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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Kush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Kush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Kingdom of Kush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Kush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Eastern world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mughal_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Mughal India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_India_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_India_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>East India Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_India_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The Moon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_footprint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_footprint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Water footprint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_footprint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Genetic modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Organic production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_weeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_weeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pests and weeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_weeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_pest_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_pest_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Global pest problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_pest_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_insect_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_insect_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>North American insect pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_insect_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_from_synthetic_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_from_synthetic_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Competition from synthetic fibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_from_synthetic_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition_from_natural_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_from_natural_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Competition from natural fibers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_from_natural_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>International trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fair_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Fair trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Trading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_temperatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_temperatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Critical temperatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_temperatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_standard_yarn_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_standard_yarn_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>British standard yarn measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_standard_yarn_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Fiber properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fiber_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fiber properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fiber_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dead_cotton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_cotton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Dead cotton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_cotton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotton</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">147 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoen" title="Katoen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Katoen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumwollfaser" title="Baumwollfaser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Baumwollfaser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%8C%A5" title="ጥጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कपास – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कपास" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%86" title="قطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%C3%B3n" title="Cotón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cotón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="কপাহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কপাহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algod%C3%B3n" title="Algodón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Algodón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कपास – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कपास" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandyju" title="Mandyju – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mandyju" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhiya" title="Qhiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qhiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamb%C4%B1q" title="Pambıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pambıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%82" title="پامبیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پامبیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="তুলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kapas" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AE-hoe" title="Mî-hoe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mî-hoe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Мамыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мамыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бавоўна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бавоўна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бавоўна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бавоўна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapas" title="Gapas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gapas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Памук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Памук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuk" title="Pamuk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pamuk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto%C3%B1s" title="Kotoñs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kotoñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хүбэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүбэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%C3%B3" title="Cotó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cotó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Мамăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мамăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavlna" title="Bavlna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bavlna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donje" title="Donje – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Donje" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotwm" title="Cotwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cotwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomuld" title="Bomuld – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bomuld" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baumwollfaser" title="Baumwollfaser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baumwollfaser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कपास – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कपास" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuvill" title="Puuvill – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puuvill" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9_(%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1)" title="Βαμβάκι (ίνα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαμβάκι (ίνα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algod%C3%B3n" title="Algodón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Algodón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotono" title="Kotono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kotono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoi" title="Kotoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kotoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="پنبه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنبه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapaas" title="Kapaas – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kapaas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bummull" title="Bummull – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bummull" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton" title="Coton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoen" title="Katoen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katoen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad%C3%A1s" title="Cadás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cadás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadee" title="Cadee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cadee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotan" title="Cotan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cotan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algod%C3%B3n" title="Algodón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Algodón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8" title="કપાસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કપાસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%B4%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="면섬유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="면섬유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auduga" title="Auduga – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Auduga" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaopa" title="Kaopa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kaopa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कपास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कपास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuk" title="Pamuk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pamuk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotono" title="Kotono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kotono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kapas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton" title="Coton – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Coton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%B0mull" title="Baðmull – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baðmull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotone_(fibra)" title="Cotone (fibra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cotone (fibra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%94" title="כותנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כותנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಹತ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹತ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ბამბა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბამბა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96)" title="Мақта (шитті) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мақта (шитті)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koton" title="Koton – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Koton" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamba" title="Pamba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pamba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemb%C3%BB" title="Pembû – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pembû" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_xylinum" title="Linum xylinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linum xylinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokvilna" title="Kokvilna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kokvilna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotteng" title="Kotteng – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kotteng" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medviln%C4%97" title="Medvilnė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Medvilnė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afasi" title="Afasi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Afasi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoen" title="Ketoen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ketoen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntok%C3%ADya" title="Ntokíya – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ntokíya" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton" title="Coton – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Coton" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton" title="Coton – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Coton" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamut" title="Pamut – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pamut" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कपास – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कपास" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Памук – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Памук" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landihazo" title="Landihazo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Landihazo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="പരുത്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരുത്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8" title="कापूस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कापूस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%94" title="ბამბე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბამბე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%86" title="قطن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قطن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%A8ng-hu%C4%83" title="Mièng-huă – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mièng-huă" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөвөн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөвөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoen" title="Katoen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katoen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कपास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कपास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="कपाय्‌ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कपाय्‌" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%B6%BF" title="木綿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="木綿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buumoltriad" title="Buumoltriad – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buumoltriad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomull" title="Bomull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bomull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomull" title="Bomull – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bomull" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coton" title="Coton – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coton" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE" title="କପା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କପା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxta" title="Paxta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paxta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਕਪਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਪਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parok" title="Parok – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Parok" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کپاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کپاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="پنبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawe%C5%82na_(w%C5%82%C3%B3kno)" title="Bawełna (włókno) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bawełna (włókno)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algod%C3%A3o" title="Algodão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Algodão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxta" title="Paxta – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Paxta" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbac" title="Bumbac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bumbac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utku" title="Utku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Utku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хлопок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хлопок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хлопок – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хлопок" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kupa" title="kupa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kupa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱥᱠᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambuku" title="Pambuku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pambuku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttuni" title="Cuttuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuttuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cotton" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%BE%DA%BE" title="ڪپھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪپھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavlna" title="Bavlna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bavlna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba%C5%BE" title="Bombaž – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bombaž" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudbi" title="Cudbi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cudbi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Памук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Памук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuk" title="Pamuk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pamuk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapas" title="Kapas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kapas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puuvilla" title="Puuvilla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puuvilla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomull" title="Bomull – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bomull" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பருத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பருத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabdu%C9%A3t" title="Tabduɣt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tabduɣt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%97%D0%B5-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Киҗе-мамык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Киҗе-мамык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="పత్తి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పత్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ผ้าฝ้าย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผ้าฝ้าย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alath" title="Alath – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Alath" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пахта – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пахта" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B3hpeeva" title="Vóhpeeva – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vóhpeeva" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuk" title="Pamuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pamuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagta" title="Pagta – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pagta" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бавовна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бавовна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant fiber from the genus Gossypium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cotton</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CottonPlant.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Balls of cotton ready for harvest"><img alt="Balls of cotton ready for harvest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CottonPlant.JPG/180px-CottonPlant.