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href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism</b> refers to the categorization of <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Buddhist tantric scriptures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</a>. Tibetan Buddhism inherited numerous tantras and forms of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric practice</a> from medieval Indian Buddhist Tantra. There were various ways of categorizing these tantras in India. In Tibet, the <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)">Sarma (New Translation)</a> schools categorize tantric scriptures into four classes, while the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> (Ancients) school use six classes of tantra. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sarma_("New_Translation")_classification"><span id="Sarma_.28.22New_Translation.22.29_classification"></span>Sarma ("New Translation") classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sarma ("New Translation") classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)">Sarma</a>, "New Translation" schools of Tibetan Buddhism (<a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a>) classify tantric practices and texts into four classes. In this, they follow Indian Tantric Buddhists such as Abhayākara, who makes this distinction in his <i>Clusters of Quintessential Instructions</i>. Tantras are classified according to the capacity of persons, the deities they use, the specific types of methods they employ and how they use desire (<i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kriyā"><span id="Kriy.C4.81"></span>Kriyā</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kriyā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_1986_509_1ab_O.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MET_1986_509_1ab_O.jpeg/220px-MET_1986_509_1ab_O.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MET_1986_509_1ab_O.jpeg/330px-MET_1986_509_1ab_O.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MET_1986_509_1ab_O.jpeg/440px-MET_1986_509_1ab_O.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Illuminated Pages from a Dispersed DharanI Manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kriyā</b> (Tib. <i>bya ba</i>, Action) tantras were taught for practitioners of lower ability who have an inclination for performing many external ritual activities for protection and purification purposes, such as ritual bathing, the sprinkling of scented water, the creation of a circle of protection, the use of <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a> and the chanting of mantras.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also various prescriptions dealing with eating, drinking, and clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kongtrul, in Kriyā Yoga, one relates to the deity as a subject relates to their lord and only meditates on an external deity (not on oneself as being the deity).<sup id="cite_ref-:82_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kongtrul, "the essence of action tantra" is: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>to view the profound truth with fear and apprehension due to an inferior intellect and to observe utmost cleanliness and purity, ablution, asceticism, and so forth; to not develop the pride of being the deity since there is no generation of oneself as the pledge deity; to be without the supreme bliss of the pristine awareness deity since the pristine awareness deity has not been invoked to merge into the pledge deity; not to be a receptacle for the sublime teachings since one is unqualified to receive teachings on what is sublime and extraordinary, the deep meanings that were spoken with specific intention; and due to the shortcoming of being unable to fathom the sublime, being conditioned by concepts about the purity or impurity of things, to train thoroughly in rituals of ablution, and so forth, and thereby to practice <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a> in a subject-to-lord relationship with the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Regarding <a href="/wiki/Empowerment_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empowerment (Vajrayana)">initiation</a>, <i>The Essence of Pristine Awareness</i> states: "it is widely known that in action tantra there are the water and crown initiations."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each action tantra text generally centers on a particular <a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>, and many are based on <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dharanis</a>. Some of these texts are actually titled "sutra" or "dharani". Action tantra includes various practices for deities such as Medicine Buddha, "the eleven faced" Chenrezig and Vajrapani. Examples of Action Tantra texts include:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Mahāmegha Sutra</i>,</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Sacred Golden Light Sutra</a>,</i> notably a very popular sutra in East Asia</li> <li><i>Dharani of the Eleven-Faced Avalokiteshvara</i></li> <li><i>Marichi Dharani</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Ārya-mañjushrī-mūla-kalpa</a></i>, which notably states that mantras taught in the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Saiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaisnava</a> tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Subhāhu-pariprcchā</i> (Dialogue with Subahu),</li> <li><i>Secret General Tantra</i></li> <li><i>Susidhi Tantra</i></li> <li><i>Manjushri Root Tantra</i></li> <li><i>Supreme Knowledge of Vajrapani Tantra</i></li> <li><i>Aparimitāyur-jñāna-hrdaya-dhāranī</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a></i> (<i>Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya</i>, which contains a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>).