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id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_and_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_and_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Measurement and volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_and_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Internal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duct_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duct_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Duct system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duct_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_cell_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_cell_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Primary cell types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_cell_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply_and_lymphatic_drainage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply_and_lymphatic_drainage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Blood supply and lymphatic drainage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply_and_lymphatic_drainage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Layers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_blood–testis_barrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_blood–testis_barrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>The blood–testis barrier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_blood–testis_barrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_regulation_and_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_regulation_and_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Temperature regulation and responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_regulation_and_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_and_protein_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Gene and protein expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_and_protein_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection_and_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_and_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protection and injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_and_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diseases and conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_exogenous_hormones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_exogenous_hormones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Effects of exogenous hormones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_exogenous_hormones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Etymology and slang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>External appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>External</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_structure_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Internal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Testicle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikel" title="Testikel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Testikel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoden" title="Hoden – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hoden" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%86%E1%88%88%E1%8C%A5" title="ቆለጥ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቆለጥ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خصية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خصية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testiclo" title="Testiclo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Testiclo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AB%DC%9F%DC%90" title="ܐܫܟܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܫܟܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculu" title="Testículu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Testículu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapi%27a" title="Tapi'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tapi'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaya" title="Xaya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xaya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%82" title="داششاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داششاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butuh" title="Butuh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Butuh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="শুক্রাশয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুক্রাশয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%81n-hu%CC%8Dt" title="Lān-hu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lān-hu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Яечкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яечкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Яечкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Яечкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag" title="Bayag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bayag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тестис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тестис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testisi" title="Testisi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Testisi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divgell" title="Divgell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Divgell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Testicle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Вăрлăхлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăрлăхлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varle" title="Varle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Varle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machende" title="Machende – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Machende" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caill" title="Caill – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caill" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lani" title="Lani – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Lani" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikel" title="Testikel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Testikel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="فوييلة (أناطوميا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فوييلة (أناطوميا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoden" title="Hoden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hoden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%81%DE%B0" title="އޮށް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮށް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munandid" title="Munandid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Munandid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Όρχις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρχις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo" title="Testículo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Testículo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testiko" title="Testiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Testiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrabil" title="Barrabil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barrabil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%87" title="بیضه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیضه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicule" title="Testicule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Testicule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uir%C3%AD" title="Uirí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uirí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo" title="Testículo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Testículo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8A%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%87" title="دۊردؤنه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="دۊردؤنه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CC%8Dk-l%C3%B3n" title="Ha̍k-lón – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ha̍k-lón" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%ED%99%98" title="고환 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고환" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%AB" title="Ամորձի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամորձի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="वृषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वृषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjemenik" title="Sjemenik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjemenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikulo" title="Testikulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Testikulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%A1%E1%94%AA%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᒡᔪᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒡᔪᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igruk" title="Igruk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Igruk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eista" title="Eista – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eista" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicolo" title="Testicolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testicolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9A" title="אשך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenjilan" title="Brenjilan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Brenjilan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lada" title="Lada – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lada" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A3" title="ವೃಷಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೃಷಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag" title="Bayag – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bayag" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Жұмалақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмалақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikil" title="Testikil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Testikil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun" title="Gun – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gun" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis_(membrum)" title="Testis (membrum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Testis (membrum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93klinieks" title="Sēklinieks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēklinieks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97klid%C4%97" title="Sėklidė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėklidė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicoi" title="Testicoi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Testicoi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Here (anatómia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Here (anatómia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тестис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тестис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="വൃഷണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൃഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="वृषण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वृषण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بلی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯇꯨꯔꯨꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯨꯔꯨꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Lêng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lêng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teelbal" title="Teelbal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Teelbal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="अण्डकोष – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अण्डकोष" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E5%B7%A3" title="精巣 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精巣" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikkel" title="Testikkel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Testikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikkel" title="Testikkel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Testikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicul" title="Testicul – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Testicul" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyak" title="Moyak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moyak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%B9%DB%92" title="ٹٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%B6%C3%B6t" title="Klööt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Klööt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%85dro_(anatomia)" title="Jądro (anatomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jądro (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%ADculo" title="Testículo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Testículo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicul" title="Testicul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Testicul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27uruta" title="Q'uruta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'uruta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Яички – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яички" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Testicle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikuli" title="Testikuli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Testikuli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cugghiuni_(test%C3%ACculu)" title="Cugghiuni (testìculu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cugghiuni (testìculu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="වෘෂණ කෝෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෘෂණ කෝෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Testicle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ڪپور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪپور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semenn%C3%ADk_(anat%C3%B3mia)" title="Semenník (anatómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Semenník (anatómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo" title="Modo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Modo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiniinyo" title="Xiniinyo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xiniinyo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="گون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тестис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тестис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9stis" title="Téstis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Téstis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kives" title="Kives – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kives" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testikel" title="Testikel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Testikel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayag" title="Bayag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விந்தகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விந்தகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Күкәй – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күкәй" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bgax" title="bgax – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bgax" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="వృషణం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వృషణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B0" title="อัณฑะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัณฑะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis" title="Testis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Testis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Сім'яні залози – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сім'яні залози" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Testicle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Testicle_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Testicle_hariadhi.svg/300px-Testicle_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Testicle_hariadhi.svg/450px-Testicle_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Testicle_hariadhi.svg/600px-Testicle_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram of inner structures of a human testicle (the labelling "seminal vesicle lobules" is incorrect and should be "testicular lobules" instead)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1144.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/300px-Gray1144.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gray1144.png/450px-Gray1144.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Gray1144.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="550" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram of the external features and surrounding structures of the testicles of an adult male</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Testicular_artery" title="Testicular artery">Testicular artery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Testicular_vein" title="Testicular vein">Testicular vein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampiniform_plexus" title="Pampiniform plexus">pampiniform plexus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spermatic_plexus" title="Spermatic plexus">Spermatic plexus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar lymph nodes">Lumbar lymph nodes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>testis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D013737">D013737</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/09.3.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A09.3.01.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3576">3576</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7210">7210</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9384" class="extiw" title="d:Q9384">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testis.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Testis.gif/202px-Testis.gif" decoding="async" width="202" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Testis.gif/303px-Testis.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Testis.gif/404px-Testis.gif 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption> Animation of the migration of spermatozoa from their origin as germ cells to their exit from the <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>. A) Blood vessels; B) Head of <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a>; C) Efferent ductules; D) <a href="/wiki/Seminiferous_tubule" title="Seminiferous tubule">Seminiferous tubules</a>; E) Parietal lamina of <a href="/wiki/Tunica_vaginalis" title="Tunica vaginalis">tunica vaginalis</a>; F) Visceral lamina of tunica vaginalis; G) Cavity of tunica vaginalis; H) Tunica albuginea; I) Lobule of testis; J) Tail of epididymis; K) Body of epididymis; L) <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum_testis" title="Mediastinum testis">Mediastinum testis</a>; M) Vas deferens.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>testicle</b> or <b>testis</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>testes</b>) is the male <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a> in all <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterians</a>, including humans. It is <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to the female <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a>. The functions of the testicles are to produce both <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>. Testosterone release is controlled by the anterior pituitary <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a>, whereas sperm production is controlled both by the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior pituitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> and gonadal testosterone. