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id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Largest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of the Congo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 244 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-244" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">244 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_die_Kongo" title="Republiek die Kongo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Republiek die Kongo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮንጎ ሪፐብሊክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_t%C3%A4siv%C3%A4ldi" title="Kongo täsiväldi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kongo täsiväldi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="कांगो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कांगो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Конго – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Конго" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88" title="جمهورية الكونغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية الكونغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_d%27o_Congo" title="Republica d'o Congo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica d'o Congo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%98" title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܩܘܢܓܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܩܘܢܓܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8publica_du_Cong%C3%B4" title="Rèpublica du Congô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Rèpublica du Congô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="কংগো গণৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কংগো গণৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Congo" title="República del Congo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República del Congo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavakuairet%C3%A3_K%C3%B3ngo" title="Tavakuairetã Kóngo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavakuairetã Kóngo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqo_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Konqo Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konqo Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کونقو جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کونقو جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Kongo" title="Républik Kongo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Républik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo-Brazaville" title="Kongo-Brazaville – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Kongo-Brazaville" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Congo Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Congo Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Конго Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Конго Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рэспубліка Конга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспубліка Конга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рэспубліка Конга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэспубліка Конга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="कांगो रिपब्लिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कांगो रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_kan_Kongo" title="Republika kan Kongo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Republika kan Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripablik_blong_Kongo" title="Ripablik blong Kongo – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ripablik blong Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Република Конго – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Република Конго" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀོང་གོ་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀོང་གོ་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kongo" title="Republika Kongo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Конго Улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бүгэдэ Найрамдаха Конго Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Congo" title="República del Congo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República del Congo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Конго Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Конго Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_sa_Konggo" title="Republika sa Konggo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Republika sa Konggo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Konžská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konžská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Congo" title="República del Congo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="República del Congo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudhende_rwe_Vukongo" title="Rudhende rwe Vukongo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rudhende rwe Vukongo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_di_Congo" title="Republica di Congo – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Republica di Congo" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_y_Congo" title="Gweriniaeth y Congo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth y Congo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Congo" title="Republikken Congo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Republikken Congo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%88" title="جمهورية لكونݣو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جمهورية لكونݣو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_d%C3%A1ssev%C3%A1ldi" title="Kongo dásseváldi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kongo dásseváldi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AF_(%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7)" title="ކޮންގޯ (ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ) – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮންގޯ (ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ)" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaalzheehii_%C5%81izhin%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Ndaalzheehii Łizhiní Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ndaalzheehii Łizhiní Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kongo" title="Republika Kongo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="गणतन्त्र कंगो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गणतन्त्र कंगो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Vabariik" title="Kongo Vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kongo Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Конго Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Конго Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_del_Congo" title="República del Congo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República del Congo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respubliko_Kongo" title="Respubliko Kongo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Respubliko Kongo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAbrica_del_Congu" title="Repúbrica del Congu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Repúbrica del Congu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongoko_Errepublika" title="Kongoko Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kongoko Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%8Bgo_Brazzaville" title="Koŋgo Brazzaville – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Koŋgo Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Farefare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="جمهوری کنگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری کنگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo" title="Kongo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kongo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_du_Congo" title="République du Congo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République du Congo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republyk_Kongo" title="Republyk Kongo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Republyk Kongo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konngo_(Ndenndaandi_Jamaa_Konngo)" title="Konngo (Ndenndaandi Jamaa Konngo) – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Konngo (Ndenndaandi Jamaa Konngo)" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblacht_an_Chong%C3%B3" title="Poblacht an Chongó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poblacht an Chongó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_y_Chongo" title="Pobblaght y Chongo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght y Chongo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Kongo Respublikası – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kongo Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Chongo" title="A' Chongo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Chongo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_do_Congo" title="República do Congo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República do Congo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Congo Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Congo Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%EA%B3%A0_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="콩고 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콩고 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar_Kwango" title="Jamhuriyar Kwango – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamhuriyar Kwango" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կոնգոյի Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնգոյի Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कांगो गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांगो गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kongo" title="Republika Kongo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kongo" title="Republika Kongo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Kongo" title="Republiko Kongo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ti_Kongo" title="Republika ti Kongo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Republika ti Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কঙ্গো প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_del_Congo" title="Republica del Congo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Republica del Congo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_Congo" title="Republica de Congo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Republica de Congo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%8Bku_Alla" title="Kaŋku Alla – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kaŋku Alla" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Конгойы Республикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Конгойы Республикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhongo-Brazzaville" title="IKhongo-Brazzaville – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IKhongo-Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0_Kong%C3%B3" title="Lýðveldið Kongó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýðveldið Kongó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_del_Congo" title="Repubblica del Congo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica del Congo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95" title="הרפובליקה של קונגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה של קונגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Kongo" title="Républik Kongo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94%C5%8Bgo_Pirazaaviili" title="Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɔŋgo Pirazaaviili" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಕಾಂಗೋ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂಗೋ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ning_Konggu" title="Republika ning Konggu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Republika ning Konggu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კონგოს რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონგოს რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Конго Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конго Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Kongo" title="Repoblek Kongo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Repoblek Kongo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo" title="Kongo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuri_ya_Kongo" title="Jamhuri ya Kongo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamhuri ya Kongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubilika_ya_K%C3%B4ngo" title="Repubilika ya Kôngo – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Repubilika ya Kôngo" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongoa" title="Kongoa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kongoa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_(Brazavil)" title="Kongo (Brazavil) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kongo (Brazavil)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9piblik_di_Kongo" title="Répiblik di Kongo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Répiblik di Kongo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_Kongoy%C3%AA" title="Komara Kongoyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komara Kongoyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Конго Республикасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Конго Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конго Республика – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Конго Республика" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_dl_Congo" title="Republica dl Congo – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Republica dl Congo" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_de_Kongo" title="Repuvlika de Kongo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika de Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດກົງໂກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດກົງໂກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_Congensis" title="Res publica Congensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica Congensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Republika" title="Kongo Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kongo Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Respublika" title="Kongo Respublika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kongo Respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Do_Congo" title="Repubbrica Do Congo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Do Congo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Brazzaville" title="Congo-Brazzaville – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Congo-Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3-Blazavile" title="Kongó-Blazavile – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kongó-Blazavile" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo" title="Congo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Congo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_Tazavaldu" title="Kongon Tazavaldu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kongon Tazavaldu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kongos" title="kongos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kongos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Congo" title="Republic of Congo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Republic of Congo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo" title="Congo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Congo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3i_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Kongói Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kongói Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Република Конго – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Република Конго" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblikan%27_i_K%C3%B4ng%C3%B4" title="Repoblikan' i Kôngô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Repoblikan' i Kôngô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B" title="റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് കോംഗോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് കോംഗോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblika_tal-Kongo" title="Repubblika tal-Kongo – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Repubblika tal-Kongo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dngo" title="Kōngo – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kōngo" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="काँगोचे प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काँगोचे प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="კონგოშ რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონგოშ რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88" title="جمهورية الكونجو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهورية الكونجو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کنگو جمهوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کنگو جمهوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Congo" title="Republik Congo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Congo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k" title="Congo Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Congo Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_l_Congo" title="República de l Congo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="República de l Congo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Республикась Конго – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Республикась Конго" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Бүгд Найрамдах Конго Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бүгд Найрамдах Конго Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကွန်ဂိုသမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ဂိုသမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81catlahtohc%C4%81y%C5%8Dtl_in_Congo" title="Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl in Congo – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlācatlahtohcāyōtl in Congo" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Brazzaville" title="Congo-Brazzaville – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Congo-Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo-Brazzaville" title="Kongo-Brazzaville – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kongo-Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणतन्त्र कङ्गो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="गणतन्त्र कङ्गो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गणतन्त्र कङ्गो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="コンゴ共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンゴ共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Республика Конго – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Республика Конго" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiik_Kongo" title="Republiik Kongo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Republiik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repablik_o%27_t%27_Kongo" title="Repablik o' t' Kongo – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Repablik o' t' Kongo" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Kongo" title="Republikken Kongo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Republikken Kongo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo-Brazzaville" title="Kongo-Brazzaville – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongo-Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo" title="Kongo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kongo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_C%C3%B2ngo" title="Republica de Còngo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica de Còngo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B" title="କଙ୍ଗୋ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଙ୍ଗୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riippabiliika_Koongoo" title="Riippabiliika Koongoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Riippabiliika Koongoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Respublikasi" title="Kongo Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kongo Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਕਾਂਗੋ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਗੋ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo,_republic_of_the" title="Congo, republic of the – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Congo, republic of the" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="کانگو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کانگو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_di_Kongo" title="Republika di Kongo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Republika di Kongo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="کانګو جمهوريت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانګو جمهوريت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripoblik_a_di_Kanggo" title="Ripoblik a di Kanggo – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ripoblik a di Kanggo" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84" title="សាធារណរដ្ឋកុងហ្គោ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាធារណរដ្ឋកុងហ្គោ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2ngo" title="Còngo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Còngo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_Kongo" title="Republiek Kongo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Republiek Kongo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo" title="Kongo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kongo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_do_Congo" title="República do Congo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República do Congo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Kongo Respublikası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kongo Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Cumhuriyeti" title="Kongo Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kongo Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dnoto" title="Tōnoto – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tōnoto" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Congo" title="Republica Congo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Congo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunqu_Ripuwlika" title="Kunqu Ripuwlika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunqu Ripuwlika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE" title="Република Конґо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Република Конґо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Республика Конго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика Конго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Конго Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Конго Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripapelika_o_Congo" title="Ripapelika o Congo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ripapelika o Congo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6d%C3%B6r%C3%B6s%C3%AAse_t%C3%AE_Kong%C3%B6o" title="Ködörösêse tî Kongöo – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Ködörösêse tî Kongöo" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱳ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_de_su_Congo" title="Repùblica de su Congo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica de su Congo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_o_the_Congo" title="Republic o the Congo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republic o the Congo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kongo" title="Republik Kongo – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Republik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephabliki_ya_Kongo" title="Rephabliki ya Kongo – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Rephabliki ya Kongo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_ya_Congo" title="Republic ya Congo – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Republic ya Congo" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_e_Kongos" title="Republika e Kongos – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika e Kongos" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%C3%B9bbrica_d%C3%BB_Congu" title="Ripùbbrica dû Congu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ripùbbrica dû Congu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="කොංගෝ ජනරජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොංගෝ ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="جمهوريا ڪانگو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جمهوريا ڪانگو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibuse_weKhongo" title="Tibuse weKhongo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tibuse weKhongo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_(Brazzaville)" title="Kongo (Brazzaville) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kongo (Brazzaville)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahodni_Kongo" title="Zahodni Kongo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zahodni Kongo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AFngo" title="Kůngo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kůngo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuuriyadda_Kongo" title="Jamhuuriyadda Kongo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jamhuuriyadda Kongo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86" title="کۆماری کۆنگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری کۆنگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Република Конго – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Република Конго" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kongo" title="Republika Kongo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Republika Kongo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Kongo" title="Républik Kongo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Républik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_tasavalta" title="Kongon tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kongon tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo-Brazzaville" title="Kongo-Brazzaville – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kongo-Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ng_Congo" title="Republika ng Congo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Republika ng Congo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="கொங்கோ குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொங்கோ குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagduda_n_Kungu" title="Tagduda n Kungu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tagduda n Kungu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungu" title="Kungu – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kungu" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Конго Җөмһүрияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Конго Җөмһүрияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၶွင်ႇၵူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶွင်ႇၵူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంగో గణతంత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంగో గణతంత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="สาธารณรัฐคองโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐคองโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paank%C9%94c_de_Ko%C5%8Bgo" title="Paankɔc