id=S-sgAAAAIBAJ&pg=2528,3614199">"Ethiopia ends old monarchy"</a>. <i>The Day</i>. 22 March 1975. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Day&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+ends+old+monarchy&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1975-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1915%26dat%3D19750322%26id%3DS-sgAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2528%2C3614199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenc_van_MaarseveenGer_van_der_Tang1978" class="citation book cs1">Henc van Maarseveen; Ger van der Tang (1978). <i>Written Constitutions: A Computerized Comparative Study</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+Constitutions%3A+A+Computerized+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Henc+van+Maarseveen&rft.au=Ger+van+der+Tang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/worldfactbook87nati#page/74/mode/2up">"Ethiopia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fworldfactbook87nati%23page%2F74%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_K._P_1967-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_K._P_1967_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richard_K._P_1967_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Royal Chronicle of his reign is translated in part by Richard K. P. Pankhurst, <i>The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles</i> (Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markessini, Joan (2012). <i>Around the World of Orthodox Christianity – Five Hundred Million Strong: The Unifying Aesthetic Beauty</i>. Dorrance Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-1486-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-1486-6">978-1-4349-1486-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Giles (2017). <i>St George: The patron saint of England</i>. Oldcastle Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84344-967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84344-967-6">978-1-84344-967-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._A._Wallis_Budge2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">E. A. Wallis Budge (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR7"><i>A History of Ethiopia</i></a>. Vol. I: Nubia and Abyssinia. Routledge. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64915-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64915-1"><bdi>978-1-317-64915-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64915-1&rft.au=E.+A.+Wallis+Budge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWQtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1956" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, William H. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322824">"The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems"</a>. <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4322824">4322824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopian+Empire%3A+Progress+and+Problems&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4322824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4322824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHathaway2018" class="citation book cs1">Hathaway, Jane (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcZmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem: From African Slave to Power-Broker</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10829-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10829-5"><bdi>978-1-107-10829-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief+Eunuch+of+the+Ottoman+Harem%3A+From+African+Slave+to+Power-Broker&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10829-5&rft.aulast=Hathaway&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcZmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.sewasew.com/p/barsbay"><i>Barsbay</i></a>. Encyclopedia Aethiopica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barsbay&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Aethiopica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.sewasew.com%2Fp%2Fbarsbay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlikh2000" class="citation book cs1">Erlikh, Hagai (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcsJosc239YC&pg=PA41"><i>The Nile Histories, Cultures, Myths</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-672-2"><bdi>978-1-55587-672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nile+Histories%2C+Cultures%2C+Myths&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-672-2&rft.aulast=Erlikh&rft.aufirst=Hagai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcsJosc239YC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassen" class="citation book cs1">Hassen, Mohammed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29226/1/10731321.pdf"><i>Oromo of Ethiopia with special emphasis on the Gibe region</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of London. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oromo+of+Ethiopia+with+special+emphasis+on+the+Gibe+region&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.aulast=Hassen&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F29226%2F1%2F10731321.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Spencer Trimingham, <i>Islam in Ethiopia</i> (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA167"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. 1975. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20981-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20981-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWjxR61xAe0C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Adal">"Adal"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Adal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAdal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pankhurst, <i>History</i>, p. 70; Özbaran, 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pankhurst, <i>History</i>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvano2018" class="citation book cs1">Salvano, Tadese Tele (2018). <i>የደረግ አነሳስና (የኤርትራና ትግራይ እንቆቅልሽ ጦርነት)</i> [<i>The Derg Initiative (The Eritrean-Tigray Mysterious War)</i>]. Tadese Tele Salvano. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7915-9662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7915-9662-3"><bdi>978-0-7915-9662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%8D+%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B3%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%93+%28%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%93+%E1%89%B5%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%AD+%E1%8A%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%86%E1%89%85%E1%88%8D%E1%88%BD+%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Tadese+Tele+Salvano&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7915-9662-3&rft.aulast=Salvano&rft.aufirst=Tadese+Tele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2001" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (2001). <i>The Ethiopians: A History</i>. Wiley. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9"><bdi>0-631-22493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-631-22493-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taddesse Tamrat, <i>Church and State in Ethiopia</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 68 n.1 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Getachew Mekonnen Hasen, <i>Wollo, Yager Dibab</i> (Addis Ababa: Nigd Matemiya Bet, 1992), pp. 28–29 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2001" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (2001). <i>The Ethiopians: A History</i>. Wiley. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9"><bdi>0-631-22493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-631-22493-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurst_&_Company-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hurst_&_Company_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hurst_&_Company_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2000" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B. (2000). <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>. Hurst & Company. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3"><bdi>1-85065-393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85065-393-3&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Ethiopians:_A_History-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Ethiopians:_A_History_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Ethiopians:_A_History_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2001" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (2001). <i>The Ethiopians: A History</i>. Wiley. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22493-9"><bdi>0-631-22493-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+History&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-631-22493-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a>, <i>The Travels Of Marco Polo</i> (London, 1871), in his notes to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo/Book_3/Chapter_35" class="extiw" title="s:The Travels of Marco Polo/Book 3/Chapter 35">Book 3, Chapter 35</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2000" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B. (2000). <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>. Hurst & Company. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3"><bdi>1-85065-393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85065-393-3&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1997" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC"><i>The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century</i></a>. Red Sea Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6"><bdi>978-0-932415-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpYBD3bzW1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1997" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC"><i>The Ethiopian Borderlands Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century</i></a>. Red Sea Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6"><bdi>978-0-932415-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpYBD3bzW1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlikh2002" class="citation book cs1">Erlikh, Ḥagai (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mhCN2qo43jkC&q=contemporary+ethiopian+attitudes"><i>The Cross and the River Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-970-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-970-9"><bdi>978-1-55587-970-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+the+River+Ethiopia%2C+Egypt%2C+and+the+Nile&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-970-9&rft.aulast=Erlikh&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%A4agai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmhCN2qo43jkC%26q%3Dcontemporary%2Bethiopian%2Battitudes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Layers_of_Time:_A_History_of_Ethiop-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Layers_of_Time:_A_History_of_Ethiop_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Layers_of_Time:_A_History_of_Ethiop_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2000" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B. (2000). <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>. Hurst & Company. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3"><bdi>1-85065-393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85065-393-3&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1982" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1982). <i>History Of Ethiopian Towns</i>. Steiner. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-03204-9"><bdi>978-3-515-03204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ethiopian+Towns&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-515-03204-9&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2000" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B. (2000). <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>. Hurst & Company. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3"><bdi>1-85065-393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85065-393-3&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMordechai" class="citation book cs1">Mordechai, Abir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/ethiopia-and-the-red-sea-mordichi-abir.pdf"><i>Ethiopia And The Red Sea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+And+The+Red+Sea&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.aulast=Mordechai&rft.aufirst=Abir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F05%2Fethiopia-and-the-red-sea-mordichi-abir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Wallace_Budge1828" class="citation book cs1">A. Wallace Budge, E. (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499166/page/n392/mode/1up"><i>History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Methuen & co. p. 300.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+Ethiopia+Nubia+And+Abyssinia&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+co.&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=A.+Wallace+Budge&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.499166%2Fpage%2Fn392%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenze2000" class="citation book cs1">Henze, Paul B. (2000). <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>. Hurst & Company. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-393-3"><bdi>1-85065-393-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+Time%3A+A+History+of+Ethiopia&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85065-393-3&rft.aulast=Henze&rft.aufirst=Paul+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimmingham1952" class="citation book cs1">Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbVmNAAACAAJ"><i>Islam in Ethiopia</i></a>. Frank Cass & Company. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1731-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-1731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Ethiopia&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Company&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1731-2&rft.aulast=Trimmingham&rft.aufirst=John+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXbVmNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerulli" class="citation book cs1">Cerulli, Enrico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp/view"><i>Islam Yesterday and Today translated by Emran Waber</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">376–</span>381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+Yesterday+and+Today+translated+by+Emran+Waber&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.aulast=Cerulli&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1g-LkxaXWZopjLCFEuWm8wnly2lh4WvFp%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimmingham1952" class="citation book cs1">Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbVmNAAACAAJ"><i>Islam in Ethiopia</i></a>. Frank Cass & Company. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1731-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-1731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Ethiopia&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Company&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1731-2&rft.aulast=Trimmingham&rft.aufirst=John+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXbVmNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimmingham1952" class="citation book cs1">Trimmingham, John Spencer (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XbVmNAAACAAJ"><i>Islam in Ethiopia</i></a>. Frank Cass & Company. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1731-2"><bdi>978-0-7146-1731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Ethiopia&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+%26+Company&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1731-2&rft.aulast=Trimmingham&rft.aufirst=John+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXbVmNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyeampong2012" class="citation book cs1">Akyeampong, Emmanuel (2 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&q=gelawdewos+killed+harar&pg=RA1-PA451"><i>Dictionary of African Biography</i></a>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. OUP USA. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538207-5&rft.aulast=Akyeampong&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39JMAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgelawdewos%2Bkilled%2Bharar%26pg%3DRA1-PA451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1997" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&q=harar+sarsa+dengel&pg=PA375"><i>The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century</i></a>. The Red Sea Press. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932415-19-6"><bdi>978-0-932415-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands%3A+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-932415-19-6&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzpYBD3bzW1wC%26q%3Dharar%2Bsarsa%2Bdengel%26pg%3DPA375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pankhurst, <i>The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to The End of the 18th Century Asmara.</i> Red Sea Press, Inc., 1997. p. 390 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Braukämper</i>, Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays (Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 2002), p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Gonder">"Gonder"</a>. 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Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878595757">878595757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trent%27anni+di+storia+italiana%3A+dall%27antifascismo+alla+Resistenza+%281915%E2%80%931945%29+lezioni+con+testimonianze&rft.place=Torino&rft.series=Reprints+Einaudi&rft.pub=Giulio+Einaudi+Editore&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878595757&rft.aulast=Antonicelli&rft.aufirst=Franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst2001" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcpQqkHr328C"><i>The Ethiopians: A History</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22493-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22493-8"><bdi>978-0-631-22493-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopians%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22493-8&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjcpQqkHr328C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2004" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of African History, Vol. 1</i>. London: Routledge. p. 1912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-245-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1912&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-245-6&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvadore2016" class="citation book cs1">Salvadore, Matteo (2016). <i>The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations, 1402–1555</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-1891-3"><bdi>978-1-4724-1891-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+Prester+John+and+the+Birth+of+Ethiopian-European+Relations%2C+1402%E2%80%931555&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-1891-3&rft.aulast=Salvadore&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Abyssinia" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. I (9th ed.). 1878.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ethiopia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethiopia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abyssinia" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Abyssinia" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Abyssinia">Abyssinia</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abyssinia&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEthiopian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Habesha_peoples19" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Habesha_peoples" title="Template:Habesha peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Habesha_peoples" title="Template talk:Habesha peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Habesha_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Habesha peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Habesha_peoples19" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples" title="Habesha peoples">Habesha peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_of_Judah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion of Judah"><img alt="Lion of Judah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lion_of_Judah.svg/75px-Lion_of_Judah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lion_of_Judah.svg/113px-Lion_of_Judah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lion_of_Judah.svg/150px-Lion_of_Judah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="157" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage_people" title="Gurage people">Gurage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tigrayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zay_people" title="Zay people">Zay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayans" title="Tigrayans">Tegaru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tigrigni" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrigni">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">People of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Eritrea" title="Demographics of Eritrea">People of Eritrea</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Eritreae.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the flag of Eritrea"><img alt="Arms of the flag of Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Insigne_Eritreae.png/50px-Insigne_Eritreae.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Insigne_Eritreae.png/75px-Insigne_Eritreae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Insigne_Eritreae.png/100px-Insigne_Eritreae.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1965" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Multi-ethnic civic nationalism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationalism" title="Eritrean nationalism">Eritrean nationalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdoms_and_dynasties_of_the_medieval_Horn_of_Africa78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template:Medieval Horn of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Medieval Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Horn_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Horn of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdoms_and_dynasties_of_the_medieval_Horn_of_Africa78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Islamic sultanates & Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajuran Empire">Ajuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Aussa" title="Imamate of Aussa">Aussa Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Harar">Sultanate of Harar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Ifat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunni_Sultanate" title="Tunni Sultanate">Tunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Arababni" title="Sultanate of Arababni">Arababni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argobba_Sultanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argobba Sultanate (page does not exist)">Argobba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymallal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aymallal">Aymallal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bale" title="Sultanate of Bale">Bale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Baqulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Baqulin">Baqulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak" title="Sultanate of Dahlak">Dahlak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobe%27a" title="Dobe'a">Dobe'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dankali_Sultanate" title="Dankali Sultanate">Dankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bazin" title="Kingdom of Bazin">Bazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Belgin" title="Kingdom of Belgin">Belgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Dara">Dara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dawaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Dawaro">Dawaro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabaal_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabaal people (page does not exist)">Gabaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganz_province" title="Ganz province">Ganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidaya" title="Gidaya">Gidaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurage" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurage">Gurage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadiya_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiya Sultanate">Hadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Harar">Harar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jarin" title="Kingdom of Jarin">Jarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (Ethiopia)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mora_(historical_region)" title="Mora (historical region)">Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nagash" title="Kingdom of Nagash">Nagash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qita%27a" title="Kingdom of Qita'a">Qita'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharkha" title="Sharkha">Sharkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Sultanate of Showa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tankish" title="Kingdom of Tankish">Tankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werji_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Werji people">Werjih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Christian kingdoms and Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassel" title="Ambassel">Ambassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agame" title="Agame">Agame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkele_Guzay" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkele Guzay">Akkele Guzay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara province">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angot" title="Angot">Angot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medri_Bahri" title="Medri Bahri">Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Begemder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugna" title="Bugna">Bugna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanta" title="Delanta">Delanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dembela" title="Dembela">Dembela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enderta_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Enderta province">Enderta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entitcho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entitcho (page does not exist)">Entitcho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gheralta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gheralta (page does not exist)">Gheralta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasien" title="Hamasien">Hamasien</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haramat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haramat (page does not exist)">Haramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasta" title="Lasta">Lasta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mai-Tsade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mai-Tsade (page does not exist)">Mai-Tsade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembien_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembien province (page does not exist)">Tembien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray province">Tigray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tselemt" title="Tselemt">Tselemt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salowa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salowa (page does not exist)">Salowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semada (page does not exist)">Semada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serae">Serae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Efrata_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efrata province (page does not exist)">Efrata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geshe_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geshe province (page does not exist)">Geshe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shire_province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shire province (page does not exist)">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wag_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wag (district)">Wag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dembiya" title="Dembiya">Dembiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gafat">Gafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gojjam" title="Gojjam">Gojjam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldebba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldebba (page does not exist)">Waldebba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Semien" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Semien">Semien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegera" class="mw-redirect" title="Wegera">Wegera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_Province" title="Qwara Province">Qwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsegede" title="Tsegede">Tsegede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolqayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolqayt">Wolqayt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot" title="Kingdom of Damot">Damot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawro_people" title="Dawro people">Dawro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Enarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Enarya (page does not exist)">Enarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Janjero" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Janjero">Janjero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheka_(kingdom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheka (kingdom) (page does not exist)">Sheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolayta_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolayta people">Wolayta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sidama kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahargamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahargamo (page does not exist)">Bahargamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzamo (page does not exist)">Buzamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Garo" title="Kingdom of Garo">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_people" title="Kambaata people">Kambaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot" title="Kingdom of Damot">Kingdom of Damot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_people" title="Sidama people">Sidamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sigamo (page does not exist)">Sigamo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Wolaita kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Damot" title="Kingdom of Damot">Kingdom of Damot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welayta_people" title="Welayta people">Welayta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adal_conquest_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adal conquest of Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Adal conquest of Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1538%E2%80%9357)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–57)">First Ajuran-Portuguese war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts_(1580%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1580–89)">Second Ajuran-Portuguese war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_migrations" title="Isaaq migrations">Isaaq migrations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareen_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gareen dynasty">Gareen dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goobroon_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goobroon dynasty (page does not exist)">Goobroon dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Makhzumi dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa145" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of 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\"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-4k75x","timestamp":"20250226100845","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ethiopian Empire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopian_Empire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207521","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q207521","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-02-20T01:44:38Z","dateModified":"2025-02-26T10:08:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/ff\/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg","headline":"1270\u20131974 state in the Horn of Africa"}</script> </body> </html>