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_and_female_gonads_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Male_and_female_gonads_1.png/220px-Male_and_female_gonads_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Male_and_female_gonads_1.png/330px-Male_and_female_gonads_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Male_and_female_gonads_1.png/440px-Male_and_female_gonads_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Male gonad (testes, left) and female gonad (<a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Males have two testicles of similar size contained within the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>, which is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scrotal asymmetry, in which one testicle extends farther down into the scrotum than the other, is common. This is because of the differences in the vasculature's anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 85% of men, the right testis hangs lower than the left one.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement_and_volume">Measurement and volume</h3></div> <p>The volume of the testicle can be estimated by palpating it and comparing it to <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoids</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Orchidometer" title="Orchidometer">orchidometer</a>) of known sizes. Another method is to use calipers, a ruler, or an <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> image to obtain the three measurements of the x, y, and z axes (length, depth and width). These measurements can then be used to calculate the volume, using the formula for the volume of an ellipsoid: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Volume={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot {\frac {length}{2}}\cdot {\frac {width}{2}}\cdot {\frac {depth}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>4</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>π</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>w</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Volume={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot {\frac {length}{2}}\cdot {\frac {width}{2}}\cdot {\frac {depth}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c3eeae3a031d8e52bdd96cdecfe35340c96f1f8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:41.69ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Volume={\frac {4}{3}}\cdot \pi \cdot {\frac {length}{2}}\cdot {\frac {width}{2}}\cdot {\frac {depth}{2}}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.52}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>0.52</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.52}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5300dab5b2887cb5ee339e8b604b19bd8a6b228b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.599ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.52}"></span></dd></dl> <p>However, the most accurate calculation of actual testicular volume is gained from the formula:<sup id="cite_ref-Lao_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lao-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.71}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>l</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>0.71</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.71}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0dad2ac087ab436c172853ac5a119aca4c8c77e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.599ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \approx length\cdot width\cdot depth\cdot 0.71}"></span></dd></dl> <p>An average adult testicle measures up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5 cm × 2 cm × 3 cm (2 in × <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in × <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in). The <a href="/wiki/Tanner_scale#Genitals_(male)" title="Tanner scale">Tanner scale</a>, which is used to assess the maturity of the male genitalia, assigns a maturity stage to the calculated volume ranging from stage I, a volume of less than 1.5 cm<sup>3</sup>; to stage V, a volume greater than 20 cm<sup>3</sup>. Normal volume is 15 to 25 cm<sup>3</sup>; the average is 18 cm<sup>3</sup> per testis (range 12–30 cm<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of spermatozoa an adult human male produces is directly proportional to testicular volume, as larger testicles contain more seminiferous tubules and <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertoli cells">Sertoli cells</a> as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhoades_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoades-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, men with larger testicles produce on average more sperm cells in each <a href="/wiki/Ejaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejaculate">ejaculate</a>, as testicular volume is positively correlated with semen profiles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transversetestis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Transversetestis.png/220px-Transversetestis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Transversetestis.png/330px-Transversetestis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Transversetestis.png/440px-Transversetestis.png 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Transverse section through the left side of the scrotum and the left testis</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duct_system">Duct system</h4></div> <p>The testes are covered by a tough fibrous shell called the <a href="/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_of_testis" title="Tunica albuginea of testis">tunica albuginea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the tunica albuginea, the testes contain very fine-coiled tubes called <a href="/wiki/Seminiferous_tubule" title="Seminiferous tubule">seminiferous tubules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tubules are lined with a layer of cells (<a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cells</a>) that develop from <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> through old age into <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a> or male <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The developing sperm travel through the seminiferous tubules to the <a href="/wiki/Rete_testis" title="Rete testis">rete testis</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum_testis" title="Mediastinum testis">mediastinum testis</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Efferent_ducts" title="Efferent ducts">efferent ducts</a>, and then to the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a> where newly created sperm cells mature (<a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sperm move into the <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>, and are eventually expelled through the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a> and out of the <a href="/wiki/External_urethral_orifice_(male)" class="mw-redirect" title="External urethral orifice (male)">urethral orifice</a> through muscular contractions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_cell_types">Primary cell types</h4></div> <p>Within the seminiferous tubules, the germ cells develop into <a href="/wiki/Spermatogonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatogonia">spermatogonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">spermatocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spermatid" title="Spermatid">spermatids</a> and spermatozoa through the process of spermatogenesis. The gametes contain DNA for fertilization of an <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sertoli cells – the true epithelium of the seminiferous epithelium, critical for the support of germ cell development into spermatozoa. Sertoli cells secrete <a href="/wiki/Inhibin" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibin">inhibin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huhtaniemi_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huhtaniemi-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peritubular_myoid_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritubular myoid cells">Peritubular myoid cells</a> surround the seminiferous tubules.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlegel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlegel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between tubules (interstitial cells) exist <a href="/wiki/Leydig_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Leydig cells">Leydig cells</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bitzer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitzer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – cells localized between seminiferous tubules that produce and secrete <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgens</a> important for <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristics">secondary sexual characteristics</a> like facial hair), <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual behavior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>. Sertoli cells support spermatogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Miell_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testosterone controls testicular volume. </p><p>Immature Leydig cells and interstitial <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a> are also present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_supply_and_lymphatic_drainage">Blood supply and lymphatic drainage</h4></div> <p>The testis has three sources of arterial blood supply: the <a href="/wiki/Testicular_artery" title="Testicular artery">testicular artery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cremasteric_artery" title="Cremasteric artery">cremasteric artery</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Artery_to_the_ductus_deferens" title="Artery to the ductus deferens">artery to the ductus deferens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldenberg_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldenberg-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood supply and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_drainage" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphatic drainage">lymphatic drainage</a> of the testes and scrotum are distinct: </p> <ul><li>The paired testicular arteries arise directly from the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a> and descend through the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_canal" title="Inguinal canal">inguinal canal</a>, while the scrotum and the rest of the external genitalia is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_artery" title="Internal pudendal artery">internal pudendal artery</a> (a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_artery" title="Internal iliac artery">internal iliac artery</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tortora_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The testis has collateral blood supply from the cremasteric artery (a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_epigastric_artery" title="Inferior epigastric artery">inferior epigastric artery</a>, which is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">external iliac artery</a>), and the artery to the ductus deferens (a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vesical_artery" title="Inferior vesical artery">inferior vesical artery</a>, which is a branch of the internal iliac artery).<sup id="cite_ref-Pua_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pua-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berney_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, if the testicular artery is ligated, e.g., during a Fowler-Stevens <a href="/wiki/Orchiopexy" title="Orchiopexy">orchiopexy</a> for a high undescended testis, the testis will usually survive on these other blood supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Aboumarzouk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aboumarzouk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lymphatic drainage of the testes follows the testicular arteries back to the <a href="/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraaortic lymph nodes">paraaortic lymph nodes</a>, while lymph from the scrotum drains to the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_lymph_nodes" title="Inguinal lymph nodes">inguinal lymph nodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berney_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Layers">Layers</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/220px--Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="234" data-mwtitle="Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv/Layers_of_the_Scrotum.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>3D anatomy of the layers surrounding the testis</figcaption></figure> <p>Many anatomical features of the adult testis reflect its developmental origin in the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>. The layers of tissue enclosing each testicle are derived from the layers of the anterior <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_wall" title="Abdominal wall">abdominal wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cremasteric_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cremasteric muscle">cremasteric muscle</a> arises from the <a href="/wiki/Internal_oblique_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal oblique muscle">internal oblique muscle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tubbs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tubbs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_blood–testis_barrier"><span id="The_blood.E2.80.93testis_barrier"></span>The blood–testis barrier</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93testis_barrier" title="Blood–testis barrier">Blood–testis barrier</a></div> <p>Large molecules cannot pass from the blood into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junctions</a> between adjacent Sertoli cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spermatogonia occupy the basal compartment (deep to the level of the tight junctions) and the more mature forms, such as primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids, occupy the adluminal compartment.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The function of the blood–testis barrier may be to prevent an <a href="/wiki/Auto-immune" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-immune">auto-immune</a> reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mature sperm (and their <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a>) emerge significantly after immune tolerance is set in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sperm are antigenically different from self-tissue, a male animal can react immunologically to his own sperm. The male can make antibodies against them.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Injection of sperm antigens causes inflammation of the testis (auto-immune orchitis) and reduced fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_2_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood–testis barrier may reduce the likelihood that sperm proteins will induce an immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiser_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiser-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_regulation_and_responses">Temperature regulation and responses</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Richard_Moore" title="Carl Richard Moore">Carl Richard Moore</a> in 1926 <sup id="cite_ref-Moore_1926_pp._4–50_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_1926_pp._4–50-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed that testicles were external due to <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> being enhanced at temperatures slightly less than core body temperature outside the body. The spermatogenesis is less efficient at lower and higher temperatures than 33 °C. Because the testes are located outside the body, the smooth tissue of the scrotum can move them closer or further away from the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Cho_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature of the testes is maintained at 34.4 °C, a little below body temperature, as temperatures above 36.7 °C impede spermatogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cho_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cho-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of mechanisms to maintain the testes at the optimum temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Coad_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coad-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cremasteric muscle covers the testicles and the <a href="/wiki/Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">spermatic cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Jong_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Jong-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this muscle contracts, the cord shortens and the testicles move closer up toward the body, which provides slightly more warmth to maintain optimal testicular temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Jong_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Jong-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When cooling is required, the cremasteric muscle relaxes and the testicles lower away from the warm body and are able to cool.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Jong_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Jong-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contraction also occurs in response to <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">physical stress</a>, such as blunt trauma; the testicles withdraw and the scrotum shrinks very close to the body in an effort to protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-Song_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cremasteric_reflex" title="Cremasteric reflex">cremasteric reflex</a> will reflexively raise the testicles. The testicles can also be lifted voluntarily using the <a href="/wiki/Pubococcygeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubococcygeus">pubococcygeus</a> muscle, which partially activates related muscles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_and_protein_expression">Gene and protein expression</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics#Gene_and_protein_expression" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">human genome</a> includes approximately 20,000 protein coding genes: 80% of these <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">genes are expressed</a> in adult testes.<sup id="cite_ref-Uhlén_1260419_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uhlén_1260419-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The testes have the highest fraction of tissue type-specific genes compared to other organs and tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-Djureinovic_476–488_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djureinovic_476–488-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1000 of them are highly specific for the testes,<sup id="cite_ref-Uhlén_1260419_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uhlén_1260419-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 2,200 show an elevated pattern of expression. A majority of these genes encode for proteins that are expressed in the seminiferous tubules and have functions related to spermatogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Djureinovic_476–488_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djureinovic_476–488-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sperm cells express proteins that result in the development of <a href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">flagella</a>; these same proteins are expressed in the female in cells lining the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tube</a> and cause the development of <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a>. Sperm cell flagella and fallopian tube cilia are <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> structures. The testis-specific proteins that show the highest level of expression are <a href="/wiki/Protamine" title="Protamine">protamines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammoud_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammoud-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_gonads#Testis" title="Development of the gonads">Development of the gonads § Testis</a></div> <p>There are two phases in which the testes grow substantially. These are the embryonic and pubertal phases. During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a> or testes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, starting at about week 4, the gonadal rudiments are present within the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm" title="Intermediate mesoderm">intermediate mesoderm</a> adjacent to the developing kidneys. At about week 6, <a href="/wiki/Sex_cords" title="Sex cords">sex cords</a> develop within the forming testes.