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Pathology: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins of pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_microscopic_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_microscopic_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins of microscopic pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_microscopic_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_experimental_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_experimental_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern experimental pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_experimental_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pertinent_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pertinent_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other pertinent topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pertinent_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathology_as_a_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology_as_a_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pathology as a science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathology_as_a_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathology as a science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathology_as_a_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adaptation_to_injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptation_to_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Adaptation to injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptation_to_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cell death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflammation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflammation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Inflammation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflammation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tissue_repair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissue_repair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Tissue repair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tissue_repair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoplasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Neoplasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choristoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choristoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Choristoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choristoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pathology as a medical specialty</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pathology as a medical specialty subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anatomical_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomical_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Anatomical pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomical_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_with_clinical_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_with_clinical_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Differences with clinical pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_with_clinical_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skills_and_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skills_and_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Skills and procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skills_and_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspecialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Subspecialties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subspecialties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subspecialties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subspecialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surgical_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Surgical pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Oral and maxillofacial pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cytopathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytopathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Cytopathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytopathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Molecular pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forensic_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensic_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Forensic pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensic_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Training and certification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training_and_certification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training and certification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training_and_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Practice settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clinical_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Clinical pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing_and_subspecialities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing_and_subspecialities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Licensing and subspecialities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing_and_subspecialities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_United_States_of_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_United_States_of_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>In United States of America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_United_States_of_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macroscopic_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroscopic_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>Macroscopic examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macroscopic_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microscopical_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscopical_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Microscopical examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscopical_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_Analysers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_Analysers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>Laboratory Analysers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_Analysers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.4</span> <span>Cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Values_known_as_"normal"_or_reference_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Values_known_as_"normal"_or_reference_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.5</span> <span>Values known as "normal" or reference values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values_known_as_"normal"_or_reference_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22.1</span> <span>Oral and maxillofacial pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_of_medical_pathologists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_of_medical_pathologists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Training of medical pathologists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training_of_medical_pathologists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training of medical pathologists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training_of_medical_pathologists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pathology_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23.1</span> <span>Pathology in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathology_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathology_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23.2</span> <span>Pathology in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathology_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Veterinary pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_anatomical_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_anatomical_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Veterinary anatomical pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_anatomical_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_clinical_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_clinical_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>Veterinary clinical pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_clinical_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">27</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">28</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">29</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">30</span> <span>Plant pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_pathogenicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_pathogenicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">31</span> <span>Plant pathogenicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_pathogenicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_plant_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_plant_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">32</span> <span>Physiological plant disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_plant_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">33</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">34</span> <span>Disease resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">35</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">35.1</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">35.2</span> <span>Biological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">36</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_People_in_Plant_Pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_People_in_Plant_Pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">37</span> <span>Notable People in Plant Pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_People_in_Plant_Pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">38</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">39</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">40</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathology_and_Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathology_and_Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">41</span> <span>Pathology and Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathology_and_Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">42</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">43</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">44</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pathology: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="علم الأمراض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الأمراض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloch%C3%ADa" title="Patolochía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Patolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolox%C3%ADa" title="Patoloxía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Patoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologiya" title="Patologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Patologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রোগবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোগবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93%E2%81%BF-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pēⁿ-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паталогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паталёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паталёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologiezh" title="Patologiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Patologiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruambadenda" title="Ruambadenda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ruambadenda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patholeg" title="Patholeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Patholeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloogia" title="Patoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolog%C3%ADa" title="Patología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologio" title="Patologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آسیبشناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیبشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiteola%C3%ADocht" title="Paiteolaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Paiteolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolox%C3%ADa" title="Patoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Patoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="병리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ախտաֆիզիոլոգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ախտաֆիզիոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विकृतिविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकृतिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologio" title="Patologio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologia" title="Pathologia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pathologia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Meinafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Meinafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="פתולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פתולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಗವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პათოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პათოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloj%C3%AE" title="Patolojî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Patolojî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologia" title="Pathologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pathologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolo%C4%A3ija" title="Patoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Patoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patol%C3%B3gia" title="Patológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Patológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Патологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Патологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രോഗനിദാനശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രോഗനിദാനശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विकृतिविज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विकृतिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პათოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პათოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%89" title="باثولوجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باثولوجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရောဂါဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဂါဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologie" title="Pathologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pathologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रोगशास्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोगशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF" title="प्याथलजि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्याथलजि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="病理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="病理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रोगशास्त्र – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रोगशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%81%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="رنځپوهنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رنځپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologie" title="Patologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologjia" title="Patologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Patologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulugg%C3%ACa" title="Patuluggìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Patuluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ව්යාධි විද්යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්යාධි විද්යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pathology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patol%C3%B3gia" title="Patológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Patológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="پاتۆلۆجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاتۆلۆجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Патологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologija" title="Patologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologia" title="Patologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Patologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patologi" title="Patologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Patologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patolohiya" title="Patolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நோயியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோயியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патология – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="రోగ నిర్ణయ శాస్త్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రోగ నిర్ణయ శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="พยาธิวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พยาธิวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Осебшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осебшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patoloji" title="Patoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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exist)" data-mw-revid="207664813"><bdi>Emmanuelm</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Emmanuelm" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Emmanuelm">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Emmanuelm" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Emmanuelm">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>3,208</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Plant_pathology">→<bdi dir="ltr">Plant pathology</bdi></a>: </span> replace text with transcluded lead paragraph from main article</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathology&diff=prev&oldid=207664813" title="Pathology" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathology&oldid=207669487" title="Pathology">Revision as of 18:49, 23 April 2008</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathology&action=edit&oldid=207669487" title="Pathology">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2008-04-23T18:49:47Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathology&action=edit&undoafter=207664813&undo=207669487" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Emmanuelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Emmanuelm (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="207669487"><bdi>Emmanuelm</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Emmanuelm" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Emmanuelm">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Emmanuelm" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Emmanuelm">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>3,208</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Replace whole section with lead paragraph of lead article</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathology&diff=next&oldid=207669487" title="Pathology" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==History==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==History==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_5_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_1_0_rhs"></a><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{main|History</ins> of pathology<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The histories of both experimental and medical pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the [[scientific method]] to the field of [[medicine]], a development which occurred in the [[Middle East]] during the [[Islamic Golden Age]]<ref>Toby E. Huff (2003), ''The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West'', p. 54, 246-247, 216-218. [[Cambridge University Press]], ISBN 0521529948.</ref> and in [[Western Europe]] during the [[Italian Renaissance]].<ref name="Histpath">[http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/01/Reader/reader_set.html] History of Pathology, at the USC School of Dentistry</ref> Most early pathologists were also practicing [[physician]]s or [[surgeon]]s. Like other medical fields, pathology has become more specialized with time, and most pathologists today do not practice in other areas of medicine.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{:History of pathology}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_1_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_5_0_lhs"></a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===Origins</del> of pathology<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</del></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The concept of studying disease through the methodical dissection and examination of diseased bodies, organs, and tissues may seem obvious today, but there are few if any recorded examples of true [[autopsies]] performed prior to the [[2nd millennium|second millennium]]. Though the pathology of [[Infectious disease|contagion]] was understood by [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physicians]] since the time of [[Avicenna]] (980–1037) who described it in ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' (c. 1020),<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/history/islam-science-technology-health/sub12.html Medicine And Health], "Rise and Spread of Islam 622-1500: Science, Technology, Health", ''World Eras'', [[Thomson Gale]].</ref> the first physician known to have made [[Autopsy|postmortem]] [[dissection]]s was the [[Arab]]ian physician [[Ibn Zuhr|Avenzoar]] (1091–1161) who proved that the skin disease [[scabies]] was caused by a [[parasite]], followed by [[Ibn al-Nafis]] (b. 1213) who used dissection to discover [[pulmonary circulation]] in 1242.<ref>[http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine Islamic medicine], ''[[Hutchinson Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> In the 15th century, anatomic dissection was repeatedly used by the Italian physician [[Antonio Benivieni]] (1443-1502) to determine cause of death.<ref name="Histpath"/> Perhaps the most famous early gross pathologist was [[Giovanni Battista Morgagni|Giovanni Morgagni]] (1682-1771). His [[magnum opus]], ''De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomem Indagatis'', published in 1761, describes the findings of over 600 partial and complete autopsies, organised anatomically and methodically correlated with the symptoms exhibited by the patients prior to their demise. Although the study of normal anatomy was already well advanced at this date, ''De Sedibus'' was one of the first treatises specifically devoted to the correlation of diseased anatomy with clinical illness.<ref>[http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson6.htm] A History of Medicine from the Biblioteca Centrale dell'Area Biomedica</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1698114] Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni. Medical Library and Historical Journal. 1903 October; 1(4): 270–277.</ref> By the late 1800s, an exhaustive body of literature had been produced on the gross anatomical findings characteristic of known diseases. The extent of gross pathology research in this period can be epitomized by the work of the Viennese pathologist (originally from Hradec Kralove in the Czech Rep.) [[Carl Rokitansky]] (1804-1878), who is said to have performed 20,000 autopsies, and supervised an additional 60,000, in his lifetime.<ref name="Histpath"/><ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/981.html] Karl von Rokitansky at Whonamedit.com</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>===Origins of microscopic pathology===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Rudolf Virchow]] (1821-1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. While the compound [[microscope]] had been invented approximately 150 years prior, Virchow was one of the first prominent physicians to emphasize the study of manifestations of disease which were visible only at the cellular level.<ref name="Histpath"/><ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/912.html] Rudolf Virchow at Whonamedit.com </ref> A student of Virchow's, [[Julius Cohnheim]] (1839-1884) combined [[histology]] techniques with experimental manipulations to study [[inflammation]], making him one of the earliest [[experimental pathology|experimental pathologists]].<ref name="Histpath"/> Cohnheim also pioneered the use of the [[frozen section procedure]]; a version of this technique is widely employed by modern pathologists to render diagnoses and provide other clinical information intraoperatively.<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=660&letter=C&search=Julius%20Cohnheim] Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Julius Cohnheim</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>===Modern experimental pathology===</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>As new research techniques, such as [[electron microscopy]], [[immunohistochemistry]], and [[molecular biology]] have expanded the means by which biomedical scientists can study disease, the definition and boundaries of investigative pathology have become less distinct. In the broadest sense, nearly all research which links manifestations of disease to identifiable processes in cells, tissues, or organs can be considered [[experimental pathology]].<ref>[http://www.asip.org/about/about.htm] Mission of the American Society for Investigative Pathology</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==Pathology as a science== <!--Pathology as a science redirects here--></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==Pathology as a science== <!--Pathology as a science redirects here--></div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 18:49, 23 April 2008</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pathology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pathology (disambiguation)">Pathology (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Renal_Cell_Carcinoma.jpg" class="new" title="File:Renal Cell Carcinoma.jpg"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="250">File:Renal Cell Carcinoma.jpg</span></a><figcaption>A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pathology</b> is the study and diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> through examination of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodily_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodily fluid">bodily fluids</a>. The term encompasses both the <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> which uses tissues and body fluids to obtain clinically useful information, as well as the related <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> study of disease processes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_pathology" title="History of pathology">History of pathology</a></div> <p> The <b>history of pathology</b> can be traced to the earliest application of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> to the field of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, a development which occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. </p><p>Early systematic human <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissections</a> were carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> physicians <a href="/wiki/Herophilos" title="Herophilos">Herophilus of Chalcedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasistratus_of_Chios" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasistratus of Chios">Erasistratus of Chios</a> in the early part of the third century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first physician known to have made <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">postmortem</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissections</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabian</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a> (1091–1161). <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pathology</a>. Most early pathologists were also practicing <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_pathology">Origins of pathology</h2></div> <p>Early understanding of the origins of diseases constitutes the earliest application of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> to the field of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, a development which occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Histpath_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histpath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, the founder of scientific medicine, was the first to deal with the anatomy and the pathology of human spine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> developed an interest in anatomy from his studies of <a href="/wiki/Herophilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herophilus">Herophilus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erasistratus" title="Erasistratus">Erasistratus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of studying disease through the methodical dissection and examination of diseased bodies, organs, and tissues may seem obvious today, but there are few if any recorded examples of true <a href="/wiki/Autopsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autopsies">autopsies</a> performed prior to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">second millennium</a>. Though the pathology of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">contagion</a> was understood by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Muslim physicians</a> since the time of <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (980–1037) who described it in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1020</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first physician known to have made <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">postmortem</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">dissections</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabian</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr" title="Ibn Zuhr">Avenzoar</a> (1091–1161) who proved that the skin disease <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a> was caused by a <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a> (b. 1213) who used dissection to discover <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> in 1242.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century, anatomic dissection was repeatedly used by the Italian physician <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Benivieni" title="Antonio Benivieni">Antonio Benivieni</a> (1443–1502) to determine cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-Histpath_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histpath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antonio Benivieni is also credited with having introduced necropsy to the medical field.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most famous early gross pathologist was <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Morgagni" title="Giovanni Battista Morgagni">Giovanni Morgagni</a> (1682–1771). His <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a>, <i>De Sedibus et Causis Morborum per Anatomem Indagatis</i>, published in 1761, describes the findings of over 600 partial and complete autopsies, organised anatomically and methodically correlated with the symptoms exhibited by the patients prior to their demise. Although the study of normal anatomy was already well advanced at this date, <i>De Sedibus</i> was one of the first treatises specifically devoted to the correlation of diseased anatomy with clinical illness.