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CottonPlant.JPG/270px-CottonPlant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CottonPlant.JPG/360px-CottonPlant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_cotton" title="History of cotton">History</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Terminology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonopolis" title="Cottonopolis">Cottonopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Belt (region)">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_diplomacy" title="Cotton diplomacy">Cotton diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">King Cotton</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Types_of_cotton">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_hirsutum" title="Gossypium hirsutum">Gossypium hirsutum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Gossypium barbadense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_arboreum" title="Gossypium arboreum">Gossypium arboreum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_herbaceum" title="Gossypium herbaceum">Gossypium herbaceum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Production</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">Cotton gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">Cotton mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_picker" title="Cotton picker">Cotton picker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerised cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_cotton" title="Organic cotton">Organic cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">Spinning jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">Spinning wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Fabric</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cotton_sidebar" title="Template:Cotton sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cotton_sidebar" title="Template talk:Cotton sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cotton_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cotton sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cotton</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <i> al-qutn</i>) is a soft, fluffy <a href="/wiki/Staple_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple fiber">staple fiber</a> that grows in a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boll" class="extiw" title="wikt:boll">boll</a>, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium" title="Gossypium">Gossypium</a></i> in the mallow family <a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a>. The fiber is almost pure <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, and can contain minor percentages of <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds. </p><p>The plant is a <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrub</a> native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, Egypt and India. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fiber is most often <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spun</a> into <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> or thread and used to make a soft, <a href="/wiki/Breathable" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathable">breathable</a>, and durable <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated to the fifth millennium BC have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, as well as fabric remnants dated back to 4200 BC in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">natural fiber</a> cloth in clothing today. </p><p>Current estimates for world production are about 25 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> or 110 million <a href="/wiki/Cotton_bale" title="Cotton bale">bales</a> annually, accounting for 2.5% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>. India is the world's largest producer of cotton. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-natfibr2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natfibr2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BALLS_OF_COTTON_(ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA)_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg/220px-BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg/330px-BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg/440px-BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Cotton ready for harvest in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <p>There are four commercially grown species of cotton, all domesticated in antiquity: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_hirsutum" title="Gossypium hirsutum">Gossypium hirsutum</a></i> – upland cotton, native to <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Florida (90% of world production)<sup id="cite_ref-natfibr2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natfibr2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Gossypium barbadense</a></i> – known as extra-long staple cotton, native to tropical South America (over 5% of world production)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_arboreum" title="Gossypium arboreum">Gossypium arboreum</a></i> – tree cotton, native to India and Pakistan (less than 2%)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_herbaceum" title="Gossypium herbaceum">Gossypium herbaceum</a></i> – Levant cotton, native to southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (less than 2%)</li></ul> <p>Hybrid varieties are also cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two New World cotton species account for the vast majority of modern cotton production, but the two Old World species were widely used before the 1900s. While cotton fibers occur naturally in colors of white, brown, pink and green, fears of contaminating the genetics of white cotton have led many cotton-growing locations to ban the growing of colored cotton varieties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word "cotton" has <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Arabic_origin" title="List of English words of Arabic origin">Arabic origins</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قطن</span></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">qutn</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">qutun</i></span>). This was the usual word for cotton in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">medieval Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BahethInfo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BahethInfo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in chapter 2 in his book, describes a province he calls Khotan in Turkestan, today's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, where cotton was grown in abundance. The word entered the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in the mid-12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-CNRTLfr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNRTLfr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and English a century later. Cotton fabric was known to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> as an import, but cotton was rare in the <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance-speaking lands</a> until imports from the Arabic-speaking lands in the later medieval era at transformatively lowered prices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_cotton" title="History of cotton">History of cotton</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tree_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree cotton">Tree cotton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG/220px-Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG/330px-Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG/440px-Mehrgarh_pakistan_rel96.JPG 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Mehrgarh shown in a physical map of the surrounding region</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence of the use of cotton in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, dated to 5500 BC and preserved in copper beads, has been found at the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a>, at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Bolan_Pass" title="Bolan Pass">Bolan Pass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a>, today in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Mithen2006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mithen2006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JIAPAN2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIAPAN2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragments of cotton textiles have been found at <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> and other sites of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, and cotton may have been an important export from it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Americas">Americas</h4></div> <p>Cotton bolls discovered in a cave near <a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehuacán, Puebla">Tehuacán</a>, Mexico, have been dated to as early as 5500 BC, but this date has been challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More securely dated is the domestication of <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_hirsutum" title="Gossypium hirsutum">Gossypium hirsutum</a></i> in Mexico between around 3400 and 2300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, people between the Río Santiago and the Río Balsas grew, spun, wove, dyed, and sewed cotton. What they did not use themselves, they sent to their Aztec rulers as tribute, on the scale of ~116 million pounds annually.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, cultivation of the indigenous cotton species <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Gossypium barbadense</a></i> has been dated, from a find in Ancon, to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4200 BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the backbone of the development of coastal cultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Norte Chico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a>. Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for large supplies of fish. The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and wearing clothing made of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabia">Arabia</h4></div> <p>The Greeks and the Arabs were not familiar with cotton until the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a>, as his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> told <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> of "there being trees on which wool grows" in "Indica."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be a reference to "tree cotton", <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_arboreum" title="Gossypium arboreum">Gossypium arboreum</a>,</i> which is native to the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-ce_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cotton has been spun, woven, and dyed since prehistoric times. It clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, and their use spread to the Mediterranean countries.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4></div> <p>In Iran (<a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>), the history of cotton dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. Cotton cultivation was common in <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C4%81rs_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fārs Province">Pars</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian</a> poems, especially <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shahname" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahname">Shahname</a>, there are references to cotton ("panbe" in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>). <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. <a href="/wiki/John_Chardin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Chardin">John Chardin</a>, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Persia</a>, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kingdom_of_Kush">Kingdom of Kush</h4></div> <p>Cotton (<i>Gossypium herbaceum</i> Linnaeus) may have been domesticated 5000 BC in eastern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> near the Middle Nile Basin region, where cotton cloth was being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the 4th century BC, the cultivation of cotton and the knowledge of its spinning and weaving in <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> reached a high level. The export of textiles was one of the sources of wealth for Meroë. Ancient Nubia had a "culture of cotton" of sorts, evidenced by physical evidence of cotton processing tools and the presence of cattle in certain areas. Some researchers propose that cotton was important to the Nubian economy for its use in contact with the neighboring Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-Yvanez_&_Wozniak_2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yvanez_&_Wozniak_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite</a> King <a href="/wiki/Ezana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezana">Ezana</a> boasted in his inscription that he destroyed large cotton plantations in Meroë during his conquest of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Meroitic Period (beginning 3rd century BCE), many cotton textiles have been recovered, preserved due to favorable arid conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Yvanez_&_Wozniak_2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yvanez_&_Wozniak_2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these fabric fragments come from Lower Nubia, and the cotton textiles account for 85% of the archaeological textiles from Classic/Late Meroitic sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yvanez2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these arid conditions, cotton, a plant that usually thrives moderate rainfall and richer soils, requires extra irrigation and labor in Sudanese climate conditions. Therefore, a great deal of resources would have been required, likely restricting its cultivation to the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yvanez2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first to third centuries CE, recovered cotton fragments all began to mirror the same style and production method, as seen from the direction of spun cotton and technique of weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yvanez2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton textiles also appear in places of high regard, such as on funerary stelae and statues.<sup id="cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yvanez2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (207 BC - 220 AD), cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_world">Eastern world</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a> grew and spun cotton in the first seven centuries of the Christian era.<sup id="cite_ref-International_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handheld roller <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gins</a> had been used in India since the 6th century, and was then introduced to other countries from there.<sup id="cite_ref-LakGin_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakGin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by water power.<sup id="cite_ref-Baber1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baber1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest clear illustrations of the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> come from the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a> in the eleventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest unambiguous reference to a spinning wheel in India is dated to 1350, suggesting that the spinning wheel was likely introduced from Iran to India during the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandeville_cotton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mandeville_cotton.jpg/220px-Mandeville_cotton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mandeville_cotton.jpg/330px-Mandeville_cotton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mandeville_cotton.jpg/440px-Mandeville_cotton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Cotton plants as imagined and drawn by <a href="/wiki/John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mandeville">John Mandeville</a> in the 14th century</figcaption></figure><p> During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> had written in his <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i>, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Baumwolle" class="extiw" title="wikt:Baumwolle">Baumwolle</a></i>, which translates as "tree wool" (<i>Baum</i> means "tree"; <i>Wolle</i> means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. <a href="/wiki/John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mandeville">John Mandeville</a>, writing in 1350, stated as fact that "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." (See <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Lamb_of_Tartary" title="Vegetable Lamb of Tartary">Vegetable Lamb of Tartary</a>.)</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetable_lamb_(Lee,_1887).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vegetable_lamb_%28Lee%2C_1887%29.jpg/220px-Vegetable_lamb_%28Lee%2C_1887%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vegetable_lamb_%28Lee%2C_1887%29.jpg/330px-Vegetable_lamb_%28Lee%2C_1887%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vegetable_lamb_%28Lee%2C_1887%29.jpg/440px-Vegetable_lamb_%28Lee%2C_1887%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2955" data-file-height="3760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Lamb_of_Tartary" title="Vegetable Lamb of Tartary">Vegetable Lamb of Tartary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cotton manufacture was introduced to Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">and Sicily</a>. The knowledge of cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the 12th century, when <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Sicily was conquered by the Normans</a>, and consequently to the rest of Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a>, introduced to Europe circa 1350, improved the speed of cotton spinning.<sup id="cite_ref-Middle_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middle-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> were important ports for cotton trade, and the sale and transportation of cotton fabrics had become very profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mughal_India">Mughal India</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic history of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/250px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/375px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/500px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5876" data-file-height="4675" /></a><figcaption>A woman in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> clad in fine <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Bengali muslin</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, which ruled in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> from the early 16th century to the early 18th century, Indian cotton production increased, in terms of both raw cotton and cotton textiles. The Mughals introduced <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reforms</a> such as a new revenue system that was biased in favour of higher value <a href="/wiki/Cash_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash crops">cash crops</a> such as cotton and <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.<sup id="cite_ref-richards_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richards-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> industry in the Mughal Empire was cotton <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>, which included the production of <a href="/wiki/Piece_goods" title="Piece goods">piece goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">calicos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslins</a>, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. The cotton <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade.<sup id="cite_ref-schmidt_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian cotton <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> were the most important <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactured goods">manufactured goods</a> in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parthasarathi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parthasarathi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important center of cotton production was the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> province, particularly around its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Worm_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Worm gear">worm gear</a> roller <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a>, which was invented in India during the early <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is still used in India through to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-LakGin_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakGin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another innovation, the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">crank</a> handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labour was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_Picking_in_Egypt.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cotton_Picking_in_Egypt.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Cotton_Picking_in_Egypt.