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khurana_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khurana-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are made up of early Sertoli cells that surround and nurture the germ cells that migrate into the gonads shortly before sex determination begins.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In males, the sex-specific gene <a href="/wiki/SRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SRY">SRY</a> that is found on the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> initiates sex determination by downstream regulation of sex-determining factors (such as <a href="/wiki/GATA4" title="GATA4">GATA4</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOX9" title="SOX9">SOX9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a>), which lead to development of the male phenotype, including directing development of the early bipotential gonad toward the male path of development.<sup id="cite_ref-Steger_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testes follow the path of descent, from high in the posterior fetal abdomen to the inguinal ring and beyond to the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_canal" title="Inguinal canal">inguinal canal</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases (97% full-term, 70% <a href="/wiki/Preterm" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterm">preterm</a>), both testes have descended by birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkler_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkler-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most other cases, only one testis fails to descend. This is called <a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">cryptorchidism</a>. In most cases of cryptorchidism, the issue will mostly resolve itself within the first half year of life. However, if the testes do not descend far enough into the scrotum, surgical anchoring in the scrotum is required due to risks of infertility and <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winkler_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkler-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The testes grow in response to the start of spermatogenesis. Size depends on lytic function, sperm production (amount of spermatogenesis present in testis), <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a>, and Sertoli cell fluid production. The testicles are fully descended before the male reaches puberty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Disease"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_and_injury">Protection and injury</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Testicular_pain" title="Testicular pain">Testicular pain</a></div> <ul><li>The testicles are very sensitive to impact and injury. The pain involved travels up from each testicle into the abdominal cavity, via the <a href="/wiki/Spermatic_plexus" title="Spermatic plexus">spermatic plexus</a>, which is the primary nerve of each testicle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulkarni_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulkarni-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will cause pain in the hip and the back. The pain usually fades within a few minutes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">Testicular torsion</a> is a medical emergency. This is because the longer it takes to access medical intervention with respect to extending ischemia, the higher the chance that the testicle will be lost. There is a 90% chance to save the testicle if de-torsion surgery is performed within six hours of testicular torsion onset.<sup id="cite_ref-Ovadia_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ovadia-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_rupture" title="Testicular rupture">Testicular rupture</a> is severe trauma affecting the tunica albuginea.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucci_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucci-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Penetrating injuries to the scrotum may cause <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>, or physical separation or destruction of the testes, possibly along with part or all of the penis, which results in total sterility if the testicles are not reattached quickly. In an effort to avoid severe infection, ample application of <a href="/wiki/Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">saline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacitracin" title="Bacitracin">bacitracin</a> help remove debris and foreign objects from the wound.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessells_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessells-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jockstrap" title="Jockstrap">Jockstraps</a> support and protect the testicles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_conditions">Diseases and conditions</h3></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Testicular disease</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>To improve the chances of catching cases of <a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">testicular cancer</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Neoplasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasms">neoplasms</a>, or other health issues early, regular <a href="/wiki/Testicular_self-examination" title="Testicular self-examination">testicular self-examination</a> is recommended.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">Varicocele</a>, swollen vein(s) from the testes, usually affecting the left side, the testis usually being normal.<sup id="cite_ref-DK_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kamaya_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamaya-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocele_testis" title="Hydrocele testis">Hydrocele testis</a> is swelling around testes caused by accumulation of clear liquid within a membranous sac, the testis usually being normal. It is the most common cause of scrotal swelling.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocele" title="Spermatocele">Spermatocele</a> is a retention cyst of a tubule of the <a href="/wiki/Rete_testis" title="Rete testis">rete testis</a> or the head of the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a> distended with barely watery fluid that contains spermatozoa.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamaya_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamaya-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disorders">Endocrine disorders</a> can also affect the size and function of the testis.</li> <li>Certain inherited conditions involving mutations in key developmental genes also impair testicular descent, resulting in abdominal or inguinal testes, which remain nonfunctional and may become cancerous.<sup id="cite_ref-Jameson_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jameson-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other genetic conditions can result in the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Wolffian_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffian ducts">Wolffian ducts</a> and allow for the persistence of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Müllerian ducts">Müllerian ducts</a>. Both excess and deficient levels of <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> can disrupt <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> and cause <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-clapper_deformity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell-clapper deformity">Bell-clapper deformity</a> is a deformity in which the testicle is not attached to the scrotal walls, and can rotate freely on the spermatic cord within the tunica vaginalis. Those with Bell-clapper are at a higher risk of testicular torsion.<sup id="cite_ref-Soto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melmed_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melmed-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchitis" title="Orchitis">Orchitis</a> is inflammation of the testicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">Epididymitis</a> is a painful inflammation of the epididymis or epididymides, frequently caused by bacterial infection but sometimes of unknown origin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorchia">Anorchia</a> is the absence of one or both testicles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">Cryptorchidism</a>, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy.<sup id="cite_ref-Winkler_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkler-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Testicular enlargement is an <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">unspecific</a> sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm (<a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Axes" title="Anatomical terms of location">long axis</a>) × 3 cm (short axis).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_balls" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue balls">Blue balls</a> is a condition concerning temporary fluid congestion in the testicles and <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a> region, caused by prolonged <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Testicular_prostheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicular prostheses">Testicular prostheses</a> are available to mimic the appearance and feel of one or both testicles, when absent as from injury or as treatment in association to <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>. There have also been some instances of their implantation in dogs. </p><p>Scientists are working on developing lab-grown testicles that might help infertile men in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_exogenous_hormones">Effects of exogenous hormones</h3></div> <p>To some extent, it is possible to change testicular size. Short of direct injury or subjecting them to adverse conditions, e.g., higher temperature than they are normally accustomed to, they can be shrunk by competing against their intrinsic hormonal function through the use of externally administered <a href="/wiki/Steroidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidal">steroidal</a> hormones. Steroids taken for muscle enhancement (especially <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic steroids">anabolic steroids</a>) often have the undesired side effect of testicular shrinkage. </p><p>Stimulation of testicular functions via <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropic-like hormones</a> may enlarge their size. Testes may shrink or atrophy during <a href="/wiki/Hormone_therapy" title="Hormone therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a>. </p><p>In all cases, the loss in testes volume corresponds with a loss of spermatogenesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Testicles_as_food" title="Testicles as food">Testicles as food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_selection" title="Sex selection">Sex selection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoshitoshi_tanuki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yoshitoshi_tanuki.jpg/220px-Yoshitoshi_tanuki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Yoshitoshi_tanuki.jpg/330px-Yoshitoshi_tanuki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Yoshitoshi_tanuki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <i><a href="/wiki/Bake-danuki" title="Bake-danuki">bake-danuki</a></i> with oversized testicles</figcaption></figure> <p>The testicles of <a href="/wiki/Calf_(animal)" title="Calf (animal)">calves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">lambs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">roosters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey as food">turkeys</a>, and other animals are eaten in many parts of the world, often under <a href="/wiki/Euphemistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemistic">euphemistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Culinary_name" title="Culinary name">culinary names</a>. Testicles are a by-product of the castration of young animals raised for meat, so they might have been a late-spring seasonal specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason-2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, they are generally frozen and available year-round. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, men who wanted a boy sometimes had their left testicle removed. This was because people believed that the right testicle made "boy" sperm and the left made "girl" sperm.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 330 BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> prescribed the ligation (tying off) of the left testicle in men wishing to have boys.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_and_slang">Etymology and slang</h3></div> <p>One theory about the etymology of the word <i>testis</i> is based on <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>. The original <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">testis</i></span>, "witness", was used in the firmly established legal principle "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Testis unus, testis nullus</i></span>" (one witness [equals] no witness), meaning that testimony by any one person in court was to be disregarded unless corroborated by the testimony of at least another. This led to the common practice of producing two witnesses, bribed to testify the same way in cases of lawsuits with ulterior motives. Since such witnesses always came in pairs, the meaning was accordingly extended, often in the diminutive (<i>testiculus, testiculi</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another theory says that <i>testis</i> is influenced by a loan translation, from Greek <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">parastatēs</i></span> "defender (in law), supporter" that is "two glands side by side".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are multiple slang terms for the testes. They may be referred to as "balls". Frequently, "<a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>" (sometimes intentionally misspelled as "nutz") are also a slang term for the testes due to the geometric resemblance. One variant of the term includes "Deez Nuts", which was used for a <a href="/wiki/Deez_Nuts_(satirist)" title="Deez Nuts (satirist)">satirical political candidate in 2016</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the term <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">huevos</i></span> is used, which is Spanish for <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%BChner-Organ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/H%C3%BChner-Organ.jpg/220px-H%C3%BChner-Organ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/H%C3%BChner-Organ.jpg/330px-H%C3%BChner-Organ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/H%C3%BChner-Organ.jpg/440px-H%C3%BChner-Organ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Testicles of a <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_appearance">External appearance</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_breeder" title="Seasonal breeder">seasonal breeders</a>, the weight of the testes often increases during the breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2012_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dromedary#Testicles" title="Dromedary">testicles of a dromedary camel</a> are 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) long, 4.5 cm (1.8 in) deep and 5 cm (2.0 in) in width. The right testicle is often smaller than the left.<sup id="cite_ref-anatomy_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anatomy-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, the testicle on the right side is usually larger. In many bird and mammal species, the left may be larger. <a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy#Testes" title="Fish anatomy">Fish usually have two testes</a> of a similar size. The primitive <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a> have only a single testis, located in the midline of the body, although this forms from the fusion of paired structures in the embryo.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal">Internal</h4></div> <p>The basal condition for mammals is to have internal testes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleisner_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleisner-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The testes of <a href="/wiki/Monotremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremes">monotremes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths2012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NowakWalker1999_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NowakWalker1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">xenarthrans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NowakWalker1999_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NowakWalker1999-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">afrotherians</a><sup id="cite_ref-FowlerMikota2008_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FowlerMikota2008-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remain within the abdomen (<a href="/wiki/Testicondy" title="Testicondy">testicondy</a>). There are also some <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a> with external testes<sup id="cite_ref-Hunsaker2012_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunsaker2012-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyndale-Biscoe2005_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-Biscoe2005-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">boreoeutherian</a> mammals with internal testes, such as the rhinoceros.<sup id="cite_ref-rhinoresourcecenter.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhinoresourcecenter.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">Cetaceans</a> such as whales and dolphins also have internal testes.<sup id="cite_ref-WürsigThewissen2017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WürsigThewissen2017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rommel2007_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rommel2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As external testes would increase drag in the water, they have internal testes, which are kept cool by special circulatory systems that cool the arterial blood going to the testes by placing the arteries near veins bringing cooled venous blood from the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-rommel1998_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rommel1998-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pabst,_D._Ann_1998_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pabst,_D._Ann_1998-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Odobenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Odobenid">odobenids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phocid" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocid">phocids</a>, the location of the testes is para-abdominal, though <a href="/wiki/Otariid" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariid">otariids</a> have scrotal testes.<sup id="cite_ref-GullandDierauf2018_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GullandDierauf2018-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External">External</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutherian</a> land mammals, the large group of mammals that includes humans, have externalized testes.