</li></ul> <p>Regarding the practice of <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a> in Action Tantra, Kongtrul outlines six main elements or deities, namely "Emptiness, letter, sound, form, Seal, and sign": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>First, the deity as emptiness is to remain absorbed in emptiness, the essence of ultimate awakening mind, in which the essential principle of oneself and that of the deity are of an inseparability beyond concepts. Second, the deity as letter is to meditate on the particular deity [one is practicing] in the form of the written letters of the [deity’s] mantra resting on a moon disk (representing one’s mind) visualized in space [in front]. Also considered to be the letter deity is to meditate simply on the moon [omitting the letters]. Third, the deity as sound is to meditate on the resonant sounds of the mantra (on the moon) associated with one of the [three] deities of the three families to which the recitation practice for complete familiarization is directed. Fourth, the deity as form is to meditate on the complete form of the deity. [The first step involves] meditating that light radiating from the letters of the mantra fulfills two aims; then, [as the light reconverges, the letters] transform into the deity’s complete form. Fifth, the deity as seal is to perform the hand mudras for blessing, such as the mudra of the crown protrusion, and while reciting the appropriate mantra, to touch the corresponding places of the body with the mudra. Alternatively, one makes the pledge mudra of that particular [family]. Sixth, the deity as sign is to recall, in all circumstances, the form of the deity as meditated in the state of equipoise so that the appearances of the outer world and its inhabitants are regarded as pure visions, imagined as the deity’s residence, form, and resources.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caryā"><span id="Cary.C4.81"></span>Caryā</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Caryā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail,_14th-century_painted_art_on_Buddhist_crown_of_Tibet,_-_MET_DP12791-001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Detail%2C_14th-century_painted_art_on_Buddhist_crown_of_Tibet%2C_-_MET_DP12791-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Detail%2C_14th-century_painted_art_on_Buddhist_crown_of_Tibet%2C_-_MET_DP12791-001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Detail%2C_14th-century_painted_art_on_Buddhist_crown_of_Tibet%2C_-_MET_DP12791-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Detail%2C_14th-century_painted_art_on_Buddhist_crown_of_Tibet%2C_-_MET_DP12791-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Detail%2C_14th-century_painted_art_on_Buddhist_crown_of_Tibet%2C_-_MET_DP12791-001_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Detail%2C_14th-century_painted_art_on_Buddhist_crown_of_Tibet%2C_-_MET_DP12791-001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1779" /></a><figcaption>Panel from a Tibetan Buddhist Ritual Crown Depicting Buddha Vairocana, late 13th–early 14th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Caryā</b> (<i>spyod pa</i>, Performance, or Conduct) tantras are meant for practitioners of middle ability. According to Tsongkhapa, it is for "those who balance external activities and internal meditative stabilization without relying on very many activities." The kind of desire it uses is the weakest kind, comparable to a couple looking at each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also known as <i>Upa tantra,</i> or <i>Ubhaya tantra.</i> </p><p>Although these tantras maintain numerous external ritual actions, the emphasis is now upon obtaining liberation through meditation. It is thus seen as maintaining a balance between inner and outer actions. It is externally similar to Kriyā tantra, and internally similar to Yoga tantra.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kongtrul, the main elements of Conduct tantra are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To practice and train thoroughly in a vast range of deeds related to activations, which are sets of outer (physical and verbal) [actions] such as mudras and other characteristic focuses as taught in action tantra, and thus [to have] objects of practice that accord with that tantra; to cultivate inner (mental) contemplation that accords with yogatantra and to practice [deity yoga] in what is like a friend-to-friend relation-ship with the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kongtrul further states, "conduct tantra is known to have five initiations: water, diadem, vajra, bell, and name."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this class of tantras, <a href="/wiki/Vairochana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vairochana">Vairochana</a> is a principal deity. In Tibetan Buddhism, this tantra class includes practice lineages for the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahãvairocanãbhisaṃbodhitantra</a></i> ('Awakening of Great Vairocana'), for the <i>Vajrapãṇyabhiṣekamahãtantra</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a> Initiation Tantra</i>) and for <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Vairocana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Vairocana">Buddha Vairocana</a> is often evident in tantras of this class where he is often depicted in the centre of a mandala with four other Buddhas of his retinue placed to the four quarters, the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a>. Importantly, during the Caryā tantra class and literary period, there developed the salient innovation wherein the <a href="/wiki/Sadhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhaka">sadhaka</a> is to cultivate identification with the deity in meditative absorption (known as "self generation"). This class of literature was also