NICHD Spinal Cord Injury Research Information | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

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Bezrukov Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/stojilkovic"> <span>Stanko Stojilkovic Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/balla"> <span>Tamás Balla Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/dever"> <span>Thomas Dever Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/petros"> <span>Timothy Petros Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/macfarlan"> <span>Todd Macfarlan Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/rouault"> <span>Tracey Rouault Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/gomez-lobo"> <span>Veronica Gomez-Lobo Program</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/loh"> <span>Y. Peng Loh Lab</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators/shi"> <span>Yun-Bo Shi Lab</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-ResearchFundedbyNICHD" type="button" > <span>Research Funded by NICHD</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-ResearchFundedbyNICHD" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/fundedbyNICHD" class="parent-link"> <span>Research Funded by NICHD</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/derredirect"> <span>Division of Extramural Research (DER)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/dea"> <span>Division of Extramural Activities (DEA)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/ncmrrredirect"> <span>National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR)</span> </a> 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href="/research/supported/bpca/pediatric-clinical-trials"> <span>Pediatric Clinical Trials</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/supported/bpca/research-and-training"> <span>Research and Training</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/supported/bpca/resources"> <span>Resources</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/supported/bpca/archive"> <span>Archive</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/resources/index"> <span>Datasets & Research Resources</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/meetings"> <span>Scientific Meetings and Events</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/forresearchers"> <span>For Researchers</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/strategicplan"> <span>NICHD Strategic Plan 2020</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/clinicalresearchpoliciesredirect-research"> <span>Clinical Research Policies</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/FOAs-notices"> <span>Funding Opportunities & Notices</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/research/atNICHD/Investigators"> <span>Intramural Investigators</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-current" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Health" > <span>Health</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Health" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health" class="parent-link"> <span>Health</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-current" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-AtoZList" type="button" > <span>A to Z List</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-AtoZList" 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class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/adrenalgland/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Amenorrhea" type="button" > <span>Amenorrhea</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Amenorrhea" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/amenorrhea" class="parent-link"> <span>Amenorrhea</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/amenorrhea/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/amenorrhea/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/amenorrhea/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/amenorrhea/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-AutismSpectrumDisorder(ASD)" type="button" > <span>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-AutismSpectrumDisorder(ASD)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/autism" class="parent-link"> <span>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/autism/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/autism/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/autism/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/autism/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> 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class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-BreastfeedingandBreastMilk" type="button" > <span>Breastfeeding and Breast Milk</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-BreastfeedingandBreastMilk" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/breastfeeding" class="parent-link"> <span>Breastfeeding and Breast Milk</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/breastfeeding/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/breastfeeding/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/breastfeeding/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Bullying" type="button" > <span>Bullying</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Bullying" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/bullying" class="parent-link"> <span>Bullying</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/bullying/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/bullying/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/bullying/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/bullying/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-CarneyComplex" type="button" > <span>Carney Complex</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-CarneyComplex" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/carneycomplex" class="parent-link"> <span>Carney Complex</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/carneycomplex/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/carneycomplex/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/carneycomplex/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/carneycomplex/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-CerebralPalsy" type="button" > <span>Cerebral Palsy</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-CerebralPalsy" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cerebral-palsy" class="parent-link"> <span>Cerebral Palsy</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cerebral-palsy/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-CongenitalAdrenalHyperplasia(CAH)" type="button" > <span>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-CongenitalAdrenalHyperplasia(CAH)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cah" class="parent-link"> <span>Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cah/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cah/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cah/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cah/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-CongenitalAnomalies" type="button" > <span>Congenital Anomalies</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-CongenitalAnomalies" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/congenital-anomalies" class="parent-link"> <span>Congenital Anomalies</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/congenital-anomalies/about"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/congenital-anomalies/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/congenital-anomalies/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/congenital-anomalies/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-ContraceptionandBirthControl" type="button" > <span>Contraception and Birth Control</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-ContraceptionandBirthControl" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/contraception" class="parent-link"> <span>Contraception and Birth Control</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/contraception/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/contraception/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/contraception/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/contraception/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-CushingSyndrome" type="button" > <span>Cushing Syndrome</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-CushingSyndrome" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cushing" class="parent-link"> <span>Cushing Syndrome</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cushing/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cushing/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cushing/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/cushing/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Diabetes" type="button" > <span>Diabetes</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Diabetes" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/diabetes" class="parent-link"> <span>Diabetes</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/diabetes/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/diabetes/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/diabetes/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/diabetes/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-DownSyndrome" type="button" > <span>Down Syndrome</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-DownSyndrome" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/downsyndrome" class="parent-link"> <span>Down Syndrome</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/down/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/down/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/down/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/down/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-DrivingRisk" type="button" > <span>Driving Risk</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-DrivingRisk" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/drivingrisk" class="parent-link"> <span>Driving Risk</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/driving/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/driving/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/driving/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/driving/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-EarlyLearning" type="button" > <span>Early Learning</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-EarlyLearning" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/early-learning" class="parent-link"> <span>Early