<sup id="cite_ref-MillsMarchant-Forde2010_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillsMarchant-Forde2010-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their testes function best at temperatures lower than their core body temperature. Their testes are located outside of the body and are suspended by the spermatic cord within the scrotum. </p><p>There are several hypotheses as to why most boreotherian mammals have external testes that operate best at a temperature that is slightly less than the core body temperature. One view is that it is stuck with enzymes evolved in a colder temperature due to external testes evolving for different reasons. Another view is that the lower temperature of the testes simply is more efficient for sperm production. </p><p>The classic hypothesis is that cooler temperature of the testes allows for more efficient fertile spermatogenesis. There are no possible enzymes operating at normal core body temperature that are as efficient as the ones evolved. </p><p>Early mammals had lower body temperatures and thus their testes worked efficiently within their body. However, boreotherian mammals may have higher body temperatures than the other mammals and had to develop external testes to keep them cool. One argument is that mammals with internal testes, such as the monotremes, armadillos, sloths, elephants, and rhinoceroses, have a lower core body temperatures than those mammals with external testes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Researchers have wondered why birds, despite having very high core body temperatures, have internal testes and did not evolve external testes.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was once theorized that birds used their <a href="/wiki/Air_sacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Air sacs">air sacs</a> to cool the testes internally, but later studies revealed that birds' testes are able to function at core body temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mammals with seasonal breeding cycles keep their testes internal until the breeding season. After that, their testes descend and increase in size and become external.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancestor of the boreoeutherian mammals may have been a small mammal that required very large testes for <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">sperm competition</a> and thus had to place its testes outside the body.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This might have led to enzymes involved in spermatogenesis, spermatogenic <a href="/wiki/DNA_polymerase_beta" title="DNA polymerase beta">DNA polymerase beta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recombinase" title="Recombinase">recombinase</a> activities evolving a unique temperature optimum that is slightly less than core body temperature. When the boreoeutherian mammals diversified into forms that were larger or did not require intense sperm competition, they still produced enzymes that operated best at cooler temperatures and had to keep their testes outside the body. This position is made less parsimonious because the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a>, a non-boreoeutherian mammal, has external testicles. Separately from boreotherian mammals, the ancestors of kangaroos might have also been subject to heavy sperm competition and thus developed external testes; however, kangaroo external testes are suggestive of a possible adaptive function for external testes in large animals. </p><p>One argument for the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_descended_testes_in_mammals" title="Evolution of descended testes in mammals">evolution of external testes</a> is that it protects the testes from abdominal cavity pressure changes caused by jumping and galloping.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage, <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">reduced fertility</a> and abnormal embryonic development in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18390691_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18390691-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA strand breaks were found in spermatocytes recovered from testicles subjected to 40 °C or 42 °C for 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18390691_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18390691-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings suggest that the external location of the testicles provides the adaptive benefit of protecting spermatogenic cells from heat-induced DNA damage that could otherwise lead to infertility and <a href="/wiki/Germline_mutation" title="Germline mutation">germline mutation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbit_testis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rabbit_testis.jpg/220px-Rabbit_testis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rabbit_testis.jpg/330px-Rabbit_testis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rabbit_testis.jpg/440px-Rabbit_testis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of rabbit testis, photographed in <a href="/wiki/Bright-field_microscopy" title="Bright-field microscopy">bright-field microscopy</a> at 40× magnification</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals#Testis_size" title="Monogamy in animals">relative size of the testes</a> is often influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mating_system" title="Mating system">mating systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitcher,_Dunn,_Whittingham,_2005_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher,_Dunn,_Whittingham,_2005-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testicular size as a proportion of body weight varies widely. In the mammalian kingdom, there is a tendency for testicular size to correspond with multiple mates (e.g., harems, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>). Production of testicular output sperm and spermatic fluid is also larger in polygamous animals, possibly a <a href="/wiki/Sperm_competition" title="Sperm competition">spermatogenic competition</a> for survival. The testes of the <a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">right whale</a> are likely to be the largest of any animal, each weighing around 500 kg (1,100 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> have little <a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">female promiscuity</a> and sperm competition and the testes are small compared to body weight (0.03%). <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">Chimpanzees</a> have high promiscuity and large testes compared to body weight (0.3%). Human testicular size falls between these extremes (0.08%).<sup id="cite_ref-Shackelford_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shackelford-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testis weight also varies in seasonal breeders like <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-s537_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s537-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-h154_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h154-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2012_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2012-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure_2">Internal structure</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> and most fish do not possess seminiferous tubules. Instead, the sperm are produced in spherical structures called <i>sperm ampullae</i>. These are seasonal structures, releasing their contents during the breeding season, and then being reabsorbed by the body. Before the next breeding season, new sperm ampullae begin to form and ripen. The ampullae are otherwise essentially identical to the seminiferous tubules in <a href="/wiki/Higher_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher vertebrates">higher vertebrates</a>, including the same range of cell types.<sup id="cite_ref-VB_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide4aaaaaa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Testicle"><img alt="Testicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Slide4aaaaaa.JPG/120px-Slide4aaaaaa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Slide4aaaaaa.JPG/180px-Slide4aaaaaa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Slide4aaaaaa.JPG/240px-Slide4aaaaaa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Testicle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2CC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Testicle"><img alt="Testicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slide2CC.JPG/120px-Slide2CC.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slide2CC.JPG/180px-Slide2CC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Slide2CC.JPG/240px-Slide2CC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Testicle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_testicles.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Testicle hanging on cremaster muscle. These are two healthy testicles. Heat causes them to descend, allowing cooling."><img alt="Testicle hanging on cremaster muscle. These are two healthy testicles. Heat causes them to descend, allowing cooling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hanging_testicles.JPG/120px-Hanging_testicles.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hanging_testicles.JPG/180px-Hanging_testicles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hanging_testicles.JPG/240px-Hanging_testicles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Testicle hanging on cremaster muscle. These are two healthy testicles. Heat causes them to descend, allowing cooling.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Scrotum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A healthy scrotum containing normal size testes. The scrotum is in tight condition. The image also shows the texture."><img alt="A healthy scrotum containing normal size testes. The scrotum is in tight condition. The image also shows the texture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Human_Scrotum.JPG/120px-Human_Scrotum.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Human_Scrotum.JPG/180px-Human_Scrotum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Human_Scrotum.JPG/240px-Human_Scrotum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A healthy <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> containing normal size testes. The scrotum is in tight condition. The image also shows the texture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Testicle-cat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Testicle of a cat: 1: Extremitas capitata, 2: Extremitas caudata, 3: Margo epididymalis, 4: Margo liber, 5: Mesorchium, 6: Epididymis, 7: testicular artery and vene, 8: Ductus deferens"><img alt="Testicle of a cat: 1: Extremitas capitata, 2: Extremitas caudata, 3: Margo epididymalis, 4: Margo liber, 5: Mesorchium, 6: Epididymis, 7: testicular artery and vene, 8: Ductus deferens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Testicle-cat.jpg/93px-Testicle-cat.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Testicle-cat.jpg/140px-Testicle-cat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Testicle-cat.jpg/186px-Testicle-cat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Testicle of a cat: 1: Extremitas capitata, 2: Extremitas caudata, 3: Margo epididymalis, 4: Margo liber, 5: Mesorchium, 6: Epididymis, 7: testicular artery and vene, 8: Ductus deferens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_testis_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Testis surface"><img alt="Testis surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg/93px-Illu_testis_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg/140px-Illu_testis_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Illu_testis_surface.jpg/186px-Illu_testis_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Testis surface</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_testis_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Testis cross section"><img alt="Testis cross section" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Illu_testis_cross_section.jpg/99px-Illu_testis_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Illu_testis_cross_section.jpg/148px-Illu_testis_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Illu_testis_cross_section.jpg/198px-Illu_testis_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Testis cross section</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1148.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The right testis, exposed by laying open the tunica vaginalis."><img alt="The right testis, exposed by laying open the tunica vaginalis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray1148.png/120px-Gray1148.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray1148.png/180px-Gray1148.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gray1148.png/240px-Gray1148.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The right testis, exposed by laying open the tunica vaginalis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbitttestis100x2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Microscopic view of rabbit testis 100×"><img alt="Microscopic view of rabbit testis 100×" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rabbitttestis100x2.jpg/120px-Rabbitttestis100x2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rabbitttestis100x2.jpg/180px-Rabbitttestis100x2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rabbitttestis100x2.jpg/240px-Rabbitttestis100x2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Microscopic view of rabbit testis 100×</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide8eee.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Testicle"><img alt="Testicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Slide8eee.JPG/120px-Slide8eee.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Slide8eee.JPG/180px-Slide8eee.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Slide8eee.JPG/240px-Slide8eee.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Testicle</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorchia">Anorchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollocks" title="Bollocks">Bollocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">Cryptorchidism</a> (cryptorchismus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">Ejaculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelding" title="Gelding">Gelding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_homologues_of_the_human_reproductive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="List of homologues of the human reproductive system">List of homologues of the human reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutering" title="Neutering">Neutering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">Perineum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyorchidism" title="Polyorchidism">Polyorchidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(medicine)" title="Sterilization (medicine)">Sterilization (surgical procedure)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasectomy" title="Vasectomy">vasectomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_nubbin" title="Testicular nubbin">Testicular nubbin</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept"><i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i></a>. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9"><bdi>978-1-886106-81-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/490089621">490089621</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Soviet+Union+Vol.+II+Part+1a%2C+SIRENIA+AND+CARNIVORA+%28Sea+cows%3B+Wolves+and+Bears%29&rft.place=Enfield%2C+NH&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F490089621&rft.isbn=978-1-886106-81-9&rft.aulast=Heptner&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.au=Naumov%2C+N.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalsofsov211998gept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Steger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegerWeidner2011" class="citation book cs1">Steger, Klaus; Weidner, Wolfgang (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9m8TkdCUqEC&pg=PA57">"Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System"</a>. <i>Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-882034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-882034-0"><bdi>978-1-84-882034-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629155358/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9m8TkdCUqEC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+Male+Reproductive+System&rft.btitle=Practical+Urology%3A+Essential+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=57-59&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84-882034-0&rft.aulast=Steger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Weidner%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9m8TkdCUqEC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lao-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lao_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaoSmithGilbert2020" class="citation book cs1">Lao, Michael; Smith, Shannon; Gilbert, Bruce R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QU8AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">"Male Reproductive Ultrasound"</a>. <i>Practical Urological Ultrasound</i>. Springer Nature. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-052309-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-052309-1"><bdi>978-3-03-052309-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629155354/https://books.google.com/books?id=QU8AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penis+and+Testis&rft.btitle=Clinical+Regenerative+Medicine+in+Urology&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9-81-102723-9&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bae%2C+J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9s1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocock-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pocock_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocock_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocockRichardsRichards2018" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D.; Richards, David A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NcQ9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA766"><i>Human Physiology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 766. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873722-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873722-3"><bdi>978-0-19-873722-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629155730/https://books.google.com/books?id=NcQ9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA766">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Academic Press. p. 667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812200-6"><bdi>978-0-12-812200-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629155732/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVh7DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA667">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Nature. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-028599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-028599-9"><bdi>978-3-03-028599-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629155757/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNHHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWtYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Reproductive Healthcare</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10-895863-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10-895863-9"><bdi>978-1-10-895863-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629155732/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWtYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Contraception+and+Sexual+Reproductive+Healthcare&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-10-895863-9&rft.aulast=Bitzer&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Mahmood%2C+Tahir+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWtYEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miell-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miell_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiellDavies2014" class="citation book cs1">Miell, John; Davies, Zoe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FkXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA451">"Reproductive function in the male"</a>. <i>Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-70-205478-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-70-205478-5"><bdi>978-0-70-205478-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160234/https://books.google.com/books?id=2FkXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA451">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reproductive+function+in+the+male&rft.btitle=Clinical+Biochemistry%3A+Metabolic+and+Clinical+Aspects&rft.pages=451&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-70-205478-5&rft.aulast=Miell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Davies%2C+Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2FkXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldenberg-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldenberg_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenbergBenjaminGilbert2020" class="citation book cs1">Goldenberg, Etai; Benjamin, Tavya G.R; Gilbert, Bruce R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QU8AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">"Scrotal Ultrasound"</a>. <i>Practical Urological Ultrasound</i>. Springer Nature. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-052309-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-052309-1"><bdi>978-3-03-052309-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160234/https://books.google.com/books?id=QU8AEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scrotal+Ultrasound&rft.btitle=Practical+Urological+Ultrasound&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-03-052309-1&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=Etai&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Tavya+G.R&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Bruce+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQU8AEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steger_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steger_2_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegerWeidner2011" class="citation book cs1">Steger, Klaus; Weidner, Wolfgang (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9m8TkdCUqEC&pg=PA63">"Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System"</a>. <i>Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-882034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84-882034-0"><bdi>978-1-84-882034-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160505/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9m8TkdCUqEC&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+the+Male+Reproductive+System&rft.btitle=Practical+Urology%3A+Essential+Principles+and+Practice&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84-882034-0&rft.aulast=Steger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Weidner%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9m8TkdCUqEC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tortora-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tortora_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortoraNielsen2017" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, Gerard J.; Nielsen, Mark (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0rcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA486"><i>Principles of Human Anatomy</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11-944446-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11-944446-6"><bdi>978-1-11-944446-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160234/https://books.google.com/books?id=e0rcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA486">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=edB2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA533"><i>Interventional Radiology: Fundamentals of Clinical Practice</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027625-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027625-6"><bdi>978-0-19-027625-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160235/https://books.google.com/books?id=edB2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA533">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97RnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA436">"Anatomy of the Testis and Staging of its Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis"</a>. <i>Genitourinary Pathology: Practical Advances</i>. Springer. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-49-392044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-49-392044-0"><bdi>978-1-49-392044-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160304/https://books.google.com/books?id=97RnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA436">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WsaKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA747"><i>Blandy's Urology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 747. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11-886336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11-886336-7"><bdi>978-1-11-886336-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160244/https://books.google.com/books?id=WsaKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA747">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blandy%27s+Urology&rft.pages=747&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-11-886336-7&rft.aulast=Aboumarzouk&rft.aufirst=Omar+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWsaKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tubbs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tubbs_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubbsShojaLoukas2016" class="citation book cs1">Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U_0dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1393"><i>Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-11-843068-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-11-843068-2"><bdi>978-1-11-843068-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160506/https://books.google.com/books?id=U_0dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT1393">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bergman%27s+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Human+Anatomic+Variation&rft.pages=1393&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-11-843068-2&rft.aulast=Tubbs&rft.aufirst=R.+Shane&rft.au=Shoja%2C+Mohammadali+M.&rft.au=Loukas%2C+Marios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU_0dDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiser-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiser_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiserSandlowKohler2012" class="citation book cs1">Wiser, Herbert J.; Sandlow, Jay; Kohler, Tobias S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W8pplg2vbEUC&pg=PA8">"Causes of Male Infertility"</a>. <i>Male Infertility: Contemporary Clinical Approaches, Andrology, ART & Antioxidants</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46-143335-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46-143335-4"><bdi>978-1-46-143335-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160509/https://books.google.com/books?id=W8pplg2vbEUC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Causes+of+Male+Infertility&rft.btitle=Male+Infertility%3A+Contemporary+Clinical+Approaches%2C+Andrology%2C+ART+%26+Antioxidants&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-46-143335-4&rft.aulast=Wiser&rft.aufirst=Herbert+J.&rft.au=Sandlow%2C+Jay&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Tobias+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW8pplg2vbEUC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore_1926_pp._4–50-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1926_pp._4–50_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1926" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Carl R. (1926). "The Biology of the Mammalian Testis and Scrotum". <i>The Quarterly Review of Biology</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 4–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F394235">10.1086/394235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5770">0033-5770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Biology+of+the+Mammalian+Testis+and+Scrotum&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-50&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F394235&rft.issn=0033-5770&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Carl+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coad-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coad_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoadPedleyDunstall2019" class="citation book cs1">Coad, Jane; Pedley, Kevin; Dunstall, Melvyn (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnetDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Anatomy and Physiology for Midwives E-Book</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-70-206665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-70-206665-8"><bdi>978-0-70-206665-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160508/https://books.google.com/books?id=YnetDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Physiology+for+Midwives+E-Book&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-70-206665-8&rft.aulast=Coad&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft.au=Pedley%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Dunstall%2C+Melvyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnetDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Jong-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Jong_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Jong_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Jong_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jong2020" class="citation book cs1">de Jong, M. Robert (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BvcCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343"><i>Sonography Scanning E-Book: Principles and Protocols</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-376425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-376425-4"><bdi>978-0-32-376425-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160507/https://books.google.com/books?id=BvcCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA343">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonography+Scanning+E-Book%3A+Principles+and+Protocols&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-32-376425-4&rft.aulast=de+Jong&rft.aufirst=M.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvcCEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Song_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongNeligan2017" class="citation book cs1">Song, David H; Neligan, Peter C (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cR0xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293"><i>Plastic Surgery E-Book: Volume 4: Trunk and Lower Extremity</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-335707-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-335707-4"><bdi>978-0-32-335707-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160507/https://books.google.com/books?id=cR0xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastic+Surgery+E-Book%3A+Volume+4%3A+Trunk+and+Lower+Extremity&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-32-335707-4&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=David+H&rft.au=Neligan%2C+Peter+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcR0xDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uhlén_1260419-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uhlén_1260419_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uhlén_1260419_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlénFagerbergHallströmLindskog2015" class="citation journal cs1">Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome". <i>Science</i>. <b>347</b> (6220): 1260419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1260419">10.1126/science.1260419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25613900">25613900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:802377">802377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Tissue-based+map+of+the+human+proteome&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=6220&rft.pages=1260419&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A802377%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25613900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1260419&rft.aulast=Uhl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rft.au=Fagerberg%2C+Linn&rft.au=Hallstr%C3%B6m%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn+M.&rft.au=Lindskog%2C+Cecilia&rft.au=Oksvold%2C+Per&rft.au=Mardinoglu%2C+Adil&rft.au=Sivertsson%2C+%C3%85sa&rft.au=Kampf%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6stedt%2C+Evelina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djureinovic_476–488-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Djureinovic_476–488_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Djureinovic_476–488_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjureinovicFagerbergHallströmDanielsson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Djureinovic, D.; Fagerberg, L.; Hallström, B.; Danielsson, A.; Lindskog, C.; Uhlén, M.; Pontén, F. (2014-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgau018">"The human testis-specific proteome defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling"</a>. <i>MHR: Basic Science of Reproductive Medicine</i>. <b>20</b> (6): 476–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgau018">10.1093/molehr/gau018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-9947">1360-9947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24598113">24598113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MHR%3A+Basic+Science+of+Reproductive+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+human+testis-specific+proteome+defined+by+transcriptomics+and+antibody-based+profiling&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=476-488&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft.issn=1360-9947&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24598113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolehr%2Fgau018&rft.aulast=Djureinovic&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Fagerberg%2C+L.&rft.au=Hallstr%C3%B6m%2C+B.&rft.au=Danielsson%2C+A.&rft.au=Lindskog%2C+C.&rft.au=Uhl%C3%A9n%2C+M.&rft.au=Pont%C3%A9n%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolehr%252Fgau018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammoud-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hammoud_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammoudCarrell2011" class="citation book cs1">Hammoud, S; Carrell, D.T. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LgOGlCK_FMC&pg=PA184">"The Emerging Role of the Sperm Epigenome and its Potential Role in Development"</a>. <i>Biennial Review of Infertility: Volume 2, 2011, Volume 2;Volume 2011</i>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44-198456-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44-198456-2"><bdi>978-1-44-198456-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160804/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LgOGlCK_FMC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emerging+Role+of+the+Sperm+Epigenome+and+its+Potential+Role+in+Development&rft.btitle=Biennial+Review+of+Infertility%3A+Volume+2%2C+2011%2C+Volume+2%3BVolume+2011&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-44-198456-2&rft.aulast=Hammoud&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Carrell%2C+D.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LgOGlCK_FMC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online textbook: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9983/?depth=2">Developmental Biology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405085524/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9983/?depth=2">Archived</a> 2018-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" 6th ed. By Scott F. Gilbert (2000) published by Sinauer Associates, Inc. of Sunderland (MA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khurana-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khurana_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhuranaKhurana2015" class="citation book cs1">Khurana, Indu; Khurana, Arushi (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA807"><i>Textbook of Medical Physiology - E-book</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 807. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-13-124254-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-13-124254-4"><bdi>978-8-13-124254-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160817/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA807">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Medical+Physiology+-+E-book&rft.pages=807&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8-13-124254-4&rft.aulast=Khurana&rft.aufirst=Indu&rft.au=Khurana%2C+Arushi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTFgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorePersaudTorchia2018" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T. V. N.; Torchia, Mark G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTaBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259"><i>The Developing Human - E-Book: Clinically Oriented Embryology</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-361156-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-361156-5"><bdi>978-0-32-361156-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160821/https://books.google.com/books?id=OTaBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Developing+Human+-+E-Book%3A+Clinically+Oriented+Embryology&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-32-361156-5&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rft.au=Persaud%2C+T.+V.+N.&rft.au=Torchia%2C+Mark+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTaBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkler-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkler_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinklerDalkowskiMairKlebe2018" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Stephan; Dalkowski, Katja; Mair, Jörg; Klebe, Sonja (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uh8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA374"><i>Sobotta Anatomy Textbook: English Edition with Latin Nomenclature</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-72-067617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-72-067617-4"><bdi>978-0-72-067617-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160801/https://books.google.com/books?id=8uh8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA374">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sobotta+Anatomy+Textbook%3A+English+Edition+with+Latin+Nomenclature&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-72-067617-4&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Dalkowski%2C+Katja&rft.au=Mair%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Klebe%2C+Sonja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8uh8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulkarni-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kulkarni_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2015" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, Neeta V (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrlEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA621"><i>Clinical Anatomy: A Problem Solving Approach Author</i></a>. JP Medical Ltd. p. 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-35-152966-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-35-152966-8"><bdi>978-9-35-152966-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160801/https://books.google.com/books?id=vrlEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA621">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Anatomy%3A+A+Problem+Solving+Approach+Author&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=JP+Medical+Ltd&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9-35-152966-8&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Neeta+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrlEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ovadia-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ovadia_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvadiaYangNeiderbergerHo2017" class="citation book cs1">Ovadia, Aaron E; Yang, Hailiu; Neiderberger, Craig S.; Ho, Christina; Sabia, Michael; Seftel, Allen D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPKhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">"Scrotal Pain"</a>. <i>Urogenital Pain: A Clinicians Guide to Diagnosis and Interventional Treatments</i>. Springer. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3-1945794-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3-1945794-9"><bdi>978-3-3-1945794-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629160807/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPKhDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scrotal+Pain&rft.btitle=Urogenital+Pain%3A+A+Clinicians+Guide+to+Diagnosis+and+Interventional+Treatments&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-3-1945794-9&rft.aulast=Ovadia&rft.aufirst=Aaron+E&rft.au=Yang%2C+Hailiu&rft.au=Neiderberger%2C+Craig+S.&rft.au=Ho%2C+Christina&rft.au=Sabia%2C+Michael&rft.au=Seftel%2C+Allen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPKhDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucci-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bucci_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucciRizzoLiguoriUmari2017" class="citation book cs1">Bucci, Stefano; Rizzo, Michele; Liguori, Giovanni; Umari, Paolo; Chiriaco, Giovanni; Bertolotto, Michele (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fa-MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA500">"The Testicles: Trauma, Inflammation and Testicular Torsion"</a>. <i>Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology</i>. Springer. p. 500. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-31-940782-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-31-940782-1"><bdi>978-3-31-940782-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161041/https://books.google.com/books?id=fa-MDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA500">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Testicles%3A+Trauma%2C+Inflammation+and+Testicular+Torsion&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Ultrasonography+in+Urology%2C+Andrology%2C+and+Nephrology&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-31-940782-1&rft.aulast=Bucci&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Rizzo%2C+Michele&rft.au=Liguori%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Umari%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Chiriaco%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Bertolotto%2C+Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfa-MDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessells-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wessells_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessells2013" class="citation book cs1">Wessells, Hunter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RapDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>Urological Emergencies: A Practical Approach</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62-703423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62-703423-4"><bdi>978-1-62-703423-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161013/https://books.google.com/books?id=RapDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urological+Emergencies%3A+A+Practical+Approach&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-62-703423-4&rft.aulast=Wessells&rft.aufirst=Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRapDAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DK_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbVYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211"><i>Medical Symptoms</i></a>. Penguin. 2022. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74-406302-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74-406302-8"><bdi>978-0-74-406302-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161300/https://books.google.com/books?id=nbVYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Symptoms&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-74-406302-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnbVYEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamaya-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamaya_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamaya_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamayaWong-You-Cheong2021" class="citation book cs1">Kamaya, Aya; Wong-You-Cheong, Jade (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SydHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA938"><i>Diagnostic Ultrasound: Abdomen and Pelvis E-Book Diagnostic Ultrasound</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 938. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-379403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-379403-9"><bdi>978-0-32-379403-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161034/https://books.google.com/books?id=SydHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA938">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+Ultrasound%3A+Abdomen+and+Pelvis+E-Book+Diagnostic+Ultrasound&rft.pages=938&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-32-379403-9&rft.aulast=Kamaya&rft.aufirst=Aya&rft.au=Wong-You-Cheong%2C+Jade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSydHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarAbbasAster2017" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Aster, Jon C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYZMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA692"><i>Robbins Basic Pathology E-Book Robbins Pathology</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 692. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-339413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-339413-0"><bdi>978-0-32-339413-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161106/https://books.google.com/books?id=YYZMDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA692">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology+E-Book+Robbins+Pathology&rft.pages=692&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-32-339413-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Vinay&rft.au=Abbas%2C+Abul+K.&rft.au=Aster%2C+Jon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYZMDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jameson-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jameson_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesonDe_Groot2015" class="citation book cs1">Jameson, J. Larry; De Groot, Leslie J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2363"><i>Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 2363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-332195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-332195-2"><bdi>978-0-32-332195-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161307/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2363">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrinology%3A+Adult+and+Pediatric&rft.pages=2363&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-32-332195-2&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=J.+Larry&rft.au=De+Groot%2C+Leslie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxmLeBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSierensSneddonCollinsMillar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sierens, J. E.; Sneddon, S. F.; Collins, F.; Millar, M. R.; Saunders, P. T. (2005). "Estrogens in Testis Biology". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1061</b> (1): 65–76. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005NYASA1061...65S">2005NYASA1061...65S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1336.008">10.1196/annals.1336.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16467258">16467258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24905596">24905596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Estrogens+in+Testis+Biology&rft.volume=1061&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-76&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1336.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24905596%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16467258&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005NYASA1061...65S&rft.aulast=Sierens&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Sneddon%2C+S.+F.&rft.au=Collins%2C+F.&rft.au=Millar%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+P.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soto_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotoLucey2016" class="citation book cs1">Soto, Jorge A; Lucey, Brian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MiUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202"><i>Emergency Radiology: The Requisites E-Book</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-339008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-339008-8"><bdi>978-0-32-339008-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161307/https://books.google.com/books?id=6MiUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+Radiology%3A+The+Requisites+E-Book&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-32-339008-8&rft.aulast=Soto&rft.aufirst=Jorge+A&rft.au=Lucey%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MiUCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melmed-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melmed_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelmedKoenigRosenAuchus2019" class="citation book cs1">Melmed, Shlomo; Koenig, Ronald; Rosen, Clifford; Auchus, Richard; Goldfine, Allison (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-u9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA669"><i>Williams Textbook of Endocrinology E-Book</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-32-371154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-32-371154-8"><bdi>978-0-32-371154-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161307/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-u9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA669">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Williams+Textbook+of+Endocrinology+E-Book&rft.pages=669&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-32-371154-8&rft.aulast=Melmed&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Clifford&rft.au=Auchus%2C+Richard&rft.au=Goldfine%2C+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-u9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=safNmcP3lakC&pg=PA559">Page 559</a> in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Pellerito,_Joseph_F_Polak2012" class="citation book cs1">John Pellerito, Joseph F Polak (2012). <i>Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography</i> (6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455737666" title="Special:BookSources/9781455737666"><bdi>9781455737666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Vascular+Ultrasonography&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781455737666&rft.au=John+Pellerito%2C+Joseph+F+Polak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewan2024" class="citation web cs1">Dewan, Pandora (2024-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/scientists-creat-lab-grown-testicles-1871324">"Scientists create lab-grown testicles"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Scientists+create+lab-grown+testicles&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft.aulast=Dewan&rft.aufirst=Pandora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fscientists-creat-lab-grown-testicles-1871324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason-2014-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mason-2014_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2014" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Laura (2014). Davidson, Alan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&dq=spanish+cooking+testicles&pg=PA816"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 816. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199677337" title="Special:BookSources/9780199677337"><bdi>9780199677337</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161308/https://books.google.com/books?id=RL6LAwAAQBAJ&dq=spanish+cooking+testicles&pg=PA816">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.pages=816&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199677337&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRL6LAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dspanish%2Bcooking%2Btesticles%26pg%3DPA816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109115247/http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask76">"Understanding Genetics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_Interactive" title="The Tech Interactive">The Tech Interactive</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask76">the original</a> on 9 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tech+Interactive&rft.atitle=Understanding+Genetics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenetics.thetech.org%2Fask%2Fask76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoag, Hannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dfire.org/x1405.xml">I'll take a girl, please... <i>Cherry-picking from the dish of life</i></a>. Drexel University Publication. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831122518/http://dfire.org/x1405.xml">Archived</a> August 31, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a>, Fourth Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2012-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2012_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2012_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.D._Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">A.D. Johnson (2 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yAJMlA0FkAUC&q=%22seasonal+breeders%22"><i>Development, Anatomy, and Physiology</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14323-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14323-3"><bdi>978-0-323-14323-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161308/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAJMlA0FkAUC&q=%22seasonal+breeders%22">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development%2C+Anatomy%2C+and+Physiology&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-323-14323-3&rft.au=A.D.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyAJMlA0FkAUC%26q%3D%2522seasonal%2Bbreeders%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anatomy-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anatomy_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukasa-Mugerwa" class="citation book cs1">Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. <i>The Camel (Camelus dromedarius): A Bibliographical Review</i>. pp. 11–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camel+%28Camelus+dromedarius%29%3A+A+Bibliographical+Review&rft.pages=11-3&rft.aulast=Mukasa-Mugerwa&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VB-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VB_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VB_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomer,_Alfred_SherwoodParsons,_Thomas_S.1977" class="citation book cs1">Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). <i>The Vertebrate Body</i>. Philadelphia: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 385–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910284-5"><bdi>978-0-03-910284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=385-386&rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-03-910284-5&rft.au=Romer%2C+Alfred+Sherwood&rft.au=Parsons%2C+Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleisner-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kleisner_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleisnerIvellFlegr2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kleisner, Karel; Ivell, Richard; Flegr, Jaroslav (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225094002/http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jbsc/035/01/0027-0037">"The evolutionary history of testicular externalization and the origin of the scrotum"</a>. <i>Journal of Biosciences</i>. <b>35</b> (1). Indian Academy of Sciences: 27–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12038-010-0005-7">10.1007/s12038-010-0005-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20413907">20413907</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11962872">11962872</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jbsc/035/01/0027-0037">the original</a> on 25 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+history+of+testicular+externalization+and+the+origin+of+the+scrotum&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-37&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11962872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20413907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12038-010-0005-7&rft.aulast=Kleisner&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft.au=Ivell%2C+Richard&rft.au=Flegr%2C+Jaroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Farticle%2Ffulltext%2Fjbsc%2F035%2F01%2F0027-0037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths2012-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2012_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMervyn_Griffiths2012" class="citation book cs1">Mervyn Griffiths (2 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7nu16_DkTgC&q=testes+OR+scrotum"><i>The Biology of the Monotremes</i></a>. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15331-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-15331-7"><bdi>978-0-323-15331-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161534/https://books.google.com/books?id=W7nu16_DkTgC&q=testes+OR+scrotum">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+the+Monotremes&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-323-15331-7&rft.au=Mervyn+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW7nu16_DkTgC%26q%3Dtestes%2BOR%2Bscrotum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NowakWalker1999-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NowakWalker1999_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NowakWalker1999_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_M._NowakErnest_Pillsbury_Walker1999" class="citation book cs1">Ronald M. Nowak; Ernest Pillsbury Walker (29 July 1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa"><i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i></a></span>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>. <q>testes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.au=Ronald+M.+Nowak&rft.au=Ernest+Pillsbury+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkersmammalsof0001nowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FowlerMikota2008-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FowlerMikota2008_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_FowlerSusan_K._Mikota2008" class="citation book cs1">Murray Fowler; Susan K. Mikota (9 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3GFYySwY1cC&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles"><i>Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-34411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-34411-8"><bdi>978-0-470-34411-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161516/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3GFYySwY1cC&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Surgery+of+Elephants&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-470-34411-8&rft.au=Murray+Fowler&rft.au=Susan+K.+Mikota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3GFYySwY1cC%26q%3Dtestes%2BOR%2Btestis%2BOR%2Btesticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunsaker2012-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunsaker2012_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_II_Hunsaker2012" class="citation book cs1">Don II Hunsaker (2 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cESCLrRJGm0C&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles"><i>The Biology of Marsupials</i></a>. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-14620-3"><bdi>978-0-323-14620-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161542/https://books.google.com/books?id=cESCLrRJGm0C&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Marsupials&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft.isbn=978-0-323-14620-3&rft.au=Don+II+Hunsaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcESCLrRJGm0C%26q%3Dtestes%2BOR%2Btestis%2BOR%2Btesticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyndale-Biscoe2005-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyndale-Biscoe2005_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Hugh_Tyndale-Biscoe2005" class="citation book cs1">C. Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles"><i>Life of Marsupials</i></a>. Csiro Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06257-3"><bdi>978-0-643-06257-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161517/https://books.google.com/books?id=KqtlPZJ9y8EC&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Marsupials&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06257-3&rft.au=C.+Hugh+Tyndale-Biscoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKqtlPZJ9y8EC%26q%3Dtestes%2BOR%2Btestis%2BOR%2Btesticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_Tyndale-BiscoeMarilyn_Renfree1987" class="citation book cs1">Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe; Marilyn Renfree (30 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C&q=testes"><i>Reproductive Physiology of Marsupials</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33792-2"><bdi>978-0-521-33792-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161518/https://books.google.com/books?id=HpjovN0vXW4C&q=testes">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Physiology+of+Marsupials&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33792-2&rft.au=Hugh+Tyndale-Biscoe&rft.au=Marilyn+Renfree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpjovN0vXW4C%26q%3Dtestes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhinoresourcecenter.com-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rhinoresourcecenter.com_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaffer, N. E., et al. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/125/1258623199.pdf">Ultrasonography of the reproductive anatomy in the Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923194033/http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/125/1258623199.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (1994): 337-348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WürsigThewissen2017-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WürsigThewissen2017_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernd_WürsigJ.G.M._ThewissenKit_M._Kovacs2017" class="citation book cs1">Bernd Würsig; J.G.M. Thewissen; Kit M. Kovacs (27 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3zGDgAAQBAJ&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles"><i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i></a>. Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804381-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-804381-3"><bdi>978-0-12-804381-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161516/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3zGDgAAQBAJ&q=testes+OR+testis+OR+testicles">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-12-804381-3&rft.au=Bernd+W%C3%BCrsig&rft.au=J.G.M.+Thewissen&rft.au=Kit+M.+Kovacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3zGDgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtestes%2BOR%2Btestis%2BOR%2Btesticles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rommel2007-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rommel2007_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRommelPabstMcLellan2007" class="citation book cs1">Rommel, S.A.; Pabst, D.A.; McLellan, W.A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286334625">"Functional anatomy of the cetacean reproductive system, with comparisons to the domestic dog"</a>. In Miller, D.L. (ed.). <i>Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetacea: Whales, Porpoises and Dolphins</i>. pp. 127–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2Fb11001">10.1201/b11001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429063626" title="Special:BookSources/9780429063626"><bdi>9780429063626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Functional+anatomy+of+the+cetacean+reproductive+system%2C+with+comparisons+to+the+domestic+dog&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Biology+and+Phylogeny+of+Cetacea%3A+Whales%2C+Porpoises+and+Dolphins&rft.pages=127-145&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2Fb11001&rft.isbn=9780429063626&rft.aulast=Rommel&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=Pabst%2C+D.A.&rft.au=McLellan%2C+W.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F286334625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rommel1998-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rommel1998_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRommelPabstMcLellan1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Rommel, S.A.; Pabst, D.A.; McLellan, W.A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uncw.edu/mmsp/documents/rommeletal1998reproductivethermoregulation.pdf">"Reproductive Thermoregulation in Marine Mammals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Scientist</i>. Vol. 86, no. 5. pp. 440–448. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27857097">27857097</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122202231/https://uncw.edu/mmsp/documents/rommeletal1998reproductivethermoregulation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Reproductive+Thermoregulation+in+Marine+Mammals&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=440-448&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27857097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rommel&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=Pabst%2C+D.A.&rft.au=McLellan%2C+W.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funcw.edu%2Fmmsp%2Fdocuments%2Frommeletal1998reproductivethermoregulation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pabst,_D._Ann_1998-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pabst,_D._Ann_1998_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPabstSentielMcLellan1998" class="citation book cs1">Pabst, D.A.; Sentiel, A.R; McLellan, W.A. (1998). "Evolution of thermoregulatory function in cetacean reproductive systems". In Thewissen, J.G.M. (ed.). <i>The Emergence of Whales</i>. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology. Springer US. pp. 379–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0159-0_13">10.1007/978-1-4899-0159-0_13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0161-3"><bdi>978-1-4899-0161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+thermoregulatory+function+in+cetacean+reproductive+systems&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Whales&rft.series=Advances+in+Vertebrate+Paleobiology&rft.pages=379-397&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4899-0159-0_13&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-0161-3&rft.aulast=Pabst&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft.au=Sentiel%2C+A.R&rft.au=McLellan%2C+W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GullandDierauf2018-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GullandDierauf2018_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrances_M.D._GullandLeslie_A._DieraufKaryl_L._Whitman2018" class="citation book cs1">Frances M.D. Gulland; Leslie A. Dierauf; Karyl L. Whitman (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1ZSDwAAQBAJ"><i>CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38416-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38416-2"><bdi>978-1-351-38416-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161820/https://books.google.com/books?id=b1ZSDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Marine+Mammal+Medicine&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-351-38416-2&rft.au=Frances+M.D.+Gulland&rft.au=Leslie+A.+Dierauf&rft.au=Karyl+L.+Whitman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1ZSDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillsMarchant-Forde2010-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MillsMarchant-Forde2010_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._S._MillsJeremy_N._Marchant-Forde2010" class="citation book cs1">D. S. Mills; Jeremy N. Marchant-Forde (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&q=%22boreoeutherian+OR+boreoeutheria%22+%28testes+OR+testicles%29+-wikipedia+-%22There+are+also+some+Boreoeutherian+mammals%22&pg=PA293"><i>The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare</i></a>. CABI. pp. 293–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-724-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-724-7"><bdi>978-0-85199-724-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230629161816/https://books.google.com/books?id=vrueZDfPUzoC&q=%22boreoeutherian+OR+boreoeutheria%22+%28testes+OR+testicles%29+-wikipedia+-%22There+are+also+some+Boreoeutherian+mammals%22&pg=PA293">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Animal+Behaviour+and+Welfare&rft.pages=293-&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-724-7&rft.au=D.+S.+Mills&rft.au=Jeremy+N.+Marchant-Forde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrueZDfPUzoC%26q%3D%2522boreoeutherian%2BOR%2Bboreoeutheria%2522%2B%2528testes%2BOR%2Btesticles%2529%2B-wikipedia%2B-%2522There%2Bare%2Balso%2Bsome%2BBoreoeutherian%2Bmammals%2522%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolreprod.org/content/56/6/1570.full.pdf">BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 56, 1570–1575 (1997)- Determination of Testis Temperature Rhythms and Effects of Constant Light on Testicular Function in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus domesticus)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923190501/http://www.biolreprod.org/content/56/6/1570.full.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askabiologist.org.uk/answers/viewtopic.php?id=653">"Ask a Biologist Q&A / Human sexual physiology – good design?"</a>. Askabiologist.org.uk. 4 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027155029/http://askabiologist.org.uk/answers/viewtopic.php?id=653">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ask+a+Biologist+Q%26A+%2F+Human+sexual+physiology+%E2%80%93+good+design%3F&rft.pub=Askabiologist.org.uk&rft.date=2007-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askabiologist.org.uk%2Fanswers%2Fviewtopic.php%3Fid%3D653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109120731/http://old.richarddawkins.net/videos/865-the-human-body-as-an-evolutionary-patchwork/comments">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Human Body as an Evolutionary Patchwork' by Alan Walker, Princeton.edu"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+%3A+Bumpy+lifestyle+led+to+external+testes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg15120432.000-science--bumpy-lifestyle-led-to-external-testes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18390691-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18390691_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18390691_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulMurraySpearsSaunders2008" class="citation journal cs1">Paul C, Murray AA, Spears N, Saunders PT (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FREP-08-0036">"A single, mild, transient scrotal heat stress causes DNA damage, subfertility and impairs formation of blastocysts in mice"</a>. <i>Reproduction</i>. <b>136</b> (1): 73–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FREP-08-0036">10.1530/REP-08-0036</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18390691">18390691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproduction&rft.atitle=A+single%2C+mild%2C+transient+scrotal+heat+stress+causes+DNA+damage%2C+subfertility+and+impairs+formation+of+blastocysts+in+mice&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-84&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2FREP-08-0036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18390691&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Murray%2C+AA&rft.au=Spears%2C+N&rft.au=Saunders%2C+PT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1530%252FREP-08-0036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher,_Dunn,_Whittingham,_2005-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher,_Dunn,_Whittingham,_2005_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitcherDunnWhittingham2005" class="citation journal cs1">Pitcher, T.E.; Dunn, P.O.; Whittingham, L.A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Eubalaena+glacialis&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Crane%2C+J.&rft.au=Scott%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu%2Fsite%2Faccounts%2Finformation%2FEubalaena_glacialis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shackelford-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shackelford_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackelfordGoetz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shackelford, T. K.; Goetz, A. T. (2007). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Directions+in+Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Adaptation+to+Sperm+Competition+in+Humans&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=47-50&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8721.2007.00473.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6179167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shackelford&rft.aufirst=T.+K.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATesticle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s537-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s537_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998">Heptner & Naumov 1998</a>, p. 537</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h154-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h154_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998">Heptner & Naumov 1998</a>, pp. 154–155</span> </li> </ol></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Template:Male_reproductive_system" title="Template:Male reproductive system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Male_reproductive_system" title="Template talk:Male reproductive system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Male_reproductive_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Male reproductive system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Male_reproductive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seminal_tract" title="Seminal tract">Seminal tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Layers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_vaginalis" title="Tunica vaginalis">Tunica vaginalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_of_testis" title="Tunica albuginea of testis">Tunica albuginea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_vasculosa_testis" title="Tunica vasculosa testis">Tunica vasculosa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_of_testis" title="Appendix of testis">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum_testis" title="Mediastinum testis">Mediastinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobules_of_testis" title="Lobules of testis">Lobules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septa_of_testis" title="Septa of testis">Septa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell" title="Leydig cell">Leydig cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93testis_barrier" title="Blood–testis barrier">Blood–testis barrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogonium" title="Spermatogonium">Spermatogonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocytogenesis" title="Spermatocytogenesis">Spermatocytogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">Spermatocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatidogenesis" title="Spermatidogenesis">Spermatidogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatid" title="Spermatid">Spermatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermiogenesis" title="Spermiogenesis">Spermiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">Spermatozoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminiferous_tubule" title="Seminiferous tubule">Seminiferous tubules</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubuli_seminiferi_recti" title="Tubuli seminiferi recti">Tubuli seminiferi recti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rete_testis" title="Rete testis">Retia testes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efferent_ducts" title="Efferent ducts">Efferent ducts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">Epididymides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_of_the_epididymis" title="Appendix of the epididymis">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ligament_of_epididymis" title="Inferior ligament of epididymis">Inferior ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_epididymis" title="Superior ligament of epididymis">Superior ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereocilia_(epididymis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereocilia (epididymis)">Stereocilia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradidymis" title="Paradidymis">Paradidymides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatic_cord" title="Spermatic cord">Spermatic cords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampiniform_plexus" title="Pampiniform plexus">Pampiniform plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">Vasa deferentia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_ductus_deferens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampulla of ductus deferens">Ampullae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovesical_pouch" title="Rectovesical pouch">Rectovesical pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_artery" title="Testicular artery">Testicular arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_vein" title="Testicular vein">Testicular veins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Male_accessory_gland" title="Male accessory gland">Accessory glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excretory_duct_of_seminal_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Excretory duct of seminal gland">Excretory duct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_crest" title="Urethral crest">Urethral crest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_colliculus" title="Seminal colliculus">Seminal colliculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejaculatory_duct" title="Ejaculatory duct">Ejaculatory ducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_sinus" title="Prostatic sinus">Sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_ducts" title="Prostatic ducts">Ducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_utricle" title="Prostatic utricle">Utricle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbourethral_gland" title="Bulbourethral gland">Bulbourethral glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Male_external_genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Male external genitalia">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_of_penis" title="Root of penis">Root</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crus_of_penis" title="Crus of penis">Crura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_penis" title="Bulb of penis">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundiform_ligament" title="Fundiform ligament">Fundiform ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_penis" title="Suspensory ligament of penis">Suspensory ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_penis" title="Body of penis">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis" title="Corpus cavernosum penis">Corpora cavernosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_of_corpora_cavernosa_of_penis" title="Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis">Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_spongiosum_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus spongiosum penis">Corpus spongiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabeculae_of_corpus_spongiosum_of_penis" title="Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis">Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">Glans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">Foreskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_prepuce_of_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of prepuce of penis">Frenulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_of_glans_penis" title="Corona of glans penis">Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septum_glandis" title="Septum glandis">Septum glandis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_raphe" title="Penile raphe">Raphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue_of_penis" title="Subcutaneous