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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="أندري غوندر فرانك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أندري غوندر فرانك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="آندره قوندر فرانک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آندره قوندر فرانک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Andre Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="آندره گوندر فرانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آندره گوندر فرانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Andre Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Andre Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Andre Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83" title="اندرى جوندر فرانك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اندرى جوندر فرانك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="アンドレ・グンダー・フランク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドレ・グンダー・フランク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andre Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" title="André Gunder Frank – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="André Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Франк, Андре Гундер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франк, Андре Гундер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Андре Гундер Франк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Андре Гундер Франк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andre Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Andre Gunder Frank" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Андре Гундер Франк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Андре Гундер Франк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%B2%A1%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B" title="安德烈·岡德·法蘭克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安德烈·岡德·法蘭克" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-American sociologist (1929–2005)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Andre+Gunder+Frank%22">"Andre Gunder Frank"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Andre+Gunder+Frank%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Andre+Gunder+Frank%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Andre+Gunder+Frank%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Andre+Gunder+Frank%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Andre+Gunder+Frank%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 25, 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-04-25)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Contributions to <a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">world-systems theory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Marta Fuentes, Nancy Howell, Alison Candela</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Frank" title="Leonhard Frank">Leonhard Frank</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Growth and Productivity in Ukrainian Agriculture from 1928 to 1955</i> (1957)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bert_F._Hoselitz" title="Bert F. Hoselitz">Bert F. Hoselitz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">University of East Anglia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rrojasdatabank.info/agfrank/">rrojasdatabank<wbr />.info<wbr />/agfrank<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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series</a> about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Imperialism studies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallerstein%27s_Core-periphery_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wallerstein%27s_Core-periphery_model.png/101px-Wallerstein%27s_Core-periphery_model.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wallerstein%27s_Core-periphery_model.png/152px-Wallerstein%27s_Core-periphery_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wallerstein%27s_Core-periphery_model.png/202px-Wallerstein%27s_Core-periphery_model.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-imperialism" title="Super-imperialism">Super-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-imperialism" title="Ultra-imperialism">Ultra-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecologically_unequal_exchange" title="Ecologically unequal exchange">Ecologically unequal exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_model" title="North–South model">North–South model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_exchange" title="Unequal exchange">Unequal exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superprofit" title="Superprofit">Superprofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Baran" title="Paul A. Baran">Paul A. Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Charles Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%BDubo%C5%A1_Blaha" title="Ľuboš Blaha">Ľuboš Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Arghiri Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">John Bellamy Foster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Rudolf Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._Hobson" title="J. A. Hobson">J. A. Hobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li Minqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Walter Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)"><i>Empire</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism_(Hobson_book)" title="Imperialism (Hobson book)"><i>Imperialism</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multitude:_War_and_Democracy_in_the_Age_of_Empire" title="Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire">Multitude</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Imperialism" title="Naked Imperialism">Naked Imperialism</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">Banana republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North and Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenbourgeoisie" title="Lumpenbourgeoisie">Lumpenbourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebisch%E2%80%93Singer_hypothesis" title="Prebisch–Singer hypothesis">Prebisch–Singer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third worldism">Third worldism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;padding-top:1em;font-size:11px;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperialism_studies" title="Category:Imperialism studies">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperialism_Studies_sidebar" title="Template:Imperialism Studies sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperialism_Studies_sidebar" title="Template talk:Imperialism Studies sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperialism_Studies_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperialism Studies sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Andre Gunder Frank</b> (February 24, 1929 – April 25, 2005) was a <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>-<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic historian">economic historian</a> who promoted <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a> after 1970 and <a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">world-systems theory</a> after 1984. He employed some <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> concepts on <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, but rejected <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stages_of_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Stages of history">stages of history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic history</a> generally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born <b>Andreas Frank</b> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a>, his parents were the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Frank" title="Leonhard Frank">Leonhard Frank</a> and his second wife Elena Maqenne Penswehr. His family, which was of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> origins, fled from Germany when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> came to power.