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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology and historical usage of the term subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_historical_usage_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_War_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Civil War usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cajun_Country/Creole_City_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cajun_Country/Creole_City_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cajun Country/Creole City usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cajun_Country/Creole_City_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alabama_Cajans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alabama_Cajans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Alabama Cajans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alabama_Cajans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americanized_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americanized_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Americanized usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americanized_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cajun_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cajun_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cajun nationality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cajun_nationality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cajun nationality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cajun_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_group_of_national_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_group_of_national_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ethnic group of national origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_group_of_national_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Acadian_ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Acadian_ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History of Acadian ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Acadian_ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cajuns_as_Creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cajuns_as_Creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cajuns as Creoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cajuns_as_Creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_mixing_and_non-Acadian_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_mixing_and_non-Acadian_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ethnic mixing and non-Acadian origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_mixing_and_non-Acadian_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_and_Afro-Cajuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_and_Afro-Cajuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Indian and Afro-Cajuns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_and_Afro-Cajuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americanization_of_Acadiana_(1950–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americanization_of_Acadiana_(1950–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Americanization of Acadiana (1950–1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americanization_of_Acadiana_(1950–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_CODOFIL_and_preservation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_CODOFIL_and_preservation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Establishment of CODOFIL and preservation efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_CODOFIL_and_preservation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edwin_W._Edwards,_Constitution_of_1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edwin_W._Edwards,_Constitution_of_1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Edwin W. Edwards, Constitution of 1974</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edwin_W._Edwards,_Constitution_of_1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Religious traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mardi_Gras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mardi_Gras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Mardi Gras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mardi_Gras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Easter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Easter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Folk beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrations_and_gatherings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrations_and_gatherings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Celebrations and gatherings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrations_and_gatherings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community_gatherings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_gatherings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Community gatherings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_gatherings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_festivals_outside_Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_festivals_outside_Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.3</span> <span>Other festivals outside Louisiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_festivals_outside_Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Documentary films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cajuns</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cajuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%BAn" title="Cajún – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cajún" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="کیجن‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیجن‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Каджуны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каджуны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cajuns" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajunov%C3%A9" title="Cajunové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cajunové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cajuns" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_(etnisk)" title="Cajun (etnisk) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cajun (etnisk)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_(Bev%C3%B6lkerungsgruppe)" title="Cajun (Bevölkerungsgruppe) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cajun (Bevölkerungsgruppe)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caj%C3%BAn" title="Cajún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cajún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%B5unoj" title="Kaĵunoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaĵunoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="کیجن‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیجن‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiens" title="Cadiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cadiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cajuns" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%A4%80" title="케이준 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케이준" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_(etnia)" title="Cajun (etnia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cajun (etnia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F" title="קייג'ון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קייג'ון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadiani" title="Acadiani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acadiani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاجون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاجون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Cajun" title="Orang Cajun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Cajun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ケイジャン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケイジャン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiens" title="Cadiens – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cadiens" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadians" title="Cadians – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cadians" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun" title="Cajun – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cajun" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajun_(etnie)" title="Cajun (etnie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cajun (etnie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Каджуны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каджуны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cajuns" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajunit" title="Cajunit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cajunit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of Louisiana</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cajun" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cajun_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cajun (disambiguation)">Cajun (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cadjin" redirects here. For Alabamans, see <a href="/wiki/Cajans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajans">Cajans</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cajuns</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cadjins</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadiana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/220px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/330px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/440px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadiana" title="Flag of Acadiana">flag of Acadiana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cajun_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun Country">Cajun Country</a><sup id="cite_ref-Menestrel2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menestrel2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">66,000 (2023 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Cajuns#Dubious" title="Talk:Cajuns">discuss</a></i>]</sup> 598,000 (1990 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/21px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Acadiana.svg/42px-Flag_of_Acadiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">French (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a>) <br /> English (<a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>: Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a>, <a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans" title="French-Canadian Americans">French-Canadian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_Creoles" title="Saint-Domingue Creoles">Saint-Domingue Creoles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:French_people" title="Category:French people">a series</a> of articles on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; font-size: 200%;"><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/100px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/150px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/200px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Native communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aosta</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_of_French_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian of French origin">Mauritius</a></li> <li>Namibia <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Réunion</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">South Africa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li></ul> <p><b>Asia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="French people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India" title="French people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Japan" title="French people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Korea" title="French people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Middle East</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Lebanon" title="French people in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East#French_(Levantine)_people_in_Turkey" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> <p><b>Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li>Netherlands <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#The_Netherlands" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_people_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French people in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany (pre-1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hungary" title="French people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li>Spain</li> <li>Portugal</li></ul> <p><b>North America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">French Antilles</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guatemalan" title="French Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Jamaica" title="French immigration to Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_settlement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="French settlement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a></small></li> <li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cajuns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_Americans" title="French-Canadian Americans">French Canadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Quebecer">Québécois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Albertan">Franco-Albertan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlander</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>South America</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colombian" title="French Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Peruvians" title="French Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayans" title="French Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Venezuelans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Venezuelans (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li></ul> <p><b>Oceania</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Zealanders" title="French New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> <sup>1</sup>Overseas parts of France proper <br /> <i>Migration of minorities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).