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cotton_Picking_in_Egypt.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Cotton_Picking_in_Egypt.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cotton_Picking_in_Egypt.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Cotton_Picking_in_Egypt.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4563" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>A group of Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">fellahs</a> picking cotton by hand</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, a Frenchman named M. Jumel proposed to the great ruler of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Mohamed Ali Pasha</a>, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (<i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Gossypium barbadense</a></i>) cotton, in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt under Muhammad Ali">Egypt under Muhammad Ali</a> in the early 19th century had the fifth most productive cotton industry in the world, in terms of the number of <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">spindles</a> per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal power">animal power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a>, which were also the principal energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-batou193_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batou193-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century that <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> were introduced to the Egyptian cotton industry.<sup id="cite_ref-batou193_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-batou193-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_India_Company">East India Company</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Calico_Acts" title="Calico Acts">Calico Acts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_bales_at_the_port_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cotton_bales_at_the_port_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.JPG/220px-Cotton_bales_at_the_port_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cotton_bales_at_the_port_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.JPG/330px-Cotton_bales_at_the_port_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cotton_bales_at_the_port_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.JPG/440px-Cotton_bales_at_the_port_in_Bombay_in_the_1860s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cotton_bale" title="Cotton bale">Cotton bales</a> at the port in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, India, 1860s</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> (EIC) introduced the British to cheap <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">chintz</a> cloth on the restoration of the monarchy in the 1660s. Initially imported as a novelty side line, from its spice trading posts in Asia, the cheap colourful cloth proved popular and overtook the EIC's spice trade by value in the late 17th century. The EIC embraced the demand, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calico</a>, by expanding its factories in Asia and producing and importing cloth in bulk, creating competition for domestic woollen and linen textile producers. The impacted weavers, spinners, dyers, shepherds and farmers objected and the calico question became one of the major issues of National politics between the 1680s and the 1730s. Parliament began to see a decline in domestic textile sales, and an increase in imported textiles from places like <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Seeing the East India Company and their textile importation as a threat to domestic textile businesses, Parliament passed the 1700 Calico Act, blocking the importation of cotton cloth. As there was no punishment for continuing to sell cotton cloth, smuggling of the popular material became commonplace. In 1721, dissatisfied with the results of the first act, Parliament passed a stricter addition, this time prohibiting the sale of most cottons, imported and domestic (exempting only thread <a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a> and raw cotton). The exemption of raw cotton from the prohibition initially saw 2 thousand bales of cotton imported annually, to become the basis of a new indigenous industry, initially producing <a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a> for the domestic market, though more importantly triggering the development of a series of mechanised spinning and weaving technologies, to process the material. This mechanised production was concentrated in new <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a>, which slowly expanded until by the beginning of the 1770s seven thousand bales of cotton were imported annually, and pressure was put on Parliament, by the new mill owners, to remove the prohibition on the production and sale of pure cotton cloth, as they could easily compete with anything the EIC could import. </p><p>The acts were repealed in 1774, triggering a wave of investment in mill-based cotton spinning and production, doubling the demand for raw cotton within a couple of years, and doubling it again every decade, into the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian cotton textiles, particularly those from <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a>, continued to maintain a competitive advantage up until the 19th century. In order to compete with India, Britain invested in labour-saving technical progress, while implementing <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> policies such as bans and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> to restrict Indian imports.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the East India Company's <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">rule in India</a> contributed to its <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>, opening up a new market for British goods,<sup id="cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the capital amassed from Bengal after its <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">1757 conquest</a> was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing and greatly increase British wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British colonization also forced open the large Indian market to British goods, which could be sold in India without tariffs or <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duties</a>, compared to local Indian producers who were heavily <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxed</a>, while raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton, giving Britain a monopoly over India's large market and cotton resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Cypher_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cypher-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bairoch_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bairoch-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large <a href="/wiki/Captive_market" title="Captive market">captive market</a> for British manufactured goods.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India's cotton-processing sector changed during EIC expansion in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. From focusing on supplying the British market to supplying East Asia with raw cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Artisan produced textiles were no longer competitive with those produced Industrially, and Europe preferring the cheaper slave produced, long staple American, and Egyptian cottons, for its own materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a></div> <p>The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Paul" title="Lewis Paul">Lewis Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wyatt_(inventor)" title="John Wyatt (inventor)">John Wyatt</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the <a href="/wiki/James_Hargreaves" title="James Hargreaves">James Hargreaves</a>' <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a> in 1764, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">spinning frame</a> in 1769 and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">spinning mule</a> in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> acquired the nickname <i>"<a href="/wiki/Cottonopolis" title="Cottonopolis">Cottonopolis</a>"</i> due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_L._Sheppard_-_First_use_of_the_Cotton_Gin,_Harper%27s_weekly,_18_Dec._1869,_p._813.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/William_L._Sheppard_-_First_use_of_the_Cotton_Gin%2C_Harper%27s_weekly%2C_18_Dec._1869%2C_p._813.png/220px-William_L._Sheppard_-_First_use_of_the_Cotton_Gin%2C_Harper%27s_weekly%2C_18_Dec._1869%2C_p._813.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/William_L._Sheppard_-_First_use_of_the_Cotton_Gin%2C_Harper%27s_weekly%2C_18_Dec._1869%2C_p._813.png/330px-William_L._Sheppard_-_First_use_of_the_Cotton_Gin%2C_Harper%27s_weekly%2C_18_Dec._1869%2C_p._813.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/William_L._Sheppard_-_First_use_of_the_Cotton_Gin%2C_Harper%27s_weekly%2C_18_Dec._1869%2C_p._813.png/440px-William_L._Sheppard_-_First_use_of_the_Cotton_Gin%2C_Harper%27s_weekly%2C_18_Dec._1869%2C_p._813.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Slaves using an early cotton gin (prior to Whitney's developed version) to help harvest and process the cotton. Illustration in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, 1869 depicting late 18th-century America.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map of cotton cultivation and export routes in 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg/220px-MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg/330px-MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg/440px-MapCotton-1907-2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8690" data-file-height="7348" /></a><figcaption>World map of cotton cultivation and export routes in 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the modern <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> by the American <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a> in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s, a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor,<sup id="cite_ref-r1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-r1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a>, processed into cotton cloth in the mills of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in <a href="/wiki/British_West_Africa" title="British West Africa">West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong). </p><p>By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_hirsutum" title="Gossypium hirsutum">Gossypium hirsutum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Gossypium barbadense</a></i>), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from <a href="/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations in the American South">plantations in the United States</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. By the mid-19th century, "<a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">King Cotton</a>" had become the backbone of the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">southern American</a> economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, American cotton exports slumped due to a <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> on <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>, and because of a strategic decision by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> government to cut exports, hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war. The <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Cotton_Famine" title="Lancashire Cotton Famine">Lancashire Cotton Famine</a> prompted the main purchasers of cotton, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, to turn to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> cotton. British and French traders invested heavily in cotton plantations. The Egyptian government of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Viceroy Isma'il</a> took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian cotton">Egyptian cotton</a> and returned to cheap American exports,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I've seen this the other way round with the South suffering because British interests in Egypt persisted and they liked the product better (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">occupation by the British Empire in 1882</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Espanya_Industrial_-_segle_XIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Espanya_Industrial_-_segle_XIX.jpg/220px-Espanya_Industrial_-_segle_XIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Espanya_Industrial_-_segle_XIX.jpg/330px-Espanya_Industrial_-_segle_XIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Espanya_Industrial_-_segle_XIX.jpg/440px-Espanya_Industrial_-_segle_XIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Espanya Industrial" cotton factory, in Sants, Barcelona in the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time, cotton cultivation in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, especially Australia and India, greatly increased to replace the lost production of the American South. Through tariffs and other restrictions, the British government discouraged the production of cotton cloth in India; rather, the raw fiber was sent to England for processing. The Indian <a href="/wiki/Gandhi,_Mohandas_K." class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi, Mohandas K.">Mahatma Gandhi</a> described the process: </p> <ol><li>English people buy Indian cotton in the field, picked by Indian labor at seven cents a day, through an optional monopoly.</li> <li>This cotton is shipped on British ships, a three-week journey across the Indian Ocean, down the Red Sea, across the Mediterranean, through Gibraltar, across the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic Ocean to London. One hundred per cent profit on this freight is regarded as small.</li> <li>The cotton is turned into cloth in Lancashire. You pay shilling wages instead of Indian pennies to your workers. The English worker not only has the advantage of better wages, but the steel companies of England get the profit of building the factories and machines. Wages; profits; all these are spent in England.</li> <li>The finished product is sent back to India at European shipping rates, once again on British ships. The captains, officers, sailors of these ships, whose wages must be paid, are English. The only Indians who profit are a few <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a> who do the dirty work on the boats for a few cents a day.</li> <li>The cloth is finally sold back to the kings and landlords of India who got the money to buy this expensive cloth out of the poor peasants of India who worked at seven cents a day.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">Cotton production in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/230px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/345px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg/460px-Cotton_pickers_and_overseer_around_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1434" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Slaves picking cotton while being observed by an <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States#Overseer" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">overseer</a> on horseback, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_of_slaves_in_Georgia,_circa_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Family_of_slaves_in_Georgia%2C_circa_1850.jpg/230px-Family_of_slaves_in_Georgia%2C_circa_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Family_of_slaves_in_Georgia%2C_circa_1850.jpg/345px-Family_of_slaves_in_Georgia%2C_circa_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Family_of_slaves_in_Georgia%2C_circa_1850.jpg/460px-Family_of_slaves_in_Georgia%2C_circa_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Slaves with the cotton they had picked. Georgia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse,_4th_near_Poplar,_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg/230px-Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg" decoding="async" width="230" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg/345px-Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg/460px-Adams_%26_Bazemore_Cotton_Warehouse%2C_4th_near_Poplar%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_7e9ab74033df525c16cfacddfb85955f.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Adams & Bazemore Cotton Warehouse, Macon, Georgia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the United States, growing Southern cotton generated significant wealth and capital for the antebellum South, as well as raw material for Northern textile industries. Before 1865 the cotton was largely produced through the labor of enslaved African Americans. It enriched both the Southern landowners and the new textile industries of the Northeastern United States and northwestern Europe. In 1860 the slogan "<a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">Cotton is king</a>" characterized the attitude of Southern leaders toward this <a href="/wiki/Monocrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocrop">monocrop</a> in that Europe would support an independent <a href="/wiki/Confederate_states_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate states of America">Confederate States of America</a> in 1861 in order to protect the supply of cotton it needed for its very large textile industry.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell Griffin of California was a farmer who farmed one of the biggest cotton operations. He produced over sixty thousand bales.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after slavery ended in 1865. Across the South, <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a> evolved, in which landless farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs themselves. Until mechanical <a href="/wiki/Cotton_picker" title="Cotton picker">cotton pickers</a> were developed, cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton. Picking cotton was a source of income for families across the South. Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during "cotton-picking."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the middle 20th century, employment in cotton farming fell, as machines began to replace laborers and the South's rural labor force dwindled during the World Wars. Cotton remains a major export of the United States, with large farms in California, Arizona and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To acknowledge cotton's place in the history and heritage of Texas, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> designated cotton the official "State Fiber and Fabric of Texas" in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Moon">The Moon</h3></div> <p>China's <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> spacecraft took cotton seeds to the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Moon's far side</a>. On 15 January 2019, China announced that a cotton seed sprouted, the first "truly otherworldly plant in history". Inside the <a href="/wiki/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_(lunar_crater)" title="Von Kármán (lunar crater)">Von Kármán Crater</a>, the capsule and seeds sit inside the Chang'e 4 lander.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottonfieldindia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cottonfieldindia.jpg/220px-Cottonfieldindia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cottonfieldindia.jpg/330px-Cottonfieldindia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cottonfieldindia.jpg/440px-Cottonfieldindia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Cotton field at Singalandapuram, Rasipuram, India (2017)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_field,_Ware_County,_GA,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cotton_field%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/220px-Cotton_field%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cotton_field%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/330px-Cotton_field%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cotton_field%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/440px-Cotton_field%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cotton field</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_plant,_Ware_County,_GA,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cotton_plant%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/220px-Cotton_plant%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cotton_plant%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/330px-Cotton_plant%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cotton_plant%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/440px-Cotton_plant%2C_Ware_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cotton plant with <i><a href="/wiki/Ipomoea_quamoclit" title="Ipomoea quamoclit">Ipomoea quamoclit</a></i> vine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_field,_late_in_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cotton_field%2C_late_in_season.jpg/220px-Cotton_field%2C_late_in_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cotton_field%2C_late_in_season.jpg/330px-Cotton_field%2C_late_in_season.