de Koŋgo – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Paankɔc de Koŋgo" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Ҷумҳурии Конго – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Конго" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA_%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎧᏂᎪ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᏂᎪ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Cumhuriyeti" title="Kongo Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kongo Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Respublikasy" title="Kongo Respublikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kongo Respublikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конго Республика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Конго Республика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Республіка Конго – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Республіка Конго" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="جمہوریہ کانگو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریہ کانگو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="كونگو جۇمھۇرىيىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كونگو جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganggoj_Gunghozgoz" title="Ganggoj Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ganggoj Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_del_Congo" title="Repùblega del Congo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega del Congo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_Tazovaldkund" title="Kongon Tazovaldkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kongon Tazovaldkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Congo" title="Cộng hòa Congo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Congo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo%C3%A4n_(Rep%C3%BCblik%C3%A4n)" title="Kongoän (Repüblikän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kongoän (Repüblikän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Vabariik" title="Kongo Vabariik – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kongo Vabariik" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Braza" title="Congo-Braza – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Congo-Braza" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="剛果共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="剛果共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_han_Congo" title="Republika han Congo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Republika han Congo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kong%C3%B3o-Brasaawiil" title="Kongóo-Brasaawiil – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kongóo-Brasaawiil" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="刚果共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riphabliki_ya_Congo" title="Riphabliki ya Congo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Riphabliki ya Congo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90" title="רעפובליק פון קאנגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעפובליק פון קאנגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Ol%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_K%C3%B3ng%C3%B2" title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="剛果共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="剛果共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyet%C3%AA_Kongoy" title="Cumhuriyetê Kongoy – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyetê Kongoy" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konho-Brazzaville" title="Konho-Brazzaville – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Konho-Brazzaville" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuongs" title="Kuongs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuongs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="刚果共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_Burazavilu" title="Kongo Burazavilu – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kongo Burazavilu" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiblik_Kongo" title="Kiblik Kongo – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kiblik Kongo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94ngot%C3%B2" title="Kɔngotò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Kɔngotò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Republic of the Congo" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublik%C9%99_Kongo" title="Respublikə Kongo – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Respublikə Kongo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%93" title="ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q971#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Republic_of_the_Congo" rel="discussion" 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For the larger country, see <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. For entities with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)">Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the Congo</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">République du Congo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Lingala-language text"><i lang="ln">Republíki ya Kongó</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Kituba (Congo)-language text"><i lang="mkw">Repubilika ya Kôngo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Congo"><img alt="Flag of Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Congo"><img alt="Coat of arms of Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"Unité, Travail, Progrès"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Unity, Work, Progress"</span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">"<a href="/wiki/La_Congolaise" title="La Congolaise">La Congolaise</a>"</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(French)</span><br /><span title="Kongo-language text"><i lang="kg">Besi Kôngo</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>)</span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"The Congolese"</span>)<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="76" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga/National_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.oga&lang=kg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kg" label="Kongo ‪(kg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Republic_of_the_Congo_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Republic_of_the_Congo_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo&params=4_16_S_15_17_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">4°16′S</span> <span class="longitude">15°17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">4.267°S 15.283°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-4.267; 15.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><sup id="cite_ref-Digitheque_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digitheque-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised national languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kituba_language" title="Kituba language">Kituba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lingala" title="Lingala">Lingala</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">87.1% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.7% <a href="/wiki/African_Traditional_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African Traditional Religion">traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.0% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Congo</a><sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> state<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of the Congo">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anatole_Collinet_Makosso" title="Anatole Collinet Makosso">Anatole Collinet Makosso</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Senate (Republic of the Congo)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Republic established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• from France </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">342,000 km<sup>2</sup> (132,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">64th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,228,784<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">116th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,142,180<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17.96/km<sup>2</sup> (46.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $27.994 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">150th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $5,552<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">149th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $14.407 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">142nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $2,857<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.CG_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.CG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">40.2<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.593<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">149th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_African_CFA_franc" title="Central African CFA franc">Central African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XAF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Time" title="West Africa Time">WAT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B242" class="mw-redirect" title="+242">+242</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CG" title="ISO 3166-2:CG">CG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.cg" title=".cg">.cg</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Congo</b>, officially the <b>Republic of the Congo</b> or <b>Congo Republic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Congo-Brazzaville</b>, is a country located on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> to the west of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>. It is bordered to the west by <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, to the northeast by the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, to the southeast by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angolan</a> <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Cabinda</a>, and to the southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. </p><p>The region was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a>-speaking tribes at least 3,000 years ago, who built trade links leading into the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> basin. From the 13th century the present day territory was dominated by a confederation led by <a href="/wiki/Vungu" title="Vungu">Vungu</a> which included <a href="/wiki/Kakongo" title="Kakongo">Kakongo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngoyo" title="Ngoyo">Ngoyo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango" title="Kingdom of Loango">Loango</a> emerged in the 16th century. In the late 19th century France colonised the region and incorporated it into <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic of the Congo was established on 28 November 1958 and gained independence from France in 1960. It was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist state</a> from 1969 to 1992, under the name <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">People's Republic of the Congo</a> (PRC). The country has had multi-party elections since 1992, but a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%9399)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–99)">Republic of the Congo Civil War</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a>, who first came to power in 1979, ruled until 1992 and then again since after his reinstatement. </p><p>The Republic of the Congo is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_Central_African_States" title="Economic Community of Central African States">Economic Community of Central African States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. It has become the 4th-largest <a href="/wiki/Oil_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil producer">oil producer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, providing the country with a degree of prosperity, with political and economic instability in some areas, and unequal distribution of oil revenue nationwide. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Its economy</a> is dependent on the oil sector<sup id="cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_nzaou_kongo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and economic growth has slowed since <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">the post-2015 drop in oil prices</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the most widely professed faith in the country. According to the 2024 rendition of the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a>, the Republic of the Congo is ranked 89th among 140 nations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo people</a></div> <p>It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> whose name is derived from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> kingdom which occupied its mouth around the time the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> first arrived in 1483<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1484.