<sup id="cite_ref-Mintz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mintz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank was educated a various schools in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> before the family emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1941. The young Frank participated without much success in <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> competitions, earning the ironic nickname "Gunder" (after the Swedish running champion <a href="/wiki/Gunder_H%C3%A4gg" title="Gunder Hägg">Gunder Hägg</a>) from his high-school teammates. Frank later simplified his first name to "Andre" and adopted "Gunder" as a middle name. </p><p>In the United States, Frank attended <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (which had been founded as a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> institution), gaining an <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> degree in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> as a graduate student in the economics department, but he was forced out after only one year.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank received a master's degree in economics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> and later spent some time among the <a href="/wiki/Beatnik" title="Beatnik">beatniks</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, before returning to Chicago in 1955 as a research assistant in <a href="/wiki/Bert_F._Hoselitz" title="Bert F. Hoselitz">Bert Hoselitz</a>'s Center for Economic Development and Cultural Change (CEDCC).<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958 he received a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> degree in economics from the University of Chicago, with a dissertation entitled <i>Growth and Productivity in Ukrainian Agriculture from 1928 to 1955</i>. Although various sources later claimed that Frank's doctoral supervisor had been <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> (whose <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez_faire" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez faire">laissez faire</a></i> approach to economics Frank would later harshly criticize), Frank in fact received his degree under the direction of Hoselitz.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frank was an assistant professor of economics at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> (MSU), but in the early 1960s he became disillusioned with academic life in the US and took a leave of absence from MSU.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1962 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, inaugurating a remarkable period of travel that confirmed his peripatetic tendencies. His most notable work during this time was his stint as Professor of Sociology and Economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chile" title="University of Chile">University of Chile</a>, where he was involved in reforms under the socialist government of <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>. After Allende's government was toppled by a <a href="/wiki/1973_coup_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 coup in Chile">coup d'état in 1973</a>, Frank fled to Europe, where he occupied a series of university positions. From 1981 until his retirement in 1994 he was professor in developmental economy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>. </p><p>He was married to Marta Fuentes, with whom he wrote several studies about social movements, and with Marta he had two sons. Marta died in Amsterdam in June 1993. His second wife was sociologist Nancy Howell, a friend for forty years: while married to her, they lived in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Frank died in 2005 of complications related to his cancer while under the care of his third wife, Alison Candela. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_ideas">Works and ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works and ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his career, Frank taught and did research in departments of anthropology, economics, geography, history, international relations, political science, and sociology. He worked at nine universities in North America, three in Latin America, and five in Europe. He gave countless lectures and seminars at dozens of universities and other institutions all around the world in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German and Dutch. Frank wrote widely on the economic, social and political history and contemporary development of the world system, the industrially developed countries, and especially of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> and Latin America. He produced over 1,000 publications in 30 languages. His last major article, "East and West", appeared in the volume: "Dar al Islam. The Mediterranean, the World System and the Wider Europe: The "Cultural Enlargement" of the EU and Europe's Identity" edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Herrmann_(sociologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Herrmann (sociologist) (page does not exist)">Peter Herrmann</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Arno Tausch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Innsbruck_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Innsbruck University">Innsbruck University</a>), published by <a href="/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers" title="Nova Science Publishers">Nova Science Publishers</a>, New York. </p><p>His work in the 1990s focused on world history. He returned to his analysis of global political economy in the new millennium inspired by a lecture he gave at the Stockholm School of Economics in Riga (SSE Riga). In 2006 SSE Riga received Andre Gunder Frank's personal library collection and set-up the Andre Gunder Frank Memorial Library in his honor, with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert_Foundation" title="Friedrich Ebert Foundation">Friedrich Ebert Foundation</a>. </p><p>Frank was a prolific author, writing 40 books. He published widely on political economy, economic history, international relations, historical sociology, and world history. Perhaps his most notable work is <i>Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America.