important to Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Zhenyan Buddhism</a> and tantric masters such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aubhakarasi%E1%B9%83ha" title="Śubhakarasiṃha">Śubhakarasiṃha</a> (637-735), <a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741) and <a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774). This focus was later imparted by Amoghavajra's disciple <a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746-805) to the monk <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> (774–835), leading to the development of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>. </p><p>Guarisco & McLeod explain Jamgon Kongtrul's codification of this class as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Conduct tantra, where conduct encompasses both outer ritual activity and inner contemplation, involves training in a vast range of deeds while entering the inner reality that presents itself in visual and audible divine representations. The notion here is that of being close to the state of a perfect divine being, a state not yet fully realized. This limited view is overcome by visualizing oneself as the deity, understanding that form to be the appearance aspect of emptiness.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Caryā yoga, the yogi visualizes themselves as the 'commitment being' (Sanskrit: <i>samayasattva</i>) and visualizes the 'gnosis being' (<i>jñānasattv</i>a), who is envisioned in the relationship of a spiritual friend, in front of them. Various "meditations with signs" are part of this practice including: <a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABja" title="Bīja">bija</a> (seed syllable) and <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> visualization, <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a> (hand seals), repetition of mantras, etc. as found in Action tantra. Conduct yoga also includes a special "yoga without signs", described by Kongtrul as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The special yoga without signs is cultivated in conjunction with three minds: the minds of entering, abiding, and emerging, the essence of which is the ultimate awakening mind itself. The mind of entering is the realization of the unborn nature of all phenomena (the aggregates, etc.) gained by examining them in terms of the four extremes; the mind of abiding, the direct realization of the unborn nature as the essence of the nonconceptual state; and the mind of emerging, the ensuing great compassion directed to-ward suffering beings who lack such realization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga">Yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoga tantra (<i>rnal’byor</i>) is, according to Tsongkhapa, meant for practitioners of high ability who "mainly rely on meditative stabilization and rely on only few external activities." The level of desire they use is said to be similar to a couple holding hands or embracing.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Yoga" refers to the union or yoking of method and wisdom. One sees one's body, speech and mind as inseparably united with those of the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kongtrul defines Yoga tantra thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Yoga tantra is so named because it emphasizes the inner yoga meditation of method and wisdom; or alternatively, because based on knowledge and understanding of all aspects of the profound ultimate truth and the vast relative truth, it emphasizes contemplation that inseparably unites these two truths.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Yoga tantra is the last and highest of the outer tantras, and here external rites are seen as much less important than internal practices. The empowerments given are the empowerment of the 5 Buddha families, and the empowerment of the Vajra master, and disciples must take on the commitments of the 5 buddha families, and take the tantric vows.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The path is split into 4 seals; the great seal of body, the seal of the speech of Dharma, the seal of the mind of commitment, and the seal of enlightened actions. </p><p>Some Vajrasattva practices fall under this category, as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tattvasa%E1%B9%83graha_Tantra" title="Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra">Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra</a></i> (Summation of Essential Principles) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajraśekhara Tantra</a></i> (Indestructible Peak).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Yoga tantras include the <i>All-Secret Tantra,</i> the <i>Victorious in the Three Worlds Tantra;</i> and <i>the Glorious Supreme Original Being</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Vairochana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vairochana">Vairochana</a> maintains his position as principal deity, he is now envisaged as being in the center of 5 buddha families instead of 3, each family belonging to one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Tathagatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Tathagatas">Five Tathagathas</a>. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurangama Sutra">Shurangama Sutra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Shurangama Mantra</a></i> from which it (called the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shitatapatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shitatapatra (page does not exist)">Shitatapatra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ushnisha" title="Ushnisha">Ushnisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a></i>) comes can be included in this category. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsurpassable_Yoga">Unsurpassable Yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unsurpassable Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hevajra_Mandala_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hevajra_Mandala_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hevajra_Mandala_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hevajra_Mandala_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hevajra_Mandala_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hevajra_Mandala_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hevajra_Mandala_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3484" data-file-height="4224" /></a><figcaption>A Hevajra Mandala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chakrasamvara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chakrasamvara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Chakrasamvara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chakrasamvara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Chakrasamvara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chakrasamvara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Chakrasamvara_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="4668" /></a><figcaption>Deities of the Chakrasamvara Tantra</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Anuttarayoga tantras</i> (<i>rnal ’byor bla med</i>, Unexcelled or Unsurpassable yoga tantras), also known as <i>Yoganiruttaratantra</i>, are meant for practitioners of the highest ability who do not rely on external activities. It uses the highest level of desire, sexual union, and is thus also designated the “tantra of union of the two.” According to Kongtrul, only Highest Yoga includes both the generation and completion phases.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kongtrul states that these are "supreme among all tantras" and "there is no other tantra above it."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anuttarayoga is characterized by the practice of Deity Yoga as well as various <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> yogas (such as the <a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">six Dharmas of Naropa</a>), to generate great bliss and attain the subtle clear light (luminous) mind. According to Miranda Shaw, Anuttarayoga Tantra texts "have remained at the forefront of contemplation, ritual, and interpretation throughout the Himalayan Buddhist sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the classification of the <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> system, used by the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a>, it is considered equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a> tantras.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalai Lama XIV">Dalai Lama XIV</a> states: "old translation Dzogchen and new translation <i>anuttarayoga tantra</i> offer equivalent paths that can bring the practitioner to the same resultant state of <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kongtrul describes the essence of Unsurpassed Yoga Tantra as being </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the midst of an entourage of queens, in the form of an all-powerful sovereign such as Heruka (in mother tantra) or Vairochana (in father tantra); and by means of the contemplation of the great bliss of the male and female deities’ union, to be the “king who resides in the castle” (as is said in the tantras), which means to dwell perfectly in the queen’s <i>bhaga</i>, that is, in the divine palace in the source of phenomena; to train according to the sublime vajra words, the statements of six parameters—interpretable, non-interpretable, provisional, definitive, standard, and coined terminology—which are contrary to worldly human customs (as is said in the tantras, “Success is rapidly achieved by relying on one’s mother, sister, or daughter”) by performing extremely base acts; and thereby to effect ordinary and supreme powers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This statement contains various tantric terms to express the nature of Unsurpassed Tantra. <i>Bhaga</i> (ultimately) refers to the source of phenomena (chos ’byung, dharmodaya), or source of all awakened qualities, and also literally to the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> of a female <a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">sexual consort</a> (i.e. the queen, <i>btsun mo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus this statement references karmamudra, sexual union, which is a key element of the symbolism, thought and practice of Unsurpassed Yoga Tantras and which generates a great blissful consciousness (the "castle of great bliss") that is then directed to understanding ultimate reality.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, when the tantras speak of relying on one's mothers, sisters etc., this refers to different types of tantric consorts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the six parameters, this refers to "six levels of meaning in the content of the tantras" which express different ways of interpreting and understanding the tantras.