Learning</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/early-learning/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/early-learning/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/early-learning/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/early-learning/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Endometriosis" type="button" > <span>Endometriosis</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Endometriosis" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/endometriosis" class="parent-link"> <span>Endometriosis</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/endometri/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/endometri/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/endometri/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/endometri/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-FragileXSyndrome" type="button" > <span>Fragile X Syndrome</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-FragileXSyndrome" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fragilex" class="parent-link"> <span>Fragile X Syndrome</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fragilex/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fragilex/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fragilex/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fragilex/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-FragileX-AssociatedPrimaryOvarianInsufficiency(FXPOI)" type="button" > <span>Fragile X-Associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-FragileX-AssociatedPrimaryOvarianInsufficiency(FXPOI)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxpoi" class="parent-link"> <span>Fragile X-Associated Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (FXPOI)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxpoi/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxpoi/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxpoi/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxpoi/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-FragileX-AssociatedTremorandAtaxiaSyndrome(FXTAS)" type="button" > <span>Fragile X-Associated Tremor and Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-FragileX-AssociatedTremorandAtaxiaSyndrome(FXTAS)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxtas" class="parent-link"> <span>Fragile X-Associated Tremor and Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxtas/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxtas/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxtas/findastudy"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/fxtas/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-HIV/AIDS" type="button" > <span>HIV/AIDS</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-HIV/AIDS" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hiv" class="parent-link"> <span>HIV/AIDS</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hiv/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hiv/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hiv/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hiv/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-High-RiskPregnancy" type="button" > <span>High-Risk Pregnancy</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-High-RiskPregnancy" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/high-risk" class="parent-link"> <span>High-Risk Pregnancy</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/high-risk/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/high-risk/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/high-risk/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/high-risk/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Hypoparathyroidism" type="button" > <span>Hypoparathyroidism</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Hypoparathyroidism" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hypopara" class="parent-link"> <span>Hypoparathyroidism</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hypopara/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hypopara/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hypopara/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/hypopara/resources/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-InfantCareandInfantHealth" type="button" > <span>Infant Care and Infant Health</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-InfantCareandInfantHealth" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infantcare" class="parent-link"> <span>Infant Care and Infant Health</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infantcare/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infantcare/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infantcare/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infantcare/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-InfantMortality" type="button" > <span>Infant Mortality</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-InfantMortality" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infant-mortality" class="parent-link"> <span>Infant Mortality</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infant-mortality/topicinfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infant-mortality/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infant-mortality/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infant-mortality/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-InfertilityandFertility" type="button" > <span>Infertility and Fertility</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-InfertilityandFertility" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infertility" class="parent-link"> <span>Infertility and Fertility</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infertility/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infertility/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infertility/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/infertility/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-IntellectualandDevelopmentalDisabilities(IDDs)" type="button" > <span>Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-IntellectualandDevelopmentalDisabilities(IDDs)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/idds" class="parent-link"> <span>Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDDs)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/idds/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/idds/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/idds/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/idds/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-KlinefelterSyndrome(KS)" type="button" > <span>Klinefelter Syndrome (KS)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-KlinefelterSyndrome(KS)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/klinefelter" class="parent-link"> <span>Klinefelter Syndrome (KS)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/klinefelter/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/klinefelter/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/klinefelter/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/klinefelter/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-LaborandDelivery" type="button" > <span>Labor and Delivery</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-LaborandDelivery" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/labor-delivery" class="parent-link"> <span>Labor and Delivery</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/labor-delivery/topicinfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/labor-delivery/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/labor-delivery/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/labor-delivery/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-LearningDisabilities" type="button" > <span>Learning Disabilities</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-LearningDisabilities" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/learningdisabilities" class="parent-link"> <span>Learning Disabilities</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/learning/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/learning/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/learning/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/learning/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-MaternalMorbidityandMortality" type="button" > <span>Maternal Morbidity and Mortality</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-MaternalMorbidityandMortality" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/maternal-morbidity-mortality" class="parent-link"> <span>Maternal Morbidity and Mortality</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/maternal-morbidity-mortality/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/maternal-morbidity-mortality/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/maternal-morbidity-mortality/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/maternal-morbidity-mortality/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-McCune-AlbrightSyndrome(MAS)" type="button" > <span>McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-McCune-AlbrightSyndrome(MAS)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/mccune-albright" class="parent-link"> <span>McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/mccune-albright/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/mccune-albright/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/mccune-albright/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/mccune-albright/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Men'sReproductiveHealth" type="button" > <span>Men's Reproductive Health</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Men'sReproductiveHealth" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menshealth" class="parent-link"> <span>Men's Reproductive Health</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menshealth/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menshealth/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menshealth/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menshealth/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Menopause" type="button" > <span>Menopause</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Menopause" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menopause" class="parent-link"> <span>Menopause</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menopause/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menopause/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menopause/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menopause/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-MenstruationandMenstrualProblems" type="button" > <span>Menstruation