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cotton_field%2C_late_in_season.jpg/440px-Cotton_field%2C_late_in_season.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A cotton field, late in the season</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-029895,_Togo,_Pfl%C3%BCgen_eines_Baumwollfeldes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-029895%2C_Togo%2C_Pfl%C3%BCgen_eines_Baumwollfeldes.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-029895%2C_Togo%2C_Pfl%C3%BCgen_eines_Baumwollfeldes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-029895%2C_Togo%2C_Pfl%C3%BCgen_eines_Baumwollfeldes.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-029895%2C_Togo%2C_Pfl%C3%BCgen_eines_Baumwollfeldes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-029895%2C_Togo%2C_Pfl%C3%BCgen_eines_Baumwollfeldes.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-029895%2C_Togo%2C_Pfl%C3%BCgen_eines_Baumwollfeldes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Cotton <a href="/wiki/Plowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowing">plowing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, 1928</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_cotton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Armenian_cotton.jpg/220px-Armenian_cotton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Armenian_cotton.jpg/330px-Armenian_cotton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Armenian_cotton.jpg/440px-Armenian_cotton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Picking cotton in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> in the 1930s. No cotton is grown there today.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_Ready_for_Shipment,_Houston,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cotton_Ready_for_Shipment%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-Cotton_Ready_for_Shipment%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cotton_Ready_for_Shipment%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-Cotton_Ready_for_Shipment%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cotton_Ready_for_Shipment%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-Cotton_Ready_for_Shipment%2C_Houston%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Cotton ready for shipment, <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a> (postcard, circa 1911)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_modules.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cotton_modules.JPG/220px-Cotton_modules.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cotton_modules.JPG/330px-Cotton_modules.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cotton_modules.JPG/440px-Cotton_modules.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cotton modules in Australia (2007)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transport_of_cotton_west_of_Walgett.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Transport_of_cotton_west_of_Walgett.JPG/220px-Transport_of_cotton_west_of_Walgett.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Transport_of_cotton_west_of_Walgett.JPG/330px-Transport_of_cotton_west_of_Walgett.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Transport_of_cotton_west_of_Walgett.JPG/440px-Transport_of_cotton_west_of_Walgett.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Round cotton modules in Australia (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 50 to 100 cm (19.5 to 39.5 in).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soils</a> usually need to be fairly <a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology#Porosity" title="Soil morphology">heavy</a>, although the level of <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Plains" title="South Plains">South Plains</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Geographic_contiguity" title="Geographic contiguity">contiguous</a> cotton-growing region in the world. While <a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">dryland</a> (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a>. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a> get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AF_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GT_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in areas of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now <a href="/wiki/Salination" class="mw-redirect" title="Salination">salination</a> is widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GT_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GT-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cotton can also be cultivated to have colors other than the yellowish off-white typical of modern commercial cotton fibers. <a href="/wiki/Naturally_colored_cotton" title="Naturally colored cotton">Naturally colored cotton</a> can come in red, green, and several shades of brown.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_footprint">Water footprint</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">water footprint</a> of cotton fibers is substantially larger than for most other plant fibers. Cotton is also known as a thirsty crop; on average, globally, cotton requires 8,000–10,000 liters of water for one kilogram of cotton, and in dry areas, it may require even more such as in some areas of India, it may need 22,500 liters.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_modification">Genetic modification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetically modified</a> (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></i> (Bt) naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">moths and butterflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">beetles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">flies</a>, and harmless to other forms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called <a href="/wiki/Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a>, to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidopteran</a> larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">pyrethroid</a> resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management. </p><p>However, Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, such as <a href="/wiki/Plant_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant bug">plant bugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halyomorpha_halys" class="mw-redirect" title="Halyomorpha halys">stink bugs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a 2009 study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They concluded that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae (plant bugs) whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders.<sup id="cite_ref-20120613Guardian_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20120613Guardian-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Service_for_the_Acquisition_of_Agri-biotech_Applications" title="International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications">International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications</a> (ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 25 million hectares in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was 69% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton. </p><p>GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal <a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a> in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholder</a> farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia – the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-GMOCompass_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMOCompass-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.<sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cotton has been genetically modified for resistance to <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a> a broad-spectrum herbicide discovered by Monsanto which also sells some of the Bt cotton seeds to farmers. There are also a number of other cotton seed companies selling GM cotton around the world. About 62% of the GM cotton grown from 1996 to 2011 was insect resistant, 24% <a href="/wiki/Gene_stacked_event" title="Gene stacked event">stacked</a> product and 14% herbicide resistant.<sup id="cite_ref-ISAAA_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISAAA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cotton has <a href="/wiki/Gossypol" title="Gossypol">gossypol</a>, a toxin that makes it inedible. However, scientists have silenced the gene that produces the toxin, making it a potential food crop.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> deregulated <a href="/wiki/Genetic_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic Engineering">GE</a> low-gossypol cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_production">Organic production</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Organic_cotton" title="Organic cotton">Organic cotton</a> is generally understood as cotton from plants not <a href="/wiki/Transgenic_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic plant">genetically modified</a> and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic <a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">agricultural chemicals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the <a href="/wiki/National_Organic_Program" title="National Organic Program">National Organic Program</a> (NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic crops.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-OTA_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OTA-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organic cotton products are now available for purchase at limited locations. These are popular for baby clothes and <a href="/wiki/Diapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapers">diapers</a>; natural cotton products are known to be both sustainable and hypoallergenic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_weeds">Pests and weeds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg/220px-Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg/330px-Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg/440px-Greene_Co_Ga1941_Delano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6096" data-file-height="4515" /></a><figcaption>Hoeing a cotton field to remove weeds, <a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_Georgia" title="Greene County, Georgia">Greene County, Georgia</a>, US, 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_Harlequin_Bugs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cotton_Harlequin_Bugs.jpg/220px-Cotton_Harlequin_Bugs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cotton_Harlequin_Bugs.jpg/330px-Cotton_Harlequin_Bugs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Cotton_Harlequin_Bugs.jpg/440px-Cotton_Harlequin_Bugs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Female and nymph <a href="/wiki/Cotton_harlequin_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton harlequin bug">cotton harlequin bug</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The cotton industry relies heavily on chemicals, such as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insecticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecticides">insecticides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a>, although a very small number of farmers are moving toward an <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a> model of production. Under most definitions, organic products do not use <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">transgenic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bt</a></i> cotton which contains a <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> gene that codes for a plant-produced <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> that is toxic to a number of pests especially the <a href="/wiki/Bollworm" title="Bollworm">bollworms</a>. For most producers, <i>Bt</i> cotton has allowed a substantial reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides, although in the long term <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_resistance#B._thuringiensis" title="Pesticide resistance">resistance</a> may become problematic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_pest_problems">Global pest problems</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cotton_diseases" title="List of cotton diseases">List of cotton diseases</a></div> <p>Significant global pests of cotton include various species of <a href="/wiki/Bollworm" title="Bollworm">bollworm</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pectinophora_gossypiella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectinophora gossypiella">Pectinophora gossypiella</a></i>. Sucking pests include <a href="/wiki/Dysdercus" title="Dysdercus">cotton stainers</a>, the chili thrips, <i><a href="/wiki/Scirtothrips_dorsalis" title="Scirtothrips dorsalis">Scirtothrips dorsalis</a></i>; the cotton seed bug, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxycarenus_hyalinipennis" title="Oxycarenus hyalinipennis">Oxycarenus hyalinipennis</a></i>. Defoliators include the fall armyworm, <i><a href="/wiki/Spodoptera_frugiperda" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodoptera frugiperda">Spodoptera frugiperda</a></i>. </p><p>Cotton yield is threatened by the evolution <a href="/wiki/Pest_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Pest evolution">of new biotypes of insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crop_pathogen_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop pathogen evolution">of new pathogens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-advances_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advances-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintaining good yield requires strategies to slow these adversaries' evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-advances_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advances-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boll_weevil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/220px-Boll_weevil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/330px-Boll_weevil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Boll_weevil.jpg/440px-Boll_weevil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a> on a cotton boll</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_American_insect_pests">North American insect pests</h4></div> <p>Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the <a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil" title="Boll weevil">boll weevil</a>. Boll weevils are beetles who ate cotton in the 1950s, that slowed the production of the cotton industry drastically. "This bone pile of short budgets, loss of market share, failing prices, abandoned farms, and the new immunity of boll weevils generated a feeling of helplessness"<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boll Weevils first appeared in Beeville, Texas wiping out field after field of cotton in south Texas. This swarm of Boll Weevils swept through east Texas and spread to the eastern seaboard, leaving ruin and devastation in its path, causing many cotton farmers to go out of business.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a>'s highly successful <a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program" title="Boll Weevil Eradication Program">Boll Weevil Eradication Program</a> (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bt</a> cotton, has improved the management of a number of pests such as <a href="/wiki/Cotton_bollworm_(American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton bollworm (American)">cotton bollworm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pink_bollworm" title="Pink bollworm">pink bollworm</a>. Sucking pests include the cotton stainer, <i><a href="/wiki/Dysdercus_suturellus" title="Dysdercus suturellus">Dysdercus suturellus</a></i> and the tarnish plant bug, <i><a href="/wiki/Lygus_lineolaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygus lineolaris">Lygus lineolaris</a></i>. A significant cotton disease is caused by <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_citri_subsp._malvacearum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum"><i>Xanthomonas citri</i> subsp. <i>malvacearum</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg/220px-Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg/330px-Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg/440px-Baumwoll-Erntemaschine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption>Offloading freshly harvested cotton into a module builder in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; previously built modules can be seen in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_picking_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cotton_picking_in_India.jpg/220px-Cotton_picking_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cotton_picking_in_India.jpg/330px-Cotton_picking_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cotton_picking_in_India.jpg/440px-Cotton_picking_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Cotton being picked by hand in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a <a href="/wiki/Cotton_picker" title="Cotton picker">cotton picker</a>, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical <a href="/wiki/Defoliant" title="Defoliant">defoliant</a> or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow. </p><p>Cotton continues to be picked by hand in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China, allegedly by <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">forced labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xinjiang produces over 20% of the world's cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_from_synthetic_fibers">Competition from synthetic fibers</h2></div> <p>The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. <a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a> in fiber form was developed in 1924. <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a>, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic</a> in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's <a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">hosiery</a> from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition_from_natural_fibers">Competition from natural fibers</h2></div> <p>High water and pesticide use in cotton cultivation has prompted sustainability concerns and created a market for natural fiber alternatives. Other cellulose fibers, such as <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, are seen as more sustainable options because of higher yields per acre with less water and pesticide use than cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellulose fiber alternatives have similar characteristics but are not perfect substitutes for cotton textiles with differences in properties like tensile strength and thermal regulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_10736_Manually_decontaminating_cotton_before_processing_at_an_Indian_spinning_mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10736_Manually_decontaminating_cotton_before_processing_at_an_Indian_spinning_mill.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10736_Manually_decontaminating_cotton_before_processing_at_an_Indian_spinning_mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10736_Manually_decontaminating_cotton_before_processing_at_an_Indian_spinning_mill.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10736_Manually_decontaminating_cotton_before_processing_at_an_Indian_spinning_mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10736_Manually_decontaminating_cotton_before_processing_at_an_Indian_spinning_mill.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_10736_Manually_decontaminating_cotton_before_processing_at_an_Indian_spinning_mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Workers sort through cotton to remove contaminants. The workers wear masks to reduce the number of fibers they inhale.