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom's name derived from its people, the <a href="/wiki/Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakongo">Bakongo</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> said to mean "hunters" (<a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a>: <i lang="kg">mukongo</i>, <i>nkongo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period when France colonised it, it was known as the <i><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a></i> or <i>Middle Congo</i>. The <b>Republic of the Congo</b>, or simply <b>Congo</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a distinct country from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, also known as <b>DR Congo</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>'s name derives from the colony's founder, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza" title="Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza">Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzà</a>, an Italian nobleman whose title referred to the town of Brazzacco, in the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moruzzo" title="Moruzzo">Moruzzo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Friuli_Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Friuli Venezia Giulia">Friuli Venezia Giulia</a>, whose name derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>Brattius</i> or <i>Braccius</i>, both meaning literally "<a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">History of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Loango_slavery_harbour" title="Loango slavery harbour">Loango slavery harbour</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu-speaking peoples</a> who founded tribes during the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansions</a>, mostly displaced and absorbed the earlier inhabitants of the region, the <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">Pygmy</a> people, about 1500<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. The <a href="/wiki/Bakongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakongo">Bakongo</a>, a Bantu ethnic group that occupied parts of what later became Angola, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. </p><p>By the 13th century, there were three main confederations of states in the western Congo Basin. In the east were the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Kingdoms_of_Kongo_dia_Nlaza" title="Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza">Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza</a>, considered to be the oldest and most powerful, which likely included <a href="/wiki/Nsundi" title="Nsundi">Nsundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbata_Kingdom" title="Mbata Kingdom">Mbata</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mpangu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mpangu (page does not exist)">Mpangu</a>, and possibly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kundi_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kundi kingdom (page does not exist)">Kundi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okanga (page does not exist)">Okanga</a>. South of these was <a href="/wiki/Mpemba" title="Mpemba">Mpemba</a> which stretched from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>. It included various kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Mpemba_Kasi" title="Mpemba Kasi">Mpemba Kasi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vunda (page does not exist)">Vunda</a>. To its west across the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> was a confederation of three small states; <a href="/wiki/Vungu" title="Vungu">Vungu</a> (its leader), <a href="/wiki/Kakongo" title="Kakongo">Kakongo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ngoyo" title="Ngoyo">Ngoyo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> Some Bantu kingdoms—including those of the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo Empire">Kongo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango" title="Kingdom of Loango">Loango</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Anziku" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Anziku">Teke</a>—built trade links leading into the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> reached the mouth of the Congo in 1484.<sup id="cite_ref-DicImp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DicImp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial relationships grew between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded in commodities, manufactured goods, and people captured and enslaved in the <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterlands</a>. After centuries as a central hub for transatlantic trade, direct European colonization of the Congo River delta began in the 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Loango.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Court_of_Loango.png/220px-Court_of_Loango.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Court_of_Loango.png/330px-Court_of_Loango.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Court_of_Loango.png/440px-Court_of_Loango.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>The court of <a href="/wiki/N%27Gangue_M%27voumbe_Niambi" title="N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi">N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi</a>, from the book <i>Description of Africa</i> (1668)</figcaption></figure> <p>The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Brazza" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de Brazza">Pierre de Brazza</a>'s treaty with King Makoko<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Bateke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateke">Bateke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DicImp_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DicImp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Makoko, his widow Queen <a href="/wiki/Ngalifourou" title="Ngalifourou">Ngalifourou</a> upheld the terms of the treaty and became an ally to the colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Congo Colony became known first as <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a>, then as Middle Congo in 1903. </p><p>In 1908, France organized <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> (AEF), comprising the Middle Congo, <a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oubangui-Chari" class="mw-redirect" title="Oubangui-Chari">Oubangui-Chari</a> (which later became the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>). The French designated <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a> as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural resource extraction. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Ocean_Railway" title="Congo–Ocean Railway">Congo–Ocean Railway</a> following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-DicImp_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DicImp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupation of France">Nazi occupation of France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> between 1940 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville Conference of 1944">Brazzaville Conference of 1944</a> heralded a period of reform in French colonial policy. Congo "benefited" from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a>. </p><p>Following the revision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French constitution</a> that established the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> in 1958, AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published its first constitution in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antagonism between the <a href="/wiki/Mbochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbochi">Mbochis</a> (who favored <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Opangault" title="Jacques Opangault">Jacques Opangault</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Lari_people_(Congo)" title="Lari people (Congo)">Laris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongos</a> (who favored <a href="/wiki/Fulbert_Youlou" title="Fulbert Youlou">Fulbert Youlou</a>, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> subdued.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elections took place in April 1959. By the time the Congo became independent in August 1960, Opangault, the former opponent of Youlou, agreed to serve under him. Youlou, an avid anti-communist, became the first President of the Republic of the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the political tension was so high in <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a>, Youlou moved the capital to Brazzaville. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png/170px-Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Alphonse_Massamba-Debat.png 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat" title="Alphonse Massamba-Débat">Alphonse Massamba-Débat</a>'s 1-party rule (1963–1968) attempted to implement a <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economic</a> strategy of "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republic of the Congo became fully independent from France on 15 August 1960. Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labor elements and rival political parties instigated a <a href="/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses_(1963)" title="Trois Glorieuses (1963)">3-day uprising</a> that ousted him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congolese military took over the country and installed a civilian provisional government headed by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat" title="Alphonse Massamba-Débat">Alphonse Massamba-Débat</a>. </p><p>Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected president for a five-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Massamba-D%C3%A9bat#Congo_under_Massamba-Débat_(1963-1968)" title="Alphonse Massamba-Débat">Massamba-Débat's term in office</a>, the regime adopted "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a>" as the country's constitutional ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-shillington301_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington301-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Congo sent an official team with a single athlete at the <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a> for the first time in its history. In 1965, Congo established relations with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shillington301_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington301-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his presidency, the Congo began to <a href="/wiki/Industrialize" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialize">industrialize</a>. Some large production units with large workforces were built: the textile factory of Kinsoundi, the palm groves of Etoumbi, the match factory of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9tou" title="Bétou">Bétou</a>, the shipyards of Yoro, etc. Health centers were created as well as school groups (colleges and elementary school). The country's school enrollment rate became the highest in Black Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of February 14 to 15, 1965, 3 public officials of the Republic of the Congo were kidnapped: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazare_Matsocota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazare Matsocota (page does not exist)">Lazare Matsocota</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazare_Matsocota" class="extiw" title="fr:Lazare Matsocota">fr</a>]</span> (prosecutor of the Republic), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Pouabou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Pouabou (page does not exist)">Joseph Pouabou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pouabou" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Pouabou">fr</a>]</span> (President of the Supreme Court), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselme_Massou%C3%A9m%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselme Massouémé (page does not exist)">Anselme Massouémé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Massou%C3%A9m%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Anselme Massouémé">fr</a>]</span> (director of the Congolese Information Agency). The bodies of 2 of these men were later found, mutilated, by the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massamba-Débat's regime invited some hundred <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> army troops into the country to train his party's militia units. These troops helped his government survive a <a href="/wiki/1966_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt"><i>coup d'état</i> in 1966</a> led by paratroopers loyal to future President <a href="/wiki/Marien_Ngouabi" title="Marien Ngouabi">Marien Ngouabi</a>. Massamba-Débat's regime ended with a bloodless <a href="/wiki/1968_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Republic of the Congo coup d'état"><i>coup</i> in September 1968</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shillington301_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington301-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on 31 December 1968. One year later, Ngouabi proclaimed the Congo Africa's first "people's republic", the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">People's Republic of the Congo</a>, and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour" title="Congolese Party of Labour">Congolese Labour Party</a> (PCT). He survived an <a href="/wiki/1972_Republic_of_the_Congo_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt">attempted <i>coup</i> in 1972</a> and was assassinated on 18 March<span class="nowrap"> </span>1977.