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Disponible en 10 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 idiomas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes" title="Kermes (alemán)" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kermes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye) (inglés)" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kermes (dye)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirmeso" title="Kirmeso (esperanto)" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kirmeso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99_(%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2)" title="שני (צבע) (hebreo)" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שני (צבע)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimiz" title="Grimiz (croata)" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grimiz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chermes" title="Chermes (italiano)" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chermes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccum_(tinctura)" title="Coccum (tinctura) (latín)" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coccum (tinctura)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes_(pewarna)" title="Kermes (pewarna) (malayo)" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kermes (pewarna)" 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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigido desde «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kermes_(pigmento)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermes (pigmento)">Kermes (pigmento)</a>»)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="es" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wienc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wienc.jpg/300px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wienc.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wienc.jpg/450px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wienc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wienc.jpg/600px-Weltliche_Schatzkammer_Wienc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>El manto de coronación de <a href="/wiki/Rogelio_II_de_Sicilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogelio II de Sicilia">Rogelio II de Sicilia</a>, teñido con kermes y decorado con hilo dorado y perlas.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Grana</b>, <b>quermes</b> o <b>kermes</b> es un <a href="/wiki/Pigmento" title="Pigmento">pigmento</a> rojo derivado de los cuerpos deshidratados de las hembras de un insecto de la familia <a href="/wiki/Coccoidea" title="Coccoidea">Coccoidea</a> dentro del <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nero_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Género (biología)">género</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(insecto)" title="Kermes (insecto)">Kermes</a></i>, principalmente <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_vermilio" title="Kermes vermilio">Kermes vermilio</a></i>. Los insectos viven de la <a href="/wiki/Savia" title="Savia">savia</a> de ciertos árboles, especialmente <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i>, en la <a href="/wiki/Clima_mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Clima mediterráneo">región mediterránea</a>. La palabra castellana carmesí o la palabra <a href="/wiki/Idioma_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Idioma inglés">inglesa</a> <i>crimson</i> derivan de la palabra árabe <i>kermes</i>, y muchas otras lenguas tienen una palabra equivalente a «rojo» que se deriva del extensivo uso del pigmento en tiempos <a href="/wiki/Edad_Media" title="Edad Media">medievales</a> por su vivo color.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>1<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munro214_2-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Munro214-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>3<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> El uso de este pigmento es de origen antiguo; se han hallado jarras de este tono en las cuevas del <a href="/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtico" title="Neolítico">neolítico</a> de Adaoutse en <a href="/wiki/Bocas_del_R%C3%B3dano" title="Bocas del Ródano">Bocas del Ródano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber230_4-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Barber230-4"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>4<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Se venía usando desde el S XVIII A.C. para los ropajes de prestigio la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BArpura_de_Tiro" title="Púrpura de Tiro">tinción púrpura</a>, extraída del caracol marino <a href="/wiki/Bolinus_brandaris" title="Bolinus brandaris">Bolinus brandaris</a>, y su uso se prolongó hasta que el <a href="/wiki/Papa_Paulo_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Papa Paulo II">Papa Paulo II</a> decidió substituir para el hábito de los prelados el color púrpura de los moluscos por el rojo de los insectos del género <i><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(insecto)" title="Kermes (insecto)">Kermes</a></i>. Las sedas de los ricos color <a href="/wiki/Carmes%C3%AD" title="Carmesí">carmesí</a> y <a href="/wiki/Escarlata_(color)" title="Escarlata (color)">escarlata</a> eran teñidas con quermes en centros ubicados en <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> y <a href="/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia">Sicilia</a>, excediendo al legendario <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BArpura_de_Tiro" title="Púrpura de Tiro">púrpura de Tiro</a> «en estatus y demanda».<sup id="cite_ref-Schoeser118_5-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Schoeser118-5"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>5<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> El material de tintura se conocía como «grana» en todos los idiomas de Europa Occidental porque las hembras de las que se extrae son esferoidales, semejantes a semillas, y de los textiles teñidos con quermes se decía que eran «teñidos de grana».<sup id="cite_ref-Munro56_6-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Munro56-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munro214_2-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Munro214-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> La lana se teñía frecuentemente de azul con <a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">isátide</a> antes del <a href="/wiki/Hilado" title="Hilado">hilado</a> y preparación de las madejas; luego de esto se teñían con quermes ciertas partes, para producir una amplia gama de colores que iban desde negros a grises y pardos, púrpuras y diferentes tonos de rojo.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro214_2-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Munro214-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hacia principios del siglo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;text-transform:lowercase">XIV</span> y principios del XV, la grana de quermes era «de lejos la más estimada y demandada» para textiles y lana de lujo en los <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%ADses_Bajos" title="Países Bajos">Países Bajos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra">Inglaterra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a" title="España">España</a> e <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro56_6-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Munro56-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tras la conquista hispánica del <a href="/wiki/Aztecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztecas">Imperio Azteca</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Dactylopius_coccus" title="Dactylopius coccus">cochinilla</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México">mexicana</a>, que producía un pigmento más fuerte que podía ser usado en menor cantidad, reemplazó al quermes en Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>8<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Como_color">Como color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grana_(pigmento)&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar sección: Como color"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El color quermes es un rojo oscuro y fuerte, propio