</i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="French Church">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_dress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French dress (page does not exist)">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_France" title="National symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in France">Cultural Heritage sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_people" title="List of French people">List of French people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_French_descent" title="Category:People of French descent">People of French descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_people" title="Template:French people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_people" title="Template talk:French people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cajuns</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French language">French</a>: <i>les Cadjins</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[le<span class="wrap"> </span>kadʒɛ̃]</a></span> or <i>les Cadiens</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[le<span class="wrap"> </span>kadjɛ̃]</a></span>), also known as Louisiana <i><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></i> (French: <i>les Acadiens</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-ValdmanRottet2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ValdmanRottet2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana French people">Louisiana French</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a> mainly found in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">US state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and surrounding Gulf Coast states. </p><p>While Cajuns are usually described as the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadian</a> exiles who went to Louisiana over the course of <i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Le Grand Dérangement</a></i>, Louisianians frequently use <i>Cajun</i> as a broad cultural term (particularly when referencing <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>) without necessitating race or descent from the deported Acadians. Although the terms <i>Cajun</i> and <i>Creole</i> today are often portrayed as separate identities, Louisianians of Acadian descent have historically been known as, and are, a subset of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles</a> (synonymous for "Louisianais", which is a demonym for <a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianians</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisiana's population and have had an enormous impact on the state's culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Brasseaux_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasseaux-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Lower_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Louisiana">Lower Louisiana</a> had been settled by French colonists since the late 17th century, many Cajuns trace their roots to the influx of Acadian settlers after the Great Expulsion from their homeland during the French and British hostilities prior to the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1756 to 1763). The Acadia region to which many modern Cajuns trace their origin consisted largely of what are now <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> plus parts of eastern <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. </p><p>Since their establishment in Louisiana, the Cajuns have become famous for their French dialect, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Louisiana French</a>, and have developed a rich culture including <a href="/wiki/Folkways_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkways (sociology)">folkways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">cuisine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a> is heavily associated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_historical_usage_of_the_term">Etymology and historical usage of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and historical usage of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Cajun" comes from a rural pronunciation of <i>Acadien</i> (Acadian). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_usage">Civil War usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil War usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first usage of the term "Cajun" came about during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-davidcedomonds_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidcedomonds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After conquering <a href="/wiki/Vermilionville_Historic_Village" title="Vermilionville Historic Village">Vermilionville</a>, the capital of <i><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Nouvelle Acadie</a></i> (New Acadia) in 1863, Lieutenant George C. Harding of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Indiana_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment" title="1st Indiana Heavy Artillery Regiment">21st Indiana Infantry</a> used the term "Cajun" to describe the region's inhabitants: </p> <blockquote><p>I will try and tell what a <i><b>Cajun</b></i> is. He is a half-savage creature, of mixed French and Indian blood, lives in swamps and subsists by cultivating small patches of corn and sweet potatoes. The wants of the Cajun are few, and his habits are simple... I can not say that we were abused by the Cajuns.<sup id="cite_ref-davidcedomonds_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidcedomonds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A correspondent for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> reported: "Our forces captured some prisoners. Many deserters and refugees came within our lines. The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">rebel</a> deserters are principally <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Creoles">French Creoles</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cajun-Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun-Creole">Arcadians</a>..."<sup id="cite_ref-davidcedomonds_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidcedomonds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>War correspondent Theophilus Noel reported for his newspaper: "You must not use the word <i><b>Cagin</b></i>, implying thereby that there is any nigger blood in the party to whom you are talking."<sup id="cite_ref-davidcedomonds_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidcedomonds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cajun_Country/Creole_City_usage"><span id="Cajun_Country.2FCreole_City_usage"></span>Cajun Country/Creole City usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cajun Country/Creole City usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippi_Cajun_Country.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mississippi_Cajun_Country.png/100px-Mississippi_Cajun_Country.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mississippi_Cajun_Country.png/150px-Mississippi_Cajun_Country.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mississippi_Cajun_Country.png/200px-Mississippi_Cajun_Country.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Mississippi Cajun Country</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MobMetShade.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MobMetShade.gif/100px-MobMetShade.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MobMetShade.gif/150px-MobMetShade.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/MobMetShade.gif/200px-MobMetShade.gif 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="482" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Alabama Cajun Country</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the Civil War, urban Creoles began referring to the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> class (<i><a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">petits habitants</a></i>) as "Cajuns". Cajuns inhabited the "Cajun Countries" of <a href="/wiki/Cajan_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajan Country">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cajun_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun Country">Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalurbanleague_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalurbanleague-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edwardthomasprice_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardthomasprice-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timemagazine1934_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timemagazine1934-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-balboanlewis_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balboanlewis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, "Creole" increasingly referred to Creoles of the middle class (<i><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a></i>) or aristocratic class (<i><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">grands habitants</a></i>), and served as a designation for inhabitants of the "Creole Cities": <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ricejournal_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ricejournal-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-internalrevenuerecordandcustoms_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-internalrevenuerecordandcustoms-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thomascooperdeleon_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomascooperdeleon-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carl Brasseaux notes in <i>Acadian to Cajun, Transformation of a People</i>, that: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Cajun</i> was used by Anglos to refer to all persons of French descent and low economic standing, regardless of their ethnic affiliation. Hence poor Creoles of the bayou and prairie regions came to be permanently identified as <i>Cajun</i>. The term <i>Cajun</i> thus became a socioeconomic classification for the multicultural amalgam of several culturally and linguistically distinct groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Brasseaux_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasseaux-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alabama_Cajans">Alabama Cajans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alabama Cajans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cajans inhabited a region of Alabama called the <b>Cajan Country</b>, which was all of the bayou country surrounding Mobile. To the north, the Cajan Country reached the hills of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Alabama" title="Mount Vernon, Alabama">Mount Vernon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citronelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Citronelle">Citronelle</a>, and to the east, it reached through the bayous and forests around <a href="/wiki/Daphne,_Alabama" title="Daphne, Alabama">Daphne</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Perdido_River" title="Perdido River">Perdido River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalurbanleague_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalurbanleague-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edwardthomasprice_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwardthomasprice-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timemagazine1934_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timemagazine1934-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cajans were of varying racial mixtures; during the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation era</a>, some Cajans under Alabama's new racial laws were considered black, others were considered white, and others yet designated as Indians. Cajans were discriminated against due to their racial ambiguity, and many did not have access to public schools. Cajans tended to stay among their own communities.<sup id="cite_ref-federalwritersproject_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalwritersproject-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americanized_usage">Americanized usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Americanized usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadiana_parishes_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Acadiana_parishes_map.png/150px-Acadiana_parishes_map.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Acadiana_parishes_map.png/225px-Acadiana_parishes_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Acadiana_parishes_map.png/300px-Acadiana_parishes_map.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Acadiana</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Americanization of Acadiana between the 1950s and 1970s, the term "Cajun" became synonymous with "white French Louisianian", due in part to <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisiana" title="Council for the Development of French in Louisiana">CODOFIL's</a> decision to promote Louisiana's link to Acadia in the "Cajun Renaissance".<sup id="cite_ref-nicholeestandford_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholeestandford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is common to see various demographic differences assigned to the Cajun/Creole binary. A typical example is cuisine: Many claim that "Cajun" gumbo does not include tomatoes whereas "Creole" gumbo does, but this distinction is better viewed as geographic rather than ethnic. Residents of <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a>—a historically isolated and rural region—do not typically make gumbo with tomatoes, regardless of ancestry or self-proclaimed identity, whereas urban New Orleanians do. Technically, "Cajun" cuisine should properly fit under the umbrella of "Creole" cuisine, much like "Cajuns" themselves traditionally fit under the "Creole" umbrella. </p><p>In contrast to the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, today's Cajuns and Creoles are often presented as distinct groups, and some Cajuns disavow a Creole identity whereas others embrace it. Surnames and geographic location are not necessarily markers of either identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cajun_nationality">Cajun nationality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cajun nationality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_group_of_national_origin">Ethnic group of national origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnic group of national origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_bilingue_%C3%A0_l%27entr%C3%A9e_de_la_Louisiane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_bilingue_%C3%A0_l%27entr%C3%A9e_de_la_Louisiane.jpg/150px-Signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_bilingue_%C3%A0_l%27entr%C3%A9e_de_la_Louisiane.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_bilingue_%C3%A0_l%27entr%C3%A9e_de_la_Louisiane.jpg/225px-Signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_bilingue_%C3%A0_l%27entr%C3%A9e_de_la_Louisiane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_bilingue_%C3%A0_l%27entr%C3%A9e_de_la_Louisiane.jpg/300px-Signalisation_routi%C3%A8re_bilingue_%C3%A0_l%27entr%C3%A9e_de_la_Louisiane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RiceFestivalDancers1940Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RiceFestivalDancers1940Colorized.jpg/150px-RiceFestivalDancers1940Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RiceFestivalDancers1940Colorized.jpg/225px-RiceFestivalDancers1940Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RiceFestivalDancers1940Colorized.jpg/300px-RiceFestivalDancers1940Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Cajun dancers in traditional clothing</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Cajuns retain a unique dialect of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> called <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a> (or more commonly known as Cajun French), and hold numerous other cultural traits that distinguish them as an ethnic group. Cajuns were officially recognized by the US government as a national ethnic group in 1980 per a discrimination lawsuit filed in federal district court. Presided over by Judge Edwin Hunter, the case, known as <i>Roach v. Dresser Industries Valve and Instrument Division</i> (494 F.Supp. 215, D.C. La., 1980), hinged on the issue of the Cajuns' ethnicity: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We conclude that plaintiff is protected by Title VII's ban on national origin discrimination. The Louisiana Acadian is alive and well. He is "up front" and "main stream." He is not asking for any special treatment. By affording coverage under the "national origin" clause of Title VII he is afforded no special privilege. He is given only the same protection as those with <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czechoslovakian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a>, et al., ancestors.