and Menstrual Problems</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-MenstruationandMenstrualProblems" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menstruation" class="parent-link"> <span>Menstruation and Menstrual Problems</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menstruation/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menstruation/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menstruation/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/menstruation/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-MuscularDystrophy" type="button" > <span>Muscular Dystrophy</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-MuscularDystrophy" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/musculardys" class="parent-link"> <span>Muscular Dystrophy</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/musculardys/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/musculardys/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/musculardys/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/musculardys/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-NecrotizingEnterocolitis(NEC)" type="button" > <span>Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-NecrotizingEnterocolitis(NEC)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/nec" class="parent-link"> <span>Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/nec/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/nec/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/nec/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/nec/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-NeuralTubeDefects(NTDs)" type="button" > <span>Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-NeuralTubeDefects(NTDs)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/ntds" class="parent-link"> <span>Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/ntds/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/ntds/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/ntds/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/ntds/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Neuroscience" type="button" > <span>Neuroscience</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Neuroscience" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/neuro" class="parent-link"> <span>Neuroscience</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/neuro/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/neuro/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/neuro/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/neuro/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-NewbornScreening" type="button" > <span>Newborn Screening</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-NewbornScreening" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/newborn" class="parent-link"> <span>Newborn Screening</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/newborn/conditioninfo/default"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/newborn/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/newborn/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/newborn/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-ObesityandOverweight" type="button" > <span>Obesity and Overweight</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-ObesityandOverweight" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/obesity" class="parent-link"> <span>Obesity and Overweight</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/obesity/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/obesity/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/obesity/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/obesity/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-OsteogenesisImperfecta(OI)" type="button" > <span>Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-OsteogenesisImperfecta(OI)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/osteogenesisimp" class="parent-link"> <span>Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/osteogenesisimp/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/osteogenesisimp/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/osteogenesisimp/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/osteogenesisimp/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PediatricInjury" type="button" > <span>Pediatric Injury</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PediatricInjury" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pediatric" class="parent-link"> <span>Pediatric Injury</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pediatric/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pediatric/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pediatric/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pediatric/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PelvicFloorDisorders" type="button" > <span>Pelvic Floor Disorders</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PelvicFloorDisorders" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicfloor" class="parent-link"> <span>Pelvic Floor Disorders</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicfloor/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicfloor/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicfloor/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicfloor/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PelvicPain" type="button" > <span>Pelvic Pain</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PelvicPain" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicpain" class="parent-link"> <span>Pelvic Pain</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicpain/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicpain/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicpain/clinicaltrials/default"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pelvicpain/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pharmacology" type="button" > <span>Pharmacology</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pharmacology" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pharma" class="parent-link"> <span>Pharmacology</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pharma/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pharma/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pharma/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pharma/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Phenylketonuria(PKU)" type="button" > <span>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Phenylketonuria(PKU)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pku" class="parent-link"> <span>Phenylketonuria (PKU)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pku/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pku/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pku/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pku/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PheochromocytomaandParaganglioma" type="button" > <span>Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PheochromocytomaandParaganglioma" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pheochrom" class="parent-link"> <span>Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pheochrom/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pheochrom/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pheochrom/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pheochrom/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PituitaryTumors" type="button" > <span>Pituitary Tumors</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PituitaryTumors" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pituitarytumors" class="parent-link"> <span>Pituitary Tumors</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pituitarytumors/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pituitarytumors/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pituitarytumors/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pituitarytumors/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PolycysticOvarySyndrome(PCOS)" type="button" > <span>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PolycysticOvarySyndrome(PCOS)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pcos" class="parent-link"> <span>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pcos/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pcos/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pcos/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pcos/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Prader-WilliSyndrome(PWS)" type="button" > <span>Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Prader-WilliSyndrome(PWS)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/prader-willi" class="parent-link"> <span>Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/prader-willi/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/prader-willi/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/prader-willi/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/prader-willi/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pre-PregnancyCareandPrenatalCare" type="button" > <span>Pre-Pregnancy Care and Prenatal Care</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pre-PregnancyCareandPrenatalCare" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preconceptioncare" class="parent-link"> <span>Pre-Pregnancy Care and Prenatal Care</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preconceptioncare/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preconceptioncare/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preconceptioncare/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preconceptioncare/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PreeclampsiaandEclampsia" type="button" > <span>Preeclampsia and Eclampsia</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PreeclampsiaandEclampsia" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preeclampsia" class="parent-link"> <span>Preeclampsia and Eclampsia</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preeclampsia/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preeclampsia/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preeclampsia/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PregnancyLoss" type="button" > <span>Pregnancy Loss</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PregnancyLoss" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancyloss" class="parent-link"> <span>Pregnancy