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include <a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">terrycloth</a> for highly absorbent bath <a href="/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">towels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denim</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">blue jeans</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">cambric</a>, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which the term "<a href="/wiki/Blue-collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-collar">blue-collar</a>" is derived) and <a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">corduroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">seersucker</a>, and cotton <a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">twill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">Socks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underwear" title="Underwear">underwear</a>, and most <a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T-shirts</a> are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. It is a preferred material for sheets as it is hypoallergenic, easy to maintain and non-irritant to the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cotton also is used to make yarn used in <a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">crochet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitting</a>. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans. Cotton can be blended also with <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> producing fabrics with the benefits of both materials. Linen-cotton blends are wrinkle resistant and retain heat more effectively than only linen, and are thinner, stronger and lighter than only cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>, cotton is used in <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_filter" title="Coffee filter">coffee filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a>, explosives manufacture (see <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">cotton paper</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hoses</a> were once made of cotton. </p><p>The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">cottonseed oil</a>, which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_meal" title="Cottonseed meal">cottonseed meal</a> that is left generally is fed to <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminant</a> livestock; the <a href="/wiki/Gossypol" title="Gossypol">gossypol</a> remaining in the meal is toxic to <a href="/wiki/Monogastric" title="Monogastric">monogastric</a> animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in <a href="/wiki/Folk_remedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk remedies">folk remedies</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a>, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>. In the UK, linters are referred to as "cotton wool". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_pads_-_%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cotton_pads_-_%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6.JPG/220px-Cotton_pads_-_%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cotton_pads_-_%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6.JPG/330px-Cotton_pads_-_%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cotton_pads_-_%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6.JPG/440px-Cotton_pads_-_%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cotton is made into balls, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_swab" title="Cotton swab">swabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton_pad" title="Cotton pad">pads</a> for applying and removing cosmetics.</figcaption></figure> <p>A less technical use of the term "cotton wool", in the UK and Ireland, is for the refined product known as "absorbent cotton" (or, often, just "cotton") in U.S. usage: fluffy cotton in sheets or balls used for <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a>, protective packaging, and many other practical purposes. The first medical use of cotton wool was by <a href="/wiki/Sampson_Gamgee" title="Sampson Gamgee">Sampson Gamgee</a> at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England. </p><p>Long staple (LS cotton) is cotton of a longer fibre length and therefore of higher quality, while <a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Extra-long staple cotton</a> (ELS cotton) has longer fibre length still and of even higher quality. The name "Egyptian cotton" is broadly associated high quality cottons and is often an LS or (less often) an ELS cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays the name "Egyptian cotton" refers more to the way cotton is treated and threads produced rather than the location where it is grown. The American cotton variety <i>Pima</i> cotton is often compared to Egyptian cotton, as both are used in high quality bed sheets and other cotton products. While Pima cotton is often grown in the American southwest,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Pima name is now used by cotton-producing nations such as Peru, Australia and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all products bearing the Pima name are made with the finest cotton: American-grown ELS Pima cotton is trademarked as <i>Supima</i> cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Kasturi" cotton is a brand-building initiative for Indian long staple cotton by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Textiles" title="Ministry of Textiles">Indian government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Press_Information_Bureau" title="Press Information Bureau">PIB</a> issued a press release announcing the same.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton-Day-India_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-Day-India-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cottons have been grown as ornamentals or novelties due to their showy flowers and snowball-like fruit. For example, <a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense#jumels" title="Gossypium barbadense">Jumel's cotton</a>, once an important source of fiber in Egypt, started as an ornamental.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, agricultural authorities such as the <a href="/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program" title="Boll Weevil Eradication Program">Boll Weevil Eradication Program</a> in the United States discourage using cotton as an ornamental, due to concerns about these plants harboring pests injurious to crops.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shimul_tula_(cotton).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shimul_tula_%28cotton%29.jpg/250px-Shimul_tula_%28cotton%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shimul_tula_%28cotton%29.jpg/375px-Shimul_tula_%28cotton%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Shimul_tula_%28cotton%29.jpg/500px-Shimul_tula_%28cotton%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Cotton in a tree</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_trade">International trade</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CottonYield.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CottonYield.png/220px-CottonYield.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CottonYield.png/330px-CottonYield.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/CottonYield.png/440px-CottonYield.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide cotton production</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest producers of cotton, as of 2017, are India and China, with annual production of about 18.53 million tonnes and 17.14 million tonnes, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gins</a> in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a> also purchases cotton in Africa for export. </p><p>The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States are heavily <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidized</a> at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To encourage trade and organize discussion about cotton, <a href="/wiki/World_Cotton_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="World Cotton Day">World Cotton Day</a> is celebrated every October 7.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton-Day_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-Day-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton-Day-WTO_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-Day-WTO-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton-Day-Argentina_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-Day-Argentina-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton-Day-India_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-Day-India-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cotton is included within <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) activities within two "complementary tracks": </p> <ul><li>trade aspects, around multilateral negotiations aiming to address distorting subsidies and trade barriers affecting cotton; and</li> <li>development assistance provided within the cotton production industry and its <a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">value chain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>An agreement on trade in cotton formed part of the ministerial declaration concluding the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>Cotton production – 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Production<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>18,121,818 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>14,990,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>8,468,691 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>6,422,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td>3,500,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>2,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>2,750,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>2,409,642 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td> <td>1,201,421 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>1,115,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>871,955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></td> <td>668,633 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></td> <td>588,110 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></td> <td>526,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td>511,996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></td> <td>448,573 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></td> <td>404,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>373,018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td>361,819 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td>322,471 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>289,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>69,668,143</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></small><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2022, world production of cotton was 69.7 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> with 26% of the total. Other major producers were <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (22%) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (12%) (table). </p><p>The five leading <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">exporters</a> of cotton in 2019 are (1) <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, (2) the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, (3) <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, (4) <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and (5) <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the states of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (26.63%), <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (17.96%) and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> (13.75%) and also Madhya Pradesh are the leading cotton producing states,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these states have a predominantly tropical wet and dry climate. </p><p>In the United States, the state of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> led in total production as of 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the state of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> had the highest <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield per acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_trade">Fair trade</h3></div> <p>Cotton is an enormously important commodity throughout the world. It provides livelihoods for up to 1 billion people, including 100 million smallholder farmers who cultivate cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many farmers in developing countries receive a low price for their produce, or find it difficult to compete with developed countries. </p><p>This has led to an international dispute (see <a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_cotton_dispute" title="Brazil–United States cotton dispute">Brazil–United States cotton dispute</a>): </p> <blockquote><p>On 27 September 2002, Brazil requested consultations with the US regarding prohibited and actionable subsidies provided to US producers, users and/or exporters of upland cotton, as well as legislation, regulations, statutory instruments and amendments thereto providing such subsidies (including export credits), grants, and any other assistance to the US producers, users and exporters of upland cotton.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 September 2004, the Panel Report recommended that the United States "withdraw" export credit guarantees and payments to domestic users and exporters, and "take appropriate steps to remove the adverse effects or withdraw" the mandatory price-contingent subsidy measures.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Justice_Foundation" title="Environmental Justice Foundation">Environmental Justice Foundation</a> has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, the world's third largest cotton exporter.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international production and trade situation has led to "<a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a>" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Association_Max_Havelaar_France" title="Association Max Havelaar France">Association Max Havelaar France</a> playing a lead role in the establishment of this segment of the fair trade system in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_International" title="Fairtrade International">Fairtrade International</a> and the French organisation <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagris" class="extiw" title="fr:Dagris">Dagris</a> (<i>Développement des Agro-Industries du Sud</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trading">Trading</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_prices.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cotton_prices.webp/300px-Cotton_prices.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cotton_prices.webp/450px-Cotton_prices.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cotton_prices.webp/600px-Cotton_prices.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5375" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Cotton prices 2009–2022 <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020s_commodities_boom" title="2020s commodities boom">2020s commodities boom</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horrockses_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horrockses_display.jpg/220px-Horrockses_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horrockses_display.jpg/330px-Horrockses_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horrockses_display.jpg/440px-Horrockses_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>A display from a British cotton manufacturer of items used in a <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mill</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bale_of_cotton_at_LA_State_Cotton_Museum_IMG_7387.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bale_of_cotton_at_LA_State_Cotton_Museum_IMG_7387.JPG/220px-Bale_of_cotton_at_LA_State_Cotton_Museum_IMG_7387.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bale_of_cotton_at_LA_State_Cotton_Museum_IMG_7387.JPG/330px-Bale_of_cotton_at_LA_State_Cotton_Museum_IMG_7387.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bale_of_cotton_at_LA_State_Cotton_Museum_IMG_7387.JPG/440px-Bale_of_cotton_at_LA_State_Cotton_Museum_IMG_7387.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A bale of cotton on display at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Louisiana" title="List of museums in Louisiana">Louisiana State Cotton Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Providence,_Louisiana" title="Lake Providence, Louisiana">Lake Providence</a> in East Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana</figcaption></figure> <p>Cotton is bought and sold by investors and price speculators as a tradable commodity on two different commodity exchanges in the United States of America. </p> <ul><li>Cotton No. 2 futures contracts are traded on the ICE Futures US Softs (NYI) under the ticker symbol <b>CT</b>. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, October, and December.<sup id="cite_ref-PortaraCQG_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cotton <a href="/wiki/Futures_contract" title="Futures contract">futures contracts</a> are traded on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Exchange" title="New York Mercantile Exchange">New York Mercantile Exchange</a> (NYMEX) under the ticker symbol <b>TT</b>. They are delivered every year in March, May, July, October, and December.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Contract specifications<sup id="cite_ref-PortaraCQG_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PortaraCQG-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cotton (CTA) </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Exchange: </td> <td>NYI </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sector: </td> <td>Energy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tick size: </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tick value: </td> <td>5 USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>BPV: </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denomination: </td> <td>USD </td></tr> <tr> <td>Decimal place: </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_temperatures">Critical temperatures</h3></div> <ul><li>Favorable travel temperature range: below 25 °C (77 °F)</li> <li>Optimum travel temperature: 21 °C (70 °F)</li> <li>Glow temperature: 205 °C (401 °F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_point" title="Fire point">Fire point</a>: 210 °C (410 °F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition temperature</a>: 360–425 °C (680–797 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Autoignition temperature (for oily cotton): 120 °C (248 °F)</li></ul> <p>A temperature range of 25 to 35 °C (77 to 95 °F) is the optimal range for mold development. At temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), rotting of wet cotton stops. Damaged cotton is sometimes stored at these temperatures to prevent further deterioration.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egypt has a unique climatic temperature that the soil and the temperature provide an exceptional environment for cotton to grow rapidly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_standard_yarn_measures">British standard yarn measures</h2></div> <ul><li>1 thread = 55 in or 140 cm</li> <li>1 skein or rap = 80 threads (120 yd or 110 m)</li> <li>1 hank = 7 skeins (840 yd or 770 m)</li> <li>1 spindle = 18 hanks (15,120 yd or 13.83 km)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber_properties">Fiber properties</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cotton" title="Special:EditPage/Cotton">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="35%">Property </th> <th>Evaluation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Shape </td> <td>Fairly uniform in width, 12–20 micrometers;<br />length varies from 1 cm to 6 cm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to 2<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inches);<br />typical length is 2.2 cm to 3.3 cm (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to 1<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inches). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luster </td> <td>High </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tenacity (strength)<br />Dry<br />Wet </td> <td><br />3.0–5.0 g/d<br />3.3–6.0 g/d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resiliency </td> <td>Low </td></tr> <tr> <td>Density </td> <td>1.54–1.56 g/cm<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moisture absorption<br />raw: conditioned<br />saturation<br />mercerized: conditioned<br />saturation </td> <td><br />8.5%<br />15–25%<br />8.5–10.3%<br />15–27%+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dimensional stability </td> <td>Good </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resistance to<br />acids<br />alkali<br />organic solvents<br />sunlight<br />microorganisms<br />insects </td> <td><br />Damage, weaken fibers<br />resistant; no harmful effects<br />high resistance to most<br />Prolonged exposure weakens fibers.<br />Mildew and rot-producing bacteria damage fibers.<br />Silverfish damage fibers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thermal reactions<br />to heat<br />to flame </td> <td><br />Decomposes after prolonged exposure to temperatures of 150 °C or over.