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tantras">Tantras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tantras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anuttarayoga tantras which became prominent in Tibet include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara_Tantra" title="Cakrasaṃvara Tantra">Cakrasaṃvara Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABn%C4%81masamg%C4%ABti" title="Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti">Mañjuśrīnāmasaṃgīti</a> (Reciting the names of <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>)</li> <li>Sampuṭodbhavaḥ (Emergence from Samputa)</li> <li>Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa Tantra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guhyasam%C4%81ja" class="mw-redirect" title="Guhyasamāja">Guhyasamāja</a> (Esoteric Community)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Vajramahābhairava Tantra</a> (Great Vajra Terrifier Tantra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevajra#Hevajra_Tantra" title="Hevajra">Hevajra Tantra</a></li> <li>Kṛṣnayamāri Tantra (Black Yamari)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakta_Yamari" title="Rakta Yamari">Raktayamāri</a> Tantra (Red Yamari)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamaya-tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamaya-tantra">Mahāmāyā Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahākāla</a> Tantra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra#Text_of_the_Kālacakra_Tantra" title="Kalachakra">Kālacakra Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekajati" title="Ekajati">Ekajaṭa</a> Tantra</li></ul> <p>In Sarma, they are sometimes further classified into "Father Tantras" (Wyl. <i>pha rgyud</i>), "Mother Tantras" (<i>ma rgyud</i>) and "Non-Dual Tantras" (<i>gnyis med kyi rgyud</i>). </p><p>The <i>mahāyoga-tantras</i> of <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> India became known in Tibet as 'Father Tantras' (<i>pha rgyud</i>). According to the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> view, following <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a>'s reasoning, Father Tantras emphasize the creation of a Buddha form through the cultivation of an illusory body, on the basis of practices with the energy system of the subtle body. Earlier <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> masters and <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> scholars had viewed Father Tantras as emphasising the practice of blissful awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Father Tantras have also been seen as emphasizing the use of anger (<i>pratigha</i>) as the path of practice, focusing on the <i>emptiness</i> aspect of <a href="/wiki/Buddha_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha nature">Buddha nature</a>. </p><p>The <i>yoginī-tantras</i> which became known in Tibet as 'Mother Tantras' (<i>ma rgyud</i>) emphasize the development of enlightened awareness (the "mind" of the illusory body) through the cultivation of the fundamental pure mind of all beings, known as 'brilliance' (<a href="/wiki/Prabhasvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabhasvara"><i>prabhāsvara</i></a>) (frequently translated, following the Tibetan, as '<a href="/wiki/Osel_(yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osel (yoga)">clear light</a>'). They are considered to emphasize the utilization of desire (<i>tṛṣṇā</i>) as the path of practice, focusing on the brilliant (<i>prabhāsvara</i>) aspect of Buddha nature. Among the Mother Tantras, the most prominent is the <a href="/wiki/Cakrasa%E1%B9%83vara" class="mw-redirect" title="Cakrasaṃvara">Cakrasaṃvara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a> evolved out of the Cakrasaṃvara practice and is now a <i>de facto</i> practice in its own right (Vajrayogini being the consort of Cakrasamvara).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Mother Tantras are <a href="/wiki/Hevajra#Hevajra_Tantra" title="Hevajra">Hevajra Tantra</a> and Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa. </p><p>Non-dual tantras utilize both anger and desire as an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antidote_(Buddhism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antidote (Buddhism) (page does not exist)">antidote</a> to <a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Buddhism)">delusion (avidyā)</a>, focusing on both the physical and mental, void and brilliant, aspects of enlightened mind. The example typically advanced for this category is the <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra#Text_of_the_Kālacakra_Tantra" title="Kalachakra">Kālacakra Tantra</a>. The Sakya tradition also considers Hevajra to be a non-dual tantra but other traditions classify it as a yoginī-tantra. The practice of Yamantaka is also directed towards this aim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nyingma_classification">Nyingma classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nyingma classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school meanwhile, has six main tantra categories, which make up the last six of the main Nyingma "<a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">nine yana</a>" schema. According to Jean-Luc Achard, "in the Nyingma tradition, there are several ways of classifying the teachings of the Buddha into nine, ten, and sometimes twelve Vehicles. Most of these classifications have not survived in practical usage, except for that into nine. In this case, the ninth is considered to be the Vehicle of Dzogchen."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first three categories are essentially the same as the Sarma classification (Kriyā, Caryā or Ubhaya, and Yoga) and are called <b>"Outer Tantras"</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last three are the <b>"Inner Tantras"</b>: <a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahāyoga</a>, Anuyoga and Atiyoga.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahāyoga</a> (<i>rnal ’byor chen po</i>), is a class of tantric texts and practices that emphasize the stage of generation and are sometimes also termed father tantras. <i>The Net of Magical Manifestation</i> (<i>Māyājāla</i>) collection contains the major Mahayoga works<i>, <a href="/wiki/Guhyagarbha_tantra" title="Guhyagarbha tantra">The Guhyagarbha Tantra</a></i> is the most influential of these.