Loss</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancyloss/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancyloss/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancyloss/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pregnancy" type="button" > <span>Pregnancy</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pregnancy" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancy" class="parent-link"> <span>Pregnancy</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancy/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancy/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancy/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/pregnancy/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PretermLaborandBirth" type="button" > <span>Preterm Labor and Birth</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PretermLaborandBirth" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preterm" class="parent-link"> <span>Preterm Labor and Birth</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preterm/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preterm/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preterm/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/preterm/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PrimaryOvarianInsufficiency(POI)" type="button" > <span>Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PrimaryOvarianInsufficiency(POI)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/poi" class="parent-link"> <span>Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/poi/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/poi/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/poi/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/poi/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-PubertyandPrecociousPuberty" type="button" > <span>Puberty and Precocious Puberty</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-PubertyandPrecociousPuberty" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/puberty" class="parent-link"> <span>Puberty and Precocious Puberty</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/puberty/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/puberty/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/puberty/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/puberty/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-ReadingandReadingDisorders" type="button" > <span>Reading and Reading Disorders</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-ReadingandReadingDisorders" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/reading" class="parent-link"> <span>Reading and Reading Disorders</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/reading/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/reading/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/reading/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-RehabilitationMedicine" type="button" > <span>Rehabilitation Medicine</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-RehabilitationMedicine" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabilitation-medicine" class="parent-link"> <span>Rehabilitation Medicine</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabilitation-medicine/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabilitation-medicine/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabilitation-medicine/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabilitation-medicine/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-RehabilitativeandAssistiveTechnology" type="button" > <span>Rehabilitative and Assistive Technology</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-RehabilitativeandAssistiveTechnology" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabtech" class="parent-link"> <span>Rehabilitative and Assistive Technology</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabtech/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabtech/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabtech/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rehabtech/resources"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/reproductivehealth"> <span>Reproductive Health</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-RettSyndrome" type="button" > <span>Rett Syndrome</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-RettSyndrome" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rett" class="parent-link"> <span>Rett Syndrome</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rett/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rett/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rett/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/rett/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-SexuallyTransmittedDiseases(STDs)" type="button" > <span>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-SexuallyTransmittedDiseases(STDs)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stds" class="parent-link"> <span>Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stds/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stds/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stds/clinicaltrials/default"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stds/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Sleep" type="button" > <span>Sleep</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Sleep" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sleep" class="parent-link"> <span>Sleep</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sleep/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sleep/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sleep/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sleep/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-SpinaBifida" type="button" > <span>Spina Bifida</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-SpinaBifida" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinabifida" class="parent-link"> <span>Spina Bifida</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinabifida/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinabifida/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinabifida/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinabifida/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-current" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-SpinalCordInjury(SCI)" type="button" > <span>Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-SpinalCordInjury(SCI)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinalinjury" class="parent-link"> <span>Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinalinjury/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinalinjury/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinalinjury/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/spinalinjury/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Stillbirth" type="button" > <span>Stillbirth</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Stillbirth" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stillbirth" class="parent-link"> <span>Stillbirth</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stillbirth/topicinfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stillbirth/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stillbirth/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stillbirth/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Stroke" type="button" > <span>Stroke</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Stroke" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stroke" class="parent-link"> <span>Stroke</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stroke/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stroke/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stroke/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/stroke/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-SuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)" type="button" > <span>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-SuddenInfantDeathSyndrome(SIDS)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sids" class="parent-link"> <span>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sids/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sids/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sids/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/sids/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-TraumaticBrainInjury(TBI)" type="button" > <span>Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-TraumaticBrainInjury(TBI)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/tbi" class="parent-link"> <span>Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/tbi/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/tbi/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/tbi/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/tbi/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-TurnerSyndrome" type="button" > <span>Turner Syndrome</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-TurnerSyndrome" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/turner" class="parent-link"> <span>Turner Syndrome</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/turner/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/turner/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/turner/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/turner/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-UrinaryTractHealth" type="button" > <span>Urinary Tract Health</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-UrinaryTractHealth" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/urinary" class="parent-link"> <span>Urinary Tract Health</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/urinary/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/urinary/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/urinary/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/urinary/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-UterineFibroids" type="button" > <span>Uterine Fibroids</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-UterineFibroids" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/uterine" class="parent-link"> <span>Uterine