<br />Burns readily with yellow flame, smells like burning paper. The residual ash is light and fluffy and greyish in color.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C21a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/C21a.jpg/220px-C21a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/C21a.jpg/330px-C21a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/C21a.jpg/440px-C21a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Cotton fibers viewed under a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Depending upon the origin, the chemical composition of cotton is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> 91.00%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> 7.85%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplasm" title="Protoplasm">Protoplasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectins">pectins</a> 0.55%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Waxes">Waxes</a>, fatty substances 0.40%</li> <li>Mineral <a href="/wiki/Salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Salts">salts</a> 0.20%</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3></div> <p>Cotton has a more complex structure among the other crops. A <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Maturity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Maturity">matured</a> cotton fiber is a single, elongated complete dried multilayer cell that develops in the surface layer of cottonseed. It has the following parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Karmakar-1999_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karmakar-1999-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The cuticle is the outer most layer. It is a waxy layer that contains <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteinaceous</a> materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakelyn-2006-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The primary wall is the original thin cell wall. Primary wall is mainly <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, it is made up of a network of fine fibrils (small strands of cellulose).<sup id="cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakelyn-2006-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The winding layer is the first layer of secondary thickening it is also called the S1 layer. It is different in structure from both the primary wall and the remainder of the secondary wall. It consists of fibrils aligned at 40 to 70-degree angles to the fiber axis in an open netting type of pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakelyn-2006-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The secondary wall consists of concentric layers of cellulose it is also called the S2 layer, that constitute the main portion of the cotton fiber. After the fiber has attained its maximum diameter, new layers of cellulose are added to form the secondary wall. The fibrils are deposited at 70 to 80-degree angles to the fiber axis, reversing angle at points along the length of the fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakelyn-2006-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The lumen is the hollow canal that runs the length of the fiber. It is filled with living protoplasm during the growth period. After the fiber matures and the boll opens, the protoplast dries up, and the lumen naturally collapses, leaving a central void, or pore space, in each fiber. It separates the secondary wall from the lumen and appears to be more resistant to certain reagents than the secondary wall layers. The lumen wall also called the S3 layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wakelyn-2006-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karmakar-1999_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karmakar-1999-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dead_cotton">Dead cotton</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dead_cotton" title="Dead cotton">Dead cotton</a> is a term that refers to unripe cotton fibers that do not absorb <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dead cotton is <a href="/wiki/Cotton_maturity" title="Cotton maturity">immature cotton</a> that has poor dye affinity and appears as white specks on a <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyed</a> fabric. When cotton fibers are analyzed and assessed through a microscope, dead fibers appear differently. Dead cotton fibers have thin cell walls. In contrast, mature fibers have more cellulose and a greater degree of cell wall thickening<sup id="cite_ref-Crum-1863_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crum-1863-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genome">Genome</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cotton#"Genome"_section_needs_revision_and_updating" title="Talk:Cotton">talk page</a>. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a public effort to sequence the genome of cotton. It was started in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their aim is to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that its nucleus has two separate genomes, called A and D. The consortium agreed to first sequence the D-genome wild relative of cultivated cotton (<i>G. raimondii</i>, a Central American species) because it is small and has few repetitive elements. It has nearly one-third of the bases of tetraploid cotton, and each chromosome occurs only once.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Then, the A genome of <i>G. arboreum</i> would be sequenced. Its genome is roughly twice that of <i>G. raimondii</i>. Part of the difference in size is due to the amplification of <i>retrotransposons</i> (GORGE). After both diploid genomes are assembled, they would be used as models for sequencing the genomes of tetraploid cultivated species. Without knowing the diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of AD genomes would co-assemble, and their repetitive elements would assemble independently into A and D sequences respectively. There would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts. </p><p>The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids, as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, the companies <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illumina_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumina (company)">Illumina</a> completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of <i>G. raimondii</i> about 50x.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but much work remains. </p><p>As of 2014, at least one assembled cotton genome had been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Cotton carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">Cotton gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">Cotton mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cotton_Museum" title="The Cotton Museum">The Cotton Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War#Cotton_and_the_British_economy" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy of the American Civil War § Cotton and the British economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Advisory_Committee" title="International Cotton Advisory Committee">International Cotton Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cotton_Association" title="International Cotton Association">International Cotton Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Java cotton (kapok)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Cotton" title="King Cotton">King Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerized_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerized cotton">Mercerized cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_island_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea island cotton">Sea island cotton</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625045134/http://www.ogtr.gov.au/pdf/ir/biologycotton08.pdf">The Biology of <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L. and <i>Gossypium barbadense</i> L. (cotton)</a>. ogtr.gov.au</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cotton/evolution">"The Evolution of Cotton"</a>. <i>Learn.Genetics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn.Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Cotton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.genetics.utah.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcotton%2Fevolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natfibr2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natfibr2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natfibr2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903094603/http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/cotton.html">"Natural fibres: Cotton"</a>. <i>2009 International Year of Natural Fibres</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalfibres2009.org/en/fibres/cotton.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2009+International+Year+of+Natural+Fibres&rft.atitle=Natural+fibres%3A+Cotton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalfibres2009.org%2Fen%2Ffibres%2Fcotton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuZhaoZhengHu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Xia; Zhao, Bo; Zheng, Hua-Jun; Hu, Yan; Lu, Gang; Yang, Chang-Qing; Chen, Jie-Dan; Chen, Jun-Jian; Chen, Dian-Yang; Zhang, Liang; Zhou, Yan; Wang, Ling-Jian; Guo, Wang-Zhen; Bai, Yu-Lin; Ruan, Ju-Xin (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4588572">"Gossypium barbadense genome sequence provides insight into the evolution of extra-long staple fiber and specialized metabolites"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 14139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...514139L">2015NatSR...514139L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep14139">10.1038/srep14139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4588572">4588572</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420475">26420475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Gossypium+barbadense+genome+sequence+provides+insight+into+the+evolution+of+extra-long+staple+fiber+and+specialized+metabolites&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14139&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4588572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...514139L&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26420475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep14139&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xia&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Bo&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Hua-Jun&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yan&rft.au=Lu%2C+Gang&rft.au=Yang%2C+Chang-Qing&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jie-Dan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jun-Jian&rft.au=Chen%2C+Dian-Yang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Liang&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Yan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ling-Jian&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wang-Zhen&rft.au=Bai%2C+Yu-Lin&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Ju-Xin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4588572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Phundan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicr.org.in/pdf/cotton_varieties_hybrids.pdf">"Cotton Varieties and Hybrids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cicr.org.in/pdf/cotton_varieties_hybrids.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cotton+Varieties+and+Hybrids&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Phundan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicr.org.in%2Fpdf%2Fcotton_varieties_hybrids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BahethInfo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BahethInfo_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A number of large dictionaries were written in Arabic during medieval times. Searchable copies of nearly all of the main medieval Arabic dictionaries are online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baheth.info/index.jsp">Baheth.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415064207/http://baheth.info/index.jsp">Archived</a> 15 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and/or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alwaraq.net/Core/AlwaraqSrv/getsubjectex?fkey=4&offset=1&subjectid=37">AlWaraq.net</a>. One of the most esteemed of the dictionaries is <a href="/wiki/Ismail_ibn_Hammad_al-Jawhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari">Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari</a>'s <i>"Al-Sihah"</i> which is dated around and shortly after year 1000. The biggest is <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" title="Ibn Manzur">Ibn Manzur</a>'s <i>"Lisan Al-Arab"</i> which is dated 1290 but most of its contents were taken from a variety of earlier sources, including 9th- and 10th-century sources. Often Ibn Manzur names his source then quotes from it. Therefore, if the reader recognizes the name of Ibn Manzur's source, a date considerably earlier than 1290 can often be assigned to what is said. A list giving the year of death of a number of individuals who Ibn Manzur quotes from is in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ArabicEnglishLexicon.CopiousEasternSources.EnlargedSuppl.Kamoos.Lane.Poole.1863/01.ArabicEnglLex.v1p1.let.1.2.3.4..Alif.Ba.Ta.Tha..Lane.1863.#page/n30/mode/1up">Lane's <i>Arabic-English Lexicon</i>, volume 1, page xxx</a> (year 1863). Lane's <i><a href="/wiki/Arabic-English_Lexicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic-English Lexicon">Arabic-English Lexicon</a></i> contains much of the main contents of the medieval Arabic dictionaries in English translation. At AlWaraq.net, in addition to searchable copies of medieval Arabic dictionaries, there are searchable copies of a large number of medieval Arabic texts on various subjects.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNRTLfr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNRTLfr_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More details at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/"><i>CNRTL.fr Etymologie</i></a> in French language. <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_ressources_textuelles_et_lexicales" title="Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales">Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales</a> (CNRTL) is a division of the <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzaoui1981" class="citation book cs1">Mazzaoui, Maureen Fennell (1981). <i>The Italian Cotton Industry in the Later Middle Ages, 1100-1600</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23095-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23095-7"><bdi>978-0-521-23095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Cotton+Industry+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages%2C+1100-1600&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23095-7&rft.aulast=Mazzaoui&rft.aufirst=Maureen+Fennell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.com/browse/cotton">"The definition of cotton"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+cotton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fcotton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mithen2006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mithen2006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMithen2006" class="citation cs2">Mithen, Steven (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NVygmardAA4C&pg=PA411"><i>After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000-5000 BC</i></a>, Harvard University Press, pp. 411–412, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01999-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01999-7"><bdi>978-0-674-01999-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Ice%3A+A+Global+Human+History%2C+20%2C000-5000+BC&rft.pages=411-412&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01999-7&rft.aulast=Mithen&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNVygmardAA4C%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "One of the funerary chambers, dating to around 5500 BC, had contained an adult male lying on his side with legs flexed backward and a young child, approximately one or two years old, at his feet. Next to the adult's left wrist were eight copper beads which had once formed a bracelet. As such metal beads were only found in one other Neolithic burial at Mehrgarh, he must have been an extraordinarily wealthy and important person. Microscopic analysis showed that each bead had been made by beating and heating copper ore into a thin sheet which had then been rolled around a narrow rod. Substantial corrosion prevented a detailed technological study of the beads; yet this turned out to be a blessing as the corrosion had led to the preservation of something quite remarkable inside one of the beads – a piece of cotton. ... After further microscopic study, the fibres were unquestionably identified as cotton; it was, in fact, a bundle of both unripe and ripe fibres that had been wound together to make a thread, these being differentiated by the thickness of their cell walls. As such, this copper bead contained the earliest known use of cotton in the world by at least a thousand years. The next earliest was also found at Mehrgarh: a collection of cotton seeds discovered amidst charred wheat and barley grains outside one of its mud-brick rooms."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulheratTengbergHaquetMille2002" class="citation journal cs1">Moulherat, C.; Tengberg, M.; Haquet, J. R. M. F.; Mille, B. ̂T. (2002). "First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>29</b> (12): 1393–1401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JArSc..29.1393M">2002JArSc..29.1393M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjasc.2001.0779">10.1006/jasc.2001.0779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=First+Evidence+of+Cotton+at+Neolithic+Mehrgarh%2C+Pakistan%3A+Analysis+of+Mineralized+Fibres+from+a+Copper+Bead&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1393-1401&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjasc.2001.0779&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JArSc..29.1393M&rft.aulast=Moulherat&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Tengberg%2C+M.&rft.au=Haquet%2C+J.+R.+M.+F.&rft.au=Mille%2C+B.+%CC%82T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "The metallurgical analysis of a copper bead from a Neolithic burial (6th millennium bc) at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, allowed the recovery of several threads, preserved by mineralization. They were characterized according to new procedure, combining the use of a reflected-light microscope and a scanning electron microscope, and identified as cotton (Gossypium sp.). The Mehrgarh fibres constitute the earliest known example of cotton in the Old World and put the date of the first use of this textile plant back by more than a millennium. Even though it is not possible to ascertain that the fibres came from an already domesticated species, the evidence suggests an early origin, possibly in the Kachi Plain, of one of the Old World cottons.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JIAPAN2018-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JIAPAN2018_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiaPanHeGong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jia, Yinhua; Pan, Zhaoe; He, Shoupu; Gong, Wenfang; Geng, Xiaoli; Pang, Baoyin; Wang, Liru; Du, Xiongming (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42397-018-0011-0">"Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China"</a>. <i>Journal of Cotton Research</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCotR...1...11J">2018JCotR...1...11J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs42397-018-0011-0">10.1186/s42397-018-0011-0</a></span>. <q>Gossypium arboreum is a diploid species cultivated in the Old World. It was first domesticated near the Indus Valley before 6000 BC (Moulherat et al. 2002).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cotton+Research&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+and+population+structure+of+Gossypium+arboreum+L.+collected+in+China&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs42397-018-0011-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JCotR...1...11J&rft.aulast=Jia&rft.aufirst=Yinhua&rft.au=Pan%2C+Zhaoe&rft.au=He%2C+Shoupu&rft.au=Gong%2C+Wenfang&rft.au=Geng%2C+Xiaoli&rft.au=Pang%2C+Baoyin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Liru&rft.au=Du%2C+Xiongming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs42397-018-0011-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2014" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qvVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA249"><i>Ancient Pakistan - an Archaeological History: Volume III: Harappan Civilization - the Material Culture</i></a>. Amazon. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-6643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-6643-9"><bdi>978-1-4959-6643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Pakistan+-+an+Archaeological+History%3A+Volume+III%3A+Harappan+Civilization+-+the+Material+Culture&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Amazon&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4959-6643-9&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Mukhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qvVBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan D. Sauer, <i>Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster</i>, Routledge (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=moZHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT115">p. 115</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuckell1993" class="citation journal cs1">Huckell, Lisa W. (1993). "Plant Remains from the Pinaleño Cotton Cache, Arizona". <i>Kiva, the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History</i>. <b>59</b> (2): 147–203. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30246122">30246122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kiva%2C+the+Journal+of+Southwest+Anthropology+and+History&rft.atitle=Plant+Remains+from+the+Pinale%C3%B1o+Cotton+Cache%2C+Arizona&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-203&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30246122%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Huckell&rft.aufirst=Lisa+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckert, S. (2014). Chapter one: The Rise of a Global Community. In Empire of Cotton: A global history. essay, Vintage Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FauFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">New World Cotton</a></i>, p. 117, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManickamPrakash2016" class="citation book cs1">Manickam, S.; Prakash, A. H. (2016). "Genetic Improvement of Cotton". <i>Gene Pool Diversity and Crop Improvement</i>. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity. Vol. 10. pp. 105–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-27096-8_4">10.1007/978-3-319-27096-8_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-27094-4"><bdi>978-3-319-27094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetic+Improvement+of+Cotton&rft.btitle=Gene+Pool+Diversity+and+Crop+Improvement&rft.series=Sustainable+Development+and+Biodiversity&rft.pages=105-161&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-27096-8_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-27094-4&rft.aulast=Manickam&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Prakash%2C+A.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Simon, Matt (8 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/08/the-most-bonkers-scientific-theories-and-why-you-should-be-thankful-for-them/">"The Most Bonkers Scientific Theories (Almost) Nobody Believes Anymore"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=The+Most+Bonkers+Scientific+Theories+%28Almost%29+Nobody+Believes+Anymore&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fthe-most-bonkers-scientific-theories-and-why-you-should-be-thankful-for-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ce-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ce_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923071411/https://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/cotton">"cotton"</a> in <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, Sixth Edition. 2001–07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica_Foundation" title="Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation">Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630080822/http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2820">"پنبه"</a>. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopaediaislamica.com%2Fmadkhal2.php%3Fsid%3D2820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>, Retrieved on 28 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ancient_egyptian_cotton/">"Ancient Egyptian cotton unveils secrets of domesticated crop evolution"</a>. <i>www2.warwick.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.warwick.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egyptian+cotton+unveils+secrets+of+domesticated+crop+evolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.warwick.ac.uk%2Fnewsandevents%2Fpressreleases%2Fancient_egyptian_cotton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yvanez_&_Wozniak_2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yvanez_&_Wozniak_2019_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yvanez_&_Wozniak_2019_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYvanezWozniak2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yvanez, Elsa; Wozniak, Magdalena M. (30 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fethnoecologie.4429">"Cotton in ancient Sudan and Nubia: Archaeological sources and historical implications"</a>. <i>Revue d'ethnoécologie</i> (15). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fethnoecologie.4429">10.4000/ethnoecologie.4429</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198635772">198635772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27ethno%C3%A9cologie&rft.atitle=Cotton+in+ancient+Sudan+and+Nubia%3A+Archaeological+sources+and+historical+implications&rft.issue=15&rft.date=2019-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fethnoecologie.4429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198635772%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yvanez&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft.au=Wozniak%2C+Magdalena+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fethnoecologie.4429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Mokhtar1981" class="citation book cs1">G. Mokhtar (1 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gB6DcMU94GUC&q=cultivation+cotton+Meroe&pg=PA310"><i>Ancient civilizations of Africa</i></a>. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-94805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-94805-4"><bdi>978-0-435-94805-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span> – via Books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+civilizations+of+Africa&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Unesco.+International+Scientific+Committee+for+the+Drafting+of+a+General+History+of+Africa&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-435-94805-4&rft.au=G.+Mokhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgB6DcMU94GUC%26q%3Dcultivation%2Bcotton%2BMeroe%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yvanez2018-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yvanez2018_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYvanez2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yvanez, Elsa (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?showContent=true&id=67584">"Clothing the Elite? Patterns of Textile Production and Consumption in Ancient Sudan and Nubia"</a>. <i>Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae</i>. <b>31</b>: 81–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23858%2FFAH31.2018.006">10.23858/FAH31.2018.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fasciculi+Archaeologiae+Historicae&rft.atitle=Clothing+the+Elite%3F+Patterns+of+Textile+Production+and+Consumption+in+Ancient+Sudan+and+Nubia&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=81-92&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23858%2FFAH31.2018.006&rft.aulast=Yvanez&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdocmetadata%3FshowContent%3Dtrue%26id%3D67584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell,_Robyn_J.2003" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell, Robyn J. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textilesofsouthe0000maxw"><i>Textiles of Southeast Asia: tradition, trade and transformation</i></a></span> (revised ed.). Tuttle Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textilesofsouthe0000maxw/page/410">410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0104-1"><bdi>978-0-7946-0104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+tradition%2C+trade+and+transformation&rft.pages=410&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7946-0104-1&rft.au=Maxwell%2C+Robyn+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextilesofsouthe0000maxw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-International_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche,_Julian1994" class="citation book cs1">Roche, Julian (1994). <i>The International Cotton Trade</i>. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Cotton+Trade&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Roche%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LakGin-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LakGin_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LakGin_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lakwete" class="citation book cs1">Lakwete, Angela (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC"><i>Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America</i></a>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7394-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-7394-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529151903/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOMaGVnPfBcC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Cotton+Gin%3A+Machine+and+Myth+in+Antebellum+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7394-2&rft.au=Lakwete%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOMaGVnPfBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baber1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baber1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baber, Zaheer (1996). <i>The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2919-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2919-8">978-0-7914-2919-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIT_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacey1991" class="citation book cs1">Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. <i>Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History</i> (First MIT Press paperback ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Technology&rft.atitle=Technology+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.au=Backer%2C+Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engr.sjsu.edu%2Fpabacker%2Fhistory%2Fmiddle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Facts_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolti,_Rudi1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Volti, Rudi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE49\&iPin=ffests0220">"cotton"</a>. <i>The Facts on File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=cotton&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Encyclopedia+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Volti%2C+Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fofweb.com%2Factivelink2.asp%3FItemID%3DWE49%5C%26iPin%3Dffests0220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richards-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richards_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">John F. Richards</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190"><i>The Mughal Empire</i>, page 190</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220230104/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schmidt-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schmidt_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl J. Schmidt (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100"><i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i>, page 100</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220230104/https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a> (1995), <i>Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992</i>, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parthasarathi-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parthasarathi_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathi2011" class="citation cs2">Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), <i>Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49889-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49889-0"><bdi>978-1-139-49889-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Europe+Grew+Rich+and+Asia+Did+Not%3A+Global+Economic+Divergence%2C+1600%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49889-0&rft.aulast=Parthasarathi&rft.aufirst=Prasannan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eaton_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760</i>, page 202</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627124201/http://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202">Archived</a> 27 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53"><i>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500</i>, page 53</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA53"><i>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500</i>, pages 53-54</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA54"><i>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500</i>, page 54</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (1867). Chapter 16: "Machinery and Large-Scale Industry." <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Batou1991" class="citation book cs1">Jean Batou (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjD4SCOE6IgC"><i>Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870</i></a>. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librairie_Droz" class="extiw" title="fr:Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2"><bdi>978-2-600-04293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Development+and+Underdevelopment%3A+The+Precocious+Attempts+at+Industrialization+of+the+Periphery%2C+1800-1870&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-2-600-04293-2&rft.au=Jean+Batou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjD4SCOE6IgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-batou193-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-batou193_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-batou193_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Batou1991" class="citation book cs1">Jean Batou (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjD4SCOE6IgC&pg=PA193"><i>Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870</i></a>. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librairie_Droz" class="extiw" title="fr:Librairie Droz">Librairie Droz</a>. pp. 193–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-04293-2"><bdi>978-2-600-04293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Development+and+Underdevelopment%3A+The+Precocious+Attempts+at+Industrialization+of+the+Periphery%2C+1800-1870&rft.pages=193-196&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-2-600-04293-2&rft.au=Jean+Batou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjD4SCOE6IgC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broadberry_&_Gupta_2005_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroadberryGupta2005" class="citation web cs1">Broadberry, Stephen N.; Gupta, Bishnupriya (August 2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cepr.org/publications/dp5183">"Cotton Textiles and the Great Divergence: Lancashire, India and Shifting Competitive Advantage, 1600-1850"</a></span>. <i>Centre for Economic Policy Research</i>. CEPR Press Discussion Paper No. 5183. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=790866">790866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+for+Economic+Policy+Research&rft.atitle=Cotton+Textiles+and+the+Great+Divergence%3A+Lancashire%2C+India+and+Shifting+Competitive+Advantage%2C+1600-1850&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D790866%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Broadberry&rft.aufirst=Stephen+N.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Bishnupriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcepr.org%2Fpublications%2Fdp5183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tong-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tong_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junie T. Tong (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets</i>, page 151</a>, <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-esposito_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190"><i>The Islamic World: Past and Present 3-Volume Set</i>, page 190</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220230104/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cypher-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cypher_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Cypher2014" class="citation book cs1">James Cypher (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxFxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97"><i>The Process of Economic Development</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-16828-4"><bdi>978-1-136-16828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Process+of+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-136-16828-4&rft.au=James+Cypher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxFxAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bairoch-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bairoch_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairoch1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bairoch" title="Paul Bairoch">Bairoch, Paul</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA89"><i>Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8"><bdi>978-0-226-03463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+and+World+History%3A+Myths+and+Paradoxes&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03463-8&rft.aulast=Bairoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaF_cCknJScC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuleBurnell2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._C._Burnell" class="mw-redirect" title="A. C. Burnell">Burnell, A. C.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8NXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-25293-1"><bdi>978-1-317-25293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobson-Jobson%3A+The+Definitive+Glossary+of+British+India&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-317-25293-1&rft.aulast=Yule&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Burnell%2C+A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8NXOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2013" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, H. V. (2013). "British Exports of Raw Cotton from India to China during the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries". In Riello, Giorgio; Roy, Tirthankar (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12"><i>How India Clothed the World</i></a>. Brill. pp. 115–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789047429975_006">10.1163/9789047429975_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2997-5"><bdi>978-90-474-2997-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12">10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240120040905/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwskd.12.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Exports+of+Raw+Cotton+from+India+to+China+during+the+Late+Eighteenth+and+Early+Nineteenth+Centuries&rft.btitle=How+India+Clothed+the+World&rft.pages=115-137&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctv2gjwskd.12%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789047429975_006&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2997-5&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1163%2Fj.ctv2gjwskd.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Cottonopolis" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Cottonopolis">"Cottonopolis"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cottonopolis&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DCottonopolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1854" class="citation journal cs1">Lowe, J (1854). "A Manchester warehouse". <i><a href="/wiki/Household_Words" title="Household Words">Household Words</a></i>. <b>9</b>: 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Household+Words&rft.atitle=A+Manchester+warehouse&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=269&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughsValcoWilliford2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hughs, S. E.; Valco, T. D.; Williford, J. R. (2008). "100 Years of Cotton Production, Harvesting, and Ginning Systems Engineering: 1907-2007". <i>Transactions of the ASABE</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 1187–1198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13031%2F2013.25234">10.13031/2013.25234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+ASABE&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+Cotton+Production%2C+Harvesting%2C+and+Ginning+Systems+Engineering%3A+1907-2007&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1187-1198&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13031%2F2013.25234&rft.aulast=Hughs&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Valco%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Williford%2C+J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Fisher 1932 pp 154–156)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwsley1929" class="citation journal cs1">Owsley, Frank Lawrence (1929). 