tissue of penis">Superficial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%27s_fascia" title="Buck's fascia">Deep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_(penis)" title="Tunica albuginea (penis)">Tunica albuginea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septum_of_the_penis" title="Septum of the penis">Septum</a></li> <li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery_of_bulb_of_penis" title="Artery of bulb of penis">Arteries of bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_artery_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal artery of the penis">Dorsal arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_artery_of_the_penis" title="Deep artery of the penis">Deep arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_artery" title="Internal pudendal artery">Internal pudendal artery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_veins_of_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal veins of penis">Dorsal veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_of_bulb_of_penis" title="Vein of bulb of penis">Vein of bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_veins" title="Internal pudendal veins">Internal pudendal veins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nerves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal nerve of the penis">Dorsal nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudendal nerves">Pudendal nerves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_urethral_sphincter" title="Internal urethral sphincter">Internal urethral sphincter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_urethral_orifice" title="Internal urethral orifice">Internal urethral orifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-prostatic_urethra" title="Pre-prostatic urethra">Pre-prostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_urethra" title="Prostatic urethra">Prostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_urethra" title="Membranous urethra">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spongy_urethra" title="Spongy urethra">Spongy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_sphincter_muscle_of_male_urethra" title="External sphincter muscle of male urethra">External sphincter muscle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navicular_fossa_of_male_urethra" title="Navicular fossa of male urethra">Navicular fossa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_magna" title="Lacuna magna">Lacuna magna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">External urethral orifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacunae_of_Morgagni" title="Lacunae of Morgagni">Lacunae of Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_gland" title="Urethral gland">Urethral glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Layers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartos_fascia" title="Dartos fascia">Dartos fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_spermatic_fascia" title="External spermatic fascia">External spermatic fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremaster_muscle" title="Cremaster muscle">Cremaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremasteric_fascia" title="Cremasteric fascia">Cremasteric fascia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_spermatic_fascia" title="Internal spermatic fascia">Internal spermatic fascia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ligament" title="Scrotal ligament">Ligament</a></li> <li>Raphe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_septum" title="Scrotal septum">Septum</a></li> <li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_scrotal_arteries" title="Anterior scrotal arteries">Anterior scrotal arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_scrotal_arteries" title="Posterior scrotal arteries">Posterior scrotal arteries</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nerves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Anterior scrotal nerves">Anterior scrotal nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Posterior scrotal nerves">Posterior scrotal nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_nerve" title="Perineal nerve">Perineal nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_scrotal_veins" title="Posterior scrotal veins">Posterior scrotal veins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Endocrine_system_anatomy" title="Template:Endocrine system anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Endocrine_system_anatomy" title="Template talk:Endocrine system anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Endocrine_system_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Endocrine system anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_endocrine_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pars_intermedia" title="Pars intermedia">Pars intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_tuberalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pars tuberalis">Pars tuberalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary#Pars_distalis" title="Anterior pituitary">Pars distalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidophil_cell" title="Acidophil cell">Acidophil cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somatotropic_cell" title="Somatotropic cell">Somatotropic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactotropic_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactotropic cell">Prolactin cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatomammotrophic_cell" title="Somatomammotrophic cell">Somatomammotrophic cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophil_cell" title="Basophil cell">Basophil cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropic_cell" title="Corticotropic cell">Corticotropic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropic_cell" title="Gonadotropic cell">Gonadotropic cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropic_cell" title="Thyrotropic cell">Thyrotropic cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobe_cell" title="Chromophobe cell">Chromophobe cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Pars nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">Median eminence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">Stalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituicyte" title="Pituicyte">Pituicyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_bodies" title="Herring bodies">Herring bodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_follicular_cell" title="Thyroid follicular cell">Follicular cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parafollicular_cell" title="Parafollicular cell">Parafollicular cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_chief_cell" title="Parathyroid chief cell">Chief cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyphil_cell_(parathyroid)" title="Oxyphil cell (parathyroid)">Oxyphil cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">Cortex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">Zona glomerulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_fasciculata" title="Zona fasciculata">Zona fasciculata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_reticularis" title="Zona reticularis">Zona reticularis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal medulla">Medulla</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromaffin_cell" title="Chromaffin cell">Chromaffin cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">Gonads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell" title="Leydig cell">Leydig cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theca_interna" title="Theca interna">Theca interna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulosa_cell" title="Granulosa cell">Granulosa cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">Corpus luteum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_cell" title="Alpha cell">Alpha cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">Beta cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_cells" title="Pancreatic polypeptide cells">PP cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_cell" title="Delta cell">Delta cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_cell" title="Epsilon cell">Epsilon cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinealocyte" title="Pinealocyte">Pinealocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpora_arenacea" title="Corpora arenacea">Corpora arenacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroendocrine_cell" title="Enteroendocrine cell">Enteroendocrine cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraganglion" title="Paraganglion">Paraganglia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_of_Zuckerkandl" title="Organ of Zuckerkandl">Organ of Zuckerkandl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system" title="Development of the endocrine system">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_endocrine_organs_and_actions" title="List of human endocrine organs and actions">List of human endocrine organs and actions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Template:Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Template talk:Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Male_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Male_genital_disease" title="Male genital disease">Male diseases</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicular_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicular disease">Testicular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchitis" title="Orchitis">Orchitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocele_testis" title="Hydrocele testis">Hydrocele testis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_cancer" title="Testicular cancer">Testicular cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_torsion" title="Testicular torsion">Testicular torsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_infertility" title="Male infertility">Male infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspermia" title="Aspermia">Aspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthenozoospermia" title="Asthenozoospermia">Asthenozoospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoospermia" title="Azoospermia">Azoospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspermia" title="Hyperspermia">Hyperspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypospermia" title="Hypospermia">Hypospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligospermia" title="Oligospermia">Oligospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrospermia" title="Necrospermia">Necrospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratospermia" title="Teratospermia">Teratospermia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_testis" title="Ectopic testis">Ectopic testis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">Epididymis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epididymitis" title="Epididymitis">Epididymitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocele" title="Spermatocele">Spermatocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematocele" title="Hematocele">Hematocele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostatitis" title="Prostatitis">Prostatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_prostatitis" title="Acute prostatitis">Acute prostatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_bacterial_prostatitis" title="Chronic bacterial prostatitis">Chronic bacterial prostatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_prostatitis/chronic_pelvic_pain_syndrome" title="Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome">Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_inflammatory_prostatitis" title="Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis">Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">Prostate cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle#Inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesiculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanitis" title="Balanitis">Balanoposthitis / Balanitis</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balanitis_plasmacellularis" title="Balanitis plasmacellularis">Balanitis plasmacellularis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoepitheliomatous_keratotic_and_micaceous_balanitis" title="Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis">Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimosis" title="Phimosis">Phimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphimosis" title="Paraphimosis">Paraphimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapism" title="Priapism">Priapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_orgasm" title="Spontaneous orgasm">Spontaneous orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyronie%27s_disease" title="Peyronie's disease">Peyronie's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_cancer" title="Penile cancer">Penile cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penile_fracture" title="Penile fracture">Penile fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_sclerosus" title="Lichen sclerosus">Balanitis xerotica obliterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_genital_arousal_disorder" title="Persistent genital arousal disorder">Persistent genital arousal disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fournier_gangrene" title="Fournier gangrene">Fournier gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicocele" title="Varicocele">Varicocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoscrotum" title="Pneumoscrotum">Pneumoscrotum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematospermia" title="Hematospermia">Hematospermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_ejaculation" title="Retrograde ejaculation">Retrograde ejaculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorgasmic_illness_syndrome" title="Postorgasmic illness syndrome">Postorgasmic illness syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Female_and_male_congenital_anomalies_of_the_genitalia,_including_intersex_and_DSD" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Congenital_anomalies_of_genital_organs" title="Template:Congenital anomalies of genital organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Congenital_anomalies_of_genital_organs" title="Template talk:Congenital anomalies of genital organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital_anomalies_of_genital_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Congenital anomalies of genital organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Female_and_male_congenital_anomalies_of_the_genitalia,_including_intersex_and_DSD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">male</a> congenital anomalies of the genitalia, including <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_sex_development" title="Disorders of sex development">DSD</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterine_malformation" title="Uterine malformation">Uterine malformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_agenesis" title="Müllerian agenesis">Müllerian agenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_agenesis" title="Cervical agenesis">Cervical agenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicornuate_uterus" title="Unicornuate uterus">Unicornuate uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus_didelphys" title="Uterus didelphys">Uterus didelphys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicornuate_uterus" title="Bicornuate uterus">Bicornuate uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_septum" title="Uterine septum">Uterine septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_uterus" title="Arcuate uterus">Arcuate uterus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_septum" title="Vaginal septum">Vaginal septum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_hypoplasia" title="Vaginal hypoplasia">Vaginal hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperforate_hymen" title="Imperforate hymen">Imperforate hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_adenosis" title="Vaginal adenosis">Vaginal adenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloacal_exstrophy" title="Cloacal exstrophy">Cloacal exstrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_atresia" title="Vaginal atresia">Vaginal atresia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gonads" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonads">Gonads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptorchidism" title="Cryptorchidism">Cryptorchidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyorchidism" title="Polyorchidism">Polyorchidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorchism" title="Monorchism">Monorchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell-only_syndrome" title="Sertoli cell-only syndrome">Sertoli cell-only syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XX_gonadal_dysgenesis" title="XX gonadal dysgenesis">XX gonadal dysgenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilateral_ovarian_agenesis" title="Unilateral ovarian agenesis">Unilateral ovarian agenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadal_agenesis" title="Gonadal agenesis">Gonadal agenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovotesticular_syndrome" title="Ovotesticular syndrome">Ovotesticular syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism" title="45,X/46,XY mosaicism">Mixed gonadal dysgenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XY_gonadal_dysgenesis" title="XY gonadal dysgenesis">XY gonadal dysgenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">Vas deferens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_absence_of_the_vas_deferens" title="Congenital absence of the vas deferens">Congenital absence of the vas deferens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_M%C3%BCllerian_duct_syndrome" title="Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome">Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypospadias" title="Hypospadias">Hypospadias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epispadias" title="Epispadias">Epispadias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordee" title="Chordee">Chordee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropenis" title="Micropenis">Micropenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphallia" title="Aphallia">Aphallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphallia" title="Diphallia">Diphallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penoscrotal_transposition" title="Penoscrotal transposition">Penoscrotal transposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoromegaly" title="Clitoromegaly">Clitoromegaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestin-induced_virilization" title="Progestin-induced virilization">Progestin-induced virilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohermaphroditism" title="Pseudohermaphroditism">Pseudohermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_hermaphroditism" class="mw-redirect" title="True hermaphroditism">True hermaphroditism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9384#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025306-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85134157">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Testicule"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976787k">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Testicule"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976787k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="睾丸"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566150">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="varlata"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph281352&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Testículos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX534283">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000305142&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531730505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A09.3.01.001">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testicle&oldid=1251757236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testicle&oldid=1251757236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Testicle" 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