Fibroids</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/uterine/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/uterine/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/uterine/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/uterine/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Vaginitis" type="button" > <span>Vaginitis</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Vaginitis" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vaginitis" class="parent-link"> <span>Vaginitis</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vaginitis/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vaginitis/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vaginitis/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vaginitis/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Vasectomy" type="button" > <span>Vasectomy</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Vasectomy" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vasectomy" class="parent-link"> <span>Vasectomy</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vasectomy/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vasectomy/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vasectomy/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vasectomy/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Vulvodynia" type="button" > <span>Vulvodynia</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Vulvodynia" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vulvodynia" class="parent-link"> <span>Vulvodynia</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vulvodynia/conditioninfo"> <span>About</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vulvodynia/researchinfo"> <span>NICHD Research Information</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vulvodynia/clinicaltrials"> <span>Find a Study</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/vulvodynia/more_information"> <span>More Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/topics/womenshealth"> <span>Women's Health</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sts"> <span>Safe to Sleep® Campaign</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="https://www.nichd.nih.gov/ncmhep"> <span>National Child and Maternal Health Education Program</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/publications"> <span>Find Publications</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/caregivers"> <span>For Caregivers & Providers</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="https://extranet.nichd.nih.gov/nursececourse/Welcome.aspx"> <span>Take Continuing Education</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Grants&Contracts" > <span>Grants & Contracts</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Grants&Contracts" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts" class="parent-link"> <span>Grants & Contracts</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/research-areas/priorities"> <span>NICHD Research Priorities</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" 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class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/funding-opps-and-notices/active-nofos-notices" class="parent-link"> <span>Active Funding Opportunities and Notices for NICHD</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/funding-opps-and-notices/active-nofos-notices/parent"> <span>Parent Announcements (For Unsolicited or Investigator-Initiated Applications)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/funding-opps-and-notices/funding-types"> <span>Types of NICHD Funding Mechanisms</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/funding-opps-and-notices/dissemination"> <span>NICHD Priorities for Dissemination and Implementation Research</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Contracts" type="button" > <span>Contracts</span> </button> <ul 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id="basic-mobile-nav-section-GrantsProcess,Policies&Strategies" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/process-strategies" class="parent-link"> <span>Grants Process, Policies & Strategies</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-GrantProcess" type="button" > <span>Grant Process</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-GrantProcess" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/process-strategies/process" class="parent-link"> <span>Grant Process</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/process-strategies/process/overview"> <span>Overview</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/process-strategies/process/how-to-apply"> <span>How to Apply</span> </a> </li> <li 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href="/grants-contracts/process-strategies/contacts"> <span>NICHD Contacts for Funding Information</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/peer-review"> <span>Peer Review</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-SmallBusinessPrograms" type="button" > <span>Small Business Programs</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-SmallBusinessPrograms" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR" class="parent-link"> <span>Small Business Programs</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/about"> <span>About the Programs</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/priorities"> <span>NICHD Priorities</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-FundingOpportunities" type="button" > <span>Funding Opportunities</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-FundingOpportunities" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/funding" class="parent-link"> <span>Funding Opportunities</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/funding/targeted"> <span>Targeted Opportunities</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/types"> <span>Application Types</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/resources"> <span>Commercialization Resources</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/FAQs"> <span>FAQs</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-SmallBusinessSuccessStories" type="button" > <span>Small Business Success Stories</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-SmallBusinessSuccessStories" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase" class="parent-link"> <span>Small Business Success Stories</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/BioSensics"> <span>BioSensics™ – Wearable Sensors for Stroke Recovery and Chronic Disability Care</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/SEEKER"> <span>SEEKER® – The First FDA-Authorized Newborn Screening Platform for Lysosomal Storage Disorders</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/Simbex-HITS"> <span>Simbex Head Impact Telemetry System – Real-time Monitoring to Improve Safety in Sports</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/SpermCheck"> <span>SpermCheck® – FDA-Cleared Home Test for Male Fertility</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/bili-hut"> <span>bili-hut™ – FDA-Cleared Phototherapy for Treating Newborn Jaundice at Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/Elagolix"> <span>Elagolix – The First FDA-Approved Treatment for Endometriosis and Uterine Fibroids</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/Buzzy"> <span>Buzzy®—Pain Relief for Pediatric Vaccinations</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/SBIR_STTR/showcase/Miya-Model"> <span>Miya Model™ – Surgical Training Simulator for Obstetrician-Gynecologists (OB/GYNs)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Training&CareerDevelopment" type="button" > <span>Training & Career Development</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Training&CareerDevelopment" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers" class="parent-link"> <span>Training & Career Development</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-SupportforTrainingatUniversitiesandOtherInstitutions" type="button" > <span>Support for Training at Universities and Other Institutions</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-SupportforTrainingatUniversitiesandOtherInstitutions" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/extramural" class="parent-link"> <span>Support for Training at Universities and Other Institutions</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/extramural/individual"> <span>Individual Research Fellowships (F)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/extramural/career"> <span>Career Development (K) Awards</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/extramural/institutional"> <span>Institutional Training Grants (T32/K12)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/extramural/education"> <span>Education Grants (R25)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/extramural/FAQs"> <span>FAQs About Extramural Training</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-TrainingatNICHD" type="button" > <span>Training at NICHD</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-TrainingatNICHD" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/intramural" class="parent-link"> <span>Training at NICHD</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/intramural/DIR"> <span>Training in the Division of Intramural Research (DIR)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/grants-contracts/training-careers/intramural/DiPHR"> <span>Training in the Division of Population Health Research (DiPHR)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/forapplicants"> <span>For Applicants</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/clinicalresearchpoliciesredirect-grants"> <span>Clinical Research Policies</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/sampleapplicationsredirect"> <span>Sample Applications</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/sites/default/files/2017-12/Extramural_Res_Categories_Contacts.pdf"> <span>Find a Program Officer</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="https://grants.nih.gov/grants/forms.htm"> <span>Forms</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-ClinicalResearch" > <span>Clinical Research</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-ClinicalResearch" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research" class="parent-link"> <span>Clinical Research</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research#whatis"> <span>What Is Clinical Research?</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research#find"> <span>Find NICHD Clinical Trials</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research#clinicalcare"> <span>Where Can I Find Clinical Care Recommendations and Practice Guidelines?