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1800s, an exhaustive body of literature had been produced on the gross anatomical findings characteristic of known diseases. The extent of gross pathology research in this period can be epitomized by the work of the Viennese pathologist (originally from Hradec Kralove in the Czech Rep.) <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rokitansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Rokitansky">Carl Rokitansky</a> (1804–1878), who is said to have performed 20,000 autopsies, and supervised an additional 60,000, in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Histpath_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histpath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_microscopic_pathology">Origins of microscopic pathology</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. While the compound <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a> had been invented approximately 150 years prior, Virchow was one of the first prominent physicians to emphasize the study of manifestations of disease which were visible only at the cellular level.<sup id="cite_ref-Histpath_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histpath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A student of Virchow's, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Cohnheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Cohnheim">Julius Cohnheim</a> (1839–1884) combined <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> techniques with experimental manipulations to study <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, making him one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Experimental_pathology" title="Experimental pathology">experimental pathologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Histpath_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Histpath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohnheim also pioneered the use of the <a href="/wiki/Frozen_section_procedure" title="Frozen section procedure">frozen section procedure</a>; a version of this technique is widely employed by modern pathologists to render diagnoses and provide other clinical information intraoperatively.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_experimental_pathology">Modern experimental pathology</h2></div> <p>As new research techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">electron microscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> have expanded the means by which biomedical scientists can study disease, the definition and boundaries of investigative pathology have become less distinct. In the broadest sense, nearly all research which links manifestations of disease to identifiable processes in cells, tissues, or organs can be considered <a href="/wiki/Experimental_pathology" title="Experimental pathology">experimental pathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_pertinent_topics">Other pertinent topics</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pathologists" title="List of pathologists">List of pathologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Canadian_Academy_of_Pathology" title="United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology">United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVon_Staden1992" class="citation journal cs1">Von Staden, H (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589595">"The discovery of the body: human dissection and its cultural contexts in ancient Greece"</a>. <i>The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine</i>. <b>65</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2589595">2589595</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1285450">1285450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+body%3A+human+dissection+and+its+cultural+contexts+in+ancient+Greece&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2589595%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1285450&rft.aulast=Von+Staden&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2589595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toby E. Huff (2003), <i>The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West</i>, p. 54, 246-247, 216-218. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52994-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52994-8">0-521-52994-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Histpath-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Histpath_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Histpath_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Histpath_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Histpath_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Histpath_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/01/Reader/reader_set.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080525010240/http://www.usc.edu/hsc/dental/PTHL312abc/312a/01/Reader/reader_set.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of Pathology, at the USC School of Dentistry</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1999&issue=07010&article=00018&type=abstract">Hippocrates: The Father of Spine Surgery : Spine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_galen.html">Greek Medicine - Galen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/history/islam-science-technology-health/sub12.html">Medicine And Health</a>, "Rise and Spread of Islam 622-1500: Science, Technology, Health", <i>World Eras</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Gale" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Gale">Thomson Gale</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Islamic+medicine">Islamic medicine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Encyclopedia" title="Hutchinson Encyclopedia">Hutchinson Encyclopedia</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin's Pathology, Fifth Edition. 2008. Ed. R. Rubin and D.S. Strayer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pacs.unica.it/biblio/lesson6.htm">[2]</a> A History of Medicine from the Biblioteca Centrale dell'Area Biomedica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgagni1903" class="citation journal cs1">Morgagni, GB (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698114">"Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni. (1682-1771)"</a>. <i>Medical Library and Historical Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">270–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698114">1698114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18340813">18340813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Library+and+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Founders+of+Modern+Medicine%3A+Giovanni+Battista+Morgagni.+%281682-1771%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1698114%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18340813&rft.aulast=Morgagni&rft.aufirst=GB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1698114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/981.html">[3]</a> Karl von Rokitansky at Whonamedit.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/912.html">[4]</a> Rudolf Virchow at Whonamedit.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=660&letter=C&search=Julius%20Cohnheim">[5]</a> Jewish Encyclopedia entry on Julius Cohnheim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043556/http://www.asip.org/about/about.htm">"Mission and History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asip.org/about/about.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+and+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asip.org%2Fabout%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span> Mission of the American Society for Investigative Pathology</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">Serology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_science661" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_science" title="Template:History of science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:History of science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_science661" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">Theories and sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_science" title="Historiography of science">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pseudoscience" title="History of pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" title="History and philosophy of science">History and philosophy of science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes-kepler-tabulae-rudolphinae-google-arts-culture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Johannes-kepler-tabulae-rudolphinae-google-arts-culture.jpg/80px-Johannes-kepler-tabulae-rudolphinae-google-arts-culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Johannes-kepler-tabulae-rudolphinae-google-arts-culture.jpg/120px-Johannes-kepler-tabulae-rudolphinae-google-arts-culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Johannes-kepler-tabulae-rudolphinae-google-arts-culture.jpg/160px-Johannes-kepler-tabulae-rudolphinae-google-arts-culture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="5880" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_ancient_world" title="Science in the ancient world">Ancient world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_classical_antiquity" title="Science in classical antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_science" title="19th century in science">19th century in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_science" title="20th century in science">20th century in science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Argentina" title="History of science and technology in Argentina">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="History of science and technology in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Korea" title="History of science and technology in Korea">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="History of science and technology in Spain">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_natural_science" class="mw-redirect" title="History of natural science">Natural sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_astronomy" title="History of astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Earth_sciences#History_of_Earth_science" title="Outline of Earth sciences">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">Mathematics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra" title="History of algebra">Algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_calculus" title="History of calculus">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_combinatorics" title="History of combinatorics">Combinatorics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geometry" title="History of geometry">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_logic" title="History of logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_probability" title="History of probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_statistics" title="History of statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trigonometry" title="History of trigonometry">Trigonometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">Social sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archaeology" title="History of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_science" title="History of political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_science" title="History of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Human medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_veterinary_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neurology_and_neurosurgery" title="History of neurology and neurosurgery">Neurology and neurosurgery </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="History of nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pathology" title="History of pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="margin-right:0.5em; padding:0.1em 0 0.4em;line-height:1.7em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines#Science" title="List of timelines">Timelines</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_science" title="Portal:History of science">Portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_science" title="Category:History of science">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology_as_a_science">Pathology as a science</h2></div> <p>Pathology is a broad and complex <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific field</a> which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury. Disease processes may be incited or exacerbated by a variety of external and internal influences, including <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">loss of blood flow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">autoimmunity</a>, inherited or acquired <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic disease">genetic damage</a>, or errors of <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">development</a>. One common theme in pathology is the way in which the body's responses to injury, while evolved to protect health, can also contribute in some ways to disease processes.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elucidation of general principles underlying pathologic processes, such as cellular adaptation to injury, cell death, inflammation, tissue repair, and neoplasia, creates a conceptual framework with which to analyze and understand specific human diseases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptation_to_injury">Adaptation to injury</h3></div> <p>Cells and tissues may respond to injury and stress by specific mechanisms, which may vary according to the cell types and nature of the injury. In the short term, cells may activate specific genetic programs to protect their vital <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat shock">heat shock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>, and may activate <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> pathways to repair damage to <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">radiation</a> or chemicals. <a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a> is a long-term adaptive response of <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">cell division and multiplication</a>, which can increase the ability of a tissue to compensate for an injury. For example, repeated irritation to the skin can cause a <a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratosis" title="Hyperkeratosis">protective thickening</a> due to hyperplasia of the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a> is an increase in the <i>size</i> of cells in a tissue in response to stress, an example being hypertrophy of <a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">muscle cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> in response to increased resistance to blood flow as a result of <a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">narrowing of the heart's outflow valve</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> occurs when repeated damage to the cellular lining of an organ triggers its replacement by a different cell type.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_death">Cell death</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> is the irreversible destruction of cells as a result of severe injury in a setting where the cell is unable to activate the needed metabolic pathways for survival or orderly degeneration. This is often due to external pathologic factors, such as toxins or loss of oxygen supply. Milder stresses may lead to a process called <i>reversible cell injury</i>, which mimics the cell swelling and vacuolization seen early in the necrotic process, but in which the cell is able to adapt and survive. In necrosis, the components of degenerating cells leak out, potentially contributing to inflammation and further damage. <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a>, in contrast, is a regulated, orderly degeneration of the cell which occurs in the settings of both injury and normal physiological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflammation">Inflammation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus_wall_-_TEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus_wall_-_TEM.jpg/250px-Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus_wall_-_TEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus_wall_-_TEM.jpg/375px-Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus_wall_-_TEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus_wall_-_TEM.jpg/500px-Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus_wall_-_TEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>A transmission electron microscope image of an immune cell crossing from the bone marrow into the circulation</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a> is a particularly important and complex reaction to tissue injury, and is particularly important in fighting <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inflammation#Acute_inflammation" title="Inflammation">Acute inflammation</a> is generally a non-specific response triggered by the injured tissue cells themselves, as well as specialized cells of the <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a> and previously developed <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune</a> mechanisms. A localized acute inflammatory response triggers vascular changes in the injured area, recruits <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a>-fighting <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a>, and begins the process of developing a new adaptive immune response. <a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic inflammation">Chronic inflammation</a> occurs when the acute response fails to entirely clear the inciting factor. While chronic inflammation can lay a positive role in containing a continuing infectious hazard, it can also lead to progressive tissue damage, as well as predisposing (in some cases) to the development of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tissue_repair">Tissue repair</h3></div> <p>Tissue repair, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">wound healing</a>, is triggered by inflammation. The process may proceed even before the resolution of a precipitating insult, through the formation of <a href="/wiki/Granulation_tissue" title="Granulation tissue">granulation tissue</a>. Healing involves the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> cells and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a>-forming cells as a result of hormonal growth signals. While healing is a critical adaptive response, an aberrant healing response can lead to progressive <a href="/wiki/Fibrosis" title="Fibrosis">fibrosis</a>, contractures, or other changes which can compromise function.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplasia">Neoplasia</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplasia">Neoplasia</a>, or "new growth," is a proliferation of cells which is independent of any physiological process. The most familiar examples of neoplasia are <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign tumors">benign tumors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a>. Neoplasia results from genetic changes which cause cells to activate genetic programs inappropriately. <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a> is an early sign of a neoplastic process in a tissue, and is marked by persistence of immature, poorly differentiated cell forms. Interestingly, there are many similarities in the gene pathways activated in cancer cells, and those activated in cells involved in wound healing and inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choristoma">Choristoma</h3></div> <p>Choristoma, ectopic tissue, heterotopic tissue, or aberrant tissue, is a mass of histologically normal tissue that is present in an abnormal location.<sup id="cite_ref-meshchoristoma_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meshchoristoma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty">Pathology as a medical specialty</h2></div> <p>Physicians who practice pathology diagnose and characterize disease in living patients by examining biopsies and other specimens. For example, the vast majority of cancer diagnoses are made or confirmed by a pathologist. Pathologists may also conduct autopsies to investigate causes of death. The medical practice of pathology grew out the tradition of investigative pathology, and many of the <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a> leaders in pathology today are accomplished in both basic science research and diagnostic practice. However, as with other specialties in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, most modern physician-pathologists are employed in full-time practice, and do not perform original research. </p><p>Pathology is a unique medical specialty in that pathologists typically do not see <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a> directly, but rather serve as consultants to other physicians (often referred to as "clinicians" within the pathology community). However, in the United States and in many other countries, pathologists receive the same doctorate training, and undergo the same medical licensure process as other physicians. Pathology is a diverse field, and the organization of subspecialties within pathology vary between nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatomical_pathology">Anatomical pathology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg/350px-Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg/525px-Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Infiltrating_ductal_carcinoma_of_the_breast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>This mastectomy specimen contains an infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. A pathologist will use immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in-situ hybridization to detect markers which determine the optimal chemotherapy regimen for this patient.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical specialty</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29.jpg/200px-Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29.jpg/300px-Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29.jpg/400px-Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a>: microscopic appearance of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_carcinoma_of_no_special_type" title="Invasive carcinoma of no special type">invasive ductal carcinoma</a> of the breast. The slide is stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_(2)_HER2_expression.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_HER2_expression.JPG/200px-Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_HER2_expression.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_HER2_expression.JPG/300px-Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_HER2_expression.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_HER2_expression.JPG/400px-Breast_invasive_scirrhous_carcinoma_histopathology_%282%29_HER2_expression.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a>: microscopic appearance of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_carcinoma_of_no_special_type" title="Invasive carcinoma of no special type">invasive ductal carcinoma</a> of the breast. The slide is stained with an antibody (<a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a>) against the oncogene <a href="/wiki/Her2neu" class="mw-redirect" title="Her2neu">Her2neu</a>. The dark-brown reaction indicates that this tumor over-expresses this gene.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pap_test_abnormal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pap_test_abnormal.JPG/200px-Pap_test_abnormal.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pap_test_abnormal.JPG/300px-Pap_test_abnormal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pap_test_abnormal.JPG/400px-Pap_test_abnormal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a>: microscopic appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Pap_test" title="Pap test">Pap test</a>. The pink cell at the center with a large nucleus is abnormal, compatible with low-grade <a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">dysplasia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis,_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg/200px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg/300px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg/400px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae_meningitis%2C_gross_pathology_33_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> surrounded by pus (the yellow-greyish coat around the brain, under the <a href="/wiki/Dura_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dura Mater">dura</a> lifted by the forceps), the result of bacterial <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:End-stage_interstitial_lung_disease_(honeycomb_lung).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/End-stage_interstitial_lung_disease_%28honeycomb_lung%29.jpg/200px-End-stage_interstitial_lung_disease_%28honeycomb_lung%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/End-stage_interstitial_lung_disease_%28honeycomb_lung%29.jpg/300px-End-stage_interstitial_lung_disease_%28honeycomb_lung%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/End-stage_interstitial_lung_disease_%28honeycomb_lung%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gross_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross examination">Gross examination</a>: appearance of the cut surface of a <a href="/wiki/Human_lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lung">lung</a> showing the honeycomb pattern of end-stage <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villous_adenoma_of_the_sigmoid_colon,_gross_pathology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Villous_adenoma_of_the_sigmoid_colon%2C_gross_pathology.jpg/200px-Villous_adenoma_of_the_sigmoid_colon%2C_gross_pathology.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Villous_adenoma_of_the_sigmoid_colon%2C_gross_pathology.jpg/300px-Villous_adenoma_of_the_sigmoid_colon%2C_gross_pathology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Villous_adenoma_of_the_sigmoid_colon%2C_gross_pathology.jpg/400px-Villous_adenoma_of_the_sigmoid_colon%2C_gross_pathology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gross_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross examination">Gross examination</a>: appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_polyp" title="Colorectal polyp">colorectal polyp</a> (the cauliflower-shaped tumor) attached to the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> mucosa (the horizontal line at the bottom).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anatomical pathology</b> (<i>Commonwealth</i>) or <b>anatomic pathology</b> (<i>U.S.</i>) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the <a href="/wiki/Gross_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross examination">macroscopic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">microscopic</a>, biochemical, immunologic and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">molecular</a> examination of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>. Over the 20th century, surgical pathology has evolved tremendously: from historical examination of whole bodies (<a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>) to a more modernized practice, centered on the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer to guide treatment decision-making in oncology. Its modern founder was the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Morgagni" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovan Battista Morgagni">Giovanni Battista Morgagni</a> from <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pathology</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">clinical pathology</a>, the diagnosis of disease through the <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">laboratory</a> analysis of <a href="/wiki/Bodily_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodily fluid">bodily fluids</a> or tissues. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as <a href="/wiki/General_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="General pathology">general pathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar specialties exist in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pathology" title="Veterinary pathology">veterinary pathology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_with_clinical_pathology">Differences with clinical pathology</h2></div> <p>Anatomic pathology relates to the processing, examination, and diagnosis of surgical specimens by a physician trained in pathological diagnosis. Clinical pathology involves the laboratory analysis of tissue samples and bodily fluids; procedures may include blood sample analysis, <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">urinalysis</a>, stool sample analysis, and analysis of spinal fluid. Clinical pathologists may specialize in a number of areas, including blood banking, clinical chemistry, microbiology, and hematology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skills_and_procedures">Skills and procedures</h2></div> <p>The procedures used in anatomic pathology include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross examination">Gross examination</a> – the examination of diseased tissues with the naked eye. This is important especially for large tissue fragments, because the disease can often be visually identified. It is also at this step that the pathologist selects areas that will be processed for histopathology. The eye can sometimes be aided with a <a href="/wiki/Magnifying_glass" title="Magnifying glass">magnifying glass</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">stereo microscope</a>, especially when examining parasitic organisms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopic</a> examination of stained tissue sections using <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histological</a> techniques. The standard stains are <a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">haematoxylin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">eosin</a>, but many others exist. The use of haematoxylin and eosin-stained slides to provide specific diagnoses based on morphology is considered to be the core skill of anatomic pathology. The science of staining tissues sections is called <a href="/wiki/Histochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Histochemistry">histochemistry</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a> – the use of antibodies to detect the presence, abundance, and localization of specific proteins. This technique is critical to distinguishing between disorders with similar morphology, as well as characterizing the molecular properties of certain cancers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_situ_hybridization" title="In situ hybridization">In situ hybridization</a> – Specific <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> molecules can be identified on sections using this technique. When the probe is labeled with <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> dye, the technique is called <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_in_situ_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent in situ hybridization">FISH</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a> – the examination of loose cells spread and stained on glass slides using <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cytology</a> techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a> – the examination of tissue with an electron microscope, which allows much greater magnification, enabling the visualization of <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a> within the cells. Its use has been largely supplanted by <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a>, but it is still in common use for certain tasks, including the diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> disease and the identification of <a href="/wiki/Immotile_cilia_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Immotile cilia syndrome">immotile cilia syndrome</a>.