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Judge Edwin Hunter, 1980<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Acadian_ancestors">History of Acadian ancestors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of Acadian ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">History of the Acadians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg/150px-Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Joseph_Broussard_en_Acadia_HRoe_2009.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian people">Acadian</a> militia captain <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph "Beausoleil" Broussard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)" title="Siege of Port Royal (1710)">conquest of Acadia</a> happened in 1710. Over the next 45 years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>. During this period, Acadians participated in various military operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French fortress of <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg" title="Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beausejour" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Beausejour">Fort Beausejour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (part of the Seven Years' War and known by that name in Canada and Europe), the British sought to neutralize the Acadian military threat and to interrupt their vital supply lines to Louisbourg by <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">deporting Acadians</a> from Acadia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> was afterward divided and apportioned to various British colonies, now Canadian provinces: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, New Brunswick, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaspe_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspe Peninsula">Gaspe Peninsula</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. The deportation of the Acadians from these areas beginning in 1755 has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Upheaval">Great Upheaval</a> or <i>Le Grand Dérangement</i>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deportation_of_Acadians_order,_painting_by_Jefferys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Deportation_of_Acadians_order%2C_painting_by_Jefferys.jpg/150px-Deportation_of_Acadians_order%2C_painting_by_Jefferys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Deportation_of_Acadians_order%2C_painting_by_Jefferys.jpg/225px-Deportation_of_Acadians_order%2C_painting_by_Jefferys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Deportation_of_Acadians_order%2C_painting_by_Jefferys.jpg/300px-Deportation_of_Acadians_order%2C_painting_by_Jefferys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">deportation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Acadians' migration from Canada was spurred by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">1763 Treaty of Paris</a> which ended the war. The treaty terms provided 18 months for unrestrained emigration. Many Acadians moved to the region of the <a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapa</a> in present-day Louisiana, often travelling via the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Broussard" title="Joseph Broussard">Joseph Broussard</a> led the first group of 200 Acadians to arrive in Louisiana on February 27, 1765, aboard the <i>Santo Domingo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> On April 8, 1765, he was appointed militia captain and commander of the "Acadians of the Atakapas" region in <a href="/wiki/St._Martinville,_Louisiana" title="St. Martinville, Louisiana">St. Martinville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the settlers wrote to their family scattered around the Atlantic to encourage them to join them at New Orleans. For example, Jean-Baptiste Semer wrote to his father in France: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My dear father ... you can come here boldly with my dear mother and all the other Acadian families. They will always be better off than in France. There are neither duties nor taxes to pay and the more one works, the more one earns without doing harm to anyone.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jean-Baptiste Semer, 1766<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Acadians were scattered throughout the eastern seaboard. Families were split and boarded ships with different destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many ended up west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French-colonized</a> Louisiana, including territory as far north as <a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" title="The Dakotas">Dakota territory</a>. France had ceded the colony to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spain in 1762</a>, prior to their defeat by Britain and two years before the first Acadians began settling in Louisiana. The interim French officials provided land and supplies to the new settlers. The Spanish <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, later proved to be hospitable, permitting the Acadians to continue to speak their language, practice their native religion (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> – which was also the official religion of Spain), and otherwise pursue their livelihoods with minimal interference. Some families and individuals did travel north through the Louisiana territory to set up homes as far north as <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. Acadians fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Although they fought for Spanish General Galvez, their contribution to the winning of the war has been recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galvez left New Orleans with an army of Spanish regulars and the Louisiana militia made up of 600 Acadian volunteers and captured the British strongholds of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bute" title="Fort Bute">Fort Bute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Manchac" title="Bayou Manchac">Bayou Manchac</a>, across from the Acadian settlement at St. Gabriel. On September 7, 1779, Galvez <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Bute" title="Capture of Fort Bute">attacked Fort Bute</a> and then on September 21, 1779, attacked and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1779)" title="Battle of Baton Rouge (1779)">captured Baton Rouge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review of participating soldiers shows many common Acadian names among those who fought in the battles of Baton Rouge and West Florida. The Galvez Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> was formed in memory of those soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish colonial government settled the earliest group of Acadian exiles west of New Orleans, in what is now south-central Louisiana—an area known at the time as Attakapas, and later the center of the <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a> region. As Brasseaux wrote, "The oldest of the pioneer communities ... Fausse Point, was established near present-day <a href="/wiki/Loreauville" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreauville">Loreauville</a> by late June 1765."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Acadians shared the swamps, bayous, and prairies with the <a href="/wiki/Attakapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Attakapa">Attakapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitimacha" title="Chitimacha">Chitimacha</a> Native American tribes. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">end</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, about 1,500 more Acadians arrived in New Orleans. About 3,000 Acadians had been deported to France during the Great Upheaval. In 1785, about 1,500 were authorized to emigrate to Louisiana, often to be reunited with their families, or because they could not settle in France.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living in a relatively isolated region until the early 20th century, Cajuns today are largely assimilated into the mainstream society and culture. Some Cajuns live in communities outside Louisiana. Also, some people identify themselves as Cajun culturally despite lacking Acadian ancestry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cajuns_as_Creoles">Cajuns as Creoles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cajuns as Creoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Mouton_jeune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alexandre_Mouton_jeune.jpg/200px-Alexandre_Mouton_jeune.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alexandre_Mouton_jeune.jpg/300px-Alexandre_Mouton_jeune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alexandre_Mouton_jeune.jpg/400px-Alexandre_Mouton_jeune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Acadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian people">Acadian Creole</a> governor of Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Mouton" title="Alexandre Mouton">Alexandre Mouton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the modern era it is common to see Cajuns and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles</a> discussed as separate and distinct groups; historically speaking, this was not necessarily the case. Many historical accounts exist wherein persons with Acadian surnames (and of various races) either self-identify or are described by others as Creoles. </p><p>In Louisiana, the French word <i>Créole</i> (itself borrowed from Spanish and Portuguese) meant "born in the New World" (compare with Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></i>). This label was meant to distinguish the native-born population from newly arrived European immigrants and from slaves imported from Africa. Likewise, after the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Sale of Louisiana</a>, the term "Creole" distinguished people of Catholic, Latin backgrounds from newly arrived Americans and other Protestant anglophones. </p><p>In general, <i>Créolité</i> in Louisiana was largely defined by whether that person was born in Louisiana, spoke a Latin-based language (often French, Spanish or <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Creole</a>) and practiced Catholicism. Having been born on Louisianian soil and maintaining a Catholic francophone identity, the Acadian descendants were indeed and often considered to be Creoles. </p><p>Documents from the late eighteenth century, such as militia rolls, make a distinction between "Acadians" (those born before or during <i><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Le Grand Dérangement</a></i>) and "Creoles" (those born after <i>Le Grand Dérangement</i>), often the children of the former group, with identical surnames and belonging to the same families.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, members of these families—including, among many others, those with surnames such as Broussard, Hébert, and Thibodeaux—usually consider these names Cajun rather than Creole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sources from the 19th century sometimes make specific references to "Acadian Creoles" in particular—a term entirely absent from contemporary Louisiana. One article in vol. 56 of <i>The Youth's Companion</i> notes that, "The Acadian Creoles of Louisiana are a humane and charitable race—simple-minded and full of queer, superstitious notions, but an orphan thrown upon their care never suffers."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mouton family, an influential Acadian family of the period, provides an excellent case study in this regard, with secessionist <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Mouton" title="Alexandre Mouton">Alexandre Mouton</a> retaining the famous nickname of "the Creole Hotspur."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, the Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mouton" title="Alfred Mouton">Alfred Mouton</a>, is also noted in contemporary sources as "a brave and intrepid Creole".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, by contrast, members of the Mouton family are referred to as "Acadians" or "Cajuns" more often than as "Creoles". </p><p>In 1885, the <i>New Iberia Enterprise</i> (taken from a section of advice for American editors) wrote: "Although all men born here, of whatever color and using whatever language, are Americans, it is the custom to designate the descendants of the old French, Spanish, and Acadian settlers of the country and using as a rule the French language, Creoles, and all using the English tongue, Americans." </p><p>In his <i>Refutation des érreurs de M. George W. Cable sur le sujet des Créoles</i>, published in L'<a href="/wiki/Ath%C3%A9n%C3%A9e_Louisianais" title="Athénée Louisianais">Athénée Louisianais</a>, the francophone Creole John L. Peytavin accused the writer <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Cable" title="George Washington Cable">George Washington Cable</a> of fundamentally misrepresenting Creoles to the American public. (Cable, who was not a Creole and did not speak French, had written that Cajuns of Acadian descent were not themselves Creoles.) Peytavin declared: "The Acadian Creoles have the same right to be called Creoles as others of foreign descent." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_mixing_and_non-Acadian_origins">Ethnic mixing and non-Acadian origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ethnic mixing and non-Acadian origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bits_of_Saint_Malo_Scenery_Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bits_of_Saint_Malo_Scenery_Colorized.jpg/300px-Bits_of_Saint_Malo_Scenery_Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bits_of_Saint_Malo_Scenery_Colorized.jpg/450px-Bits_of_Saint_Malo_Scenery_Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Bits_of_Saint_Malo_Scenery_Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Filipino Cajuns of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malo,_Louisiana" title="Saint Malo, Louisiana">Saint Malo, Louisiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Not all Cajuns descend solely from Acadian exiles who settled in south Louisiana in the 18th century. Cajuns include people with Irish and Spanish ancestry, and to a lesser extent of Germans and Italians; Many also have <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Afro-Latin Creole</a> admixture. Historian Carl A. Brasseaux asserted that this process of mixing created the Cajuns in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-Brasseaux_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasseaux-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-Acadian <a href="/wiki/French_Creoles" class="mw-redirect" title="French Creoles">French Creoles</a> in rural areas were absorbed into Cajun communities. Some Cajun parishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangeline Parish">Evangeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avoyelles_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoyelles Parish">Avoyelles</a>, possess relatively few inhabitants of actual Acadian origin. Their populations descend in many cases from settlers who migrated to the region from <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>, or directly from France (<a href="/wiki/French_emigration_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="French emigration (1789–1815)">French emigration</a>). Regardless, Acadian influences are generally acknowledged to have prevailed in most sections of south Louisiana. </p><p>Many Cajuns have ancestors who were not French. Some of the original settlers in Louisiana were <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Spanish Basques</a> and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os" title="Isleños">Canary Islanders</a>. A later migration included Irish and German immigrants who began to settle in Louisiana before and after the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">German Coast</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> north of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. People of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> origin; a number of early <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> settlers (notably in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malo_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Malo (Louisiana)">Saint Malo, Louisiana</a>) who were known as "<a href="/wiki/Manilamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Manilamen">Manilamen</a>" from the annual cross-<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleon">Manila Galleon</a> trade with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Acapulco,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Acapulco, Mexico">Acapulco, Mexico</a>; descendants of African slaves; and some <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban Americans</a> have also settled along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf Coast</a>, and in some cases, intermarried into Cajun families. </p><p>One obvious result of this cultural mixture is the variety of surnames common among the Cajun population. Surnames of the original Acadian settlers (which are documented) have been augmented by French and non-French family names that have become part of Cajun communities. The spelling of many family names has changed over time. (See, for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Eaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Eaux">Eaux</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_and_Afro-Cajuns">Indian and Afro-Cajuns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indian and Afro-Cajuns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin_Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin_Colorized.jpg/150px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin_Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin_Colorized.jpg/225px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin_Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin_Colorized.jpg/300px-Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin_Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin" title="Amédé Ardoin">Amédé Ardoin</a>, the first Black Cajun recording artist; he only spoke <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrowleyCrowdListening1938Colorized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CrowleyCrowdListening1938Colorized.jpg/220px-CrowleyCrowdListening1938Colorized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CrowleyCrowdListening1938Colorized.jpg/330px-CrowleyCrowdListening1938Colorized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/CrowleyCrowdListening1938Colorized.jpg/440px-CrowleyCrowdListening1938Colorized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The Cajun-Creole population of <a href="/wiki/Crowley,_Louisiana" title="Crowley, Louisiana">Crowley</a> enjoying a Cajun Music Concert in 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cajuns as an ethnic group historically included Indians and Blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-cajunmusicjazz_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cajunmusicjazz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Louisiana Frenchmen have historically self-identified as Cajun, using the term in regards to the ethnicity of Acadiana and the language they speak: <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9_Ardoin" title="Amédé Ardoin">Amédé Ardoin</a> for example spoke only <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a> and at his height was known as the first Black Cajun recording artist;<sup id="cite_ref-cajunmusicreader_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cajunmusicreader-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Chenier" title="Clifton Chenier">Clifton Chenier</a> the King of <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">Zydeco</a>, routinely self-identified as a Black Cajun: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Bonjour, comment ça va monsieur?" Clifton Chenier greeted his cheering crowd at the 1975 Montreux Jazz Festival. "They call me the Black Cajun Frenchman."<sup id="cite_ref-kingdomofzydeco_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdomofzydeco-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>People of Acadiana have historically described what the Cajun nationality means to them; Brandon Moreau, a Cajun of <a href="/wiki/Basile,_Louisiana" title="Basile, Louisiana">Basile, Louisiana</a>, described Cajun as an "inclusive term designating region, descent, or heritage – not race."<sup id="cite_ref-brandonmoreau_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandonmoreau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreau also described an incident of where he used the term <a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">coonass</a> with a good friend of his: "We were all talking in the hall, and I said I was a coonass. She said she was Cajun, but that she would never be a coonass. She's black and it offended her."<sup id="cite_ref-brandonmoreau_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandonmoreau-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cajun culture due to its mixed Latin-Creole nature had fostered more laissez-faire attitudes between blacks and whites in Acadiana more than anywhere else in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-shanekbernard_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanekbernard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> actively preached tolerance and condemned racism and all hate crimes; the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Church</a> threatened to <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicate</a> any of its members who would dare to break its laws.<sup id="cite_ref-shanekbernard_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanekbernard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-Americans</a> openly discriminated against Cajuns because they were Catholics, had a Latin Culture, and spoke <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shanekbernard_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanekbernard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White Cajuns and White Creoles accepted advances in racial equality, and they had compassion for Black Cajuns, Black Creoles, and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shanekbernard_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanekbernard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, twice as many blacks in Louisiana's French-Catholic parishes registered to vote compared to blacks in the Anglo-Protestant parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-shanekbernard_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanekbernard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americanization_of_Acadiana_(1950–1970)"><span id="Americanization_of_Acadiana_.281950.E2.80.931970.29"></span>Americanization of Acadiana (1950–1970)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Americanization of Acadiana (1950–1970)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Census_Bureau_2000,_Cajuns_in_the_United_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Cajuns_in_the_United_States.png/440px-Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Cajuns_in_the_United_States.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Cajuns_in_the_United_States.png/660px-Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Cajuns_in_the_United_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Census_Bureau_2000%2C_Cajuns_in_the_United_States.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting Cajuns in the United States, according to the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the United States of America began assimilating and Americanizing the parishes of Acadiana between the 1950s and 1970s, they imposed segregation and reorganized the inhabitants of the Cajun Country to identify racially as either "white" Cajuns or "black" Creoles.<sup id="cite_ref-nicholeestandford_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicholeestandford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the younger generations were made to abandon speaking French and French customs, the White or Indian Cajuns assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-American">Anglo-American</a> host culture, and the Black Cajuns assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-georgeepozzetta_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgeepozzetta-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cajuns looked to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and other Black liberation and empowerment movements as a guide to fostering Louisiana's French cultural renaissance. A Cajun student protester in 1968 declared "We're slaves to a system. Throw away the shackles... and be free with your brother."<sup id="cite_ref-shanekbernard_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanekbernard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_CODOFIL_and_preservation_efforts">Establishment of CODOFIL and preservation efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Establishment of CODOFIL and preservation efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early part of the 20th century, attempts were made to suppress Cajun culture by measures such as forbidding the use of the Cajun French language in schools. After the Compulsory Education Act forced Cajun children to attend formal schools, American teachers threatened, punished, and sometimes beat their Cajun students in an attempt to force them to use English (a language to which many of them had not been exposed before). During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Cajuns often served as French interpreters for American forces in France; this helped to overcome prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, the organization of <a href="/wiki/Council_for_the_Development_of_French_in_Louisiana" title="Council for the Development of French in Louisiana">Council for the Development of French in Louisiana</a> was founded to preserve the French language in Louisiana. Besides advocating for their legal rights, Cajuns also recovered ethnic pride and appreciation for their ancestry. Since the mid-1950s, relations between the Cajuns of the US <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> and Acadians in the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> have been renewed, forming an Acadian identity common to Louisiana, New England, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. </p><p>State Senator <a href="/wiki/Dudley_LeBlanc" class="mw-redirect" title="Dudley LeBlanc">Dudley LeBlanc</a> ("Coozan Dud", a Cajun slang nickname for "Cousin Dudley") took a group of Cajuns to Nova Scotia in 1955 for the commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the expulsion. The <a href="/wiki/Acadian_World_Congress" title="Acadian World Congress"><i>Congrès Mondial Acadien</i></a>, a large gathering of Acadians and Cajuns held every five years since 1994, is another example of continued unity. </p><p>Sociologists Jacques Henry and Carl L. Bankston III have maintained that the preservation of Cajun ethnic identity is a result of the social class of Cajuns. During the 18th and 19th centuries, "Cajuns" came to be identified as the French-speaking rural people of Southwestern Louisiana. Over the course of the 20th century, the descendants of these rural people became the working class of their region. This change in the social and economic circumstances of families in Southwestern Louisiana created nostalgia for an idealized version of the past. Henry and Bankston point out that "Cajun", which was formerly considered an insulting term, became a term of pride among Louisianans by the beginning of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for persons living in the historically Cajun area of Louisiana to self-identify as Cajuns even when they have limited or no Cajun ancestry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edwin_W._Edwards,_Constitution_of_1974"><span id="Edwin_W._Edwards.2C_Constitution_of_1974"></span>Edwin W. Edwards, Constitution of 1974</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Edwin W. Edwards, Constitution of 1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Edwards_(1986).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edwin_Edwards_%281986%29.png/200px-Edwin_Edwards_%281986%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edwin_Edwards_%281986%29.png/300px-Edwin_Edwards_%281986%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Edwin_Edwards_%281986%29.png/400px-Edwin_Edwards_%281986%29.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Louisiana's Cajun governor, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">Edwin Edwards</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the greatest proponent and catalyst for reclaiming Cajun and French history of Louisiana is four-term former Louisiana Governor <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Edwards" title="Edwin Edwards">Edwin Edwards</a>. Selected to serve as honorary chair of the Eighteenth Century Louisiana panel of the 2014 academic Enlightenment Conference in Montréal,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former Governor in a video address<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "One of the legacies of which I am most proud is Louisiana's 1974 Constitution and its provision that the 'right of the people to preserve, foster, and promote their respective historic linguistic and cultural origins is recognized'."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the late LSU Law Center professor Lee Hargrave wrote, in reference to the protection of cultural heritage, "Proponents of the section were primarily Francophones concerned with the protection of the French Acadian culture. Representatives of the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana appeared before the committee several times to urge some recognition of cultural rights, and delegates from Lafayette and Lake Charles worked strongly for the proposal."