</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/forresearchers"> <span>For Researchers</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pre-ApplicationProcessforNICHDNetworkMultisiteClinicalResearch" type="button" > <span>Pre-Application Process for NICHD Network Multisite Clinical Research</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Pre-ApplicationProcessforNICHDNetworkMultisiteClinicalResearch" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research/clinical-trial-preapplication-process" class="parent-link"> <span>Pre-Application Process for NICHD Network Multisite Clinical Research</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research/clinical-trial-network-non-NICHD-funding"> <span>Network Projects that Use Non-NICHD Funding</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research/clinical-trial-preapplication-process/concept-proposal"> <span>Concept Proposal Info</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research/par-23-037-faqs"> <span>PAR-23-037 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/clinicalresearchpoliciesredirect-clinical"> <span>Clinical Research Policies</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/NICHDpolicies-clinical"> <span>NICHD Policies for Data & Safety Monitoring</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/health/clinical-research/CSI-curriculum"> <span>Clinician-Scientist Investigator (CSI) Curriculum</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Newsroom" > <span>Newsroom</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Newsroom" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom" class="parent-link"> <span>Newsroom</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom/news"> <span>News</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-DigitalMedia" type="button" > <span>Digital Media</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-DigitalMedia" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom/digital-media" class="parent-link"> <span>Digital Media</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom/digital-media/infographics"> <span>Infographics</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom/digital-media/videos"> <span>Videos</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom/digital-media/podcastsandaudio"> <span>Podcasts and Audio</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom/digital-media/socialmedia"> <span>Social Media</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/newsroom/NICHDnews/index"> <span>Join NICHD Listservs</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-AboutNICHD" > <span>About NICHD</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-AboutNICHD" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about" class="parent-link"> <span>About NICHD</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-Organization" type="button" > <span>Organization</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-Organization" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org" class="parent-link"> <span>Organization</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-OfficeoftheDirector" type="button" > <span>Office of the Director</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-OfficeoftheDirector" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od" class="parent-link"> <span>Office of the Director</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/directors_corner"> <span>Director's Corner</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/oam"> <span>Office of Administrative Management (OAM)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/oc"> <span>Office of Communications (OC)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/odss"> <span>Office of Data Science and Sharing (ODSS)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/ogh"> <span>Office of Global Health (OGH)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/ohe"> <span>Office of Health Equity (OHE)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/olppe"> <span>Office of Legislation, Public Policy, and Ethics (OLPPE)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/od/ospra"> <span>Office of Science Policy, Reporting, and Program Analysis (OSPRA)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-DivisionofExtramuralResearch(DER)" type="button" > <span>Division of Extramural Research (DER)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-DivisionofExtramuralResearch(DER)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/der" class="parent-link"> <span>Division of Extramural Research (DER)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/der/branches"> <span>Extramural Scientific Branches</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mobile-nav-section-DivisionofExtramuralActivities(DEA)" type="button" > <span>Division of Extramural Activities (DEA)</span> </button> <ul id="basic-mobile-nav-section-DivisionofExtramuralActivities(DEA)" class="usa-accordion__content" data-allow-multiple> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/dea" class="parent-link"> <span>Division of Extramural Activities (DEA)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/dea/gmb"> <span>Grants Management Branch (GMB)</span> </a> </li> <li class="mobile-menu-link"> <a href="/about/org/dea/oep"> <span>Office of Extramural 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Link</em></strong></sup></span> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:?subject=NICHD%20Spinal%20Cord%20Injury%20Research%20Information&body=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/spinalinjury/researchinfo" title="Share to Email" aria-label="Share to Email" class="social-sharing-buttons__button share-email" target="_blank" rel="noopener" lang="en"> Email </a> </li> </ul> </div> <button id="nichd-print-button" class="usa-button button-light print" onclick="window.print()" type="submit">Print</button> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 region-content"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a>  <div class="region region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-nichd-page-title" class="block block-core block-page-title-block"> <h1 class="uswds-page-title page-title"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">NICHD Spinal Cord Injury Research Information</span> </h1> </div> <div id="block-mobile-related-external-spn-url" class="block block-ctools-block block-entity-field:node:field-related-external-spn-url related-external-link display-block tablet:display-none mobile-related-external-link"> <div class="button-wrapper usa-button"> <a lang="es" class="button-link" aria-label="Visita esta página en español" href="https://espanol.nichd.nih.gov/salud/temas/spinalinjury/investigaciones">En Español</a> <svg class="usa-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/uswds_nichd/assets/img/sprite.svg#arrow_forward"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div id="block-nichd-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <article data-history-node-id="2503"> <div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>NICHD’s ongoing research, as well as its support for research on spinal cord injury (SCI), focuses on investigations in the neurosciences, particularly as they affect developing systems and rehabilitation. NICHD supports the full spectrum of basic, clinical, and translational research in the arenas of biomedical and behavioral neuroscience. In addition to NICHD-sponsored initiatives and investigator-initiated projects, the agency supports neuroscience research through the pooling of its resources and expertise with 15 other NIH institutes and centers. NICHD also conducts research on how to prevent SCI through the education of young drivers.</p> <div data-embed-button="nichd_accordion_embed_btn" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:nichd_accordion.accordion" data-entity-type="nichd_accordion" data-entity-uuid="eccd662b-68a5-452b-9366-b98b03d88f65" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]" class="embedded-entity"> <div class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--multiselectable" data-allow-multiple> <h2 class="usa-accordion__heading"> <button id="goals" class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-id-2264"> <span class="accordion-button-icon"></span> NICHD Research Goals </button> </h2> <div id="accordion-id-2264" class="usa-accordion__content usa-prose"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nichd-accordion-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>NICHD research related to SCI is focused on increasing the health, productivity, independence, well-being, and recovery of all people living with SCI. The intent is to develop social, physical, and behavioral rehabilitation treatments for people with spinal-injury disabilities while also performing and supporting basic research in such fields as neurology, neurophysiology, osteology, biochemistry, motor control, and neuromechanics as a foundation for these developments.</p> <p>NICHD's research efforts on SCI include a range of overlapping areas:</p> <ul type="disc"> <li>Understanding of the biochemistry of the normal, wounded, and healing spinal cord</li> <li>Developing new tools that can scan and provide images of living tissue to diagnose the extent of SCI</li> <li>Understanding the mechanisms of bladder and bowel infections and how to prevent them</li> <li>Understanding the mechanisms and means of prevention of other secondary complications of SCI, such as pressure sores, blood clots, pneumonia, spasticity, sexual dysfunction, and neuropathic pain</li> <li>Investigating the biochemistry of nerve regeneration</li> <li>Improving the quality of life of individuals with SCI (e.g., improved accessibility for activities of daily living [ADLs]; improved upper limb function or functional mobility)</li> <li>Helping people with SCI adapt their behavior to the loss of sensory, motor, and organ-control function</li> <li>Assessing the efficacy and outcomes of medical rehabilitation therapies and practices in spine-injured people</li> <li>Developing improved assistive technologies for the SCI population</li> <li>Understanding whole-body−system responses of spine-injured people to physical impairments and functional changes</li> <li>Developing more precise methods of measuring impairments, disabilities, and both societal and functional limitations</li> <li>Training research scientists in the field of rehabilitation</li> </ul> </div> </div> <h2 class="usa-accordion__heading"> <button id="activities" class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="accordion-id-2265"> <span class="accordion-button-icon"></span> Research Activities and Advances </button> </h2> <div id="accordion-id-2265" class="usa-accordion__content usa-prose"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-nichd-accordion-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Through its intramural and extramural organizational units, NICHD supports and conducts a range of research on spinal cord injury (SCI), especially in the area of rehabilitation. Short descriptions of some of this research are included below.</p> <ul type="disc"> <li><a href="#institute">Institute Activities and Advances</a></li> <li><a href="#other">Other Activities and Advances</a></li> </ul> <h3><a name="institute"></a>Institute Activities and Advances</h3> <p>Several NICHD and organizational units support research and other activities related to SCIs and spinal cord development.