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a> (<i>rjes su rnal ’byor</i>) texts are associated with tantras that emphasize the stage of completion and are associated with mother tantras. They also teach a "principle of instantaneous perfection", which is not found in other tantras. An example of one of these texts is the <i>All-Unifying Pure Presence</i> (<i>Kun ’dus rig pa’i mdo</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Atiyoga (Dzogchen)</a>. In Nyingma, Dzogchen ("Great Perfection") is seen as a non-gradual method which transcends the two stages of tantric yoga and focuses on direct access to the innate purity of things. Atiyoga is further divided into three main categories: <a href="/wiki/Semde" title="Semde">Mind Series (semde)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longd%C3%A9" title="Longdé">Space Series (longdé)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menngagde" title="Menngagde">Instruction Series (menngakde)</a>. There are numerous tantras and texts associated with this vehicle, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Kulayar%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Kulayarāja Tantra">Kunjed Gyalpo</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_tantras" title="Seventeen tantras">"Seventeen tantras of the esoteric instruction cycle"</a> (<span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i lang="bo">man ngag sde'i rgyud bcu bdun</i></span>).</li></ul> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa's</a> <i>Great Chariot:</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mahāyoga, the father tantra, the nature of method [related to] appearance, [is taught] to benefit those whose strongest emotional affliction is aversion and who are subject to excessive discursiveness. Anuyoga, the mother tantra, the wisdom of the completion phase [related to] the essential reality of emptiness, [is taught] to benefit those whose strongest emotional affliction is desire and who delight in stillness of mind. Atiyoga, the nature of nonduality, [is taught] to benefit those whose strongest emotional affliction is delusion and who are tarnished by [attachment to] effort.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Longchenpa's <i>Finding Comfort and Ease in the Nature of Mind</i> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mahayoga emphasizes winds and the methods of the generation phase. Anuyoga emphasizes the constituent [of bliss] and the wisdom of the completion phase; Atiyoga emphasizes pristine awareness from which nothing is separate.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Regarding the alternative schemas which are now rarely used in Nyingma, Achard writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the classification into twelve Vehicles (such as in the surviving proto-doxographical works of <a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Lingpa">O rgyan gling pa</a>), Dzogchen is the ninth Vehicle as usual, but it is composed of three subdivisions which are also styled Vehicles (<i>theg pa</i>). In this case, Dzogchen is equated with Ati yoga. Then, the tenth Vehicle is that of the <i>sPyi ti yoga</i>; the eleventh is that of the <i>Yang ti yoga</i>; and the twelfth is the vehicle of the Great Limit (<i>mtha’ chen</i>). Such references to higher categories of Dzogchen teachings, said to surpass those of <i>Ati yoga stricto sensu</i>, have survived at least down to the revelations of mChog gyur gling pa in the 19th century. Since then, practically no one has used these unusual categories, especially that of the Great Limit which remains more than obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tsong-kha-pa, <i>The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra, Part One</i> in Tsong-kha-pa et al. (2016), pp. 63 - 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), pp. 40, 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:82_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), pp. 59, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgon Kongtrul (2005), pp. 100 - 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgon Kongtrul (2005), p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgon Kongtrul (2005), p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanderson, Alexis. <i>"The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period."</i> In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 129-131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgon Kongtrul (2005), p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringu Tulku (2007) <i>The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet,</i> pp. 94-95, Shambhala Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 14th Dalai Lama, <i>The Heart of Mantra,</i> in Tsong-kha-pa et al. (2017) <i>The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra Volume Two</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarisco, Elio (trans.); McLeod, Ingrid (trans., editor); Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye, Kon-Sprul Blo-Gros-Mtha-Yas (compiler) (2005). <i>The Treasury of Knowledge: Book Six, Part Four: Systems of Buddhist Tantra</i>. Ithaca, New York, USA: Snow Lion Publications. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-210-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-210-X">1-55939-210-X</a>, p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guarisco, Elio (trans.); McLeod, Ingrid (trans., editor); Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye, Kon-Sprul Blo-Gros-Mtha-Yas (compiler) (2005). <i>The Treasury of Knowledge: Book Six, Part Four: Systems of Buddhist Tantra</i>. Ithaca, New York, USA: Snow Lion Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-210-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-210-X">1-55939-210-X</a>, p.128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), pp. 129-130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 14th Dalai Lama, <i>The Features of Yoga Tantra</i>, in Tsong-kha-pa et al. (2017) <i>The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra, Part Three.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Williams, Anthony Tribe, Alexander Wynne. Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, page 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1995" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Miranda (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/page/15"><i><span></span></i>Passionate Enlightenment::Women in Tantric Buddhism<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01090-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01090-0"><bdi>0-691-01090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passionate+Enlightenment%3A%3AWomen+in+Tantric+Buddhism&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-691-01090-0&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpassionateenligh00shaw%2Fpage%2F15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClasses+of+Tantra+in+Tibetan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dudjom Rinpoche, <i>The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: Its Fundamentals and History</i>, Wisdom Publications, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-199-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-199-8">0-86171-199-8</a>. page 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGyatsoAlexander_Berzin1997" class="citation book cs1">Gyatso, Tenzin; Alexander Berzin (1997). <i><span></span></i>The Gelug/Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra<i><span></span></i>. New York: Snow Lion Publications. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-072-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-072-7"><bdi>1-55939-072-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gelug%2FKagyu+Tradition+of+Mahamudra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55939-072-7&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft.au=Alexander+Berzin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClasses+of+Tantra+in+Tibetan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalai_LamaAlexander_Berzin1997" class="citation book cs1">Dalai Lama; Alexander Berzin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKK_DKwYhk0C&dq=The%20Gelug%2FKagyu%20Tradition%20of%20Mahamudra&pg=PA243"><i>The Gelug/Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra</i></a>. 9781559399302: Snow Lion Publications. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781559399302" title="Special:BookSources/9781559399302"><bdi>9781559399302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gelug%2FKagyu+Tradition+of+Mahamudra&rft.place=9781559399302&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781559399302&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rft.au=Alexander+Berzin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKK_DKwYhk0C%26dq%3DThe%2520Gelug%252FKagyu%2520Tradition%2520of%2520Mahamudra%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClasses+of+Tantra+in+Tibetan+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Essence of Vajrayana</i>: The Highest Yoga Tantra Practice of Heruka Body Mandala, <a href="/wiki/Tharpa_Publications" title="Tharpa Publications">Tharpa Publications</a> (1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948006-48-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948006-48-7">978-0-948006-48-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Guide to Dakini Land</i>: The Highest Yoga Tantra Practice of Buddha Vajrayogini, page 3, <a href="/wiki/Tharpa_Publications" title="Tharpa Publications">Tharpa Publications</a> (2nd. ed., 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948006-39-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948006-39-5">978-0-948006-39-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Achard, Jean-Luc. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_31_03.pdf">The View of sPyi ti yoga*.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204308/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_31_03.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-06-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> CNRS, CRCAO, Paris</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), pp. 307-308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamgön Kongtrül (2005), p. 308.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mkhas-grub-rje (compiler); Lessing, R.D (senior translator) & Wayman, Alex (journeyman translator, annotations) (1968, 1993). 'Introduction to The Buddhist Tantric Systems' (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rgyud sde spyi'i rnam par gzhag pa rgyas par brjod</i>). Tibetan transliterated in Wylie with English Translation. Second edition. Delhi, India: Motilal Banarsidass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0834-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0834-7">81-208-0834-7</a></li> <li>Guarisco, Elio (trans.); McLeod, Ingrid (trans., editor); Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Taye, Kon-Sprul Blo-Gros-Mtha-Yas (compiler) (2005). <i>The Treasury of Knowledge: Book Six, Part Four: Systems of Buddhist Tantra</i>. Ithaca, New York, USA: Snow Lion Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-210-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-210-X">1-55939-210-X</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&oldid=1275223516#Unsurpassable_Yoga">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism&oldid=1275223516#Unsurpassable_Yoga</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_tantras" title="Category:Buddhist tantras">Buddhist tantras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vajrayana" title="Category:Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhist practices">Tibetan Buddhist practices</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Standard_Tibetan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text">Articles containing Standard Tibetan-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 19:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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