</li> <li>Tissue <a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">cytogenetics</a> – the visualization of chromosomes to identify genetic defects such as <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">chromosomal translocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow immunophenotyping</a> – the determination of the <a href="/wiki/Immunophenotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunophenotype">immunophenotype</a> of cells using <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a> techniques. It is very useful to diagnose the different types of <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subspecialties">Subspecialties</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgical_pathology">Surgical pathology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a> is the most significant and time-consuming area of practice for most anatomical pathologists. Surgical pathology involves the gross and microscopic examination of <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> specimens, as well as <a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">biopsies</a> submitted by non-<a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">general internists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">medical subspecialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermatologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermatologist">dermatologists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interventional radiologist">interventional radiologists</a>. Surgical pathology increasingly requires technologies and skills traditionally associated with clinical pathology such as molecular diagnostics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></div> <p>In the United States, subspecialty-trained doctors of <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, rather than medical doctors, can be certified by a professional board to practice Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a> is a sub-discipline of anatomical pathology concerned with the microscopic examination of whole, individual cells obtained from exfoliation or <a href="/wiki/Fine-needle_aspiration" title="Fine-needle aspiration">fine-needle aspirates</a>. Cytopathologists are trained to perform fine-needle aspirates of superficially located organs, masses, or cysts and are often able to render an immediate diagnosis in the presence of the patient and consulting physician. In the case of screening tests such as the <a href="/wiki/Pap_smear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pap smear">Papanicolaou smear</a>, non-physician cytotechnologists are often employed to perform initial reviews, with only positive or uncertain cases examined by the pathologist. Cytopathology is a board-certifiable subspecialty in the U.S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_pathology">Molecular pathology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a> is an emerging discipline within anatomical and clinical pathology that is focused on the use of nucleic acid-based techniques such as in-situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid microarrays for specialized studies of disease in tissues and cells. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic and clinical pathology, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensic_pathology">Forensic pathology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology#Duties" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathologists</a> receive specialized training in determining the cause of death and other legally relevant information from the bodies of persons who died suddenly with no known medical condition, those who die from non-natural causes, as well as those dying as a result of homicide, or other criminally suspicious deaths. A majority of the forensic pathologists cases are due to natural causes. Often, additional tests such as toxicology, histology, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> will be used to help the pathologist determine the cause of death. Forensic pathologists will often testify in courts regarding their findings in cases of homicide and suspicious death. They also play a large role in public health, such as investigating deaths in the workplace, deaths in custody, as well as sudden and unexpected deaths in children. Forensic pathologists often have special areas of interest within their practice, such as sudden death due to cardiac pathology, deaths due to drugs, or Sudden Infant Death (SIDS), and various others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_certification">Training and certification</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <ul><li><b>(Also New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia)</b></li></ul> <p>Anatomical Pathology is one of the specialty training programs offered by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA). The <a href="/wiki/RCPA" class="mw-redirect" title="RCPA">RCPA</a>. To qualify as a Fellow of the RCPA in Anatomical Pathology, the candidate must complete a recognised undergraduate or postgraduate medical qualification and then complete a minimum of 2 years of clinical medical experience as a prerequisite to selection as a training registrar. The training program is a minimum of 5 years, served in at least two laboratories, and candidates must pass a Basic Pathological Sciences examination (usually in first year), the Part 1 examinations (not before 3rd year) and the Part 2 examinations (not before 5th year). Fellows may then continue into subspecialty training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>Anatomical Pathology (AP) is one of the specialist certificates granted by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Other certificates related to pathology include general pathology (GP), hematopathology, and neuropathology. Candidates for any of these must have completed four years of medical school and five years of residency training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>Anatomic Pathology (AP) is one of the two primary certifications offered by the American Board of Pathology (the other is <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Pathology">Clinical Pathology</a> (CP))<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of three primary certifications offered by the American Osteopathic Board of Pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be certified in anatomic pathology, the trainee must complete four years of medical school followed by three years of residency training. Many U.S. pathologists are certified in both AP and CP, which requires a total of four years of residency. After completing residency, many pathologists enroll in further years of fellowship training to gain expertise in a subspecialty of AP or CP. Pathologists' Assistants are highly trained medical professionals with specialized training in Anatomic and Forensic pathology. To become a Pathologists' Assistant one must enter and successfully complete a NAACLS accredited program and pass the ASCP Board of Certification Exam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice_settings">Practice settings</h2></div> <ul><li><i>Academic anatomical pathology</i> is practiced at university medical centers by pathologists who are also university faculty. As such, they often have diverse responsibilities that may include training pathology <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residents</a>, teaching <a href="/wiki/Medical_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical students">medical students</a>, conducting <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Translational_research" title="Translational research">translational research</a>, or performing administrative duties, all in addition to the practice of diagnostic anatomical pathology. Pathologists in academic settings often sub-specialize in a particular area of anatomic pathology and may serve as consultants to other pathologists regarding cases in their specific area of expertise.</li> <li><i>Group practice</i> is the most traditional private practice model. In this arrangement, a group of senior pathologists will control a partnership that employs junior pathologists and contracts independently with hospitals to provide diagnostic services, as well as attracting referral business from local clinicians who practice in the outpatient setting. The group often owns a laboratory for <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and ancillary testing of tissue, and may hold contracts to run hospital-owned labs. Many pathologists who practice in this setting are trained and certified in both anatomical pathology and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">clinical pathology</a>, which allows them to supervise <a href="/wiki/Blood_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood banking">blood banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">clinical chemistry</a> laboratories, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">medical microbiology</a> laboratories as well.</li> <li>Large <i>corporate providers of anatomical pathology services, such as</i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=AmeriPath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AmeriPath (page does not exist)">AmeriPath</a></i> in the United States. In this model, pathologists are employees, rather than independent partners. This model has been criticized for reducing physician independence, but defenders claim that the larger size of these practices allows for <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and greater specialization, as well a sufficient volume to support more specialized testing methods.</li> <li><i>Multispecialty groups</i>, composed of physicians from clinical specialties as well as <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a> and pathology, are another practice model. In some case, these may be large groups controlled by an <a href="/wiki/HMO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMO">HMO</a> or other large health care organization. In others, they are in essence clinician group practices that employ pathologists to provide diagnostic services for the group. These groups may own their own laboratories, or, in some cases may make controversial arrangements with "pod labs" that allow clinician groups to lease space, with the clinician groups receiving direct insurance payments for pathology services.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposed changes to <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> regulations may essentially eliminate these arrangements in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pathology" title="Digital pathology">Digital pathology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telepathology" title="Telepathology">Telepathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_capture_microdissection" title="Laser capture microdissection">Laser capture microdissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pathologists" title="List of pathologists">List of pathologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pathology" title="History of pathology">History of pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Canadian_Academy_of_Pathology" title="United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology">United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-robbins-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzi_Cotran,_Vinay_Kumar,_Tucker_Collins1999" class="citation book cs1">Ramzi Cotran, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins (1999). <i>Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, Sixth Edition</i>. W.B. Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/072167335X" title="Special:BookSources/072167335X"><bdi>072167335X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+Pathologic+Basis+of+Disease%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=072167335X&rft.au=Ramzi+Cotran%2C+Vinay+Kumar%2C+Tucker+Collins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meshchoristoma-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meshchoristoma_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/MeSH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeSH">MeSH</a> classification <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2007/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Pathological+Conditions,+Signs+and+Symptoms&field=entry#TreeC23">C23.300.250</a> (pathological conditions, signs and symptoms </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgagni1903" class="citation journal cs1">Morgagni, G. B. (October 1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18340813">"Founders of Modern Medicine: Giovanni Battista Morgagni. (1682-1771)"</a>. <i>Medical Library and Historical Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">270–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0898-1868">0898-1868</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1698114">1698114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18340813">18340813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Library+and+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Founders+of+Modern+Medicine%3A+Giovanni+Battista+Morgagni.+%281682-1771%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=1903-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1698114%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0898-1868&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18340813&rft.aulast=Morgagni&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18340813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/pathology-specialty-description">"Pathology Specialty Description"</a>. American Medical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathology+Specialty+Description&rft.pub=American+Medical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fspecialty%2Fpathology-specialty-description&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P00955">"Clinical Pathology Overview - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"</a>. <i>www.urmc.rochester.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.urmc.rochester.edu&rft.atitle=Clinical+Pathology+Overview+-+Health+Encyclopedia+-+University+of+Rochester+Medical+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urmc.rochester.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fcontenttypeid%3D85%26contentid%3DP00955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630171453/http://www.abpath.org/default.aspx">"ABP Home"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abpath.org/default.aspx">the original</a> on 2007-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABP+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abpath.org%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813083503/http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/specialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx">"Specialties & Subspecialties"</a>. AOA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osteopathic.org/inside-aoa/development/aoa-board-certification/Pages/specialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specialties+%26+Subspecialties&rft.pub=AOA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osteopathic.org%2Finside-aoa%2Fdevelopment%2Faoa-board-certification%2FPages%2Fspecialty-subspecialty-certification.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308173746/http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/cap_today/feature_stories/0105OIG.html">"Out of joint?OIG takes dim view of pod lab setup - College of American Pathologists"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap.org/apps/docs/cap_today/feature_stories/0105OIG.html">the original</a> on 2005-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+joint%3FOIG+takes+dim+view+of+pod+lab+setup+-+College+of+American+Pathologists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cap.org%2Fapps%2Fdocs%2Fcap_today%2Ffeature_stories%2F0105OIG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span> Congress of American Pathologists Feature story - "Out of joint OIG takes dim view of pod lab setup" January 2005 (Accessed May 19, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928193600/http://www.fosterswift.com/pdfs/pubs/hclraugust2006a.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fosterswift.com/pdfs/pubs/hclraugust2006a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fosterswift.com%2Fpdfs%2Fpubs%2Fhclraugust2006a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> Foster, Swift, Collins, and Smith, P.C. - Health Care Alert, August 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727165733/http://www.pathsoc.org/conversations/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=1">"Conversations with Pathologists"</a>, a website based on a book project by Sue Armstrong, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathological_Society" title="Pathological Society">The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091024081557/http://pathreports.in/">PathReports.in</a>: Make Anatomical pathology reporting paperless and save trees.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126150532/http://www.pathmax.com/main.html">PathMax</a>, a collection of online Pathology resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mybiopsy.org/">MyBiopsy.org</a>, information on more than 25 of the most common cancers and cancer-related conditions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130184956/http://thedoctorsdoctor.com/f_home.html">The Doctor's doctor</a>, a very useful web site for patients and pathologists</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathologie-online.de/">Pathologie Online</a>, online Pathology resources <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/">Pathology Outlines</a>, an online textbook of anatomic pathology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap.org/">College of American Pathologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abpath.org/">American Board of Pathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19961225043328/http://www.cytopathnet.org/">CYTOPATHNET Online Resource Center for Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190315225636/https://hgv.org.au/">Histology Group of Victoria Incorporated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/labmed/">Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine</a>: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015010551/http://pathtalk.org/">Pathtalk.org</a>: A multiple-author weblog by and for anatomic pathologists, with illustrative cases and specialty-related discussions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.PathologyPics.com/">PathologyPics.com</a>: An interactive histology database for the Practicing Anatomic Pathologist as well as Pathology Trainees.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology" title="Template:Pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology" title="Template talk:Pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">Serology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044893-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098685">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561162">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="patologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115695&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529532505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642503">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_pathology">Clinical pathology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmonella_sp._on_DC-agar_from_Flickr_69017875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Salmonella_sp._on_DC-agar_from_Flickr_69017875.jpg/250px-Salmonella_sp._on_DC-agar_from_Flickr_69017875.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Salmonella_sp._on_DC-agar_from_Flickr_69017875.jpg/375px-Salmonella_sp._on_DC-agar_from_Flickr_69017875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Salmonella_sp._on_DC-agar_from_Flickr_69017875.jpg/500px-Salmonella_sp._on_DC-agar_from_Flickr_69017875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Pathogenic organisms are grown from patient specimens in clinical microbiology labs, allowing selection of the correct antibiotics</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical specialty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pathology&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pathology%22">"Pathology"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pathology%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pathology%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pathology%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pathology%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pathology%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blood_film_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blood_film_01.jpg/200px-Blood_film_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blood_film_01.jpg/300px-Blood_film_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blood_film_01.jpg/400px-Blood_film_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a> smears on a glass slide, stained and ready to be examined under the microscope.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/200px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/300px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/400px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a> plate with bacterial colonies.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg/200px-Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg/300px-Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a>: microscopic image of a mixture of two types of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> stained with the <a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konelab60i.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Konelab60i.png/200px-Konelab60i.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Konelab60i.png/300px-Konelab60i.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Konelab60i.png/400px-Konelab60i.png 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a>: an automated blood chemistry analyser.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Clinical pathology</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">laboratory</a> analysis of <a href="/wiki/Bodily_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodily fluid">bodily fluids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">hematology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">molecular pathology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immunohaematology" title="Immunohaematology">Immunohaematology</a>. This specialty requires a <a href="/wiki/Medical_residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical residency">medical residency</a>. </p><p>Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">many Commonwealth countries</a>, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of "laboratory medicine" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> countries; other terms are "clinical analysis" (Spain) and "clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing_and_subspecialities">Licensing and subspecialities</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Pathology" title="American Board of Pathology">American Board of Pathology</a> certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Chemical pathology</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood banking">Blood banking</a> - <a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">Clinical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular genetics pathology</a>.</li></ul> <p>In some countries other sub specialities fall under certified <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Biologist">Clinical Biologists</a> responsibility:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a> including <a href="/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Assisted reproductive technology">Assisted reproductive technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperm_bank" title="Sperm bank">Sperm bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semen_analysis" title="Semen analysis">Semen analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> <p>Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in <a href="/wiki/South-America" class="mw-redirect" title="South-America">South-America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, this specialty can be practiced by non-physicians, such as Ph.D. or Pharm.D. after a variable number of years of <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_United_States_of_America">In United States of America</h3></div> <p>Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with clinical scientists (clinical biochemists, clinical microbiologists, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">medical technologists</a>, hospital administrators, and referring physicians to ensure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing. </p><p>Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pathology</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">anatomical pathology</a>. Often, <a href="/wiki/Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathology as a medical specialty">pathologists</a> practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/General_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="General pathology">general pathology</a>. Similar specialties exist in <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pathology" title="Veterinary pathology">veterinary pathology</a>. </p><p>Clinical pathology is itself divided into subspecialties, the main ones being <a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">clinical chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">clinical hematology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Blood_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood banking">blood banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">hematopathology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">clinical microbiology</a> and emerging subspecialties such as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_diagnostics" title="Molecular diagnostics">molecular diagnostics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a>. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with anatomic pathology. Both can serve as medical directors of CLIA certified laboratories. Under the CLIA law, only the US <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> approved Board Certified <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">DSc</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">DO</a> can perform the duties of a Medical or Clinical Laboratory Director. This overlap includes immunoassays, flow cytometry, microbiology and cytogenetics and any assay done on tissue. Overlap between anatomic and clinical pathology is expanding to molecular diagnostics and proteomics as we move towards making the best use of new technologies for personalized medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clinical pathologists may assist physicians in interpreting complex tests such as <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelet</a> aggregometry, <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> or serum protein <a href="/wiki/Electrophoresis" title="Electrophoresis">electrophoresis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a> profiles. If interfering substances are suspected, they may recommend alternate test methods. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a>, icterus, <a href="/wiki/Lipemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipemia">lipemia</a>, or heterophile antibodies may confound results obtained by traditional methods such as ion-selective electrodes, enzymatic assays or <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassays</a>. Alternate methods such as blood gas analysers, <a href="/wiki/Point-of-care_testing" title="Point-of-care testing">point-of-care testing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> may help resolve the clinical question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3></div> <p>Recently, <a href="/w/index.php?title=EFLM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EFLM (page does not exist)">EFLM</a> has chosen the name of "Specialists in Laboratory Medicine" to define all European Clinical pathologists, regardless of their training (M.D., Ph.D. or Pharm.D.).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, Clinical Pathology is called Medical Biology ("Biologie médicale") and is practiced by both M.D.s and Pharm.D.s. The residency lasts four years. Specialists in this discipline are called "Biologiste médical" which literally translates as <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Biologist">Clinical Biologist</a> rather than "Clinical <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2></div> <p>Microscopes, analyzers, strips, centrifuges </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macroscopic_examination">Macroscopic examination</h3></div> <p>Visual examination of the specimen may provide information to the pathologist or the physician. For example, fluid drained from an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> may appear cloudy, or <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> obtained by <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_puncture" title="Lumbar puncture">lumbar puncture</a> may exhibit <a href="/wiki/Xanthochromia" title="Xanthochromia">xanthochromia</a>, suggesting a bleed has occurred. Laboratory technologists may provide qualitative descriptions accordingly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microscopical_examination">Microscopical examination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a></div> <p>Microscopic analysis is an important activity of the pathologist and the laboratory technologist. They have many different stains at their disposal (<a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">GRAM</a>, MGG, <a href="/wiki/Grocott%27s_methenamine_silver_stain" title="Grocott's methenamine silver stain">Grocott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen</a>, etc.). Immunofluorescence, cytochemistry, the immunocytochemistry, and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">FISH</a> are also used in order make a correct diagnosis. </p><p>Pathologists may review samples such as <a href="/wiki/Pleural" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural">pleural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal">peritoneal</a>, synovial, or pericardial fluids to characterize them as "normal", tumoral, inflammatory, or even infectious. Microscopic examination can also determine the causal infectious agent – often a bacterium, mould, yeast, parasite, or (rarely) virus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_Analysers">Laboratory Analysers</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Automated_analyser" title="Automated analyser">Automated analysers</a>, by the association of robotics and spectrophotometry, have allowed these last decades better reproducibility of the results, in particular in medical biochemistry and hematology.