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was then named to head an interim government, with <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Yhombi-Opango" title="Joachim Yhombi-Opango">Joachim Yhombi-Opango</a> serving as president. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power, and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a> became the new president.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and signed a 20-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> and less on <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> to maintain his dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-shillington302_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shillington302-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in the ending of Soviet aid to prop up the regime, and it abdicated power. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lissouba" title="Pascal Lissouba">Pascal Lissouba</a> who became Congo's first elected president (1992–1997) during the period of multi-party democracy attempted to implement economic reforms with IMF backing to liberalize the economy. In the years 1993 and 1994 the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">first Congo Civil War in Congo</a> occurred. In June 1996, IMF approved a 3-year <a href="/wiki/Special_drawing_rights" title="Special drawing rights">SDR</a>69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) and was on the verge of announcing a renewed annual agreement when civil war broke out in Congo in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight for power in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997-99)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997-99)">civil war</a>. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On 5 June, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville, and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a 4-month conflict that destroyed or damaged some of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In October, the Angolan government began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou in power and the Lissouba government fell. After that, Sassou declared himself president.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_(21518932913).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg/220px-Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg/330px-Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg/440px-Pro-constitutional_reform_demonstration_in_Brazzaville_-_2015-10_%2821518932913%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>A pro-constitutional reform rally in Brazzaville during October 2015. The constitution's reforms were subsequently approved in a disputed election which saw demonstrations and violence.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2002">elections in 2002</a>, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His 2 main rivals, Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas, were prevented from competing. A remaining rival, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Milongo" title="André Milongo">André Milongo</a> advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race.<sup id="cite_ref-freedomhouse_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, agreed upon by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2002">referendum in January 2002</a>, granted the president new powers, extended his term to 7 years and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the 1-party state.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the <a href="/wiki/Pool_Department" title="Pool Department">Pool region</a> between government forces and rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Pastor_Ntumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Ntumi">Pastor Ntumi</a>; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sassou won the following <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2009">presidential election in July 2009</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2015, Sassou announced that he wanted to run for yet another term in office and a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum, 2015">constitutional referendum</a> in October resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Republic of the Congo">changed constitution</a> that allowed him to run during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_presidential_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo presidential election, 2016">2016 presidential election</a>. He won the election believed by some to be fraudulent. After violent protests in the capital, Sassou attacked the Pool region where the <a href="/wiki/Ninja_(militia)" title="Ninja (militia)">Ninja rebels</a> of the civil war used to be based, in what was believed to be a distraction. This led to a revival of the Ninja rebels who launched attacks against the army in April 2016, leading 80,000 people to flee their homes. A ceasefire deal was signed in December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Odzala_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Odzala National Park">Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua</a>, for its savanna ecosystems and post-glacial recolonisation of forests, was listed as a natural <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Geography of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>Natural landscapes range from the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> plains in the North Niari flooded forests, to the Congo River, to the rugged mountains and forests of <a href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</a>, and 170 km of beaches along the Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatisticalData_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/StatisticalData_1.svg/220px-StatisticalData_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/StatisticalData_1.svg/330px-StatisticalData_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/StatisticalData_1.svg/440px-StatisticalData_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Climate diagram for <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Congo is located in the central-western part of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>, lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/4th_parallel_north" title="4th parallel north">4°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_parallel_south" title="5th parallel south">5°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/11th_meridian_east" title="11th meridian east">11°</a> and <a href="/wiki/19th_meridian_east" title="19th meridian east">19°E</a>. To the south and east of it is the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. It is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to the north, and <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinda (province)">Cabinda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>) to the southwest. It has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean. </p><p>The southwest is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the <a href="/wiki/Kouilou-Niari_River" title="Kouilou-Niari River">Kouilou-Niari River</a>; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between 2 basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congo had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.89/10, ranking it 12th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congo lies within 4 terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Equatorial_coastal_forests" title="Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests">Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Congolian_lowland_forests" title="Northwestern Congolian lowland forests">Northwestern Congolian lowland forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Congolian_swamp_forests" title="Western Congolian swamp forests">Western Congolian swamp forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Congolian_forest%E2%80%93savanna_mosaic" title="Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic">Western Congolian forest–savanna mosaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is more consistent year-round, with the average day temperature a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in the <a href="/wiki/Niari_Valley" title="Niari Valley">Niari Valley</a> in the south to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts. The dry season is from June to August, while in the majority of the country, the wet season has 2 rainfall maxima: 1 in March–May and another in September–November.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006–07, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Society" title="Wildlife Conservation Society">Wildlife Conservation Society</a> studied gorillas in "heavily forested" regions centered on the <a href="/wiki/Ouesso_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouesso District">Ouesso District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha Region">Sangha Region</a>. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 <a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla" title="Western lowland gorilla">western lowland gorillas</a> whose isolation from humans has been mostly preserved by "inhospitable" swamps.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo">Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Republic of the Congo">Politics of the Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo">Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Constitution of the Republic of the Congo">Constitution of the Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo">Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biens_mal_acquis" title="Biens mal acquis">Biens mal acquis</a></div> <p>The government of the Republic is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> with an elected president who appoints the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Cabinet of the Republic of the Congo">Council of Ministers, or Cabinet</a>. The council, including the Prime Minister, is selected from the elected representatives in Parliament. Since the 1990s, the country has had a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party political system</a> which is dominated by President <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a>. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own <a href="/wiki/Congolese_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese Labour Party">Congolese Labour Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti Congolais du Travail</i>) as well as a range of smaller parties. </p><p>Sassou's regime has seen <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> revelations, with attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of "lavish properties" in France.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denis Christel Sassou-Nguesso, son of Denis Sassou Nguesso, has been named in association with the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 March 2015, Sassou Nguesso announced that his government would hold a referendum on changing the country's 2002 constitution to allow him to run for a third consecutive term in office.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 October, the government held a referendum on allowing Sassou Nguesso to run in the next election. The government claimed that the proposal was approved by 92% of voters, with 72% of eligible voters participating. The opposition who boycotted the referendum said that the government's statistics were false and the vote was a fake one.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election raised questions and was accompanied by civil unrest and police shootings of protesters;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least 18 people were killed by security forces during opposition rallies leading up to the referendum held in October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_regions_named.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Congo_regions_named.png/260px-Congo_regions_named.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Congo_regions_named.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Republic of the Congo exhibiting its 12 departments</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Departments of the Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Communes of the Republic of the Congo">Communes of the Republic of the Congo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Districts of the Republic of the Congo">Districts of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>It is divided into 12 <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo"><i>départements</i></a> (departments). Departments are divided into communes and districts.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouenza_Department" title="Bouenza Department">Bouenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette_Department" title="Cuvette Department">Cuvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvette-Ouest_Department" title="Cuvette-Ouest Department">Cuvette-Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouilou_Department" title="Kouilou Department">Kouilou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9koumou_Department" title="Lékoumou Department">Lékoumou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likouala_Department" title="Likouala Department">Likouala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niari_Department" title="Niari Department">Niari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)">Plateaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Department" title="Pool Department">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo)">Sangha</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Republic of the Congo">Human rights in the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo">LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">Pygmies</a> belong from birth to <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantus</a> in a relationship some refer to as slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpost_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpost-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internationalreportingproject_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internationalreportingproject-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property in the same way as pets.