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montréal panelist and New Orleans Créole historian Jari Honora explained that Edwards "is a perfect commentator for this panel given his advocacy for Louisiana's Francophone cultural communities during his four terms as governor. After several decades of 'Americanization' and suppression of French language and culture in Louisiana, Governor Edwards' conscious self-identification as an Acadian descendant marked a high-point for the Cajun/Creole cultural renaissance in this state."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Culture"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadiana_Louisiana_region_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Acadiana_Louisiana_region_map.svg/220px-Acadiana_Louisiana_region_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Acadiana_Louisiana_region_map.svg/330px-Acadiana_Louisiana_region_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Acadiana_Louisiana_region_map.svg/440px-Acadiana_Louisiana_region_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5018" data-file-height="4515" /></a><figcaption>The 22 parishes of Acadiana: The Cajun heartland of Louisiana is highlighted in darker red.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Geography"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Acadiana" title="Acadiana">Acadiana</a></div> <p>Geography had a strong correlation to Cajun lifestyles. Most Cajuns resided in Acadiana, where their descendants are still predominant. Cajun populations today are found also in the area southwest of New Orleans and scattered in areas adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">French Louisiana</a> region, such as to the north in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>. Strong Cajun roots, influence, and culture can also be found in parts of Southern Mississippi. These areas include <a href="/wiki/Bay_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay St. Louis">Bay St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pass_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass Christian">Pass Christian</a>, Gulfport, Gautier, Natchez, D'Iberville, and Biloxi, Mississippi. Over the years, many Cajuns and Creoles also migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaumont%E2%80%93Port_Arthur_metropolitan_area" title="Beaumont–Port Arthur metropolitan area">Beaumont and Port Arthur areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a>, in especially large numbers as they followed oil-related jobs in the 1970s and 1980s, when oil companies moved jobs from Louisiana to Texas. Many Cajuns and <a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a> also moved to <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. However, the city of <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Louisiana" title="Lafayette, Louisiana">Lafayette</a> is referred to as "The Heart of Acadiana" because of its location, and it is a major center of Cajun culture. Despite the migration and influence in other states, cities outside of Louisiana, including these Texas cities, are not considered a part of Acadiana and are not considered a part of "Cajun Country." </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Music"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun music</a></div> <p>Cajun music is evolved from its roots in the music of the French-speaking Catholics of Canada. In earlier years, the <a href="/wiki/Musical_styles_(violin)#Fiddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical styles (violin)">fiddle</a> was the predominant instrument, but gradually the <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a> has come to share the limelight. Cajun music gained national attention in 2007, when the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Zydeco_or_Cajun_Music_Album" title="Grammy Award for Best Zydeco or Cajun Music Album">Grammy Award for Best Zydeco or Cajun Music Album</a> category was created.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Cuisine"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudin_Sausage_Balls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Boudin_Sausage_Balls.jpg/220px-Boudin_Sausage_Balls.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Boudin_Sausage_Balls.jpg/330px-Boudin_Sausage_Balls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Boudin_Sausage_Balls.jpg/440px-Boudin_Sausage_Balls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>Cajun <i><a href="/wiki/Boudin" title="Boudin">boudin</a></i> rolled into a ball and deep fried</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to <i>Le Grand Dérangement</i>, many Acadians were invited to settle in Louisiana by the Spanish Governor Galvez.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfamiliar with the terrain, they assimilated Creole and Native American influences into their Acadian traditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Cajun cuisine focused on local ingredients and wild game (e.g., duck, rabbit), vegetables (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chayote" title="Chayote">mirlitons</a>), and grains. Coastal communities relied heavily on fish and shellfish. Seafood, especially shellfish, is still very popular in the region and remains a dominant feature of many classic Cajun dishes like seafood <a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">gumbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court-bouillon" title="Court-bouillon">court-bouillon</a>. </p><p>Since many Cajuns were farmers and not especially wealthy, they were known for not wasting any part of a butchered animal. Many rural communities held a weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Boucherie" class="mw-redirect" title="Boucherie">boucherie</a></i>, which is a communal butchering of an animal, often a pig. Each family received a share of the meat. Some high-profile foods like <i><a href="/wiki/Pork_rinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork rinds">grattons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Boudin" title="Boudin">boudin</a></i> are examples of Cajun cuisine that are widely popular.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Language"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a></div> <p>Louisiana French is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of the French language spoken primarily in Louisiana. At one time as many as seven dialects were spread across the Cajun heartland. </p><p>While Cajuns are often said to speak "Cajun French," this term is increasingly seen as a misnomer because the dialect did not originate with the Acadians, and Acadian-descended people are not the only ones to speak it. Recent linguistic scholarship has also cast doubt on how much Acadian influence is present in Louisianian dialects today, and the influences that do exist are sometimes regional rather than widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, the term "Louisiana French" is increasingly preferred. </p><p>Recent documentation has been made of <a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun English</a>, an often <a href="/wiki/Non-rhotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-rhotic">non-rhotic</a> French-influenced dialect of English spoken by Cajuns, either as a second language, in the case of the older members of the community, or as a first language by younger Cajuns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_traditions">Religious traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religious traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"<a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Our Lady of the Assumption</a>" is Patroness of the Acadians (Cajuns). In 1638, the colonies of France, to include Acadie, and France were consecrated by the Pope and the King to Mary under the aforementioned title; the date of consecration was August 15 which is the Solemnity of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and is a Holy Day of Obligation for Roman Catholics (Source 4). </p><p>Traditional Catholic religious observances such as <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> are integral to many Cajun communities. Likewise, these traditional Catholic religious observances may further be understood from <i>Cultural Catholicism in Cajun-Creole Louisiana</i> by Marcia Gaudet<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which tells that such traditional religious observances, although they may not be "strictly theological and liturgical forms", are still integral and necessary to many and remain religiously valid as "unofficial religious customs and traditions are certainly a part of Roman Catholicism as it is practiced".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mardi_Gras">Mardi Gras</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mardi Gras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courir_de_Mardi_Gras_Savoy_La_Musicians_HROE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras_Savoy_La_Musicians_HROE.jpg/220px-Courir_de_Mardi_Gras_Savoy_La_Musicians_HROE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras_Savoy_La_Musicians_HROE.jpg/330px-Courir_de_Mardi_Gras_Savoy_La_Musicians_HROE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras_Savoy_La_Musicians_HROE.jpg/440px-Courir_de_Mardi_Gras_Savoy_La_Musicians_HROE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Musicians playing at a traditional <i>Courir de Mardi Gras</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></i> (French for "Fat Tuesday", also known as <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>) is the day before <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, which marks the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, a 40-day period of fasting and reflection in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a>. Mardi Gras was historically a time to use up the foods that were not to be used during Lent, including fat, eggs, and meat. </p><p>Mardi Gras celebrations in rural Acadiana are distinct from the more widely known celebrations in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Mardi_Gras" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans Mardi Gras">New Orleans</a> and other metropolitan areas. A distinct feature of the Cajun celebration centers on the <i><a href="/wiki/Courir_de_Mardi_Gras" title="Courir de Mardi Gras">Courir de Mardi Gras</a></i> (translated: fat Tuesday run).<sup id="cite_ref-COURIR_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COURIR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of men, usually on horseback and wearing <a href="/wiki/Capuchon" title="Capuchon">capuchons</a> (a cone-shaped ceremonial hat) and traditional costumes, approach a farmhouse and ask for something for the community gumbo pot. Often, the farmer or his wife allows the riders to have a chicken, if they can catch it. The group then puts on a show, comically attempting to catch the chicken set out in a large open area. Songs are sung, jokes are told, and skits are acted out. When the chicken is caught, it is added to the pot at the end of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-COURIR_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COURIR-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>courir</i> held in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Mamou,_Louisiana" title="Mamou, Louisiana">Mamou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_Point,_Louisiana" title="Church Point, Louisiana">Church Point</a> has become well known. This tradition has much in common with the observance of <i>La Chandeleur</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (February 2), by Acadians in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Easter">Easter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Easter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <i>Pâques</i> (French for Easter), a game called <i>pâquer</i>, or <i>pâque-pâque</i> was played. Contestants selected hard-boiled eggs, paired off, and tapped the eggs together – the player whose egg did not crack was declared the winner. This is an old European tradition that has survived in Acadia until today. Today, Easter is still celebrated by Cajuns with the traditional game of <i>paque</i>, but is now also celebrated in the same fashion as Christians throughout the United States with candy-filled baskets, "<a href="/wiki/Easter_bunny" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter bunny">Easter bunny</a>" stories, <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">dyed eggs</a>, and Easter egg hunts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_beliefs">Folk beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Folk beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One folk custom is belief in a <i><a href="/wiki/Traiteur_(faith_healer)" title="Traiteur (faith healer)">traiteur</a></i>, or healer, whose primary method of treatment involves the laying on of hands and of prayers. An important part of this folk religion, the <i>traiteur</i> combines Catholic prayer and medicinal remedies to treat a variety of ailments, including earaches, toothaches, warts, tumors, angina, and bleeding. Another is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rougarou" title="Rougarou">rougarou</a></i>, a version of a <i>loup garou</i> (French for <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a>), that will hunt down and kill Catholics who do not follow the rules of Lent. In some communities, the <i>loup garou</i> of legend has taken on an almost protective role. Children are warned that <i>loups garous</i> can read souls, and that they only hunt and kill evil men and women and misbehaved horses. The folkloric creature <i><a href="/wiki/Letiche" title="Letiche">letiche</a></i> is said to be the soul of an unbaptized infant<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or child raised by alligators<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that haunts the bayous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrations_and_gatherings">Celebrations and gatherings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Celebrations and gatherings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cajuns, along with other <a href="/wiki/Cajun_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun Country">Cajun Country</a> residents, have a reputation for a <i><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">joie de vivre</a></i> (French for "joy of living"), in which hard work is appreciated as much as "let the good times roll / <a href="/wiki/Laissez_les_bon_temps_rouler" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez les bon temps rouler">laissez les bon temps rouler</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community_gatherings">Community gatherings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Community gatherings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the culture, a <i>coup de main</i> (French for "to give a hand") is an occasion when the community gathers to assist one of their members with time-consuming or arduous tasks. Examples might include a <a href="/wiki/Barn_raising" title="Barn raising">barn raising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvests</a>, or assistance for the elderly or sick. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Festivals">Festivals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrowleyCajunFiddler1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CrowleyCajunFiddler1938.jpg/170px-CrowleyCajunFiddler1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CrowleyCajunFiddler1938.jpg/255px-CrowleyCajunFiddler1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CrowleyCajunFiddler1938.jpg/340px-CrowleyCajunFiddler1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6120" data-file-height="7984" /></a><figcaption>Cajun fiddler at 1938 <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Festival" title="International Rice Festival">National Rice Festival</a>, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)" title="Russell Lee (photographer)">Russell Lee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Cajun festivals include a <i>fais do-do</i> ("go to sleep" in French, originating from encouraging children to fall asleep in the rafters of the dance hall as the parents danced late into the night) or street dance, usually to a live local band. Crowds at these festivals can range from a few hundred to more than 100,000. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_festivals_outside_Louisiana">Other festivals outside Louisiana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other festivals outside Louisiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Texas, the Winnie Rice Festival and other celebrations often highlight the Cajun influence in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Texas" title="Southeast Texas">Southeast Texas</a>.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cajunheritagefest.com/">Cajun Heritage Fest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas" title="Port Arthur, Texas">Port Arthur, Texas</a> celebrates Cajun music and cuisine and features events such as a crawfish eating contest and crawfish racing.</li> <li>Major Cajun/Zydeco festivals are held annually in Rhode Island, which does not have a sizable Cajun population, but is home to many Franco-Americans of Québécois and Acadian descent. It features Cajun culture and food, as well as authentic Louisiana musical acts both famous and unknown, drawing attendance not only from the strong Cajun/Zydeco music scene in Rhode Island, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, New York City, and California, but also from all over the world. In recent years, the festival became so popular, now several such large summer festivals are held near the Connecticut–Rhode Island border: The Great Connecticut Cajun and Zydeco Music & Arts Festival, The Blast From The Bayou Cajun and Zydeco Festival, also in California the Cajun/Zydeco Festival; Bay Area Ardenwood Historic Farm, Fremont, Calif. and The Simi Valley Cajun and Blues Music Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evangeline_-_Saint_Martinville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Evangeline_-_Saint_Martinville.jpg/170px-Evangeline_-_Saint_Martinville.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Evangeline_-_Saint_Martinville.jpg/255px-Evangeline_-_Saint_Martinville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Evangeline_-_Saint_Martinville.jpg/340px-Evangeline_-_Saint_Martinville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Evangeline—fictional heroine of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></i> by Longfellow—at <a href="/wiki/St._Martinville,_Louisiana" title="St. Martinville, Louisiana">St. Martinville, Louisiana</a>. The statue was donated by actress <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, who also posed for it. In a 1929 silent film by director <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Carewe" title="Edwin Carewe">Edwin Carewe</a>, del Rio portrayed Evangeline.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Zachary Richard, Cajun Heart</i> (2016, color) director: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Comeau" title="Phil Comeau">Phil Comeau</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Richard" title="Zachary Richard">Zachary Richard</a></li> <li><i>Spend It All</i> (1971, color) director: <a href="/wiki/Les_Blank" title="Les Blank">Les Blank</a> with Skip Gerson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediaburn.org/video/the-good-times-are-killing-me-3/"><i>The Good Times Are Killing Me</i></a> (1975, color)</li> <li><i>Hot Pepper</i> (1975, color) director: Les Blank</li> <li><i>J'ai été au bal</i> (English: <i>I Went to the Dance</i>), by Les Blank, Chris Strachwitz & <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Gosling" title="Maureen Gosling">Maureen Gosling</a>; narrated by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Jean_Ancelet" title="Barry Jean Ancelet">Barry Jean Ancelet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Doucet" title="Michael Doucet">Michael Doucet</a> (Brazos Films). Louisiana French and Zydeco music documentary.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Story" title="Louisiana Story">Louisiana Story</a></i> (1948, black and white) director: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Flaherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Flaherty">Robert Flaherty</a>. Further addressed in 2006 documentary Revisiting Flaherty's Louisiana Story, by a group at <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Comfort_(1981_film)" title="Southern Comfort (1981 film)">Southern Comfort</a></i> (1981), directed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hill_(filmmaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Hill (filmmaker)">Walter Hill</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Powers_Boothe" title="Powers Boothe">Powers Boothe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Easy_(film)" title="The Big Easy (film)">The Big Easy</a></i> (1986), directed by Jim McBride, starring <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Quaid" title="Dennis Quaid">Dennis Quaid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belizaire_the_Cajun" title="Belizaire the Cajun">Belizaire the Cajun</a></i> (1986), directed by <a href="/wiki/Glen_Pitre" title="Glen Pitre">Glen Pitre</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Armand_Assante" title="Armand Assante">Armand Assante</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passion_Fish" title="Passion Fish">Passion Fish</a></i> (1992), directed by <a href="/wiki/John_Sayles" title="John Sayles">John Sayles</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Mary_McDonnell" title="Mary McDonnell">Mary McDonnell</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Chenier" title="Little Chenier">Little Chenier</a></i> (2006), directed by <a href="/wiki/Bethany_Ashton" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethany Ashton">Bethany Ashton</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Johnathon_Schaech" title="Johnathon Schaech">Johnathon Schaech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Curious_Case_of_Benjamin_Button_(film)" title="The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)">The Curious Case of Benjamin Button</a></i> (2008), directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Electric_Mist" title="In the Electric Mist">In the Electric Mist</a></i> (2009), directed by <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Tavernier" title="Bertrand Tavernier">Bertrand Tavernier</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lee_Jones" title="Tommy Lee Jones">Tommy Lee Jones</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></i> (1847), an epic poem by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>, is loosely based on the events surrounding the 1755 deportation. It became an American classic and contributed to a rebirth of Acadian identity in both Maritime Canada and in Louisiana.</li> <li><i>Bayou Folk</i> (1894) by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Chopin" title="Kate Chopin">Kate Chopin</a>, who wrote about the Creoles and Cajuns (Acadiens)</li> <li>Several volumes on Cajun culture and history by children's book author <a href="/wiki/Mary_Alice_Fontenot" title="Mary Alice Fontenot">Mary Alice Fontenot</a></li> <li><i>Acadian Waltz</i> (2013) by <a href="/wiki/Alexandrea_Weis" title="Alexandrea Weis">Alexandrea Weis</a>, who wrote about the Cajun culture</li> <li><i>Acadie, Then and Now</i> (2014) by Warren Perrin, Mary Perrin, Phil Comeau, a collection of 65 articles on Cajun/Acadian culture and history</li> <li>The fictional <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel</a> character <a href="/wiki/Gambit_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Gambit (Marvel Comics)">Gambit</a> is a mutant of Cajun descent</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Jambalaya_(On_the_Bayou)" title="Jambalaya (On the Bayou)">Jambalaya (On the Bayou)</a>" (1952) is credited to <a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a>, about life, parties, and stereotypical Cajun cuisine. The music is taken from the Cajun song "Grand Texas".</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Acadian_Driftwood" title="Acadian Driftwood">Acadian Driftwood</a>" (1975), a popular song based on the Acadian Expulsion by <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Robertson" title="Robbie Robertson">Robbie Robertson</a>, appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_Band" title="The Band">The Band</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Lights_%E2%80%93_Southern_Cross" title="Northern Lights – Southern Cross">Northern Lights – Southern Cross</a></i>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Man" title="Louisiana Man">Louisiana Man</a>" (1961), an autobiographical song written and performed by <a href="/wiki/Doug_Kershaw" title="Doug Kershaw">Doug Kershaw</a>, became the first song broadcast back to Earth from the Moon by the astronauts of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>. Over the years, the song has been recorded by hundreds of artists, sold millions of copies and become a standard of modern Cajun music.</li> <li>"Jolie Blonde" (or "Jolie Blon", "Jole Blon", or "Joli Blon"), with lyrics and song history of the traditional Cajun waltz, is often referred to as "the Cajun national anthem".</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Queen" title="Mississippi Queen">Mississippi Queen</a>" is a 1970 song by <a href="/wiki/Mountain_(band)" title="Mountain (band)">Mountain</a> about a Cajun woman visiting from Mississippi.</li> <li>"Elvis Presley Was a Cajun" is a song from the 1991 Irish film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Commitments_(film)" title="The Commitments (film)">The Commitments</a></i>, in which a two-piece band plays along to the lyric "Elvis was a Cajun, he had a Cajun heart."</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Amos_Moses" title="Amos Moses">Amos Moses</a>" (1970), a song by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Reed" title="Jerry Reed">Jerry Reed</a>, is about a fictional one-armed alligator-hunting Cajun man.</li> <li>"Perfect Day", a song by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Antebellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Antebellum">Lady Antebellum</a>, starts off with the singer seeing "a Cajun man with a red guitar singing on the side of the street" and throwing "a handful of change in his beat-up case and [saying] play me a country beat".</li> <li>"Cajun Hell", a song by American thrash metal band <a href="/wiki/Exodus_(band)" title="Exodus (band)">Exodus</a>, from 1989 album <i><a href="/wiki/Fabulous_Disaster" title="Fabulous Disaster">Fabulous Disaster</a></i>.</li> <li>"Queen Of New Orleans", a song by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Bon_Jovi" title="Jon Bon Jovi">Jon Bon Jovi</a> from the 1997 album <a href="/wiki/Destination_Anywhere_(Jon_Bon_Jovi_album)" title="Destination Anywhere (Jon Bon Jovi album)">Destination Anywhere</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adalida" title="Adalida">Adalida</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_Strait" title="George Strait">George Strait</a> is a song about a "pretty little Cajun queen".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Cajuns" title="List of Cajuns">List of Cajuns</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Louisiana" title="Portal:Louisiana">Louisiana portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boudreaux_and_Thibodeaux" title="Boudreaux and Thibodeaux">Boudreaux and Thibodeaux</a>, traditional Cajun jokes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_Navy" title="Cajun Navy">Cajun Navy</a>, ad-hoc volunteer flood rescue organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">French language in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette" title="University of Louisiana at Lafayette">University of Louisiana at Lafayette</a>, athletic program <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Ragin%27_Cajuns" title="Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns">Ragin' Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_architecture" title="Acadian architecture">Acadian architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Menestrel2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menestrel2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSara_Le_Menestrel2014" class="citation book cs1">Sara Le Menestrel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQcbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23"><i>Negotiating Difference in French Louisiana Music: Categories, Stereotypes, and Identifications</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62674-372-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62674-372-4"><bdi>978-1-62674-372-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Difference+in+French+Louisiana+Music%3A+Categories%2C+Stereotypes%2C+and+Identifications&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62674-372-4&rft.au=Sara+Le+Menestrel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQcbBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/cajun-culture-history-facts.html">https://study.com/academy/lesson/cajun-culture-history-facts.html</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/cph/cph-l/cph-l-149/acadian-cajun.txt">https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/cph/cph-l/cph-l-149/acadian-cajun.txt</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ValdmanRottet2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ValdmanRottet2009_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdman,_AlbertKevin_J._Rottet2009" class="citation book cs1">Valdman, Albert; Kevin J. Rottet, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vw5TIVBcNsIC&pg=PA98"><i>Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi" title="University Press of Mississippi">University Press of Mississippi</a>. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-404-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-404-1"><bdi>978-1-60473-404-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Louisiana+French%3A+As+Spoken+in+Cajun%2C+Creole%2C+and+American+Indian+Communities&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-404-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvw5TIVBcNsIC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Landry, Christophe (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26040724"><i>A Creole Melting Pot: the Politics of Language, Race, and Identity in southwest Louisiana, 1918-45</i></a> (Doctorate of Philosophy in History).