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efficiency and productivity can be enhanced by automating the pre-analytical processing, including barcode reading, sorting, centrifuging, and aliquoting specimens. </p><p>The analysers must undergo daily controls prior to performing patient testing. Analysers must also undergo daily, weekly and monthly maintenance. Quality management involves reviewing quality control trends to detect emerging problems in instrument calibration, correlating results between instruments that perform similar testing, and running standardized samples to prove linearity and precision. </p><p>Some laboratory processes involve automated analysis combined with manual review by technologists. For example, when hematology analysers flag samples as abnormal, automated <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cell</a> differential counts may be superseded by manual differential counts using stained slides read at the microscope or scanned by digital imaging software. Laboratory technologists may flag abnormal samples for pathologist review. The pathologist may recommend additional testing, such as <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a> to identify <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> cells, or <a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">cytology</a> to characterize solid tumor cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultures">Cultures</h3></div> <p>Samples undergoing examination for pathogens, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">medical microbiology</a>, may be incubated with culture media. Those allow, for example, the description of one or several infectious agents responsible of the clinical signs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Values_known_as_"normal"_or_reference_values"><span id="Values_known_as_.22normal.22_or_reference_values"></span>Values known as "normal" or reference values</h3></div> <p>Detailed article: <a href="/wiki/Reference_range" title="Reference range">Reference range</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_2">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">Medical laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomic_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomic pathology">Anatomic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_technologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical technologist">Medical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pathology" title="Veterinary pathology">Veterinary pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Biologist">Clinical Biologist</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references_2">Notes and references</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022363470">"Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports"</a>. <i>Journal Officiel de la République Française</i>. Décrets, arrêtés, circulaires (Texte 15 sur 54). 20 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Officiel+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Textes+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux%2C+Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Sant%C3%A9+et+des+Sports&rft.issue=Texte+15+sur+54&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2Fjo_pdf.do%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000022363470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span> Note: This document does not cover all countries listed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education.gouv.fr/bo/2003/32/MENS0301444A.htm">"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A"</a>. <i>www.education.gouv.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.education.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Bulletin+officiel+du+n%C2%B032+du+4+septembre+2003+-+MENS0301444A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gouv.fr%2Fbo%2F2003%2F32%2FMENS0301444A.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908012542/http://www.pathology.ecu.edu/Public/resident/recruit.ppt">Description of Pathology in USA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerah_Simone,_Murray_Janet,_Rita_Horvath_Andrea2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zerah Simone, Murray Janet, Rita Horvath Andrea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900053">"EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine"</a>. <i>Biochemia Medica</i>. <b>22</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">272–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11613%2FBM.2012.029">10.11613/BM.2012.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900053">3900053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23092058">23092058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemia+Medica&rft.atitle=EFLM+Position+Statement+%E2%80%93+Our+profession+now+has+a+European+name%3A+Specialist+in+Laboratory+Medicine&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3900053%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23092058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11613%2FBM.2012.029&rft.au=Zerah+Simone%2C+Murray+Janet%2C+Rita+Horvath+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3900053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sante.gouv.fr/adm/dagpb/bo/2003/03-05/a0050272.htm">Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228225540/http://www.sante.gouv.fr/adm/dagpb/bo/2003/03-05/a0050272.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More D, Khan N, Tekade RK, Sengupta P. An Update on Current Trend in Sample Preparation Automation in Bioanalysis: strategies, Challenges and Future Direction. Crit Rev Anal Chem. 2024 Jul 1:1-25. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2362707. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38949910.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_2">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacc.org">American Association for Clinical Chemistry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascp.org">American Society for Clinical Pathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abpath.org">American Board of Pathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap.org">College of American Pathologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efcclm.eu">European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclps.org">Academy of Clinical Laboratory Physicians and Scientists</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" 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href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal 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specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology" title="Template:Pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology" title="Template talk:Pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">Serology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044893-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098685">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561162">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="patologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115695&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529532505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642503">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology_2">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</h3></div> <p>In the United States, subspecialty-trained doctors of <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, rather than medical doctors, can be certified by a professional board to practice Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_of_medical_pathologists">Training of medical pathologists</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathology_in_the_United_States">Pathology in the United States</h3></div> <p>In the United States, pathologists are <a href="/wiki/Allopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allopathic">allopathic</a> (MD, MBBS, MBChB, etc.) or <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osteopathic">osteopathic</a> (DO) physicians, that have completed a four-year undergraduate program, four years of medical school training, and three to four years of postgraduate training in the form of a pathology residency. Training may be within two primary specialties, as recognized by the American Board of Pathology: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomic Pathology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Pathology">Clinical Pathology</a>, each of which requires separate board certification. Many pathologists seek a broad-based training and become certified in both fields. These skills are complementary in many hospital-based private practice settings, since the day-to-day work of many clinical laboratories only requires the intermittent attention of a physician. Thus, pathologists are able to spend much of their time evaluating anatomic pathology cases, while remaining available to cover any special issues which might arise in the clinical laboratories. Pathologists may pursue specialised fellowship training within one or more sub-specialties of either anatomic or clinical pathology. Some of these sub-specialities permit additional board certification, while others do not.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathology_in_the_United_Kingdom">Pathology in the United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>In the UK pathologists are <a href="/wiki/Medical_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical doctor">medical doctors</a> registered with the UK <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a>. They will have completed an undergraduate medical education which in most countries lasts 4-6 years. The training to become a pathologist is under the oversight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Pathologists" title="Royal College of Pathologists">Royal College of Pathologists</a>. Typically a one year training attachment is followed by an aptitude test. This is followed by further specialist training in surgical pathology, cytopathology, and post mortem pathology. There are two examinations run by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Pathologists" title="Royal College of Pathologists">Royal College of Pathologists</a> termed Part 1 and Part 2. The Part 2 examination is designed to test competence to work as an independent practitioner in pathology and is typically taken after 5 years specialist training. All post-graduate medical training and education in the UK is overseen by the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board. It is possible to take a specialist part 2 examination in paediatric pathology or neuropathology. It is possible to take a special diploma in dermatopathology or cytopathology, recognising additional specialist training and expertise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_pathology">Veterinary pathology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pathology" title="Veterinary pathology">Veterinary pathology</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Component of pathology that focuses on the application of veterinary science</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Pathology_(journal)" title="Veterinary Pathology (journal)">Veterinary Pathology (journal)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Pathology">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pathology%22">"Pathology"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pathology%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pathology%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pathology%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pathology%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pathology%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammary_tumor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mammary_tumor.JPG/200px-Mammary_tumor.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mammary_tumor.JPG/300px-Mammary_tumor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mammary_tumor.JPG/400px-Mammary_tumor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mammary (breast) cancer on a dog.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mast_cell_tumor_on_lip.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mast_cell_tumor_on_lip.JPG/200px-Mast_cell_tumor_on_lip.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mast_cell_tumor_on_lip.JPG/300px-Mast_cell_tumor_on_lip.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mast_cell_tumor_on_lip.JPG/400px-Mast_cell_tumor_on_lip.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cell tumor">Mast cell tumor</a> on dog.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Veterinary pathologists</b> are <a href="/wiki/Veterinarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinarians">veterinarians</a> who specialize in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a> of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-ACVP_WhatIs_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACVP_WhatIs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like medical <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pathology</a>, veterinary pathology is divided into two branches, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">anatomical pathology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">clinical pathology</a>. Other than the diagnosis of disease in food-producing animals, companion animals, zoo animals and wildlife, veterinary pathologists also have an important role in drug discovery and safety as well as scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-ACVP_WhatIs_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACVP_WhatIs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_anatomical_pathology">Veterinary anatomical pathology</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a> (Commonwealth) or anatomic pathology (U.S.) is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the <a href="/wiki/Gross_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross examination">gross examination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">microscopic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">molecular</a> examination of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, and whole bodies (<a href="/wiki/Necropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Necropsy">necropsy</a>). Veterinary pathology also takes into account the structure and function of the body and how particular cells were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Indian, European, Japanese, and American Colleges of Veterinary Pathologists certify veterinary pathologists through a certifying exam after completing a residency program. After completing the residency and the exam, a certificate will be given out to display specialization in veterinary pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American College of Veterinary Pathologist certification exam consists of four parts, - gross pathology, microscopic pathology, veterinary pathology, and general pathology. Only the general pathology section is shared between the anatomic and clinical pathology examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veterinary pathologists are employed in several different positions, including diagnostics, teaching, research, and the pharmaceutical industry.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_clinical_pathology">Veterinary clinical pathology</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a> is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">laboratory</a> analysis of <a href="/wiki/Bodily_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodily fluid">bodily fluids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> or cavitary effusions, or tissue aspirates using the tools of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">hematology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">molecular pathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical pathology labs offer many services including hematology, hemostasis, urinalysis, cytology, and clinical biochemistry tests. <sup id="cite_ref-auto_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many clinical pathology tests can be done "in" or "out" of house, meaning that the test can be done in that particular clinic or sent to a further specialized outside laboratory. Many patients have the desire to do "in-house" tests because it is usually cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, veterinary pathology consists of most of the behind-the-scenes laboratory work that studies virus, infections, bacteria, and much more. Without veterinary pathologists, illness would spread throughout many species of animals much quicker than in the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_3">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.abpath.org/default.aspx">[6]</a> Homepage of the American Board of Pathology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACVP_WhatIs-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACVP_WhatIs_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACVP_WhatIs_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125740/http://www.acvp.org/public/WhatIsVetPath.cfm">"What is veterinary pathology?"</a>. <i>American College of Veterinary Pathology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acvp.org/public/WhatIsVetPath.cfm">the original</a> on October 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+College+of+Veterinary+Pathology&rft.atitle=What+is+veterinary+pathology%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acvp.org%2Fpublic%2FWhatIsVetPath.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheville2001" class="citation book cs1">Cheville, Norman F. (2001). <i>Introduction to Veterinary Pathology</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-813-82488-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-813-82488-8"><bdi>978-0-813-82488-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Veterinary+Pathology&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-813-82488-8&rft.aulast=Cheville&rft.aufirst=Norman+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akvna.org/acvp-faqs">"Veterinary Pathology (ACVP) FAQs"</a>. <i>AKVNA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AKVNA&rft.atitle=Veterinary+Pathology+%28ACVP%29+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akvna.org%2Facvp-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.acvp.org/resource/resmgr/exam/phase_i/ACVP_Phase_I_Candidate_Handb.pdf">"American College of Veterinary Pathologists"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2024 Phase 1 Certifying Examination Candidate Handbook</i>. March 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2024+Phase+1+Certifying+Examination+Candidate+Handbook&rft.atitle=American+College+of+Veterinary+Pathologists&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.ymaws.com%2Fwww.acvp.org%2Fresource%2Fresmgr%2Fexam%2Fphase_i%2FACVP_Phase_I_Candidate_Handb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acvp.org/page/What_is_Vet_Path">"What is Veterinary Pathology? - American College of Veterinary Pathologists"</a>. <i>www.acvp.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acvp.org&rft.atitle=What+is+Veterinary+Pathology%3F+-+American+College+of+Veterinary+Pathologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acvp.org%2Fpage%2FWhat_is_Vet_Path&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cvm.msu.edu/vdl/laboratory-sections/clinical-pathology">"Clinical Pathology"</a>. <i>The College of Veterinary Medicine at Michigan State University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+College+of+Veterinary+Medicine+at+Michigan+State+University&rft.atitle=Clinical+Pathology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcvm.msu.edu%2Fvdl%2Flaboratory-sections%2Fclinical-pathology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msdvetmanual.com/clinical-pathology-and-procedures/diagnostic-procedures-for-the-private-practice-laboratory/overview-of-diagnostic-procedures-for-the-private-practice-laboratory">"Overview of Diagnostic Procedures for the Private Practice Laboratory - Clinical Pathology and Procedures"</a>. <i>MSD Veterinary Manual</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSD+Veterinary+Manual&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Diagnostic+Procedures+for+the+Private+Practice+Laboratory+-+Clinical+Pathology+and+Procedures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msdvetmanual.com%2Fclinical-pathology-and-procedures%2Fdiagnostic-procedures-for-the-private-practice-laboratory%2Foverview-of-diagnostic-procedures-for-the-private-practice-laboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapajeski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Papajeski, Barbie (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://todaysveterinarynurse.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/TVN-2022-02_Clinical_Pathology_Specialty.pdf">"Specialty Spotlight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>VTS in Clinical Pathology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VTS+in+Clinical+Pathology&rft.atitle=Specialty+Spotlight&rft.date=2022-02&rft.aulast=Papajeski&rft.aufirst=Barbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftodaysveterinarynurse.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2F2022%2F03%2FTVN-2022-02_Clinical_Pathology_Specialty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APathology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_3">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acvp.org/">American College of Veterinary Pathologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esvcp.com/">European College of Veterinary Clinical Pathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecvpath.org/">European College of Veterinary Pathologists</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veterinary_medicine126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veterinary_medicine" title="Template:Veterinary medicine"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Veterinary_pharmacist" title="Veterinary pharmacist">Veterinary pharmacist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veterinarians" title="List of veterinarians">List of veterinarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_education" title="Veterinary education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_veterinary_medicine" title="List of schools of veterinary medicine">List of schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_education_in_France" title="Veterinary education in France">Veterinary education in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinarian%27s_Oath" title="Veterinarian's Oath">Veterinarian's Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Medical_College_Application_Service" title="Veterinary Medical College Application Service">Veterinary Medical College Application Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterinary_Medical_Association" title="American Veterinary Medical Association">American Veterinary Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Veterinary_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons">Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Veterinarians_of_Ontario" title="College of Veterinarians of Ontario">College of Veterinarians of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-Based_Veterinary_Medicine_Association" title="Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association">Evidence-Based Veterinary Medicine Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_specialties" title="Veterinary specialties">Specialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_anesthesia" title="Veterinary anesthesia">Anesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avian_veterinarian" title="Avian veterinarian">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_dentistry" title="Veterinary dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_ethics" title="Veterinary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_animal_veterinarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic animal veterinarian">Exotic animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_medicine" title="Fish medicine">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_nutrition" title="Animal nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_obstetrics" title="Veterinary obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_oncology" title="Veterinary oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_parasitology" title="Veterinary parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_pathology" title="Veterinary pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_public_health" title="Veterinary public health">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_surgery" title="Veterinary surgery">Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriogenology" title="Theriogenology">Theriogenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_virology" title="Veterinary virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Veterinary_Corps" title="United States Army Veterinary Corps">Veterinary Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_Indonesia" title="Veterinary medicine in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Veterinary medicine in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Veterinary medicine in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_veterinary_medicine_in_the_Philippines" title="History of veterinary medicine in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044893-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098685">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561162">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="patologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115695&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529532505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642503">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_pathology">Plant pathology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phytopathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopathology">Phytopathology</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific study of plant diseases</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_Pathology_(journal)" title="Plant Pathology (journal)"><i>Plant Pathology</i> (journal)</a>. For organisms that damage crops and forestry, see <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">Pest (organism)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Phytopathology" redirects here. For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Phytopathology_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytopathology (journal)"><i>Phytopathology</i> (journal)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_rot_lifecycle.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Black_rot_lifecycle.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Black_rot_lifecycle.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Black_rot_lifecycle.tif/lossy-page1-585px-Black_rot_lifecycle.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Black_rot_lifecycle.tif/lossy-page1-780px-Black_rot_lifecycle.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Life cycle of the black rot pathogen, the <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">gram negative</a> bacterium <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris_pv._campestris" title="Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris"><i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pathovar <i>campestris</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plant pathology</b> or <b>phytopathology</b> is the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">plant diseases</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant pathology involves the study of pathogen identification, disease <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a>, disease cycles, economic impact, <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_epidemiology" title="Plant disease epidemiology">plant disease epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">plant disease resistance</a>, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, <a href="/wiki/Pathosystem" title="Pathosystem">pathosystem</a> genetics, and management of plant diseases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_pathogenicity">Plant pathogenicity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">Plant disease</a></div> <p>Plant pathogens, organisms that cause infectious <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">plant diseases</a>, include <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycetes">oomycetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_virus" title="Plant virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viroid" title="Viroid">viroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>-like organisms, <a href="/wiki/Phytoplasmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytoplasmas">phytoplasmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasitic plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most plant <a href="/wiki/Pathosystem" title="Pathosystem">pathosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> depends on <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">hydrolases</a> and enzymes that degrade the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a>. The vast majority of these act on <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectins</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Pectinesterase" title="Pectinesterase">pectinesterase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectate_lyase" title="Pectate lyase">pectate lyase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectinase" title="Pectinase">pectinases</a>). For microbes, the cell wall <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a> are both a food source and a barrier to be overcome. Many pathogens grow opportunistically when the host breaks down its own cell walls, most often during <a href="/wiki/Fruit_ripening" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit ripening">fruit ripening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantu-et-al-2008_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantu-et-al-2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike human and animal pathology, plant pathology usually focuses on a single causal organism; however, some plant diseases have been shown to be interactions between multiple pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To colonize a plant, pathogens have specific <a href="/wiki/Pathogenicity_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenicity factor">pathogenicity factors</a>, of five main types: uses of cell wall–degrading enzymes, <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a>, effector proteins, <a href="/wiki/Phytohormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytohormone">phytohormones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exopolysaccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Exopolysaccharide">exopolysaccharides</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Cell wall-degrading enzymes</b>: These are used to break down the plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> in order to release the nutrients inside and include esterases, glycosyl hydrolases, lyases and oxidoreductases.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">Toxins</a></b>: These can be non-host-specific, which damage all plants, or host-specific, which cause damage only on a host plant.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Effector_(biology)" title="Effector (biology)">Effector</a> proteins</b>: These can be secreted by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes<sup id="cite_ref-watermold_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watermold-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oomycetes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oomycetes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the extracellular environment or directly into the host cell, often via the <a href="/wiki/Type_three_secretion_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Type three secretion system">Type three secretion system</a>. Some effectors are known to suppress host immune processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can include reducing or inhibiting the plant's internal signaling mechanisms or reduction of phytochemicals production.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-effector_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-effector-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phytohormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytohormone">Phytohormones</a></b> are chemicals used by plants for signaling; pathogens can produce these to modify plant growth to their own advantage.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Exopolysaccharide" class="mw-redirect" title="Exopolysaccharide">Exopolysaccharides</a></b> are mostly small chains of sugars that help pathogens to adhere to a plant's surface, enabling them to begin the process of infection.