</i> Published in 1967, it was one of the formative texts in dependency theory. In his later career he produced works such as <i>ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age</i> and, with Barry Gills, <i>The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand</i>. Frank's theories center on the idea that a nation's economic strength, largely determined by historical circumstances—especially geography—dictates its global power. He is also well known for suggesting that purely export oriented solutions to development create imbalances detrimental to poor countries. Frank has made significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">world-systems theory</a> (which, according to him, should simply be called the World System), insisting that the idea of numerous "world-systems" did not make much sense (indeed, if there are many "world-systems" in the world, then they simply do not deserve to be called "world-systems"), and we should rather speak about one single World System. He has argued that a World System was formed no later than in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>; his argument contrasts sharply with the scholarly majority who posit beginnings in the "long 16th century" (a position held, for example, by <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a>). </p><p>In one of his last essays,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank made arguments about the looming <a href="/wiki/Global_economic_crisis_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Global economic crisis of 2008">global economic crisis of 2008</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="It needs to be made clearer what he actually said and how that relates to the GFC. The initial version of this sentence was given its own "Prediction" section (just for the one sentence) and said "argued prophetically", so it seems there may be a POV issue here. (August 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1966) <i>The Development of Underdevelopment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pubs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(1967) <i>Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America</i>. Monthly Review Press.</li> <li>(1969) <i>Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution</i>. Monthly Review Press.</li> <li>(1971) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sociologiadeldesarrolloi.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/63853988-lumpenburguesia-andre-gunder-frank.pdf">Lumpenburguesía : Lumpendesarrollo</a></i>. México : Era. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1024642474">1024642474</a> (Spanish)</li> <li>(1972) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lumpenbourgeoisi0000fran">Lumpenbourgeoisie, Lumpendevelopment</a></i>. Monthly Review Press. (tr. <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davis_Berdecio" title="Marion Davis Berdecio">Marion Davis Berdecio</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/485427642">485427642</a></li> <li>(1975) <i>On Capitalist Underdevelopment</i>. Bombay: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>(1976) <i>Economic Genocide in Chile. Equilibrium on the point of a bayonet</i>. Nottingham, UK: Spokesman.</li> <li>(1978) <i>World Accumulation, 1492–1789</i>. Monthly Review Press.</li> <li>(1978) <i>Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment</i>. Monthly Review Press.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(1979) <i>Mexican Agriculture 1521-1630: Transformation of the Mode of Production</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>(1980) <i>Crisis: In the World Economy</i>. New York: Holmes & Meier.</li> <li>(1981) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisinworldeco0000fran">Crisis: In the Third World</a></i>. New York: Holmes & Meier.</li> <li>(1981) <i>Reflections on the World Economic Crisis</i>. Monthly Review Press.</li> <li>(1982) <i>Dynamics of Global Crisis</i>, with S. Amin, G. Arrighi and I. Wallerstein. Monthly Review Press.</li> <li>(1983) <i>The European Challenge</i>. Nottingham, UK: Spokesman.</li> <li>(1984) <i>Critique and Anti-Critique</i>. New York: Praeger.</li> <li>(1996) <i>The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand?</i> with Barry K. Gills, Routledge.</li> <li>(1998) <i>ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.<sup id="cite_ref-reorient_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reorient-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(2013) <i>ReOrienting the 19th Century: Global Economy in the Continuing Asian Age</i>, with Robert A. Denemark, Paradigm Publishers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1958) "General Productivity in Soviet Agriculture and Industry," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i></li> <li>(1958) "Goal Ambiguity and Conflicting Standards: An approach to the study of organization," <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Organization" title="Human Organization">Human Organization</a></i></li> <li>(1977) "Long Live Transideological Enterprise: the socialist economies in the capitalist international division of labor," <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Review:_A_Journal_of_the_Fernand_Braudel_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center (page does not exist)">Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center</a></i></li> <li>(1989) "Ten Theses on Social Movements," with M. Fuentes, <i><a href="/wiki/World_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="World Development">World Development</a></i></li> <li>(1990) "Theoretical Introduction to Five Thousand Years of World System History," <i>Review: A Journal of the <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernand Braudel Center">Fernand Braudel Center</a></i></li> <li>(1992) "Third World War: A Political Economy of the Gulf War and New World Order," <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></i> 13(2).</li> <li>(1994) "Is Real World Socialism Possible?," <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a></i>, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 152–175</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_chapters">Book chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(1990) "Civil Democracy, Social Movements in World History," with M. Fuentes. In Amin et al., <i>Transforming the Revolution</i>.</li> <li>(1990) "Revolution in Eastern Europe: Lessons for democratic socialist movements (and socialists)." In Tabb, ed., <i>Future of Socialism</i>.</li> <li>(1992) "The Underdevelopment of Development," with M.F. Frank. In Savoie, D.J. and I. Brecher, eds., <i>Equity and Efficiency in Economic Development.</i> Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.</li> <li>(2001) "The Global Economy, AD 1400-1800: Comparisons and Relations." In Suneja, V., ed., <i>Understanding Business: Markets. A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy.</i> London: Routledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morris_Blaut" title="James Morris Blaut">James Morris Blaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Hobson" title="John M. Hobson">John M. Hobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stephens-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2016" class="citation journal cs1">Stephens, Cody (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labor.history.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.hist.d7_labor/files/sitefiles/Stephens%2C%20%2522The%20Accidental%20Marxist%2522.pdf">"The accidental Marxist: Andre Gunder Frank and the 'neo-Marxist' theory of underdevelopment, 1958–1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Modern Intellectual History</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 411–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1479244316000123">10.1017/S1479244316000123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Intellectual+History&rft.atitle=The+accidental+Marxist%3A+Andre+Gunder+Frank+and+the+%27neo-Marxist%27+theory+of+underdevelopment%2C+1958%E2%80%931967&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=411-442&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1479244316000123&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabor.history.ucsb.edu%2Fsites%2Fsecure.lsit.ucsb.edu.hist.d7_labor%2Ffiles%2Fsitefiles%2FStephens%252C%2520%252522The%2520Accidental%2520Marxist%252522.