</p> <ul type="disc"> <li>NICHD's <a href="/about/org/ncmrr">National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (NCMRR)</a> is the primary NICHD entity that supports research to advance the understanding of treatments and devices to assist movement in patients with SCIs.</li> <li>NICHD's <a href="/about/org/der/branches/ppb">Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch (PPB)</a> supports studies to understand and treat birth defects that affect the spinal cord, such as spina bifida.</li> <li>NICHD's <a href="/about/org/dir/dph">Division of Population Health Research (DiPHR)</a> supports and conducts research relevant to human development and spinal cord health through studies of nutrients in the prevention of birth defects. For example, studies are investigating the importance of folic acid in preventing neural tube defects.</li> <li>Researchers in NICHD's <a href="/about/org/dir">Division of Intramural Research (DIR)</a> are developing methods for improved imaging of the central nervous system. These methods will assist not only in studying normal patterns of development, but also in evaluating and studying SCIs and spinal cord diseases.</li> </ul> <p>Some recent findings related to SCIs are described below.</p> <h4>Folate Found to Encourage Healing in SCIs</h4> <p>The B vitamin folate seems to stimulate healing in the damaged spinal cord tissue of rats by touching off a change in DNA, according to a laboratory study funded by NICHD's NCMRR and three other NIH Institutes. The greater the doses of folate the researchers administered (up to a maximum of 80 micrograms of the B vitamin per kilogram of body weight), the more regrowth of axons occurred. The scientists found that folate fueled an intracellular process in which DNA is superficially altered by the attachment of chemical compounds known as <em>methyl groups</em>. This natural biochemical process is called DNA methylation. The regrowth of axons in rats suggests that more research on folate metabolism and DNA <em>methylation</em> could open new paths to healing damaged spinal cords—not to mention the healing of other forms of trauma to nerve tissue, as in the brain. The research represents an advance in the new field of <em>epigenetics</em>, in which changes are made to DNA to alter its function without changing the structure of genes, a seemingly counterintuitive exercise given the long-established notion that the only way DNA's function can be changed is to alter its composition through mutation.</p> <p>The researchers went a step further and investigated how folate repairs damaged nerve tissue. Traumatized axons, they found, start to produce surface receptors for folate. Folate is attracted to the receptors and fits into them like a hand in a glove and then is absorbed into the axon. After absorbing folate, the nerve cells begin producing enzymes that fasten methyl groups to DNA. When the scientists chemically blocked folate from binding to the nerve cells, or blocked the methylation enzymes, they found that the nerve-healing process tapered off.<sup><a href="#f1">1</a></sup></p> <h4>Brain Control of Wheelchairs, Prostheses, and Computers</h4> <p>Researchers funded by a grant from the NCMRR, which is part of NICHD, demonstrated that a tiny microelectrode array implanted in the brain cortex can help a person with tetraplegia achieve repeatable and accurate point-and-click control of a computer interface nearly 3 years after implantation of the device. The goal of these researchers, who were working in a human clinical trial at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, was to make progress in developing a system called BrainGate2 that can help those with SCIs and other nervous system injuries to turn brain impulses into electrical signals that can control external devices such as computers, wheelchairs, and prostheses or robotic appendages. For 5 days, the scientists tested a 4×4 mm array of 100 microelectrodes that had been implanted 1,000 days previously in the motor cortex of a patient with longtime tetraplegia from a brainstem stroke. Across the 5 days, spiking signals were obtained from 41 of 96 electrodes and were successfully decoded to provide neural cursor point-and-click control with a mean task performance of 91.3% ± 0.1% (mean ± standard deviation) correct target acquisition.</p> <p>The ultimate aim of BrainGate2 is to help people with SCI, stroke, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, limb loss, or other serious conditions to restore their mobility and independence. In addition to the brain-implanted sensor that records signals directly related to imagined limb movement, the system consists of a decoder, which includes a set of computers and embedded software that turns the brain signals into a useful command for an external device, which could be a standard computer desktop or other communication device, a powered wheelchair, or a prosthetic or robotic limb.</p> <p>Working together, the system components can turn thought into action. For example, the user thinks about moving a cursor on a computer, and the brain emits a signal that is captured by the implanted sensor. The sensor signals the decoder, which translates it into a command for the computer to move the cursor.<sup><a href="#f2">2</a></sup></p> <h4>Strengthening SCI Patients' Leg Muscles Through Electrical Stimulation</h4> <p>The mass, strength, and endurance of the thigh muscles of people with tetraplegia and paraplegia can be significantly increased through the electrical stimulation of the area's nerves and muscles combined with resistance training, according to a small longitudinal study, conducted at the Department of Cell Biology at the Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, which was supported by NICHD. During the study, the experimenters also measured the femoral artery's diameter and blood flow.</p> <p>In the study, five male patients, ages 31 to 41, who had chronic complete paralysis below the level of injury (C5 vertebra to the T10) completed 18 weeks of home-based neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) resistance training. While seated, the participants trained their quadriceps muscle group twice a week with four sets of 10 dynamic knee extensions against resistance. All measurements were made before training and after 8, 12, and 18 weeks of training. Ultrasound was used to measure the femoral artery diameter and blood flow. Blood flow was measured before and after 5 and 10 minutes of occluding blood circulation with a cuff and during a 4-minute isometric electrical stimulation fatigue protocol.</p> <p>The training led to substantial increases in muscle mass and ability to lift weight, as well as a 60% reduction in muscle fatigue. However, training did not increase the diameter of the femoral artery and the volume of blood flow—both of which typically diminish with SCI.</p> <p>In summary, NMES resistance training improved muscle size and reduced fatigue without a corresponding increase in the blood supply. This suggests that the effects of SCI on artery size and blood flow are not linked directly with muscle mass and resistance to fatigue. It also shows that muscle fatigue in SCI patients can be improved without increases in arterial diameter or in blood flow capacity.<sup><a href="#f3">3</a></sup></p> <h4>Training a Key Researcher to Study the SCI Population in High-Risk Communities</h4> <p>A 5-year NICHD award is connecting registered nurses with Ph.D. degrees to the scholarly training, mentorship, and support necessary to become a skilled independent researcher in SCI, while also providing help to those living SCI. At the completion of training, candidates are expected to create and oversee a large randomized controlled trial (RCT) focusing on people with SCI who are living in a local community whose residents are at high risk for this injury. It is anticipated that this research project will provide empirical data to develop programs that will improve the health and quality of life of this vulnerable population.</p> <p>The training will take place at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, a facility that features senior experts in the areas of community-based participatory research (CBPR), research in health disparities, and applied SCI research. The trainee is connected with mentors who have complementary expertise in the measurement and interpretation of health and social outcomes after SCI and in the development and implementation of RCTs of community-based health promotion interventions with vulnerable populations using a CBPR approach. The mentoring team will be responsible for monitoring the trainee's progress during the 5-year program.</p> <p>The planned research project, to be conducted in partnership with a local center for independent living, as well as the Medical University of South Carolina, includes strategies to identify and address obstacles in the physical and social environment that affect health after SCI. The overall goals are to reduce rehospitalizations and the development of secondary conditions, to improve community participation in the program, and to increase satisfaction with life after SCI. The study is employing the novel approach of having community-based peer navigators who have SCI. These navigators will proactively mitigate barriers and facilitate access to health care and other community-based services for other people in the community with SCI. (NIH/NICHD K23. Project Dates: 2/01/2010 to 3/31/2015. Susan Newman, Ph.D., RN, CRRN. Grant/Project No. 5K23HD062637-03)</p> <h4>Microimaging of Living Nerve Tissue</h4> <p>NICHD scientists in the DIR Section on Biophysics and Biomimetics invented a breakthrough living-tissue imaging technique known as <em>diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging</em> (DTI). This technique allows researchers to better understand the function and organization of the central nervous system in its normal, diseased, and injured states, and thus it contributes to improving the diagnosis of neurological and developmental disorders. DTI measures how water diffuses along gradients in three directions. Water takes the path of least resistance, even as it travels through biological structures such as cell membranes. By imaging the path and rate of flow of biosystem water in tiny three-dimensional sectors called voxels, a highly detailed image of normal and abnormal nerve microstructures can be constructed. The resulting "picture" looks like tissue "stains" on a lab slide, but these pictures are "developed" without chemical contrast agents or dyes.