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_plant_disorders">Physiological plant disorders</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physiological_plant_disorder" title="Physiological plant disorder">Physiological plant disorder</a></div> <p>Some abiotic disorders can be confused with pathogen-induced disorders. Abiotic causes include natural processes such as <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>; <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> and poor drainage; <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">nutrient deficiency</a>; deposition of mineral salts such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">windburn</a> and breakage by storms; and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Schutzki2007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schutzki2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_epidemiology" title="Plant disease epidemiology">Plant disease epidemiology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_Disease_Triangle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Plant_Disease_Triangle.svg/220px-Plant_Disease_Triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Plant_Disease_Triangle.svg/330px-Plant_Disease_Triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Plant_Disease_Triangle.svg/440px-Plant_Disease_Triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Plant disease triangle</figcaption></figure> <p>Epidemiology is the study of factors affecting the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A disease triangle describes the basic factors required for plant diseases. These are the host plant, the pathogen, and the environment. Any one of these can be modified to control a disease.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_resistance">Disease resistance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_resistance" title="Plant disease resistance">Plant disease resistance</a></div> <p>Plant disease resistance is the ability of a plant to prevent and terminate infections from plant pathogens. Structures that help plants prevent pathogens from entering are the cuticular layer, cell walls, and stomata guard cells. Once pathogens have overcome these barriers, plant receptors initiate signaling pathways to create molecules to compete against the foreign molecules. These pathways are influenced and triggered by genes within the host plant and can manipulated by genetic breeding to create resistant varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antagonism_(phytopathology)" title="Antagonism (phytopathology)">Antagonism (phytopathology)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection">Detection</h3></div> <p>Ancient methods of leaf examination and breaking open plant material by hand are now augmented by newer technologies. These include <a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">molecular pathology</a> assays such as <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR), <a href="/wiki/RT-PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="RT-PCR">RT-PCR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loop-mediated_isothermal_amplification" title="Loop-mediated isothermal amplification">loop-mediated isothermal amplification</a> (LAMP).<sup id="cite_ref-Mumford-et-al-2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford-et-al-2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although PCR can detect multiple molecular targets in a single solution there are limits.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumford-et-al-2006_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford-et-al-2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bertolini et al. 2001, Ito et al. 2002, and Ragozzino et al. 2004 developed PCR methods for multiplexing six or seven plant pathogen molecular products and Persson et al. 2005 for multiplexing four with RT-PCR.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumford-et-al-2006_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford-et-al-2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More extensive <a href="/wiki/Molecular_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular diagnosis">molecular diagnosis</a> requires <a href="/wiki/PCR_array" class="mw-redirect" title="PCR array">PCR arrays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumford-et-al-2006_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford-et-al-2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary detection method used worldwide is <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_linked_immunosorbent_assay" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay">enzyme linked immunosorbent assay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological">Biological</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Crop rotation</a> is a traditional and sometimes effective means of preventing a parasitic population from becoming well-established. For example, protection against infection by <i><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium_tumefaciens" title="Agrobacterium tumefaciens">Agrobacterium tumefaciens</a></i>, which causes gall diseases in many plants, by dipping cuttings in suspensions of <i><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium_radiobacter" title="Agrobacterium radiobacter">Agrobacterium radiobacter</a></i> before inserting them in the ground to take root.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_2">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_pathology" title="Timeline of plant pathology">Timeline of plant pathology</a></div> <p>Plant pathology has developed from antiquity, starting with <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> in the ancient era, but scientific study began in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> period with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>, and developed in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Ainsworth_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ainsworth-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_People_in_Plant_Pathology">Notable People in Plant Pathology</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anton_de_Bary" title="Heinrich Anton de Bary">Anton de Bary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Frink_Smith" title="Erwin Frink Smith">Erwin Frink Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Arber" title="Agnes Arber">Agnes Robertson Arber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Henry_Flor" title="Harold Henry Flor">Harold Henry Flor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_4">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Phytopathological_Society" title="American Phytopathological Society">American Phytopathological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Plant_Pathology_Society" title="Australasian Plant Pathology Society">Australasian Plant Pathology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_Plant_Pathology" title="British Society for Plant Pathology">British Society for Plant Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">Forest pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-for-gene_relationship" title="Gene-for-gene relationship">Gene-for-gene relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Plant_Clinic" title="Global Plant Clinic">Global Plant Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_phytopathology" title="Glossary of phytopathology">Glossary of phytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsfall-Barratt_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsfall-Barratt scale">Horsfall-Barratt scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phytopathology_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of phytopathology journals">List of phytopathology journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_inoculant" title="Microbial inoculant">Microbial inoculant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytopharmacology" title="Phytopharmacology">Phytopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunt_(botany)" title="Stunt (botany)">Stunting</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_3">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2024" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Richard, ed. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture767" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture767" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_farming" title="Desert farming">Desert farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">Dryland farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainfed_agriculture" title="Rainfed agriculture">Rainfed agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental<br />impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multiple breadbasket failure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_cultivation" title="Category:Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></b></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany862" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany862" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044893-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098685">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119330335">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561162">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="patologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115695&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529532505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642503">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathology_and_Software">Pathology and Software</h2></div> <p>As in every field, specialized software exists: the idea being to maintain <a href="/wiki/Electronic_medical_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic medical record">Electronic medical record</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health record</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also_5">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publications_in_biology#Pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of publications in biology">Important publications in pathology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_5">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asip.org/">American Society for Investigative Pathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cytopathology.org">American Society of Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bns.org.uk/">British Neuropathological Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massgeneral.org/pathology/caserecords.htm">Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital - Clinicopathological Conference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap.org/">College of American Pathologists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/labmed/">Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine</a>: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morfopat.medicalstudent.ro/">HistoPathology Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histochem.net/">Immunohistochemistry protocols and troubleshooting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mybiopsy.org">Mybiopsy.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathsoc.org.uk/">Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcpath.org/">Royal College of Pathologists (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www,rcpa.edu.au">Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (Australia & Oceania)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snp.com.au">Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology</a> - Leading Australian Pathology Laboratory.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscap.org/">United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/webpath.html">WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathtalk.org">Pathtalk.org - A community weblog about pathology-related topics.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/fraser.charlton/pathology">What is a Pathologist?</a> - a perspective from UK pathologist Fraser Charlton.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathologypics.com">Pathologypics - an interactive community-driven histology atlas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology" title="Template:Pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology" title="Template talk:Pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles of pathology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Neoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Hemodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cellular_adaptation" title="Cellular adaptation">Cellular adaptation</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">Atrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophy" title="Hypertrophy">Hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metaplasia" title="Metaplasia">Metaplasia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Squamous_metaplasia" title="Squamous metaplasia">Squamous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glandular_metaplasia" title="Glandular metaplasia">Glandular</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocytolysis" title="Myocytolysis">Myocytolysis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>Accumulations</i></dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">Hemosiderin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">Lipochrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipofuscin" title="Lipofuscin">Lipofuscin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">Melanin</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steatosis" title="Steatosis">Steatosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_pathology" title="Surgical pathology">Surgical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_pathology" title="Molecular pathology">Molecular pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_processing" title="Gross processing">Gross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">Histopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunofluorescence" title="Immunofluorescence">Immunofluorescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization" title="Fluorescence in situ hybridization">Fluorescence in situ hybridization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopathology" title="Hematopathology">Hematopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">Diagnostic immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopathology" title="Immunopathology">Immunopathology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_assay" title="Enzyme assay">Enzyme assay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">Flow cytometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Microbiological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serology" title="Serology">Serology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_biology59" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_biology" title="Template talk:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_biology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of biology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_biology59" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_biology#Branches" title="Outline of biology">Branches of biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobiology" title="Aerobiology">Aerobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeology" title="Biogeology">Biogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanics" title="Biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosemiotics" title="Biosemiotics">Biosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_microbiology" title="Cellular microbiology">Cellular microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_biology" title="Cognitive biology">Cognitive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">Cryobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative biology">Generative biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geobiology" title="Geobiology">Geobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Gerontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">Human biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipidology" title="Lipidology">Lipidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">Mathematical biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">Neontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_science" title="Nutritional science">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobiology" title="Photobiology">Photobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">Proteomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protistology" title="Protistology">Protistology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_biology" title="Quantum biology">Quantum biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational biology">Relational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">Reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">Structural biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">Teratology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virophysics" title="Virophysics">Virophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenobiology" title="Xenobiology">Xenobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overview_of_tumors,_cancer_and_oncology148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tumors" title="Template:Tumors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tumors" title="Template talk:Tumors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overview_of_tumors,_cancer_and_oncology148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview of <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">Cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocyst" title="Pseudocyst">Pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma">Hamartoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malignant progression</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">Carcinoma in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">Metastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_tumor" title="Primary tumor">Primary tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_lymph_node" title="Sentinel lymph node">Sentinel lymph node</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">nasopharyngeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Respiratory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tumor" title="Bone tumor">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_neoplasm" title="Urogenital neoplasm">Urogenital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous system neoplasm">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland_neoplasm" title="Endocrine gland neoplasm">Endocrine system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">Sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastoma" title="Blastoma">Blastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">Papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">Adenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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bacteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_research" title="Cancer research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles" title="Index of oncology articles">Index of oncology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cancer" title="History of cancer">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" title="Cancer and nausea">Cancer and nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_and_cancer" title="Diet and cancer">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_rehabilitation" title="Cancer rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>{{<b><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_RBCs_and_megakaryocytes" class="mw-disambig" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malnutrition190" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nutritional_pathology" title="Template:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nutritional_pathology" title="Template talk:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nutritional_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nutritional pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malnutrition190" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93energy_malnutrition" title="Protein–energy malnutrition">Protein-energy<br />malnutrition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">Ascites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaciation" title="Emaciation">Emaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwashiorkor" title="Kwashiorkor">Kwashiorkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marasmus" title="Marasmus">Marasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolysis" title="Catabolysis">Catabolysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_deficiency" title="Vitamin deficiency">Vitamin deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>B<sub>1</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beriberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Beriberi">Beriberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wernicke's encephalopathy">Wernicke's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>2</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin#Deficiency" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>3</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pellagra" title="Pellagra">Pellagra</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>6</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyridoxine_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridoxine deficiency">Pyridoxine deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>7</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotin_deficiency" title="Biotin deficiency">Biotin deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>9</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate_deficiency" title="Folate deficiency">Folate deficiency</a></li></ul></li> <li>B<sub>12</sub> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12_deficiency" title="Vitamin B12 deficiency">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency" title="Vitamin A deficiency">Vitamin A deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitot%27s_spots" title="Bitot's spots">Bitot's spots</a></li></ul></li> <li>C: <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">Scurvy</a></li> <li>D: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D_deficiency" title="Vitamin D deficiency">Vitamin D deficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">Rickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">Osteomalacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison%27s_groove" title="Harrison's groove">Harrison's groove</a></li></ul></li> <li>E: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E_deficiency" title="Vitamin E deficiency">Vitamin E deficiency</a></li> <li>K: <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency" title="Vitamin K deficiency">Vitamin K deficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_deficiency" title="Mineral deficiency">Mineral deficiency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">Electrolyte imbalance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochloremia" title="Hypochloremia">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium deficiency (medicine)">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophosphatemia" title="Hypophosphatemia">Phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">Sodium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency" title="Zinc deficiency">Zinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)" title="Manganese deficiency (medicine)">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_deficiency" title="Copper deficiency">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_deficiency" title="Chromium deficiency">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency" title="Molybdenum deficiency">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_deficiency" title="Selenium deficiency">Selenium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keshan_disease" title="Keshan disease">Keshan disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_deficiency" title="Fluorine deficiency">Fluorine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Growth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformity" title="Deformity">Deformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_milestone" title="Delayed milestone">Delayed milestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">Failure to thrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_stature" title="Short stature">Short stature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_short_stature" title="Idiopathic short stature">Idiopathic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">Cachexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deficiency_(medicine)" title="Deficiency (medicine)">Deficiency (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_malnutrition" title="Epidemiology of malnutrition">Epidemiology of malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Food fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation (crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_dehydration" title="Terminal dehydration">Terminal dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undernutrition_in_children" title="Undernutrition in children">Undernutrition in children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">Weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underweight" title="Underweight">Underweight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Endocrine,_nutritional_and_metabolic_pathology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic pathology (page does not exist)">Template:Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic pathology</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)596" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">Dissociative amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified">Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_dissociative_disorder" title="Other specified dissociative disorder">Other specified dissociative disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template talk:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brain46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/<br /><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_relating_to_the_peripheral_nervous_system54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peripheral_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Peripheral nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peripheral_nervous_system_disease" title="Template talk:Peripheral nervous system disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peripheral_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peripheral nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_relating_to_the_peripheral_nervous_system54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases relating to the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.75em;"><div id="Mononeuropathy54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mononeuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononeuropathy">Mononeuropathy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">Carpal tunnel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ape_hand_deformity" title="Ape hand deformity">Ape hand deformity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve_entrapment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnar nerve entrapment">Ulnar nerve entrapment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froment%27s_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Froment's sign">Froment's sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_tunnel_syndrome" title="Ulnar tunnel syndrome">Ulnar tunnel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_claw" title="Ulnar claw">Ulnar claw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radial_neuropathy" title="Radial neuropathy">Radial neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist_drop" title="Wrist drop">Wrist drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheiralgia_paresthetica" title="Cheiralgia paresthetica">Cheiralgia paresthetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long_thoracic_nerve" title="Long thoracic nerve">long thoracic nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winged_scapula" title="Winged scapula">Winged scapula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Backpack palsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh">lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meralgia_paraesthetica" title="Meralgia paraesthetica">Meralgia paraesthetica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarsal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Tarsal tunnel syndrome">Tarsal tunnel syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plantar_nerve" title="Plantar nerve">plantar nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morton%27s_neuroma" title="Morton's neuroma">Morton's neuroma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Superior_gluteal_nerve" title="Superior gluteal nerve">superior gluteal nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trendelenburg%27s_sign" title="Trendelenburg's sign">Trendelenburg's sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic nerve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piriformis_syndrome" title="Piriformis syndrome">Piriformis syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_disease" title="Cranial nerve disease">Cranial nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Cranial_nerve_disease" title="Template:Cranial nerve disease">Template:Cranial nerve disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.75em;"><div id="Polyneuropathy_and_Polyradiculoneuropathy54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polyneuropathy" title="Polyneuropathy">Polyneuropathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyradiculoneuropathy" title="Polyradiculoneuropathy">Polyradiculoneuropathy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_motor_and_sensory_neuropathy" title="Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy">HMSN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejerine%E2%80%93Sottas_disease" title="Dejerine–Sottas disease">Dejerine–Sottas disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refsum_disease" title="Refsum disease">Refsum's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_neuropathy_with_liability_to_pressure_palsy" title="Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy">Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_amyloid_neuropathy" title="Familial amyloid neuropathy">Familial amyloid neuropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">Autoimmune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">demyelinating disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflammatory_demyelinating_polyneuropathy" title="Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy">Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radiculopathy" title="Radiculopathy">Radiculopathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plexopathy" title="Plexopathy">plexopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Brachial plexus injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor_syndrome" title="Pectoralis minor syndrome">Pectoralis minor syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_outlet_syndrome" title="Thoracic outlet syndrome">Thoracic outlet syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_polyneuropathy" title="Alcoholic polyneuropathy">Alcoholic polyneuropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.75em;"><div id="Other54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complex_regional_pain_syndrome" title="Complex regional pain syndrome">Complex regional pain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononeuritis_multiplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononeuritis multiplex">Mononeuritis multiplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_compression_syndrome" title="Nerve compression syndrome">Nerve compression syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralgia" title="Neuralgia">Neuralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy" title="Peripheral neuropathy">Peripheral neuropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cerebral_palsy_and_other_paralytic_syndromes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes (page does not exist)">Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes</a> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_eye126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_pathology" title="Template:Eye pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_pathology" title="Template talk:Eye pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_eye126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Diseases of the human eye</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adnexa126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inflammation23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inflammation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stye" title="Stye">Stye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalazion" title="Chalazion">Chalazion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharitis" title="Blepharitis">Blepharitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibomian_gland_dysfunction" title="Meibomian gland dysfunction">Meibomian gland dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropion" title="Entropion">Entropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectropion" title="Ectropion">Ectropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagophthalmos" title="Lagophthalmos">Lagophthalmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharochalasis" title="Blepharochalasis">Blepharochalasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(eyelid)" title="Ptosis (eyelid)">Ptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharophimosis" title="Blepharophimosis">Blepharophimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthelasma" title="Xanthelasma">Xanthelasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankyloblepharon" title="Ankyloblepharon">Ankyloblepharon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eyelash" title="Eyelash">Eyelash</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichiasis" title="Trichiasis">Trichiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madarosis" title="Madarosis">Madarosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distichiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Distichiasis">Distichiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichomegaly" title="Trichomegaly">Trichomegaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_apparatus" title="Lacrimal apparatus">Lacrimal apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoadenitis" title="Dacryoadenitis">Dacryoadenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphora_(medicine)" title="Epiphora (medicine)">Epiphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryocystitis" title="Dacryocystitis">Dacryocystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerophthalmia" title="Xerophthalmia">Xerophthalmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exophthalmos" title="Exophthalmos">Exophthalmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enophthalmos" title="Enophthalmos">Enophthalmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_cellulitis" title="Orbital cellulitis">Orbital cellulitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_lymphoma" title="Orbital lymphoma">Orbital lymphoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periorbital_cellulitis" title="Periorbital cellulitis">Periorbital cellulitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemosis" title="Chemosis">Chemosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctivitis" title="Conjunctivitis">Conjunctivitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">allergic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterygium_(conjunctiva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterygium (conjunctiva)">Pterygium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudopterygium" title="Pseudopterygium">Pseudopterygium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinguecula" title="Pinguecula">Pinguecula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subconjunctival_bleeding" title="Subconjunctival bleeding">Subconjunctival hemorrhage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Globe126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globe_(human_eye)" title="Globe (human eye)">Globe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Fibrous tunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sclera" title="Sclera">Sclera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scleritis" title="Scleritis">Scleritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcleritis" title="Episcleritis">Episcleritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratitis" title="Keratitis">Keratitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_keratitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetic keratitis">herpetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthamoeba_keratitis" title="Acanthamoeba keratitis">acanthamoebic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_keratitis" title="Fungal keratitis">fungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_keratitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure keratitis">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photokeratitis" title="Photokeratitis">Photokeratitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_ulcer" title="Corneal ulcer">Corneal ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thygeson%27s_superficial_punctate_keratopathy" title="Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy">Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_dystrophy" title="Corneal dystrophy">Corneal dystrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuchs%27_dystrophy" title="Fuchs' dystrophy">Fuchs'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meesmann_corneal_dystrophy" title="Meesmann corneal dystrophy">Meesmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_ectatic_disorders" title="Corneal ectatic disorders">Corneal ectasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratoconus" title="Keratoconus">Keratoconus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellucid_marginal_degeneration" title="Pellucid marginal degeneration">Pellucid marginal degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoglobus" title="Keratoglobus">Keratoglobus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrien%27s_marginal_degeneration" title="Terrien's marginal degeneration">Terrien's marginal degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-LASIK_ectasia" title="Post-LASIK ectasia">Post-LASIK ectasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis" title="Keratoconjunctivitis">Keratoconjunctivitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratoconjunctivitis_sicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratoconjunctivitis sicca">sicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_opacity" title="Corneal opacity">Corneal opacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneal_neovascularization" title="Corneal neovascularization">Corneal neovascularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayser%E2%80%93Fleischer_ring" title="Kayser–Fleischer ring">Kayser–Fleischer ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27s_striae" title="Haab's striae">Haab's striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_senilis" title="Arcus senilis">Arcus senilis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_keratopathy" title="Band keratopathy">Band keratopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uvea" title="Uvea">Vascular tunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uveitis" title="Uveitis">Uveitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_uveitis" title="Intermediate uveitis">Intermediate uveitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphema" title="Hyphema">Hyphema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubeosis_iridis" title="Rubeosis iridis">Rubeosis iridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_pupillary_membrane" title="Persistent pupillary membrane">Persistent pupillary membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridodialysis" title="Iridodialysis">Iridodialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synechia_(eye)" title="Synechia (eye)">Synechia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choroideremia" title="Choroideremia">Choroideremia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroiditis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choroiditis">Choroiditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioretinitis" title="Chorioretinitis">Chorioretinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_choroidal_excavation" title="Focal choroidal excavation">Focal choroidal excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypoidal_choroidal_vasculopathy" title="Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">Cataract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_cataract" title="Congenital cataract">Congenital cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_cataract" title="Childhood cataract">Childhood cataract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphakia" title="Aphakia">Aphakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopia_lentis" title="Ectopia lentis">Ectopia lentis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal disease">Retina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinitis" title="Retinitis">Retinitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioretinitis" title="Chorioretinitis">Chorioretinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_detachment" title="Retinal detachment">Retinal detachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_vitreous_detachment" title="Posterior vitreous detachment">Posterior vitreous detachment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoschisis" title="Retinoschisis">Retinoschisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_ischemic_syndrome" title="Ocular ischemic syndrome">Ocular ischemic syndrome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_vein_occlusion" title="Central retinal vein occlusion">Central retinal vein occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_retinal_artery_occlusion" title="Central retinal artery occlusion">Central retinal artery occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_retinal_artery_occlusion" title="Branch retinal artery occlusion">Branch retinal artery occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinopathy" title="Retinopathy">Retinopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_retinopathy" title="Hypertensive retinopathy">hypertensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purtscher%27s_retinopathy" title="Purtscher's retinopathy">Purtscher's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinopathy_of_prematurity" title="Retinopathy of prematurity">of prematurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bietti%27s_crystalline_dystrophy" title="Bietti's crystalline dystrophy">Bietti's crystalline dystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coats%27_disease" title="Coats' disease">Coats' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_retinopathy" title="Sickle cell retinopathy">Sickle cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_retinopathy" title="Photic retinopathy">photic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">Macular degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinitis_pigmentosa" title="Retinitis pigmentosa">Retinitis pigmentosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_haemorrhage" title="Retinal haemorrhage">Retinal haemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_serous_retinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Central serous retinopathy">Central serous retinopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macular_edema" title="Macular edema">Macular edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiretinal_membrane" title="Epiretinal membrane">Epiretinal membrane</a> (Macular pucker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitelliform_macular_dystrophy" title="Vitelliform macular dystrophy">Vitelliform macular dystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_congenital_amaurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leber's congenital amaurosis">Leber's congenital amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdshot_chorioretinopathy" title="Birdshot chorioretinopathy">Birdshot chorioretinopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ocular_hypertension" title="Ocular hypertension">Ocular hypertension</a> / <a href="/wiki/Primary_juvenile_glaucoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary juvenile glaucoma">Primary juvenile glaucoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floater" title="Floater">Floater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_hereditary_optic_neuropathy" title="Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy">Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_hypotony" title="Ocular hypotony">Ocular hypotony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_eye_(medicine)" title="Red eye (medicine)">Red eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_rupture" title="Globe rupture">Globe rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_keratitis" title="Fungal keratitis">Keratomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthisis_bulbi" title="Phthisis bulbi">Phthisis bulbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_vasculature" title="Persistent fetal vasculature">Persistent fetal vasculature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_tunica_vasculosa_lentis" title="Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis">Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_exudative_vitreoretinopathy" title="Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy">Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease">Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pathways126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Pathways</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic nerve</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuritis" title="Optic neuritis">Optic neuritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_papillitis" title="Optic papillitis">optic papillitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Kennedy_syndrome" title="Foster Kennedy syndrome">Foster Kennedy syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic atrophy">Optic atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_disc_drusen" title="Optic disc drusen">Optic disc drusen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Ischemic optic neuropathy">Ischemic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">anterior (AION)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy">posterior (PION)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">non-arteritic anterior (NAION)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjer%27s_optic_neuropathy" title="Kjer's optic neuropathy">Kjer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_hereditary_optic_neuropathy" title="Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy">Leber's hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_and_nutritional_optic_neuropathy" title="Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy">Toxic and nutritional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">Strabismus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Extraocular muscles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paralytic_strabismus119" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strabismus#Paralytic_strabismus" title="Strabismus">Paralytic strabismus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmoparesis" title="Ophthalmoparesis">Ophthalmoparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_progressive_external_ophthalmoplegia" title="Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia">Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearns%E2%80%93Sayre_syndrome" title="Kearns–Sayre syndrome">Kearns–Sayre syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_disease" title="Cranial nerve disease">palsies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve_palsy" title="Oculomotor nerve palsy">Oculomotor (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_nerve_palsy" title="Fourth nerve palsy">Fourth-nerve (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_nerve_palsy" title="Sixth nerve palsy">Sixth-nerve (VI)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strabismus#Other_strabismus" title="Strabismus">Other strabismus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esotropia" title="Esotropia">Esotropia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Exotropia" title="Exotropia">Exotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertropia" title="Hypertropia">Hypertropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterophoria" title="Heterophoria">Heterophoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophoria" title="Esophoria">Esophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exophoria" title="Exophoria">Exophoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotropia" title="Cyclotropia">Cyclotropia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown%27s_syndrome" title="Brown's syndrome">Brown's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_syndrome" title="Duane syndrome">Duane syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other binocular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gaze_palsy" title="Conjugate gaze palsy">Conjugate gaze palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internuclear_ophthalmoplegia" title="Internuclear ophthalmoplegia">Internuclear ophthalmoplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_and_a_half_syndrome" title="One and a half syndrome">One and a half syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-sightedness">Hyperopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">Myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">Astigmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisometropia" title="Anisometropia">Anisometropia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aniseikonia" title="Aniseikonia">Aniseikonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia">Presbyopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Vision disorders</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">Blindness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblyopia" title="Amblyopia">Amblyopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leber%27s_congenital_amaurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leber's congenital amaurosis">Leber's congenital amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">Monochromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oguchi_disease" title="Oguchi disease">Oguchi disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">Blindness</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vision_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision loss">Vision loss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemianopsia" title="Hemianopsia">Hemianopsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binasal_hemianopsia" title="Binasal hemianopsia">binasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitemporal_hemianopsia" title="Bitemporal hemianopsia">bitemporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonymous_hemianopsia" title="Homonymous hemianopsia">homonymous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrantanopia" title="Quadrantanopia">Quadrantanopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">subjective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthenopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenopia">Asthenopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintillating_scotoma" title="Scintillating scotoma">Scintillating scotoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisocoria" title="Anisocoria">Anisocoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyll_Robertson_pupil" title="Argyll Robertson pupil">Argyll Robertson pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Gunn_pupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Gunn pupil">Marcus Gunn pupil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adie_syndrome" title="Adie syndrome">Adie syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miosis" title="Miosis">Miosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">Mydriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloplegia" title="Cycloplegia">Cycloplegia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinaud%27s_syndrome" title="Parinaud's syndrome">Parinaud's syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">Nystagmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_blindness" title="Childhood blindness">Childhood blindness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Infections126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_outer_and_middle_ear131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outer_and_middle_ear_disease" title="Template:Outer and middle ear disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outer_and_middle_ear_disease" title="Template talk:Outer and middle ear disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outer_and_middle_ear_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outer and middle ear disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_outer_and_middle_ear131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ear_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear disease">Diseases of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_externa" title="Otitis externa">Otitis externa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomycosis" title="Otomycosis">Otomycosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Mastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastoid">mastoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesteatoma" title="Cholesteatoma">Cholesteatoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube_dysfunction" title="Eustachian tube dysfunction">Eustachian tube dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patulous_Eustachian_tube" title="Patulous Eustachian tube">Patulous Eustachian tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoiditis" title="Mastoiditis">Mastoiditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezold%27s_abscess" title="Bezold's abscess">Bezold's abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradenigo%27s_syndrome" title="Gradenigo's syndrome">Gradenigo's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforated_eardrum" title="Perforated eardrum">Perforated eardrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanosclerosis" title="Tympanosclerosis">Tympanosclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear_pain" title="Ear pain">Ear pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otoscope" title="Otoscope">Otoscope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_otoscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic otoscopy">pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanometry" title="Tympanometry">tympanometry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cardiovascular_disease_(heart)135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heart_diseases" title="Template:Heart diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heart_diseases" title="Template talk:Heart diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heart_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heart diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cardiovascular_disease_(heart)135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a> (heart)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coronary disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a> (CAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_aneurysm" title="Coronary artery aneurysm">Coronary artery aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_coronary_artery_dissection" title="Spontaneous coronary artery dissection">Spontaneous coronary artery dissection</a> (SCAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">Coronary thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_vasospasm" title="Coronary vasospasm">Coronary vasospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_bridge" title="Myocardial bridge">Myocardial bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active ischemia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">Angina pectoris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prinzmetal%27s_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinzmetal's angina">Prinzmetal's angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable angina">Stable angina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_coronary_syndrome" title="Acute coronary syndrome">Acute coronary syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Myocardial infarction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstable_angina" title="Unstable angina">Unstable angina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction_complications" title="Myocardial infarction complications">Sequelae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>hours</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibernating_myocardium" title="Hibernating myocardium">Hibernating myocardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_stunning" title="Myocardial stunning">Myocardial stunning</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>days</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_rupture" title="Myocardial rupture">Myocardial rupture</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>weeks</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_aneurysm" title="Ventricular aneurysm">Ventricular aneurysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressler_syndrome" title="Dressler syndrome">Dressler syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pericarditis" title="Acute pericarditis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericarditis#Acute_vs._chronic" title="Pericarditis">Chronic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Constrictive_pericarditis" title="Constrictive pericarditis">Constrictive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">Pericardial effusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopericardium" title="Hemopericardium">Hemopericardium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Myocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">Dilated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachycardia-induced_cardiomyopathy" title="Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy">Tachycardia-induced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictive_cardiomyopathy" title="Restrictive cardiomyopathy">Restrictive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loeffler_endocarditis" title="Loeffler endocarditis">Loeffler endocarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">Cardiac amyloidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocardial_fibroelastosis" title="Endocardial fibroelastosis">Endocardial fibroelastosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_cardiomyopathy" title="Viral cardiomyopathy">Viral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">Endocardium</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">Endocarditis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Infective_endocarditis" title="Infective endocarditis">infective endocarditis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endocarditis#Non-infective_endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">non-infective endocarditis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libman%E2%80%93Sacks_endocarditis" title="Libman–Sacks endocarditis">Libman–Sacks endocarditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbacterial_thrombotic_endocarditis" title="Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis">Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_prolapse" title="Mitral valve prolapse">prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_regurgitation" title="Mitral regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_regurgitation" title="Aortic regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_valve_stenosis" title="Tricuspid valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricuspid_regurgitation" title="Tricuspid regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_valve_stenosis" title="Pulmonary valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_regurgitation" title="Pulmonary regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_bradycardia" title="Sinus bradycardia">Sinus bradycardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_sinus_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sick sinus syndrome">Sick sinus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">Heart block</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_block" title="Sinoatrial block">Sinoatrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrioventricular_block" title="Atrioventricular block">AV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-degree_atrioventricular_block" title="First-degree atrioventricular block">1°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-degree_atrioventricular_block" title="Second-degree atrioventricular block">2°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-degree_atrioventricular_block" title="Third-degree atrioventricular block">3°</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_block" title="Intraventricular block">Intraventricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_branch_block" title="Bundle branch block">Bundle branch block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_bundle_branch_block" title="Right bundle branch block">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_bundle_branch_block" title="Left bundle branch block">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_anterior_fascicular_block" title="Left anterior fascicular block">Left anterior fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_posterior_fascicular_block" title="Left posterior fascicular block">Left posterior fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifascicular_block" title="Bifascicular block">Bifascicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifascicular_block" title="Trifascicular block">Trifascicular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93Stokes_syndrome" title="Adams–Stokes syndrome">Adams–Stokes syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">Tachycardia</a><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_tachycardia" title="Paroxysmal tachycardia">paroxysmal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinus_tachycardia" title="Sinus tachycardia">sinus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia" title="Supraventricular tachycardia">Supraventricular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_tachycardia" title="Atrial tachycardia">Atrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multifocal_atrial_tachycardia" title="Multifocal atrial tachycardia">Multifocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_tachycardia" title="Junctional tachycardia">Junctional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AV_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia" title="AV nodal reentrant tachycardia">AV nodal reentrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junctional_ectopic_tachycardia" title="Junctional ectopic tachycardia">Junctional ectopic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">Ventricular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_idioventricular_rhythm" title="Accelerated idioventricular rhythm">Accelerated idioventricular rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catecholaminergic_polymorphic_ventricular_tachycardia" title="Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia">Catecholaminergic polymorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">Torsades de pointes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premature contraction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premature_atrial_contraction" title="Premature atrial contraction">Atrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_junctional_contraction" title="Premature junctional contraction">Junctional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_ventricular_contraction" title="Premature ventricular contraction">Ventricular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-excitation_syndrome" title="Pre-excitation syndrome">Pre-excitation syndrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lown%E2%80%93Ganong%E2%80%93Levine_syndrome" title="Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome">Lown–Ganong–Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndrome" title="Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome">Wolff–Parkinson–White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flutter / <a href="/wiki/Fibrillation" title="Fibrillation">fibrillation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_flutter" title="Atrial flutter">Atrial flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_flutter" title="Ventricular flutter">Ventricular flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familial_atrial_fibrillation" title="Familial atrial fibrillation">Familial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">Ventricular fibrillation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pacemaker" title="Ectopic pacemaker">Ectopic pacemaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_beat" title="Ectopic beat">Ectopic beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifocal_atrial_tachycardia" title="Multifocal atrial tachycardia">Multifocal atrial tachycardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacemaker_syndrome" title="Pacemaker syndrome">Pacemaker syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasystole" title="Parasystole">Parasystole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_atrial_pacemaker" title="Wandering atrial pacemaker">Wandering atrial pacemaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">Long QT syndrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andersen%E2%80%93Tawil_syndrome" title="Andersen–Tawil syndrome">Andersen–Tawil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jervell_and_Lange-Nielsen_syndrome" title="Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome">Jervell and Lange-Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano%E2%80%93Ward_syndrome" title="Romano–Ward syndrome">Romano–Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Cardiac arrest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Sudden cardiac death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asystole" title="Asystole">Asystole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulseless_electrical_activity" title="Pulseless electrical activity">Pulseless electrical activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinoatrial_arrest" title="Sinoatrial arrest">Sinoatrial arrest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other / ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">hexaxial reference system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_axis_deviation" title="Right axis deviation">Right axis deviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_axis_deviation" title="Left axis deviation">Left axis deviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_QT_syndrome" title="Short QT syndrome">Short QT syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T_wave" title="T wave">T</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T_wave_alternans" title="T wave alternans">T wave alternans</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ST_segment" title="ST segment">ST</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J_wave" title="J wave">J wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_elevation" title="ST elevation">ST elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST_depression" title="ST depression">ST depression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strain_pattern" title="Strain pattern">Strain pattern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiomegaly" title="Cardiomegaly">Cardiomegaly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Ventricular hypertrophy">Ventricular hypertrophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Left ventricular hypertrophy">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Right ventricular hypertrophy">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease" title="Pulmonary heart disease">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_enlargement" title="Atrial enlargement">Atrial enlargement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_enlargement" title="Left atrial enlargement">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_atrial_enlargement" title="Right atrial enlargement">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_heart_syndrome" title="Athletic heart syndrome">Athletic heart syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_fibrosis" title="Cardiac fibrosis">Cardiac fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diastolic_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic heart failure">Diastolic heart failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_asthma" title="Cardiac asthma">Cardiac asthma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_shock" title="Obstructive shock">Obstructive shock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template talk:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Diseases of the respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Upper RT</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">URTIs</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_atrophic_rhinitis" title="Chronic atrophic rhinitis">Atrophic rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Hay fever</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_polyp" title="Nasal polyp">Nasal polyp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">Nasal septum deviation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation" title="Nasal septum perforation">Nasal septum perforation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septal_hematoma" title="Nasal septal hematoma">Nasal septal hematoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_hypertrophy" title="Adenoid hypertrophy">Adenoid hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">Retropharyngeal abscess</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cyst" title="Laryngeal cyst">Laryngeal cyst</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">Vocal fold nodule</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal fold paresis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction" title="Vocal cord dysfunction">Vocal cord dysfunction</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">Tracheitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_stenosis" title="Laryngotracheal stenosis">Laryngotracheal stenosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">lung disease</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">LRTIs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i>acute</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>chronic</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Chronic bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Acute exacerbation of COPD</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Status_asthmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Status asthmaticus">Status asthmaticus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">AERD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">Bronchiectasis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>unspecified</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">Bronchiolitis obliterans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_panbronchiolitis" title="Diffuse panbronchiolitis">Diffuse panbronchiolitis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">fibrosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External agents/<br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">lung disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aluminosis" title="Aluminosis">Aluminosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baritosis" title="Baritosis">Baritosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosis" title="Bauxite fibrosis">Bauxite fibrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome" title="Caplan's syndrome">Caplan's syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_talcosis" title="Pulmonary talcosis">Talcosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">Bagassosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bird_fancier%27s_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycoperdonosis" title="Lycoperdonosis">Lycoperdonosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_pulmonary_fibrosis_and_emphysema" title="Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema">Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ffler%27s_syndrome" title="Löffler's syndrome">Löffler's syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory hypersensitivity">Respiratory hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamman%E2%80%93Rich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamman–Rich syndrome">Hamman–Rich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstructive /<br /> Restrictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae#Klebsiella_pneumonia" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic</a></li> <li><i>noninfectious</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pneumonia">Chemical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mendelson%27s_syndrome" title="Mendelson's syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By vector/route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">Broncho-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">Lobar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">IIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Usual interstitial pneumonia">UIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">DIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">BOOP-COP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia">NSIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiolitis" title="Respiratory bronchiolitis">RB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">Atelectasis</a></li> <li><i>circulatory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">Lung abscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">Pleural cavity</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">Pleuritis/pleurisy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemopneumothorax" title="Hemopneumothorax">Hemopneumothorax</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusion</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">Hydrothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chylothorax" title="Chylothorax">Chylothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">Empyema/pyothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malignant_pleural_effusion" title="Malignant pleural effusion">Malignant</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrothorax" title="Fibrothorax">Fibrothorax</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediastinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediastinal disease">Mediastinal disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinitis" title="Mediastinitis">Mediastinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Mediastinal emphysema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis">Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis" title="Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology826" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oral_pathology" title="Template:Oral pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oral_pathology" title="Template talk:Oral pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oral_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oral pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Oral and maxillofacial pathology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lips826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lips</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheilitis" title="Cheilitis">Cheilitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinic_cheilitis" title="Actinic cheilitis">Actinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_cheilitis" title="Angular cheilitis">Angular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell_gingivitis" title="Plasma cell gingivitis">Plasma cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleft_lip" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft lip">Cleft lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_lip_pit" title="Congenital lip pit">Congenital lip pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclabium" title="Eclabium">Eclabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_labialis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes labialis">Herpes labialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocheilia" title="Macrocheilia">Macrocheilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcheilia" title="Microcheilia">Microcheilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasolabial_cyst" title="Nasolabial cyst">Nasolabial cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun poisoning">Sun poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpeter%27s_wart" title="Trumpeter's wart">Trumpeter's wart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tongue826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tongue_disease" title="Tongue disease">Tongue</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankyloglossia" title="Ankyloglossia">Ankyloglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hairy_tongue" title="Black hairy tongue">Black hairy tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar_tongue" title="Caviar tongue">Caviar tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenated_tongue" title="Crenated tongue">Crenated tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cunnilingus tongue">Cunnilingus tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissured_tongue" title="Fissured tongue">Fissured tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_papillitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliate papillitis">Foliate papillitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossitis" title="Glossitis">Glossitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_tongue" title="Geographic tongue">Geographic tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_rhomboid_glossitis" title="Median rhomboid glossitis">Median rhomboid glossitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_lingual_papillitis" title="Transient lingual papillitis">Transient lingual papillitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossoptosis" title="Glossoptosis">Glossoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossia" title="Hypoglossia">Hypoglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_dysgenesis" title="Thyroid dysgenesis">Lingual thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroglossia" title="Macroglossia">Macroglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microglossia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microglossia (page does not exist)">Microglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyoma" title="Rhabdomyoma">Rhabdomyoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Palate826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">Palate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bednar%27s_aphthae" title="Bednar's aphthae">Bednar's aphthae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleft_palate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleft palate">Cleft palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-arched_palate" title="High-arched palate">High-arched palate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_cysts_of_the_newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal cysts of the newborn">Palatal cysts of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_papillary_hyperplasia" title="Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia">Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis_nicotina" title="Stomatitis nicotina">Stomatitis nicotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torus_palatinus" title="Torus palatinus">Torus palatinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oral_mucosa_–_Lining_of_mouth826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> – <i>Lining of mouth</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalgam_tattoo" title="Amalgam tattoo">Amalgam tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angina_bullosa_haemorrhagica" title="Angina bullosa haemorrhagica">Angina bullosa haemorrhagica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beh%C3%A7et%27s_disease" title="Behçet's disease">Behçet's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohn%27s_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohn's nodules">Bohn's nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_mouth_syndrome" title="Burning mouth syndrome">Burning mouth syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_candidiasis" title="Oral candidiasis">Candidiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condyloma_acuminatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Condyloma acuminatum">Condyloma acuminatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darier%27s_disease" title="Darier's disease">Darier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulis_fissuratum" title="Epulis fissuratum">Epulis fissuratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_multiforme" title="Erythema multiforme">Erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroplakia" title="Erythroplakia">Erythroplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroma" title="Fibroma">Fibroma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant-cell_fibroma" title="Giant-cell fibroma">Giant-cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_epithelial_hyperplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Focal epithelial hyperplasia">Focal epithelial hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordyce_spots" title="Fordyce spots">Fordyce spots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy_leukoplakia" title="Hairy leukoplakia">Hairy leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand,_foot_and_mouth_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand, foot and mouth disease">Hand, foot and mouth disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_benign_intraepithelial_dyskeratosis" title="Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis">Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpangina" title="Herpangina">Herpangina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoral_dental_sinus" title="Intraoral dental sinus">Intraoral dental sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritation_fibroma" title="Irritation fibroma">Irritation fibroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoedema" title="Leukoedema">Leukoedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoplakia" title="Leukoplakia">Leukoplakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_planus" title="Lichen planus">Lichen planus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(cheek)" title="Linea alba (cheek)">Linea alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">Lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocytic_nevus" title="Melanocytic nevus">Melanocytic nevus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocytic_oral_lesion" title="Melanocytic oral lesion">Melanocytic oral lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_contagiosum" title="Molluscum contagiosum">Molluscum contagiosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morsicatio_buccarum" title="Morsicatio buccarum">Morsicatio buccarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">Oral cancer</a> <ul><li><i>Benign:</i> <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_papilloma" title="Squamous cell papilloma">Squamous cell papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratoacanthoma" title="Keratoacanthoma">Keratoacanthoma</a></li> <li><i>Malignant:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adenosquamous_carcinoma" title="Adenosquamous carcinoma">Adenosquamous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaloid_squamous_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaloid squamous carcinoma">Basaloid squamous carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucosal_melanoma" title="Mucosal melanoma">Mucosal melanoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_cell_carcinoma" title="Spindle cell carcinoma">Spindle cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucous_carcinoma" title="Verrucous carcinoma">Verrucous carcinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_florid_papillomatosis" title="Oral florid papillomatosis">Oral florid papillomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_melanosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral melanosis">Oral melanosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_melanosis" title="Smoker's melanosis">Smoker's melanosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigoid" title="Pemphigoid">Pemphigoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_mucous_membrane_pemphigoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid">Benign mucous membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus" title="Pemphigus">Pemphigus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmoacanthoma" title="Plasmoacanthoma">Plasmoacanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis" title="Stomatitis">Stomatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphthous_stomatitis" title="Aphthous stomatitis">Aphthous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denture-related_stomatitis" title="Denture-related stomatitis">Denture-related</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetic_gingivostomatitis" title="Herpetic gingivostomatitis">Herpetic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_tobacco_keratosis" title="Smokeless tobacco keratosis">Smokeless tobacco keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_submucous_fibrosis" title="Oral submucous fibrosis">Submucous fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_ulcer" title="Mouth ulcer">Ulceration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riga%E2%80%93Fede_disease" title="Riga–Fede disease">Riga–Fede disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruca_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruca vulgaris">Verruca vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verruciform_xanthoma" title="Verruciform xanthoma">Verruciform xanthoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sponge_nevus" title="White sponge nevus">White sponge nevus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Teeth_(pulp,_dentin,_enamel)826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tooth_pathology" title="Tooth pathology">Teeth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulp_(tooth)" title="Pulp (tooth)">pulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentin" title="Dentin">dentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">enamel</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelogenesis_imperfecta" title="Amelogenesis imperfecta">Amelogenesis imperfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_ankylosis" title="Tooth ankylosis">Ankylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anodontia" title="Anodontia">Anodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">Caries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_caries" title="Early childhood caries">Early childhood caries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrescence" title="Concrescence">Concrescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_of_eruption_of_teeth" title="Failure of eruption of teeth">Failure of eruption of teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dens_evaginatus" title="Dens evaginatus">Dens evaginatus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talon_cusp" title="Talon cusp">Talon cusp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentin_dysplasia" title="Dentin dysplasia">Dentin dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentin_hypersensitivity" title="Dentin hypersensitivity">Dentin hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentinogenesis_imperfecta" title="Dentinogenesis imperfecta">Dentinogenesis imperfecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaceration" title="Dilaceration">Dilaceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_discoloration" title="Tooth discoloration">Discoloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_enamel" title="Ectopic enamel">Ectopic enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamel_hypocalcification" title="Enamel hypocalcification">Enamel hypocalcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamel_hypoplasia" title="Enamel hypoplasia">Enamel hypoplasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turner%27s_hypoplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner's hypoplasia">Turner's hypoplasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamel_pearl" title="Enamel pearl">Enamel pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_fluorosis" title="Dental fluorosis">Fluorosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_fusion" title="Tooth fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_gemination" title="Tooth gemination">Gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdontia" title="Hyperdontia">Hyperdontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodontia" title="Hypodontia">Hypodontia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_lateral_incisor_agenesis" title="Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis">Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_impaction" title="Tooth impaction">Impaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impacted_wisdom_teeth" title="Impacted wisdom teeth">Wisdom tooth impaction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrodontia_(tooth)" title="Macrodontia (tooth)">Macrodontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meth_mouth" title="Meth mouth">Meth mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdontia" title="Microdontia">Microdontia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontogenic_tumor" title="Odontogenic tumor">Odontogenic tumors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keratocystic_odontogenic_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratocystic odontogenic tumour">Keratocystic odontogenic tumour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odontoma" title="Odontoma">Odontoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dens_invaginatus" title="Dens invaginatus">Dens in dente</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_contact" title="Open contact">Open contact</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premature_eruption&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premature eruption (page does not exist)">Premature eruption</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_teeth" title="Neonatal teeth">Neonatal teeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_calcification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulp calcification (page does not exist)">Pulp calcification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_stone" title="Pulp stone">Pulp stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_canal_obliteration" title="Pulp canal obliteration">Pulp canal obliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_necrosis" title="Pulp necrosis">Pulp necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_polyp" title="Pulp polyp">Pulp polyp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpitis" title="Pulpitis">Pulpitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_odontodysplasia" title="Regional odontodysplasia">Regional odontodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_resorption" title="Tooth resorption">Resorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovel-shaped_incisors" title="Shovel-shaped incisors">Shovel-shaped incisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_root" title="Supernumerary root">Supernumerary root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurodontism" title="Taurodontism">Taurodontism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_trauma" title="Dental trauma">Trauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_avulsion" title="Dental avulsion">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracked_tooth_syndrome" title="Cracked tooth syndrome">Cracked tooth syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_root_fracture" title="Vertical root fracture">Vertical root fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusal_trauma" title="Occlusal trauma">Occlusal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_loss" title="Tooth loss">Tooth loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edentulism" class="mw-redirect" title="Edentulism">Edentulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_wear" title="Tooth wear">Tooth wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (dental)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abfraction" title="Abfraction">Abfraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid erosion">Acid erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_(dental)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attrition (dental)">Attrition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Periodontium_(gingiva,_periodontal_ligament,_cementum,_alveolus)_–_Gums_and_tooth-supporting_structures826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal pathology">Periodontium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodontal_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontal ligament">periodontal ligament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cementum" title="Cementum">cementum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_alveolus" title="Dental alveolus">alveolus</a>) – <i>Gums and tooth-supporting structures</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cementicle" title="Cementicle">Cementicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementoblastoma" title="Cementoblastoma">Cementoblastoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigantiform_cementoma" title="Gigantiform cementoma">Gigantiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementoma" title="Cementoma">Cementoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eruption_cyst" title="Eruption cyst">Eruption cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulis" title="Epulis">Epulis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_granuloma" title="Pyogenic granuloma">Pyogenic granuloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_epulis" title="Congenital epulis">Congenital epulis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_enlargement" title="Gingival enlargement">Gingival enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_cyst_of_the_adult" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingival cyst of the adult">Gingival cyst of the adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingival_cyst_of_the_newborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingival cyst of the newborn">Gingival cyst of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">Gingivitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_gingivitis" title="Desquamative gingivitis">Desquamative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Granulomatous_gingivitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granulomatous gingivitis (page