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Creole+Melting+Pot%3A+the+Politics+of+Language%2C+Race%2C+and+Identity+in+southwest+Louisiana%2C+1918-45&rft.date=2016-01&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26040724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brasseaux-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brasseaux_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brasseaux_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brasseaux_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasseaux1992" class="citation book cs1">Brasseaux, Carl A. 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(1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jnxIPgAACAAJ&pg=PA105">"Indian-White Relations in Nova Scotia, 1749-61: A Study in Political Interaction"</a>. In P.A. Buckner; Gail G. Campbell; David Frank (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105"><i>The Acadiensis Reader: Atlantic Canada Before Confederation</i></a> (3rd ed.). Acadiensis Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlanticcanadabe0000unse/page/105">105-106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919107-44-1"><bdi>978-0-919107-44-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian-White+Relations+in+Nova+Scotia%2C+1749-61%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Interaction&rft.btitle=The+Acadiensis+Reader%3A+Atlantic+Canada+Before+Confederation&rft.pages=105-106&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Acadiensis+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-919107-44-1&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjnxIPgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span><br />• <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1994" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Stephen E. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carencrohighschool.org/LA_Studies/ParishSeries/LafayetteParish/Broussard.htm">the original</a> on May 21, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carencro+High+School-+Preparing+Students+for+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carencrohighschool.org%2FLA_Studies%2FParishSeries%2FLafayetteParish%2FBroussard.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520171929/http://www2.umoncton.ca/cfdocs/etudacad/1755/index.cfm?id=010505000&lang=en&style=G&admin=false&linking=">"History:1755-Joseph Broussard dit Beausoleil (c. 1702–1765)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.umoncton.ca/cfdocs/etudacad/1755/index.cfm?id=010505000&lang=en&style=G&admin=false&linking=">the original</a> on May 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A1755-Joseph+Broussard+dit+Beausoleil+%28c.+1702%E2%80%931765%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.umoncton.ca%2Fcfdocs%2Fetudacad%2F1755%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D010505000%26lang%3Den%26style%3DG%26admin%3Dfalse%26linking%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Letter by Jean-Baptiste Semer, an Acadian in New Orleans, to His Father in Le Havre, April 20, 1766". Transl. Bey Grieve. <i>Louisiana History</i> 48 (spring 2007): 219–26 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfmouhot.free.fr/prive/documents/Mouhot--Semer_Letter.fdf">Link to full transcription of the Letter by Jean-Baptist Semer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mack Faragher (2005). <i>A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from their American Homeland</i>, New York: W. W. Norton, 562 pages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-05135-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-05135-8">0-393-05135-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatnoblescheme00fara">Online excerpt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acadian-home.org/american-revolution.html">"Acadia:Acadians:American Revolution:Acadian & French Canadian Ancestral Home"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acadia%3AAcadians%3AAmerican+Revolution%3AAcadian+%26+French+Canadian+Ancestral+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acadian-home.org%2Famerican-revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann1960" class="citation journal cs1">Haarmann, Albert (October 1960). "The Spanish Conquest of British West Florida, 1779–1781". <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 112. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30150253">30150253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Conquest+of+British+West+Florida%2C+1779%E2%80%931781&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1960-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30150253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroussard2004" class="citation web cs1">Broussard, Karen (March 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026041623/http://geocities.com/patriot2325/galvez.html">"History of the Galvez Chapter"</a>. Lafayette, LA: National Society of the American Revolution, Galvez Chapter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/patriot2325/galvez.html">the original</a> on October 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Galvez+Chapter&rft.place=Lafayette%2C+LA&rft.pub=National+Society+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+Galvez+Chapter&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.aulast=Broussard&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fpatriot2325%2Fgalvez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasseaux1987" class="citation book cs1">Brasseaux, Carl A. (1987). <i>The Founding of New Acadia: The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765–1803</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1296-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1296-8"><bdi>0-8071-1296-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+New+Acadia%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Acadian+Life+in+Louisiana%2C+1765%E2%80%931803&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8071-1296-8&rft.aulast=Brasseaux&rft.aufirst=Carl+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Francois Mouhot (2009), <i>Les Réfugiés Acadiens en France (1758–1785): L'Impossible Réintégration?</i> Quebec: Septentrion, 456p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandry" class="citation web cs1">Landry, Christophe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mylhcv.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1792-Militia.pdf">"1792 Spanish Militia, Attakapas Post"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1792+Spanish+Militia%2C+Attakapas+Post&rft.aulast=Landry&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mylhcv.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2F1792-Militia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>The Youth's Companion</i>. <b>56</b>. 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United States of America: Taylor & Francis. p. 408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+on+the+Land%3A+Agriculture%2C+Rural+Life%2C+and+Small+Towns&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1991&rft.au=George+E.+Pozzetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tidwell, Michael. <i>Bayou Farewell: The Rich Life and Tragic Death of Louisiana's Cajun Coast</i>. Vintage Departures: New York, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114000743/http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/C7817.aspx">"Blue Collar Bayou: Louisiana Cajuns in the New Economy of Ethnicity"</a>. greenwood.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenwood.com/catalog/C7817.aspx">the original</a> on November 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+Collar+Bayou%3A+Louisiana+Cajuns+in+the+New+Economy+of+Ethnicity&rft.pub=greenwood.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenwood.com%2Fcatalog%2FC7817.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesrosiers,_Nicolas" class="citation web cs1">Desrosiers, Nicolas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scedhs2014.uqam.ca/fr/programme.html">"UQAM – Société canadienne d'étude du dix-huitième siècle – Programme"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UQAM+%E2%80%93+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+canadienne+d%27%C3%A9tude+du+dix-huiti%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle+%E2%80%93+Programme&rft.au=Desrosiers%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscedhs2014.uqam.ca%2Ffr%2Fprogramme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/GUY5c9IrAHE"><i>Edwin W. Edwards Honorary Chair, Enlightenment Conference, Montreal, 18 Oct. 2014</i></a>. October 21, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUY5c9IrAHE">the original</a> on October 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edwin+W.+Edwards+Honorary+Chair%2C+Enlightenment+Conference%2C+Montreal%2C+18+Oct.+2014&rft.date=2014-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGUY5c9IrAHE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton" class="citation web cs1">Eaton, Fernin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8919778">"Introductory remarks by former four-term Louisiana Governor Edwin W. Edwards, Honorary Chair, Montreal Enlightenment Conference, October 18, 2014"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introductory+remarks+by+former+four-term+Louisiana+Governor+Edwin+W.+Edwards%2C+Honorary+Chair%2C+Montreal+Enlightenment+Conference%2C+October+18%2C+2014&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Fernin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8919778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. XII, Sec. 4, Louisiana Constitution, 1974 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://senate.legis.state.la.us/documents/constitution/Article12.htm">http://senate.legis.state.la.us/documents/constitution/Article12.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargrave1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hargrave, Lee (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4729&context=lalrev">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Statutory' and 'Hortatory' Provisions of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Law Review">Louisiana Law Review</a></i>. <b>43</b> (3): 647–689.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=%27Statutory%27+and+%27Hortatory%27+Provisions+of+the+Louisiana+Constitution+of+1974&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=647-689&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hargrave&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.lsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4729%26context%3Dlalrev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernin_Eaton" class="citation web cs1">Fernin Eaton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8786621">"Edwin W. Edwards, four-term former Governor of Louisiana, to chair Enlightenment panel in Montreal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edwin+W.+Edwards%2C+four-term+former+Governor+of+Louisiana%2C+to+chair+Enlightenment+panel+in+Montreal&rft.au=Fernin+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8786621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/News/Default.aspx?newsID=2696&newsCategoryID=1">"GRAMMY.com"</a>. <i>GRAMMY.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GRAMMY.com&rft.atitle=GRAMMY.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2FGRAMMY_Awards%2FNews%2FDefault.aspx%3FnewsID%3D2696%26newsCategoryID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey_Kolb2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Bailey Kolb, Frances (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/5700/Kolb_Frances_Fellows.pdf"><i>ACADIAN SETTLEMENT IN LOUISIANA: COLONIAL POPULATIONS AND IMPERIAL POLICY</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Texas A&M University Library</i> (Senior Honors Thesis)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=ACADIAN+SETTLEMENT+IN+LOUISIANA%3A+COLONIAL+POPULATIONS+AND+IMPERIAL+POLICY&rft.date=2007-04&rft.aulast=Bailey+Kolb&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaktrust.library.tamu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1969.1%2F5700%2FKolb_Frances_Fellows.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Stern2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael Stern (June 4, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uha0mHZ-N8oC&pg=PA141"><i>500 Things to Eat Before It's Too Late: And the Very Best Places to Eat Them</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05907-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-05907-5"><bdi>978-0-547-05907-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=500+Things+to+Eat+Before+It%27s+Too+Late%3A+And+the+Very+Best+Places+to+Eat+Them&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt%2C+2009&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.isbn=978-0-547-05907-5&rft.au=Michael+Stern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duha0mHZ-N8oC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingler2009" class="citation book cs1">Klingler, Thomas (2009). <i>"How much Acadian is there in Cajun?"</i>. Acadians and Cajuns: Innsbruck University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22How+much+Acadian+is+there+in+Cajun%3F%22&rft.place=Acadians+and+Cajuns&rft.pub=Innsbruck+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Klingler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">article from Louisiana Division of the Arts | Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism – Louisiana Folklife Festival program books, the Louisiana Folklore Miscellany, the Smithsonian Folklife Festival program book</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudet" class="citation web cs1">Gaudet, Marcia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/CulturalCatholicism.html">"Cultural Catholicism in Cajun-Creole Louisiana"</a>. Louisiana Folk Life.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Catholicism+in+Cajun-Creole+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+Folk+Life&rft.aulast=Gaudet&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louisianafolklife.org%2FLT%2FArticles_Essays%2FCulturalCatholicism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COURIR-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-COURIR_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-COURIR_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt-GoldsmithMigdale1995" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt-Goldsmith, Diane; Migdale, Lawrence (September 1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mardigrascajunco00hoyt"><i>Mardi Gras: a Cajun country celebration</i></a></span>. Holiday House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mardigrascajunco00hoyt/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8234-1184-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8234-1184-9"><bdi>978-0-8234-1184-9</bdi></a>. <q>fête de la quémande.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mardi+Gras%3A+a+Cajun+country+celebration&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Holiday+House&rft.date=1995-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8234-1184-9&rft.aulast=Hoyt-Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Migdale%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmardigrascajunco00hoyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOSvzYLs3tMC&pg=PA94"><i>Louisiana: A Guide to the State</i></a>. US History Publishers. 