<sup id="cite_ref-globalpost_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalpost-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 December 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Congolese parliament</a> adopted a law to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This law is "the first" of its kind in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (October 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Economy of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Hydrocarbon exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Republic of the Congo">List of companies of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development, 1950 to 2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Republic_of_the_Congo_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Republic of the Congo exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based mainly on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_nzaou_kongo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eia_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eia-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and "overstaffing". Petroleum extraction has supplanted <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, the oil sector accounted for 65% of the <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has untapped <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining in the Republic of the Congo">mineral</a> wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-2018_nzaou_kongo_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_nzaou_kongo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> In the 1980s, rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance larger-scale development projects. GDP grew an average of 5% annually. The government has mortgaged a portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a "shortage of revenues". On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of <a href="/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">Franc Zone</a> currencies by 50% resulted in an inflation of 46% in 1994, and inflation has subsided since.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1994-96, the economy underwent a difficult transition. The Congo took a number of measures to liberalize its economy, including reforming the tax, investment, labor, timber, and hydrocarbon codes. In 2002-03, Congo privatized parastatals, primarily banks, telecommunications, and transportation monopolies, to help improve and unreliable infrastructure. By the end of 1996 Congo had made progress in various areas targeted for reform. It made great strides toward macroeconomic stabilization through improving public finances and restructuring external debt. This change was accompanied by improvements in the structure of expenditures, with a reduction in personnel expenditures. Before June 1997, Congo and the United States ratified a bilateral investment treaty designed to facilitate and protect foreign investment. The country also adopted a new investment code intended to attract foreign capital. The country also adopted a new investment code intended to attract foreign capital. Despite these success, Congo’s investment climate has challenges, offering few meaningful incentives for new investors.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg/220px-Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg/330px-Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg/440px-Jeunes_filles_apprenant_la_couture_-_Ecole_Sp%C3%A9ciale_de_Brazzaville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Women learning to sew, Brazzaville</figcaption></figure> <p>Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">economic reforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. Economic progress was "badly hurt" by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which "worsened" the republic's budget deficit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I believe this paragraph doesn't have a source as the quotes do not appear via ctrl-f in the documents cited in the next paragraph. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The administration presides over an "uneasy internal peace" and faces "difficult" economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, with record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are other exports, while Congo was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Kimberley_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimberley Process">Kimberley Process</a> in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were, in fact, being smuggled out of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republic of the Congo has untapped base metal, gold, iron, and phosphate deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GDP of the Republic of the Congo grew by 6% in 2014 and is expected to have grown by 7.5% in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the Republic of the Congo joined the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Ocean_Railway" title="Congo–Ocean Railway">Congo–Ocean Railway</a> was <a href="/wiki/Congo%E2%80%93Ocean_Railway#History" title="Congo–Ocean Railway">built by forced laborers</a> during the 1930s. Some colonial architectural heritage is preserved. Restoration of architectural works is underway in Brazzaville, for example, at the Basilica of Sainte-Anne du Congo, which was completed in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Demographics of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <caption>Population<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Its population is concentrated in the southwestern portion, leaving the areas of tropical <a href="/wiki/Jungle" title="Jungle">jungle</a> in the north virtually uninhabited. 70% of its total population lives in urban areas, namely in <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a>, or one of the cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi), railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined in some years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>; a fraction of this number remains.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 300 <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> immigrants reside in the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-dos2009_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2011–12 survey, the total fertility rate was 5.1 children born per woman, with 4.5 in urban areas and 6.5 in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Largest cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Republic of the Congo (2023 census)</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/Congo.html">City Population: CONGO (REP.)</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Department</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazzaville"><img alt="Brazzaville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg/120px-Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg/180px-Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg/240px-Brazzaville_bird_eye_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="939" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pointe-Noire"><img alt="Pointe-Noire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg/120px-Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg/180px-Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg/240px-Pointe-Noire_downtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazzaville Department">Brazzaville</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,138,236 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire" title="Pointe-Noire">Pointe-Noire</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pointe-Noire_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe-Noire Department">Pointe-Noire</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,398,812 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dolisie" title="Dolisie">Dolisie</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niari_Department" title="Niari Department">Niari</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">178,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nkayi,_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Nkayi, Republic of the Congo">Nkayi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bouenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouenza">Bouenza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,083 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9sso" title="Ouésso">Ouésso</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Sangha Department (Republic of the Congo)">Sangha</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kint%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Kintélé">Kintélé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pool_Department" title="Pool Department">Pool</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,629 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Oyo, Republic of the Congo">Oyo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuvette_Department" title="Cuvette Department">Cuvette</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,598 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9tou" title="Bétou">Bétou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Likouala_Department" title="Likouala Department">Likouala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,563 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gamboma" title="Gamboma">Gamboma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Department_(Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,652 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Owando" title="Owando">Owando</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuvette_Department" title="Cuvette Department">Cuvette</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,642 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Languages of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> recognizes 62 spoken languages in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a> are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are <a href="/wiki/Lari_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lari (ethnic group)">Laari</a>, in Brazzaville and Pool regions, and the <a href="/wiki/Vili_people" title="Vili people">Vili</a>, around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group is the <a href="/wiki/Bateke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bateke">Teke</a>, who live to the north of Brazzaville, with 16.9% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Mbochi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbochi people">Mbochi</a> live in the north, east and in Brazzaville and form 13.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmies">Pygmies</a> make up 2% of Congo's population.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Religion in the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 344.20225766692px; border-left-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:MediumSeaGreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.63310880999px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 113.42773492554px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:18.120576362714px 98.344520499533px 0 0; border-top-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in the Republic of the Congo by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-ARDA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARDA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (52.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrchid; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and other Christian (35.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a> (4.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumSeaGreen; color:black;"> </span> Other religions (2.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> No religion (3.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> Don't know (1.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to CIA World Factbook, the people of the Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> (33.1%), <a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Awakening Lutherans</a> (22.3%), and other <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (19.9%) as of 2007. Followers of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> make up 1.6%; this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Education in the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg/220px-SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg/330px-SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg/440px-SAINTE_RITA_CONG-BR2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption>School children in the classroom, Republic of the Congo</figcaption></figure> <p>Public expenditure of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> was less in 2002–05 than in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds,<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in practice, expenses exist.