del pigmento homónimo. Puede ser sinónimo o equivalente al rojo quermes, <a href="/wiki/Carmes%C3%AD" title="Carmesí">carmesí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carm%C3%ADn" title="Carmín">carmín</a>, grana o carmes. </p> <center> <table class="wikitable" border="0" width="30%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="5%"> </td> <th width="20%" style="background-color: #C82557; color:white;">Quermes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colores_HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="Colores HTML">HTML</a> </td> <td align="center">#C42D45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modelo_de_color_CMYK" title="Modelo de color CMYK">CMYK</a> </td> <td align="center">(22, 98, 70, 0) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modelo_de_color_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="Modelo de color RGB">RGB</a> </td> <td align="center">(196, 45, 69) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modelo_de_color_HSV" title="Modelo de color HSV">HSV</a> </td> <td align="center">(350°, 77 %, 77 %) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Referencia </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>9<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencias">Referencias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grana_(pigmento)&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar sección: Referencias"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="listaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber (1991), p. 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro214-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Munro214_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munro214_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munro214_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Munro, John H. "Medieval Woollens: Textiles, Technology, and Organisation". In Jenkins (2003), pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin (1982), p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber230-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Barber230_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber (1991), pp. 230–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoeser118-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schoeser118_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoeser (2007), p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro56-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Munro56_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munro56_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Munro, John H. "The Anti-Red Shift – To the Dark Side: Colour Changes in Flemish Luxury Woollens, 1300–1500". In Netherton & Owens-Crocker (2007), pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoeser (2007), pp. 121, 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber (1982), p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001). Diccionario Akal del color. Akal. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/8446010836" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 84-460-1083-6</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliografía</dt></dl> <ul><li><span id="CITAREFBarber1991" class="citation libro">Barber, E. J. W. (1991). <i>Prehistoric Textiles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/069100224X" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/069100224X">069100224X</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AGrana+%28pigmento%29&rft.au=Barber%2C+E.+J.+W.&rft.aufirst=E.+J.+W.&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Textiles&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=069100224X&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITAREFGoodwin1982" class="citation libro">Goodwin, Jill (1982). <i>A Dyer's Manual</i>. Pelham. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0720713277" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0720713277">0720713277</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AGrana+%28pigmento%29&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Jill&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.btitle=A+Dyer%27s+Manual&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0720713277&rft.pub=Pelham&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITAREFJenkins,_David2003" class="citation libro">Jenkins, David, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0000unse_l9b6"><i>The Cambridge History of Western Textiles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0521341078" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0521341078">0521341078</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AGrana+%28pigmento%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Western+Textiles&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521341078&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0000unse_l9b6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITAREFNetherton,_Robin,_and_Gale_R._Owen-Crocker2007" class="citation libro">Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, ed. (2007). <i>Medieval Clothing and Textiles</i> <b>3</b>. Boydell Press. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9781843832911" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/9781843832911">9781843832911</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AGrana+%28pigmento%29&rft.btitle=Medieval+Clothing+and+Textiles&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781843832911&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.volume=3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span id="CITAREFSchoeser2007" class="citation libro">Schoeser, Mary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silk00scho"><i>Silk</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <small><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0300117418" title="Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0300117418">0300117418</a></small>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3AGrana+%28pigmento%29&rft.au=Schoeser%2C+Mary&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.aulast=Schoeser&rft.btitle=Silk&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0300117418&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilk00scho&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r161257576">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox table{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#eeeeff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d);color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d)!important;color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width: 12%; 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position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtenido de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grana_(pigmento)&oldid=157571331">https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grana_(pigmento)&oldid=157571331</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categor%C3%ADas" title="Especial:Categorías">Categorías</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Textiles" title="Categoría:Textiles">Textiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Pigmentos" title="Categoría:Pigmentos">Pigmentos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Colorantes_animales" title="Categoría:Colorantes animales">Colorantes animales</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorías ocultas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:P%C3%A1ginas_con_enlaces_m%C3%A1gicos_de_ISBN" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN">Wikipedia:Páginas con enlaces mágicos de ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Wikipedia:Art%C3%ADculos_con_identificadores_AAT" title="Categoría:Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores AAT">Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores AAT</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Esta página se editó por última vez el 23 ene 2024 a las 15:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El texto está disponible bajo la <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Texto_de_la_Licencia_Creative_Commons_Atribuci%C3%B3n-CompartirIgual_4.0_Internacional" title="Wikipedia:Texto de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional">Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0</a>; 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