1941. pp. 94–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60354-017-9"><bdi>978-1-60354-017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana%3A+A+Guide+to+the+State&rft.pages=94-&rft.pub=US+History+Publishers&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-1-60354-017-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOSvzYLs3tMC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2010-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2010_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave_Thompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Dave Thompson (September 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HFYKKVMvxcC&pg=PT292"><i>Bayou Underground: Tracing the Mythical Roots of American Popular Music</i></a>. ECW Press. pp. 292–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55490-682-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55490-682-6"><bdi>978-1-55490-682-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayou+Underground%3A+Tracing+the+Mythical+Roots+of+American+Popular+Music&rft.pages=292-&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55490-682-6&rft.au=Dave+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HFYKKVMvxcC%26pg%3DPT292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACajuns" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simicajun.org">The Simi Valley Cajun and Blues Music Festival</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: General sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hebert-Leiter, Maria, <i>Becoming Cajun, Becoming American: The Acadian in American Literature from Longfellow to James Lee Burke</i>. Baton Rouge, LA: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-3435-1">978-0-8071-3435-1</a>.</li> <li>Jobb, Dean, <i>The Cajuns: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2005 (published in Canada as <i>The Acadians: A People's Story of Exile and Triumph</i>)</li> <li>Fete De L'Assomption De La Vierge Marie, 15 aout 2015, 250 ans, L'Eglise Saint Martin du Tours et la foi Catholique, His Excellency Glen John Provost, D.D.</li> <li>Homily of the Priest, St. Martin de Tours Roman Catholic Church, Friday of the Sixteenth Week in Ordinary Time, Year 2017 of the Gregorian Calendar (See Mt. 13:18–23—the Reading is in the Roman Missal for this day)</li> <li>United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Catechism of the Catholic Church, Statement number 1831</li> <li>United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, New American Bible, copyright 1987, Book of James, Cpt. 1, Vs. 5</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cajuns&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Americans in Louisiana">Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Colored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Louisiana (page does not exist)">Hispanics and Latinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hondurans_in_New_Orleans" title="Hondurans in New Orleans">Hondurans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleño (Louisiana)">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_Orleans" title="Italians in New Orleans">Italians</a></li> <li>Native Americans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitimacha" title="Chitimacha">Chitimacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Band_of_Choctaw_Indians" title="Jena Band of Choctaw Indians">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw-Apache_Tribe_of_Ebarb" title="Choctaw-Apache Tribe of Ebarb">Choctaw-Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_Tribe_of_Louisiana" title="Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana">Coushatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica-Biloxi" title="Tunica-Biloxi">Tunica-Biloxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_in_New_Orleans" title="Vietnamese in New Orleans">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">White Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Americans_by_location" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Americans_by_location" title="Template:French Americans by location"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Americans_by_location" title="Template talk:French Americans by location"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Americans_by_location" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Americans by location"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Americans_by_location" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> by location</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kentucky (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Louisville" title="History of the French in Louisville">Louisville</a>)</li> <li>Louisiana <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maryland (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_French_in_Baltimore" title="History of the French in Baltimore">Baltimore</a>)</li> <li>Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franco-Americans_in_Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="History of the Franco-Americans in Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Nebraska" title="French people in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_diaspora" title="Template:French diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_diaspora" title="Template talk:French diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieds-noirs" title="Pieds-noirs">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Angola" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Benin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">French Dahomey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Burkina Faso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">French Upper Volta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Cameroon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Central African Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Chad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">French Chad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Africa" title="French Africa">Comoros</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="French Comoros">French Comoros</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Republic of the Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazzaville" title="Brazzaville">Brazzaville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Africa" title="French Africa">Djibouti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Gabon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">French Gabon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">The Gambia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Island_(Gambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Island (Gambia)">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albreda" title="Albreda">Albreda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ghana <small> (<a href="/wiki/White_Ghanaian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ghanaian">White Ghanaian</a>)</small></li> <li>Guinea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">French Guinea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Ivory_Coast" title="French people in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Madagascar" title="French people in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Mali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mauritians" title="Franco-Mauritians">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#North_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huguenots_in_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huguenots in Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Niger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Colony of Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoreilles" title="Zoreilles">Réunion</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Senegal" title="French people in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Seychellois" title="Franco-Seychellois">Seychelles</a></li> <li>Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">South Africa</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry#Francophone_West_Africa" title="White Africans of European ancestry">Togo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Tunisians" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hong_Kong" title="French people in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India" title="French people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Japan" title="French people in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Korea" title="French people in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Lebanon" title="French people in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East#French_(Levantine)_people_in_Turkey" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="French people in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Hungary" title="French people in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li>Netherlands <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#The_Netherlands" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_migration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="French migration to the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Huguenots#Britain_and_Ireland" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Canadians" title="Basque Canadians">Basque</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Franco-Albertans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Columbian" title="Franco-Columbian">Franco-Columbian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitoban" title="Franco-Manitoban">Franco-Manitoban</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Nunavois" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Nunavois">Franco-Nunavois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-T%C3%A9nois" title="Franco-Ténois">Franco-Ténois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Newfoundlander" title="Franco-Newfoundlander">Franco-Newfoundlander</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Franco-Yukonnais" title="Franco-Yukonnais">Franco-Yukonnais</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba" title="French immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9" title="Béké">French Antilles</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guatemalan" title="French Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Haitians" title="French Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Jamaica" title="French immigration to Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="French immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_settlement_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="French settlement in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cajuns</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadians</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Australians" title="French Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldoche" title="Caldoche">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Zealanders" title="French New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Argentines" title="French Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Brazilians" title="French Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="French Chilean">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Colombian" title="French Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Peruvians" title="French Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Uruguayans" title="French Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico">Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>Overseas parts of France proper <br /> <i>Migration of minorities in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a>) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality).</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Americans" title="Template:European Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Americans" title="Template talk:European Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_South_Dakotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech South Dakotan">Czech South Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Czech Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">German Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">German Mennonites from Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ohioans" title="Hungarian Ohioans">Hungarian Ohioans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Americans" title="Kashubian Americans">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Americans (page does not exist)">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Silesian" title="Texan Silesian">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_Americans" title="Sorbian Americans">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Americans" title="Cossack Americans">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Americans" title="Kalmyk Americans">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Americans" title="Faroese Americans">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Findians" title="Findians">Findian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Americans" title="Greenlandic Americans">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Dakotan" title="Norwegian Dakotan">Norwegian Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Minnesotan" title="Norwegian Minnesotan">Norwegian Minnesotan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Americans" title="Sámi Americans">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovan Americans (page does not exist)">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Alaska">Alaskan Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_Michigan" title="Dutch Americans in Michigan">Dutch Michigander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Americans" title="Frisian Americans">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Americans" title="Irish Traveller Americans">Irish Traveller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Americans">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan Americans (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Americans (page does not exist)">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Europeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles and Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li>Cajun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li>Cajun</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="White Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> <ul><li>Arkansas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686949#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686949#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q686949#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/843941/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085115-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85018723">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938969v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938969v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cajunové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph697099&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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