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndre+Gunder+Frank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mintz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mintz_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mintz, Sidney (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.2007.109.1.232">"Andre "Gunder" Frank (1929–2005)"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>109</b> (1): 232–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.2007.109.1.232">10.1525/aa.2007.109.1.232</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Andre+%22Gunder%22+Frank+%281929%E2%80%932005%29&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=232-234&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.2007.109.1.232&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.2007.109.1.232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndre+Gunder+Frank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGills2005" class="citation news cs1">Gills, Barry K (May 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/may/04/guardianobituaries.obituaries1">"Obituary: Andre Gunder Frank"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Andre+Gunder+Frank&rft.date=2005-05-04&rft.aulast=Gills&rft.aufirst=Barry+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2Fmay%2F04%2Fguardianobituaries.obituaries1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndre+Gunder+Frank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EAST AND WEST in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Arno Tausch</a> and Peter Herrmann, 2005,'Dar al Islam. The Mediterranean, the World System and the Wider Europe. Vol. 1: The "Cultural Enlargement" of the EU and Europe's Identity' Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. Abridged paperback ed., 2006, titled: “The West, Europe and the Muslim World”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pubs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pubs_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rrojasdatabank.info/agfrank/pubs_new.html">Andre Gunder Frank, "Publications".</a> Accessed: July 30, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ghil.ac.uk/catalogue/find.php?urG=PER&unB=1&urS=frank,!andre!gunder">"Frank, Andre Gunder"</a>. <i>Library Online Catalogue</i>. German Historical Institute London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Online+Catalogue&rft.atitle=Frank%2C+Andre+Gunder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ghil.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Ffind.php%3FurG%3DPER%26unB%3D1%26urS%3Dfrank%2C%21andre%21gunder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndre+Gunder+Frank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reorient-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reorient_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rrojasdatabank.info/agfrank/reorient.html">Andre Gunder Frank, "ReOrient".</a> Accessed: July 30, 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Andre Gunder Frank</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=108372516">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=108372516&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Andre Gunder Frank</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=108372516">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=108372516&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li>Chew, Sing C. & Robert Denemark, eds. 1996. <i>The Underdevelopment of Development: Essays in Honor of Andre Gunder Frank.</i> Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Duchesne" title="Ricardo Duchesne">Duchesne, Ricardo</a>, "Between Sinocentrism and Eurocentrism: Debating A.G. Frank's Re-Orient," <i><a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a></i>, Vol. 65, No. 4, 2001/2002, pp. 428–463</li> <li>Wallerstein, Immanuel, "Remembering Andre Gunder Frank," <i><a href="/wiki/History_Workshop_Journal" title="History Workshop Journal">History Workshop Journal</a></i>, Volume 61, Number 1, 2006, pp. 305–306(2), Oxford University Press</li> <li>Gills, Barry, "In Memoriam: Andre Gunder Frank (24 February 1929 to 23 April 2005)," <i><a href="/wiki/Globalizations" title="Globalizations">Globalizations</a></i>, Volume 2, Number 1, May 2005, pp. 1–4(4), Routledge</li> <li>Alberto Castrillón M, "In memoriam. André Gunder Frank (1929-2005)," <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revista_de_Econom%C3%ADa_Institucional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revista de Economía Institucional (page does not exist)">Revista de Economía Institucional</a></i>, Vol. 7 (2005) 273-278</li> <li>Gregory Shank, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/SJEdits/100Edit_AGF.html">"In Memoriam: Remembering Andre Gunder Frank (February 24, 1929, to April 23, 2005),"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_(journal)" title="Social Justice (journal)">Social Justice</a></i>, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2005). Retrieved 30.12.2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Gunder_Frank&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rrojasdatabank.info/agfrank/">Andre Gunder Frank</a> website</li> <li>David Landes; Andre Gunder Frank; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/116051-1">Economic History Debate</a> on C-SPAN2 (Northeastern University World History Center, 1998-12-02)</li> <li>Theotonio dos Santos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monthlyreview.org/0505dossantos.htm">André Gunder Frank (1929-2005)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121933/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0505dossantos.htm">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>, May 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210030613/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article526085.ece">Andre Gunder Frank</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, May 25, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisdomsupreme.com/dictionary/andre-gunder-frank.php">Andre Gunder Frank (1929-2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkideas.org/news/apr2005/news26_Andre_Gunder_Frank.htm">Andre Gunder Frank : 'Prophet in the Wilderness' (1929 -2005)</a></li> <li>Jeff Sommers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513010228/http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu/2.2/sommers.html">"The Contradictions of a Contrarian: Andre Gunder Frank"</a>, <i>Social Justice</i>, Vol.32, No.2 (2005).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10622/COLL00161">Andre Gunder Frank Audio Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_workforce" title="Global workforce">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Globalization" title="Category:Globalization">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108372516">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1759984/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfCrK46xWjTf3rKWjfH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119416174">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084886">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122835476">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00558896?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/826248">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119416174.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119416174">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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