<sup id="cite_ref-unhcr.org_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unhcr.org-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 net primary enrollment rate was 44%, a drop from 79% in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Health in the Republic of the Congo">Health in the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <p>Public expenditure health was at 8.9% of the GDP in 2004 whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> prevalence was at 2.8% among 15- to 49-year-olds.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health expenditure was at US$30 per capita in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proportion of the population is undernourished,<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> is a problem in Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the 2000s (decade).<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> rate was 560 deaths/100,000 live births, and the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate was 59.34 deaths/1,000 live births.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAWFB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> (FGM) is confined to limited geographic areas.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Republic of the Congo">Culture of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Music of the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Republic of the Congo">Mass media in the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Republic of the Congo">Football in the Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Rugby union in the Republic of the Congo">Rugby union in the Republic of the Congo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of people from the Republic of the Congo">List of people from the Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Republic of the Congo">Outline of the Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République du Congo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>: <i lang="ln">Republíki ya Kongó</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Digitheque-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Digitheque_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm">"Constitution de 2015"</a>. <i>Digithèque matériaux juridiques et politiques, Jean-Pierre Maury, Université de Perpignan</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042001/http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/cg2015.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digith%C3%A8que+mat%C3%A9riaux+juridiques+et+politiques%2C+Jean-Pierre+Maury%2C+Universit%C3%A9+de+Perpignan&rft.atitle=Constitution+de+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjp.univ-perp.fr%2Fconstit%2Fcg2015.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010060035/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016">"Religions in Republic of the Congo | PEW-GRF"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/republic-of-the-congo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016">the original</a> on 10 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Republic+of+the+Congo+%26%23124%3B+PEW-GRF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Frepublic-of-the-congo%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2020%26region_name%3DAll%2520Countries%26restrictions_year%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAWFB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAWFB_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/">"Congo, Republic of the"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109222956/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Congo%2C+Republic+of+the&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcongo-republic-of-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTampa2021" class="citation news cs1">Tampa, Vava (10 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/apr/10/denis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville">"Sassou rules like an emperor while Congolese die from extreme poverty"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sassou+rules+like+an+emperor+while+Congolese+die+from+extreme+poverty&rft.date=2021-04-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Tampa&rft.aufirst=Vava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2021%2Fapr%2F10%2Fdenis-sassou-nguesso-rules-like-an-emperor-while-congolese-die-from-extreme-poverty-congo-brazzaville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/sassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville/a-19127711">"Elections in Congo-Brazzaville"</a>. <i>DW</i>. 18 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104170339/https://www.dw.com/en/sassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville/a-19127711">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Elections+in+Congo-Brazzaville&rft.date=2016-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsassou-nguesso-clings-to-power-in-congo-brazzaville%2Fa-19127711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show">"Congo Brazzaville's Sassou Nguesso re-elected with more than 88% of vote, early results show"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 23 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Congo+Brazzaville%27s+Sassou+Nguesso+re-elected+with+more+than+88%25+of+vote%2C+early+results+show&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Fafrica%2F20210323-congo-brazzaville-s-sassou-nguesso-re-elected-with-more-than-88-of-vote-early-results-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2008" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John Frank (2008). <i>The failure of democracy in the Republic of Congo</i>. Boulder (Colo.): L. Rienner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-555-5"><bdi>978-1-58826-555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+failure+of+democracy+in+the+Republic+of+Congo&rft.place=Boulder+%28Colo.%29&rft.pub=L.+Rienner&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-555-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/congo-population/">"Congo Population (2024) - Worldometer"</a>. <i>www.worldometers.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+Africa+%E2%80%93+The+man+who+would+be+Congo%27s+king&rft.date=2003-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F2752833.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFjeremy2012" class="citation cs2">jeremy, rich (2012), Akyeampong, Emmanuel K; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533">"Ngalifourou"</a>, <i>Dictionary of African Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122130300/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1533">archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.atitle=Ngalifourou&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538207-5&rft.aulast=jeremy&rft.aufirst=rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195382075.001.0001%2Facref-9780195382075-e-1533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States State Department. Office of the Historian. <i>A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776</i>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic">Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512065606/https://history.state.gov/countries/congo-republic">Archived</a> 12 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Accessed 9 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbers, Gerhard (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C">Encyclopedia of World Constitutions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506124534/https://books.google.com/books?id=M3A-xgf1yM4C">Archived</a> 6 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Infobase Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6078-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6078-9">0-8160-6078-9</a>. Accessed 9 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations">CONGO REPUBLIC: BRAZZAVILLE RIOTS AFTERMATH</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505233442/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1959/02/27/BGY503110492/?s=evacuations">Archived</a> 5 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Reuters (27 February 1959)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou">"Fulbert Youlou facts, information, pictures – Encyclopedia.com articles about Fulbert Youlou"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128051046/http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/fulbert-youlou">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fulbert+Youlou+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Fulbert+Youlou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fhistory%2Fafrican-history-biographies%2Ffulbert-youlou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Mabanckou" title="Alain Mabanckou">Alain Mabanckou</a> "The Lights of Pointe-Noire" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620971901" title="Special:BookSources/978-1620971901">978-1620971901</a>. 2013. p.175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shillington301-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shillington301_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shillington301_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shillington301_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington,_Kevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of African history</i>. CRC Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582456" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582456"><bdi>978-1579582456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+history&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1579582456&rft.au=Shillington%2C+Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John F. Clark, "Congo: Transition and the Struggle to Consolidate", in <i>Political Reform in Francophone Africa</i> (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC">Les voies du politique au Congo: essai de sociologie historique</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213039/https://books.google.com/books?id=15Qza8LQcFMC">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Paris: Karthala, 1997. p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ">Africa Research Bulletin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413223836/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGoEAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 13 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Oxford, England: Blackwell, 1965. p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Congo President Slain by Gunman— Military Group Takes Control, Radio Reports", <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, March 20, 1977, p. I-1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shillington302-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shillington302_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington,_Kevin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, Kevin (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of African history</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo%2C+Republic+of&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2006%26country%3D7093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm">"Congo approves new constitution"</a>. 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BBC. 18 March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930011034/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Les+Africains+du+Panama+%281%29+%3A+les+circuits+offshore+des+%22+fils+de+%22&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.au=Joan+Tilouine&rft.au=ICIJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2Fles-africains-du-panama-1-les-circuits-offshore-des-fils-de_4895102_3212.html%23JWAeAK6oVt0UvEe4.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Aaron (27 March 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327">Congo Republic president says expects referendum over the third term</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929205702/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/27/us-congo-president-idUSKBN0MN25N20150327">Archived</a> 29 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Reuters</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97">"Congo opposition holds ceremony for killed protesters"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 30 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128070432/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/30/us-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030#6gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Congo+opposition+holds+ceremony+for+killed+protesters&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-congo-opposition-idUSKCN0SO24720151030%236gUx7xJL8tLmw1OB.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFlefigaro.fr2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">lefigaro.fr (4 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php">"Violences au Congo : le government accuse les opposants à Sassou-Nguesso"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514153900/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/04/04/01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Violences+au+Congo+%3A+le+government+accuse+les+opposants+%C3%A0+Sassou-Nguesso&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.au=lefigaro.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Finternational%2F2016%2F04%2F04%2F01003-20160404ARTFIG00174-violences-au-congo-le-gouvernement-accuse-les-opposants-a-sassou-nguesso.