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Clayton (2011). <i>King Cotton in Modern America: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945</i>. Univ. 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(November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rupert B. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=1776">"Natural drought or human-made water scarcity in Uzbekistan?"</a>. <i>Central Asia and the Caucasus</i>. <b>2</b>: 154–162. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027155313/http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=1776">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Natural+drought+or+human-made+water+scarcity+in+Uzbekistan%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=154-162&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wegerich&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventionweb.net%2Fenglish%2Fprofessional%2Fpublications%2Fv.php%3Fid%3D1776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce,_Fred2004" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Fred (2004). 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New Age International. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1250-5"><bdi>978-81-224-1250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Text+Book+of+Fibre+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1250-5&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karmakar-1999-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karmakar-1999_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karmakar-1999_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmakar1999" class="citation book cs1">Karmakar, S. R. (1999). <i>Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles</i>. Elsevier. pp. 3, 4, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-053947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-053947-8"><bdi>978-0-08-053947-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Technology+in+the+Pre-Treatment+Processes+of+Textiles&rft.pages=3%2C+4%2C+5&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-08-053947-8&rft.aulast=Karmakar&rft.aufirst=S.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakelyn-2006-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wakelyn-2006_132-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakelynBertoniereFrenchThibodeaux2006" class="citation book cs1">Wakelyn, Phillip J.; Bertoniere, Noelie R.; French, Alfred D.; Thibodeaux, Devron P.; Triplett, Barbara A.; Rousselle, Marie-Alice; Goynes, Wilton R.; Edwards, J. Vincent; Hunter, Lawrance; McAlister, David D.; Gamble, Gary R. (15 December 2006). <i>Cotton Fiber Chemistry and Technology</i>. CRC Press. pp. 24, 26, 30, 31, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4588-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4588-8"><bdi>978-1-4200-4588-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cotton+Fiber+Chemistry+and+Technology&rft.pages=24%2C+26%2C+30%2C+31%2C+56%2C+57%2C+58%2C+60%2C+63&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4588-8&rft.aulast=Wakelyn&rft.aufirst=Phillip+J.&rft.au=Bertoniere%2C+Noelie+R.&rft.au=French%2C+Alfred+D.&rft.au=Thibodeaux%2C+Devron+P.&rft.au=Triplett%2C+Barbara+A.&rft.au=Rousselle%2C+Marie-Alice&rft.au=Goynes%2C+Wilton+R.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+J.+Vincent&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Lawrance&rft.au=McAlister%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Gamble%2C+Gary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9AHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">Cotton Fiber Composition</a></i>, p. 83, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangSiddiquiMemon2020" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Hua; Siddiqui, Muhammad Qasim; Memon, Hafeezullah (2020). "Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton". <i>Cotton Science and Processing Technology</i>. Textile Science and Clothing Technology. pp. 79–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-15-9169-3_5">10.1007/978-981-15-9169-3_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-9168-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-15-9168-6"><bdi>978-981-15-9168-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229189581">229189581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physical+Structure%2C+Properties+and+Quality+of+Cotton&rft.btitle=Cotton+Science+and+Processing+Technology&rft.series=Textile+Science+and+Clothing+Technology&rft.pages=79-97&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229189581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-15-9169-3_5&rft.isbn=978-981-15-9168-6&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Hua&rft.au=Siddiqui%2C+Muhammad+Qasim&rft.au=Memon%2C+Hafeezullah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManufacturers1893" class="citation book cs1">Manufacturers, National Association of Wool (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nERQAAAAYAAJ&dq=dead+cotton&pg=PA325"><i>Bulletin</i></a>. National Association of Wool Manufacturers. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=National+Association+of+Wool+Manufacturers&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Manufacturers&rft.aufirst=National+Association+of+Wool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnERQAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Ddead%2Bcotton%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crum-1863-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crum-1863_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrum1863" class="citation book cs1">Crum, Walter (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/oncottonfibreonm00crum"><i>On the cotton fibre and on the manner in which it unites with colouring matter</i></a>. Getty Research Institute. Glasgow : Bell & Bain. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+cotton+fibre+and+on+the+manner+in+which+it+unites+with+colouring+matter&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Glasgow+%3A+Bell+%26+Bain&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Crum&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foncottonfibreonm00crum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenSchefflerDennisTriplett2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Z. Jeffrey; Scheffler, Brian E.; Dennis, Elizabeth; Triplett, Barbara A.; Zhang, Tianzhen; Guo, Wangzhen; Chen, Xiaoya; Stelly, David M.; Rabinowicz, Pablo D.; Town, Christopher D.; Arioli, Tony; Brubaker, Curt; Cantrell, Roy G.; Lacape, Jean-Marc; Ulloa, Mauricio; Chee, Peng; Gingle, Alan R.; Haigler, Candace H.; Percy, Richard; Saha, Sukumar; Wilkins, Thea; Wright, Robert J.; Van Deynze, Allen; Zhu, Yuxian; Yu, Shuxun; Abdurakhmonov, Ibrokhim; Katageri, Ishwarappa; Kumar, P. Ananda; Zafar, Yusuf; Yu, John Z.; Kohel, Russell J.; Wendel, Jonathan F.; Paterson, Andrew H.; Paterson, AH (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151711">"Toward Sequencing Cotton (<i>Gossypium</i>) Genomes"</a>. <i>Plant Physiology</i>. <b>145</b> (4): 1303–1310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.107.107672">10.1104/pp.107.107672</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151711">2151711</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18056866">18056866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Toward+Sequencing+Cotton+%28Gossypium%29+Genomes&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1303-1310&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151711%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18056866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.107.107672&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Z.+Jeffrey&rft.au=Scheffler%2C+Brian+E.&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Triplett%2C+Barbara+A.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Tianzhen&rft.au=Guo%2C+Wangzhen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xiaoya&rft.au=Stelly%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Rabinowicz%2C+Pablo+D.&rft.au=Town%2C+Christopher+D.&rft.au=Arioli%2C+Tony&rft.au=Brubaker%2C+Curt&rft.au=Cantrell%2C+Roy+G.&rft.au=Lacape%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Ulloa%2C+Mauricio&rft.au=Chee%2C+Peng&rft.au=Gingle%2C+Alan+R.&rft.au=Haigler%2C+Candace+H.&rft.au=Percy%2C+Richard&rft.au=Saha%2C+Sukumar&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Thea&rft.au=Wright%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Van+Deynze%2C+Allen&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yuxian&rft.au=Yu%2C+Shuxun&rft.au=Abdurakhmonov%2C+Ibrokhim&rft.au=Katageri%2C+Ishwarappa&rft.au=Kumar%2C+P.+Ananda&rft.au=Zafar%2C+Yusuf&rft.au=Yu%2C+John+Z.&rft.au=Kohel%2C+Russell+J.&rft.au=Wendel%2C+Jonathan+F.&rft.au=Paterson%2C+Andrew+H.&rft.au=Paterson%2C+AH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPPDMZ\gyoung" class="citation web cs1">APPDMZ\gyoung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201042838/http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx">"Monsanto and Illumina Reach Key Milestone in Cotton Genome Sequencing"</a>. <i>www.monsanto.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monsanto.com/newsviews/pages/monsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx">the original</a> on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.monsanto.com&rft.atitle=Monsanto+and+Illumina+Reach+Key+Milestone+in+Cotton+Genome+Sequencing&rft.au=APPDMZ%5Cgyoung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monsanto.com%2Fnewsviews%2Fpages%2Fmonsanto-illumina-key-milestone-cotton-genome-sequencing.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiFanWangSun2014" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Fuguang; Fan, Guangyi; Wang, Kunbo; Sun, Fengming; Yuan, Youlu; Song, Guoli; Li, Qin; Ma, Zhiying; Lu, Cairui; Zou, Changsong; Chen, Wenbin; Liang, Xinming; Shang, Haihong; Liu, Weiqing; Shi, Chengcheng; Xiao, Guanghui; Gou, Caiyun; Ye, Wuwei; Xu, Xun; Zhang, Xueyan; Wei, Hengling; Li, Zhifang; Zhang, Guiyin; Wang, Junyi; Liu, Kun; Kohel, Russell J; Percy, Richard G; Yu, John Z; Zhu, Yu-Xian; Wang, Jun; Yu, Shuxun (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.2987">"Genome sequence of the cultivated cotton Gossypium arboreum"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>46</b> (6): 567–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.2987">10.1038/ng.2987</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24836287">24836287</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13477556">13477556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genome+sequence+of+the+cultivated+cotton+Gossypium+arboreum&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=567-572&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13477556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24836287&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.2987&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Fuguang&rft.au=Fan%2C+Guangyi&rft.au=Wang%2C+Kunbo&rft.au=Sun%2C+Fengming&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Youlu&rft.au=Song%2C+Guoli&rft.au=Li%2C+Qin&rft.au=Ma%2C+Zhiying&rft.au=Lu%2C+Cairui&rft.au=Zou%2C+Changsong&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wenbin&rft.au=Liang%2C+Xinming&rft.au=Shang%2C+Haihong&rft.au=Liu%2C+Weiqing&rft.au=Shi%2C+Chengcheng&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Guanghui&rft.au=Gou%2C+Caiyun&rft.au=Ye%2C+Wuwei&rft.au=Xu%2C+Xun&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xueyan&rft.au=Wei%2C+Hengling&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhifang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Guiyin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Junyi&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kun&rft.au=Kohel%2C+Russell+J&rft.au=Percy%2C+Richard+G&rft.au=Yu%2C+John+Z&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yu-Xian&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jun&rft.au=Yu%2C+Shuxun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fng.2987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Beckert, Sven. <i>Empire of Cotton: A Global History.</i> New York: Knopf, 2014.</li> <li>Brown, D. Clayton. <i>King Cotton: A Cultural, Political, and Economic History since 1945</i> (University Press of Mississippi, 2011) 440 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-798-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-798-1">978-1-60473-798-1</a></li> <li>Ensminger, Audrey H. and Konlande, James E. <i>Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia</i>, (2nd ed. CRC Press, 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-8980-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-8980-1">0-8493-8980-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/cotton-wool/market-outlook.aspx">USDA – Cotton Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Moseley" title="William G. Moseley">Moseley, W.G.</a> and L.C. Gray (eds). <i>Hanging by a Thread: Cotton, Globalization and Poverty in Africa</i> (Ohio University Press and Nordic Africa Press, 2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-260-5">978-0-89680-260-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiello2013" class="citation book cs1">Riello, Giorgio (2013). <i>Cotton: The Fabric that Made the Modern World</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00022-3"><bdi>978-1-107-00022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cotton%3A+The+Fabric+that+Made+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00022-3&rft.aulast=Riello&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, C. Wayne and Joe Tom Cothren. <i>Cotton: origin, history, technology, and production</i> (1999) 850 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18045-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18045-6">978-0-471-18045-6</a></li> <li>True, Alfred Charles. <i>The cotton plant: its history, botany, chemistry, culture, enemies, and uses</i> (U.S. Office of Experiment Stations, 1896) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonplantitshi33true">online edition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYafa2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Yafa" title="Stephen Yafa">Yafa, Stephen H.</a> (2005). <i>Big Cotton: How a Humble Fiber Created Fortunes, Wrecked Civilizations, and Put America on the Map</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03367-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03367-6"><bdi>978-0-670-03367-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Cotton%3A+How+a+Humble+Fiber+Created+Fortunes%2C+Wrecked+Civilizations%2C+and+Put+America+on+the+Map&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03367-6&rft.aulast=Yafa&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cotton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cotton">Cotton</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/cotton" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/cotton">cotton</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cotton" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Cotton">Cotton</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica-ltd.org/">International Cotton Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cotton.org/">National Cotton Council of America</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcottonday.com//">"World Cotton Day"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Cotton+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcottonday.com%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/wcd2021_e.htm">"Celebrating World Cotton Day: an opportunity to recognize the global importance of cotton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. 7 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+World+Cotton+Day%3A+an+opportunity+to+recognize+the+global+importance+of+cotton&rft.pub=World+Trade+Organization&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wto.org%2Fenglish%2Ftratop_e%2Fagric_e%2Fwcd2021_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Cotton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Cotton">"Cotton" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cotton&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cotton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cotton">"Cotton" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 256–281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cotton&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=256-281&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Cotton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Cotton">"Cotton" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cotton&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACotton" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured <br />woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template talk:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clothing materials and parts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garment structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armscye" title="Armscye">Armscye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_stays" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar stays">Collar stays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachable_collar" title="Detachable collar">Detachable collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuff" title="Cuff">Cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(sewing)" title="Dart (sewing)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(sewing)" title="Facing (sewing)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(clothing)" title="Fly (clothing)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel" title="Lapel">Lapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">Lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placket" title="Placket">Placket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revers" title="Revers">Revers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">Ruffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (fashion)">Shoulder pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_strap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder strap">Strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve" title="Sleeve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistband" title="Waistband">Waistband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)" title="Yoke (clothing)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">Elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">Animal hides</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Stingray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">Fasteners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_closure" title="Back closure">Back closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole" title="Buttonhole">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shank_(sewing)" title="Shank (sewing)">Shank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure" title="Hook-and-eye closure">Hook-and-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener" title="Hook-and-loop fastener">Hook-and-loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seam_(sewing)" title="Seam (sewing)">Seams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neckline" title="Neckline">Neckline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustline" title="Bustline">Bustline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistline_(clothing)" title="Waistline (clothing)">Waistline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemline" title="Hemline">Hemline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11457#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11457#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11457#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4136931-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Coton"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975914p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Coton"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975914p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bavlna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph187971&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013961">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639678">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton&oldid=1257361380">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton&oldid=1257361380</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cotton" title="Category:Cotton">Cotton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biodegradable_materials" title="Category:Biodegradable materials">Biodegradable materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cellulose" 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