</p> <p>DTI is the most successful imaging technique to date for identifying ischemic regions in the brain during acute stroke. It is also used to follow changes in normally and abnormally developing white matter, including demyelination, the loss of axons' myelin sheath that often happens in SCI. NICHD researchers also pioneered the use of DTI-derived color maps to encode the orientation of nerve fibers. One example of this type of work, published in 2006 in the <em>American Journal of Neuroradiology</em>, can be found at: <a href="http://www.ajnr.org/content/27/4/786.full?ref=starshemale.com" target="_blank">http://www.ajnr.org/content/27/4/786.full?ref=starshemale.com</a> <a aria-label="(Link is external)" href="/external-disclaimer" tabindex="0" target="_blank" title="(Link is external)"><img alt="external link" class="data-external" src="/themes/custom/nichd/images/externallink.svg"></a></p> <p>More recently, NICHD scientists invented and have been developing several advanced live-tissue magnetic resonance methods to measure fine microstructural features of nerve fascicles, which are bundles or tracts of nerve cells or fibers. Previously, these fascicles could be measured only by optical microscopy, and then only by using laborious dead-tissue histological methods. The scientists also recently developed a DTI method to measure the distribution of axon diameters within large white-matter fascicles, dubbing this method <em>AxCaliber MRI</em>. After careful validation studies, the researchers recently reported the first in vivo measurement of the distribution of axon diameters within the corpus callosum in the rodent brain. This measurement is important neurophysiologically and developmentally because the axon diameter determines the velocity of nerve conduction and thus the rate of information transfer along nerve pathways. See the article at: <a href="https://science.nichd.nih.gov/confluence/download/attachments/117212440/barazanybasserassaf_brain09.pdf" target="_blank">https://science.nichd.nih.gov/confluence/download/attachments/117212440/barazanybasserassaf_brain09.pdf</a> (PDF 902 KB).</p> <h4>Understanding Spinal Cord Injury and Bone Loss</h4> <p>People who experience spinal cord injury often have the added problem of osteoporosis and bone loss. As a result, patients with spinal cord injury are more prone to bone fractures and other serious medical complications such as increased pain, amputation, and prolonged hospitalization for treatment. Unfortunately, a lack of understanding of what causes spinal cord injury-related osteoporosis makes it difficult to diagnose, treat, and prevent. In short-term animal studies, bone loss was associated with increases in a specific protein called sclerostin. To assess whether these research results could lead to new ways to help humans with spinal cord injury, scientists studied this same protein in a group of men who had suffered spinal cord injury at least two years previously.</p> <p>The results from the earlier animal studies suggested that researchers may find high levels of the sclerostin protein in patients with complete spinal cord injury who could not walk. However, what scientists discovered was the opposite—the amount of the protein was significantly lower in the men who were wheelchair bound, compared with those who could walk. Additionally, the researchers found that men with spinal cord injury but who could walk had very similar sclerostin levels to men without any spinal cord injury. Scientists theorized that sclerostin may increase shortly after spinal cord injury, while bone loss is occurring rapidly, and then fall to low levels once most of the damage is already done. Additional research is needed to determine whether sclerostin is simply a marker of osteoporosis or whether blocking the effects of the protein soon after an injury could help prevent or reduce long-term bone loss.<sup><a href="#f4">4</a></sup></p> <h3><a name="other"></a>Other Activities and Advances</h3> <p>To achieve its goals for research on SCI, NICHD supports a variety of other activities. Some of these activities are managed through the Institute's components; others are part of NIH-wide or collaborative efforts in which NICHD participates. Some of these activities are listed below.</p> <ul type="disc"> <li>The <a href="/research/supported/mrrin">Medical Rehabilitation Research Resource Network (MR3 Network)</a>, funded through the NCMRR, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, builds research infrastructure in medical rehabilitation. The Network provides investigators with access to expertise, courses and workshops, technologies, and other collaborative opportunities from allied disciplines such as neuroscience, engineering, applied behavior, and the social sciences. The Network provides rehabilitation researchers access to resources to study a wide range of conditions, including SCI, stroke and traumatic brain injury, musculoskeletal and joint disorders, developmental disorders, and degenerative disorders.</li> <li>Among its many activities, the NCMRR supports research on SCIs and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as assistive devices. A large portion of this program's activities focus on developing and supporting the application of devices to improve the human-environment interface and to restore or enhance an individual's capacity to function in his or her environment. This type of applied research and rehabilitation technology includes, but is not limited to, prosthetics, wheelchairs, biomechanical modeling, and other topics that aim to enhance mobility, communication, cognition, and environmental control.</li> <li>The <a href="/research/supported/mdsrc">Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Specialized Research Centers (MDSRCs)</a> is supported by the NICHD's IDDB and several other NIH Institutes. The Centers promote basic, translational, and clinical research and provide important resources that can be used by the national muscle biology and neuromuscular research communities, including those conducting research on SCIs and spinal cord health.</li> <li>NICHD held a 2-day workshop on Personal Motion Technologies for Healthy Independent Living to discuss the clinical needs of older and/or disabled persons and how sensor technologies can be used to monitor personal motion in their everyday lives. The Workshop provided critical information and discussion on how such devices could be used to monitor patients with SCIs.</li> <li>NICHD also sponsored the 2-day workshop on Pregnancy in Women with Disabilities to review the current body of evidence on the management of pregnancy in women with physical disabilities. The Workshop identified key gaps in knowledge and recommendations for priority avenues for future research.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-embed-button="nichd_citations_embed_btn" data-entity-embed-display="view_mode:nichd_citations.citations" data-entity-type="nichd_citations" data-entity-uuid="5820f522-545c-45e8-9be2-7185f15839a4" data-langcode="en" data-entity-embed-display-settings="[]" class="embedded-entity"> <div class="nichd_citations usa-accordion margin-top-2"> <h2> Citations </h2> <button class="usa-accordion__button citationsanchor" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="citation-id-360" aria-label="Toggle citations open and closed"> </button> <div id="citation-id-360" class="usa-accordion__content usa-prose citations"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item"><ol> <li><a name="f1"></a>Iskandar, B. J., Rizk, E., Meier, B., Hariharan, N., Bottiglieri, T., Finnell, R. H., et al. (2010). Folate regulation of axonal regeneration in the rodent central nervous system through DNA methylation. <em>Journal of Clinical Investigation</em><span>, 120, 1603-1616. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=20424322" target="_blank">PMID: 20424322</a> </span></li> <li><a name="f2"></a>Simeral, J. D., Kim, S. P., Black, M. J., Donoghue, J. P., & Hochberg, L. R. (2011). Neural control of cursor trajectory and click by a human with tetraplegia 1000 days after implant of an intracortical microelectrode array.<em> Journal of Neural Engineering</em>, 8, 025027. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=21436513" target="_blank">PMID: 21436513</a></li> <li><a name="f3"></a>Sabatier, M. J., Stoner, L., Mahoney, E. T., Black, C., Elder, C., Dudley, G. A., et al. (2006). Electrically stimulated resistance training in SCI individuals increases muscle fatigue resistance but not femoral artery size or blood flow. <em>Spinal Cord</em>, 44, 227-233. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16158074" target="_blank">PMID: 16158074</a></li> <li><a name="f4"></a>Morse, L. R., Sudhakar, S., Danilack, V., Tun, C., Lazzari, L., Gagnon, D. R., et al. (2012). Association between sclerostin and bone density in chronic spinal cord injury. <em>Journal of Bone and Mineral Research</em>, 27(2), 352-359. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22006831/" target="_blank">PMID: 22006831</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="grid-row grid-gap no-margin no-padd"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 mobile-lg:grid-col-4 grid-col-12"><img alt="DASH logo" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3572cacf-ef5b-4a2f-91c1-ae431a92ba86" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/NICHD-DASH-logo.png" style="float:left; margin-right: 5px; width:215px;" width="300" height="79" loading="lazy"></div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 mobile-lg:grid-col-8 grid-col-12">Need data? Visit NICHD's <a href="https://dash.nichd.nih.gov/" target="_blank">Data and Specimen Hub (DASH)</a>. Browse studies and request data for your research.</div> </div></div> </div> </article> </div> </div>  <div class="usa-footer__return-to-top"> <a href="#" class="back-to-top-text"> <img class="bttarrow-icon" src="/themes/custom/uswds_nichd/img/backtotop.svg" alt="top of page"> BACK TO TOP </a> </div> </div> <aside aria-label="sidebar-second" class="tablet:grid-col-4 sidebar-second padding-top-2"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <div id="block-related-external-spn-url" class="block block-ctools-block block-entity-field:node:field-related-external-spn-url display-none tablet:display-block related-external-link"> <div class="button-wrapper usa-button"> <a lang="es" class="button-link" aria-label="Visita esta página en español" href="https://espanol.nichd.nih.gov/salud/temas/spinalinjury/investigaciones">En Español</a> <svg class="usa-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="img"> <use xlink:href="/themes/custom/uswds_nichd/assets/img/sprite.svg#arrow_forward"></use> 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