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> With inconsistent figures: <ul><li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php">site of the Presidency of the Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727221905/http://www.presidence.cg/congo/administration.php">Archived</a> 27 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> lists 11 departments, 7 communes, and 76 districts.</li> <li>The 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf">Statistical directory of Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113142137/http://www.cnsee.org/Publication/Annuaire_04.pdf">Archived</a> 13 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> lists 12 departments, 6 communes, and 85 districts</li> <li>A list of subprefects (higher representatives of State in a district) nominated in December 2008 lists 86 districts. Search <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116112954/http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenga-mambu.com/fiche.php?id=693">the original</a> on 16 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenga-mambu.com%2Ffiche.php%3Fid%3D693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Finally, the good figures seem to come from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html">this site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518092837/http://www.congo-siteportail.info/Les-donnees-generales-sur-le-Congo_a18.html">Archived</a> 18 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: 12 departments, 7 communes, and 86 districts</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-globalpost-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalpost_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalpost_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights">"Pygmies in the Congo treated like "pets": report"</a>. globalpost.com. 13 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114021904/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/111113/pygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pygmies+in+the+Congo+treated+like+%22pets%22%3A+report&rft.date=2014-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fregions%2Fafrica%2F111113%2Fpygmy-pets-congo-pygmies-slavery-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-internationalreportingproject-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-internationalreportingproject_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Katie (4 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo">"Slaves of the Congo"</a>. International Reporting Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714221201/http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/view/slaves-of-the-congo">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congo-Brazzaville&rft.pub=Energy+Information+Administration%2C+U.S.+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Femeu%2Fcabs%2Fcongo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html">Republic of the Congo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090504123157/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/CONGOEXTN/0,,menuPK:349223~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:349199,00.html">Archived</a> 4 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Bank</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm">"Congo, Republic of"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdrstats.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fdata_sheets%2Fcty_ds_COG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>. undp.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unhcr.org-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unhcr.org_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html">Refworld | 2008 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Congo, Republic of the</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510033931/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. UNHCR. Retrieved on 25 February 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes">"IRIN Africa – CONGO: Grappling with malnutrition and post-conflict woes – Congo – Food Security – Health & Nutrition"</a>. <i>IRINnews</i>. 8 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129020635/http://www.irinnews.org/report/73653/congo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IRINnews&rft.atitle=IRIN+Africa+%E2%80%93+CONGO%3A+Grappling+with+malnutrition+and+post-conflict+woes+%E2%80%93+Congo+%E2%80%93+Food+Security+%E2%80%93+Health+%26+Nutrition&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F73653%2Fcongo-grappling-with-malnutrition-and-post-conflict-woes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011052/http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146">"CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): UNFPA Leads Fight Against FGM " UNFPA in the News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inthenews.unfpa.org/?p=15146">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONGO+%28BRAZZAVILLE%29%3A+UNFPA+Leads+Fight+Against+FGM+%22+UNFPA+in+the+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finthenews.unfpa.org%2F%3Fp%3D15146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+the+Congo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Maria Petringa, <i>Brazza, A Life for Africa</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0">978-1-4259-1198-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Republic of the Congo</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_du_Congo" class="extiw" title="c:République du Congo">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Republic of the Congo">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Republic of the Congo">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="voy:Republic of the Congo">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/">Presidency of the Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222012727/http://www.presidence.cg/accueil/">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080257/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-republic-of-the.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1076794.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207054856/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Congo.htm">Republic of the Congo</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of the Republic of the Congo">Wikimedia Atlas of the Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> <p><b>Tourism</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo#Q971" class="extiw" title="voy:Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template:Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Template talk:Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republic_of_the_Congo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republic of the Congo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republic_of_the_Congo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of the Congo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Republic of the Congo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1390–1914)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Loango" title="Kingdom of Loango">Kingdom of Loango</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1883)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_Civil_War" title="Kongo Civil War">Kongo Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1665–1709)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo_Basin" title="Colonization of the Congo Basin">Colonization of the Congo Basin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1885)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910–1958)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbert_Youlou" title="Fulbert Youlou">Fulbert Youlou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses_(1963)" title="Trois Glorieuses (1963)">Trois Glorieuses</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">People's Republic of the Congo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–1992)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="1990s in the Republic of the Congo">1990s in Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">First Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">Second Civil War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum" title="2002 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum">2002 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool conflict</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republic_of_the_Congo_constitutional_referendum" title="2015 Republic of the Congo constitutional referendum">2015 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Geography of the Republic of the Congo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of cities in the Republic of the Congo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Departments of the Republic of the Congo">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Districts of the Republic of the Congo">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of ecoregions in the Republic of the Congo">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of rivers of the Republic of the Congo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Wildlife of the Republic of the Congo">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Politics of the Republic of the Congo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Elections in the Republic of the Congo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human rights in the Republic of the Congo">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of the Congo">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of the Congo">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of the Congo">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Parliament of the Republic of the Congo">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of political parties in the Republic of the Congo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of presidents of the Republic of the Congo">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of prime ministers of the Republic of the Congo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Agriculture in the Republic of the Congo">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Central_African_States" title="Bank of Central African States">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining in the Republic of the Congo">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Petroleum industry in the Republic of the Congo">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Trade unions in the Republic of the Congo">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Transport in the Republic of the Congo">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of companies of the Republic of the Congo">List of companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Culture of the Republic of the Congo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Child marriage in Republic of the Congo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Demographics of the Republic of the Congo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republic_of_the_Congo_films" title="List of Republic of the Congo films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Football in the Republic of the Congo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Human trafficking in the Republic of the Congo">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Languages of the Republic of the Congo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mass media in the Republic of the Congo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Polygamy in the Republic of the Congo">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Public holidays in the Republic of the Congo">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Congolaise" title="La Congolaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Flag of the Republic of the Congo">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Outline of the Republic of the Congo">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Republic of the Congo–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Republic of the Congo">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Republic of the Congo">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123242385">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173167475">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140807063">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208750/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbtpMQ73yhkyfGmfWMF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032097-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061151">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11872709n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566558">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kongo (Brazzaville)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131423&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548184005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/185bc3c4-4c5a-3f69-9384-7c280dfdf072">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d8d02669-07c8-46dd-8812-f80742f7910f">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/jty8D92z">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027544931">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003449">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035680">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_the_Congo&params=1.44_S_15.556_E_type:country"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">1°26′24″S</span> <span class="longitude">15°33′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">1.44°S 15.556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-1.44; 15.556</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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