does not exist)">Granulomatous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell_gingivitis" title="Plasma cell gingivitis">Plasma cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_gingival_fibromatosis" title="Hereditary gingival fibromatosis">Hereditary gingival fibromatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercementosis" title="Hypercementosis">Hypercementosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocementosis" title="Hypocementosis">Hypocementosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_gingival_erythema" title="Linear gingival erythema">Linear gingival erythema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_periodontal_diseases" title="Necrotizing periodontal diseases">Necrotizing periodontal diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_necrotizing_ulcerative_gingivitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis">Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericoronitis" title="Pericoronitis">Pericoronitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri-implantitis" title="Peri-implantitis">Peri-implantitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontal_abscess" title="Periodontal abscess">Periodontal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodontal_trauma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodontal trauma (page does not exist)">Periodontal trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodontitis">Periodontitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_periodontitis" title="Aggressive periodontitis">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodontitis_as_a_manifestation_of_systemic_disease" title="Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease">As a manifestation of systemic disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_periodontitis" title="Chronic periodontitis">Chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_periodontic-endodontic_lesions" title="Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions">Perio-endo lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teething" title="Teething">Teething</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Periapical,_mandibular_and_maxillary_hard_tissues_–_Bones_of_jaws826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Periapical, <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandibular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillary</a> hard tissues – <i>Bones of jaws</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnathia" title="Agnathia">Agnathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_osteitis" title="Alveolar osteitis">Alveolar osteitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_exostosis" title="Buccal exostosis">Buccal exostosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherubism" title="Cherubism">Cherubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_osteosclerosis" title="Idiopathic osteosclerosis">Idiopathic osteosclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_fracture" title="Mandibular fracture">Mandibular fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgenia" title="Microgenia">Microgenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathia">Micrognathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysts_of_the_jaws" title="Cysts of the jaws">Intraosseous cysts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontogenic_cyst" title="Odontogenic cyst">Odontogenic</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Periapical_cyst" title="Periapical cyst">periapical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentigerous_cyst" title="Dentigerous cyst">Dentigerous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_bifurcation_cyst" title="Buccal bifurcation cyst">Buccal bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_periodontal_cyst" title="Lateral periodontal cyst">Lateral periodontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globulomaxillary_cyst" title="Globulomaxillary cyst">Globulomaxillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifying_odontogenic_cyst" title="Calcifying odontogenic cyst">Calcifying odontogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glandular_odontogenic_cyst" title="Glandular odontogenic cyst">Glandular odontogenic</a></li> <li><i>Non-odontogenic:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nasopalatine_duct_cyst" title="Nasopalatine duct cyst">Nasopalatine duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_mandibular_cyst" title="Median mandibular cyst">Median mandibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_palatal_cyst" title="Median palatal cyst">Median palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bone_cyst" title="Traumatic bone cyst">Traumatic bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoma" title="Osteoma">Osteoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis_of_the_jaws" title="Osteomyelitis of the jaws">Osteomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteonecrosis_of_the_jaw" title="Osteonecrosis of the jaw">Osteonecrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate-associated_osteonecrosis_of_the_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw">Bisphosphonate-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuralgia-inducing_cavitational_osteonecrosis" title="Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis">Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoradionecrosis" title="Osteoradionecrosis">Osteoradionecrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoporotic_bone_marrow_defect" title="Osteoporotic bone marrow defect">Osteoporotic bone marrow defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget%27s_disease_of_bone" title="Paget's disease of bone">Paget's disease of bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">Periapical abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_abscess" title="Phoenix abscess">Phoenix abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periapical_periodontitis" title="Periapical periodontitis">Periapical periodontitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafne_defect" title="Stafne defect">Stafne defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torus_mandibularis" title="Torus mandibularis">Torus mandibularis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Temporomandibular_joints,_muscles_of_mastication_and_malocclusions_–_Jaw_joints,_chewing_muscles_and_bite_abnormalities826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint#Disorders" title="Temporomandibular joint">Temporomandibular joints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_mastication" title="Muscles of mastication">muscles of mastication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malocclusion" title="Malocclusion">malocclusions</a> – <i>Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">Bruxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_resorption" title="Condylar resorption">Condylar resorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dislocation_of_jaw" title="Dislocation of jaw">Mandibular dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malocclusion" title="Malocclusion">Malocclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossbite" title="Crossbite">Crossbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bite_malocclusion" title="Open bite malocclusion">Open bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overbite" title="Overbite">Overbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overeruption" title="Overeruption">Overeruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overjet" title="Overjet">Overjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognathia">Prognathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrognathia" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrognathia">Retrognathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissor_bite" title="Scissor bite">Scissor bite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_hypoplasia" title="Maxillary hypoplasia">Maxillary hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporomandibular_joint_dysfunction" title="Temporomandibular joint dysfunction">Temporomandibular joint dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_hypoplasia" title="Condylar hypoplasia">Condylar hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condylar_hyperplasia" title="Condylar hyperplasia">Condylar hyperplasia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salivary_glands826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_disease" title="Salivary gland disease">Salivary glands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benign_lymphoepithelial_lesion" title="Benign lymphoepithelial lesion">Benign lymphoepithelial lesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_salivary_gland_tissue" title="Ectopic salivary gland tissue">Ectopic salivary gland tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frey%27s_syndrome" title="Frey's syndrome">Frey's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_salivary_gland_disease" title="HIV salivary gland disease">HIV salivary gland disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_sialometaplasia" title="Necrotizing sialometaplasia">Necrotizing sialometaplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucocele" title="Oral mucocele">Mucocele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranula" title="Ranula">Ranula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoparotitis" title="Pneumoparotitis">Pneumoparotitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_duct_stricture" title="Salivary duct stricture">Salivary duct stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_aplasia" title="Salivary gland aplasia">Salivary gland aplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_atresia" title="Salivary gland atresia">Salivary gland atresia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_diverticulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary gland diverticulum">Salivary gland diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_fistula" title="Salivary gland fistula">Salivary gland fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_hyperplasia" title="Salivary gland hyperplasia">Salivary gland hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_hypoplasia" title="Salivary gland hypoplasia">Salivary gland hypoplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary gland neoplasm">Salivary gland neoplasms</a> <ul><li><i>Benign:</i> <a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_adenoma" title="Basal cell adenoma">Basal cell adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canalicular_adenoma" title="Canalicular adenoma">Canalicular adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductal_papilloma" title="Ductal papilloma">Ductal papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomorphic_adenoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Monomorphic adenoma">Monomorphic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoepithelioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoepithelioma">Myoepithelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncocytoma" title="Oncocytoma">Oncocytoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papillary_cystadenoma_lymphomatosum" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum">Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleomorphic_adenoma" title="Pleomorphic adenoma">Pleomorphic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_adenoma" title="Sebaceous adenoma">Sebaceous adenoma</a></li> <li><i>Malignant:</i> <a href="/wiki/Acinic_cell_carcinoma" title="Acinic cell carcinoma">Acinic cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">Adenocarcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_cystic_carcinoma" title="Adenoid cystic carcinoma">Adenoid cystic carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_ex_pleomorphic_adenoma" title="Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma">Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucoepidermoid_carcinoma" title="Mucoepidermoid carcinoma">Mucoepidermoid carcinoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_polycystic_adenosis" title="Sclerosing polycystic adenosis">Sclerosing polycystic adenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialadenitis" title="Sialadenitis">Sialadenitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parotitis" title="Parotitis">Parotitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_sclerosing_sialadenitis" title="Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis">Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialectasis" title="Sialectasis">Sialectasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialocele" title="Sialocele">Sialocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialodochitis" title="Sialodochitis">Sialodochitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sialosis">Sialosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialolithiasis" title="Sialolithiasis">Sialolithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Stomatognathic_system_–_Teeth,_jaws,_tongue_and_associated_soft_tissues826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stomatognathic_system" title="Stomatognathic system">Stomatognathic system</a> – <i>Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">Bruxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_breathing" title="Mouth breathing">Mouth breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catathrenia" title="Catathrenia">Catathrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Central hypoventilation syndrome">Central hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Obesity hypoventilation syndrome">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">Obstructive sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_breathing" title="Periodic breathing">Periodic breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoring" title="Snoring">Snoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Orofacial_soft_tissues_–_Soft_tissues_around_the_mouth826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Orofacial soft tissues – <i>Soft tissues around the mouth</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycosis" title="Actinomycosis">Actinomycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal cell carcinoma">Basal cell carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_sinus_of_dental_origin" title="Cutaneous sinus of dental origin">Cutaneous sinus of dental origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_hygroma" title="Cystic hygroma">Cystic hygroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathophyma" title="Gnathophyma">Gnathophyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig%27s_angina" title="Ludwig's angina">Ludwig's angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrostomia" title="Macrostomia">Macrostomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkersson%E2%80%93Rosenthal_syndrome" title="Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome">Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstomia" title="Microstomia">Microstomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noma_(disease)" title="Noma (disease)">Noma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Oral Crohn's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orofacial_granulomatosis" title="Orofacial granulomatosis">Orofacial granulomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perioral_dermatitis" title="Perioral dermatitis">Perioral dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyostomatitis_vegetans" title="Pyostomatitis vegetans">Pyostomatitis vegetans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other826" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_syndrome" title="Eagle syndrome">Eagle syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemifacial_hypertrophy" title="Hemifacial hypertrophy">Hemifacial hypertrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_hemiatrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Facial hemiatrophy">Facial hemiatrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_manifestations_of_systemic_disease" title="Oral manifestations of systemic disease">Oral manifestations of systemic disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template talk:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_disease" title="Esophageal disease">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">Esophagitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Candidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetiform_esophagitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetiform esophagitis">Herpetiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Rupture</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Boerhaave syndrome">Boerhaave syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">Esophageal motility disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">Nutcracker esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_junction_outflow_obstruction" title="Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction">Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_inlet_patch" title="Esophageal inlet patch">Inlet patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">Megaesophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_intramural_pseudodiverticulosis" title="Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis">Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis" title="Acute esophageal necrosis">Acute esophageal necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis" title="Atrophic gastritis">Atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease" title="Ménétrier's disease">Ménétrier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (gastric) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushing_ulcer" title="Cushing ulcer">Cushing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion" title="Dieulafoy's lesion">Dieulafoy's lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">Achlorhydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroptosis" title="Gastroptosis">Gastroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy" title="Portal hypertensive gastropathy">Portal hypertensive gastropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia" title="Gastric antral vascular ectasia">Gastric antral vascular ectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric dumping syndrome">Gastric dumping syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_volvulus" title="Gastric volvulus">Gastric volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome" title="Buried bumper syndrome">Buried bumper syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome" title="Zollinger–Ellison syndrome">Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Enteropathy" title="Enteropathy">Enteropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">Enteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">Duodenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunitis" title="Jejunitis">Jejunitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">Ileitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (duodenal) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer" title="Curling's ulcer">Curling's ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">Malabsorption</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">Tropical sprue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome" title="Blind loop syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" title="Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Milroy disease">Milroy disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption" title="Bile acid malabsorption">Bile acid malabsorption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">Appendix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">Colitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">Dysentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional colonic disease">Functional colonic disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudoobstruction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome" title="Ogilvie syndrome">Ogilvie syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacolon" title="Megacolon">Megacolon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxic_megacolon" title="Toxic megacolon">Toxic megacolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">Diverticulosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis" title="Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis">SCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large and/or small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocolitis" title="Enterocolitis">Enterocolitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis" title="Gastroenterocolitis">Gastroenterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">IBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_angina" title="Abdominal angina">Abdominal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Mesenteric ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">Angiodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">Intussusception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">Volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constipation" title="Functional constipation">Functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Infectious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">Intestinal adhesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anismus" title="Anismus">Anismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture" title="Rectal stricture">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">Anal fissure</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">Anal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal abscess">Anal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_dysplasia" title="Anal dysplasia">Anal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">Anal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">GI bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">Melena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Viral hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">PBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">Fatty liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease" title="Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease">MASLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutmeg liver">Nutmeg liver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">Liver abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess" title="Pyogenic liver abscess">Pyogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome" title="Hepatorenal syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis" title="Peliosis hepatis">Peliosis hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">Hemochromatosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstone / Cholelithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder" title="Cholesterolosis of gallbladder">Cholesterolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyomatosis" title="Adenomyomatosis">Adenomyomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">Postcholecystectomy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">Porcelain gallbladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a>/ <br /> Other <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholangitis">Cholangitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Primary sclerosing cholangitis">Primary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Secondary sclerosing cholangitis">Secondary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">Ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">Cholestasis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">Biliary fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemobilia" title="Haemobilia">Haemobilia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choledocholithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choledocholithiasis">Choledocholithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_dyskinesia" title="Biliary dyskinesia">Biliary dyskinesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction" title="Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction">Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">Pancreatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_pancreatitis" title="Hereditary pancreatitis">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_abscess" title="Pancreatic abscess">Pancreatic abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">Pancreatic pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency" title="Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency">Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula" title="Pancreatic fistula">Pancreatic fistula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hernia43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">Diaphragmatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect inguinal hernia">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inguinal hernia">Direct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_hernia" title="Umbilical hernia">Umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia" title="Femoral hernia">Femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_hernia" title="Obturator hernia">Obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spigelian_hernia" title="Spigelian hernia">Spigelian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar hernia">Lumbar</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit%27s_hernia" title="Petit's hernia">Petit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grynfeltt%E2%80%93Lesshaft_hernia" title="Grynfeltt–Lesshaft hernia">Grynfeltt–Lesshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Undefined location</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incisional_hernia" title="Incisional hernia">Incisional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_hernia" title="Internal hernia">Internal hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%27s_hernia" title="Richter's hernia">Richter's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal disease">Peritoneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">Peritonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis" title="Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis">Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoperitoneum" title="Hemoperitoneum">Hemoperitoneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum" title="Pneumoperitoneum">Pneumoperitoneum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dermatitis_and_eczema271" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dermatitis_and_eczema" title="Template:Dermatitis and eczema"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dermatitis_and_eczema" title="Template talk:Dermatitis and eczema"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dermatitis_and_eczema" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dermatitis and eczema"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dermatitis_and_eczema271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</a> and eczema</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_gestationis" title="Prurigo gestationis">Prurigo gestationis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_allergy" title="Sweat allergy">Sweat allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seborrhoeic_dermatitis" title="Seborrhoeic dermatitis">Seborrheic dermatitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_simplex_capillitii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pityriasis simplex capillitii">Pityriasis simplex capillitii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradle_cap" title="Cradle cap">Cradle cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Contact dermatitis</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">allergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritant_contact_dermatitis" title="Irritant contact dermatitis">irritant</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>plants:</i> <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_blackwood_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="African blackwood dermatitis">African blackwood dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_fingers" title="Tulip fingers">Tulip fingers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>other:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid_dermatitis" title="Abietic acid dermatitis">Abietic acid dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaper_rash" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaper rash">Diaper rash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbag_dermatitis" title="Airbag dermatitis">Airbag dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baboon_syndrome" title="Baboon syndrome">Baboon syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_stomatitis" title="Contact stomatitis">Contact stomatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_allergy" title="Metal allergy">Metal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_contact_dermatitis" title="Protein contact dermatitis">Protein contact dermatitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Eczema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_estrogen_dermatitis" title="Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis">Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_progesterone_dermatitis" title="Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis">Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_eczema" title="Breast eczema">Breast eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_eczema" title="Ear eczema">Ear eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid_dermatitis" title="Eyelid dermatitis">Eyelid dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid_withdrawal" title="Topical steroid withdrawal">Topical steroid withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_eczema" title="Hand eczema">Hand eczema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyshidrosis" title="Dyshidrosis">Dyshidrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkeratotic_hand_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis">Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autosensitization_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosensitization dermatitis">Autosensitization dermatitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Id_reaction" title="Id reaction">Id reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candidid" title="Candidid">Candidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatophytid" title="Dermatophytid">Dermatophytid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscum_dermatitis" title="Molluscum dermatitis">Molluscum dermatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumostomy_eczema" title="Circumostomy eczema">Circumostomy eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_plantar_dermatosis" title="Juvenile plantar dermatosis">Juvenile plantar dermatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nummular_eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Nummular eczema">Nummular eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_deficiency_eczema" title="Nutritional deficiency eczema">Nutritional deficiency eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulzberger%E2%80%93Garbe_syndrome" title="Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome">Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerotic_eczema" title="Xerotic eczema">Xerotic eczema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pruritus">Pruritus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">Itch</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Prurigo" title="Prurigo">Prurigo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lichen_simplex_chronicus" title="Lichen simplex chronicus">Lichen simplex chronicus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prurigo_nodularis" title="Prurigo nodularis">Prurigo nodularis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>by location:</i> <a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_scroti" title="Pruritus scroti">Pruritus scroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_vulvae" title="Pruritus vulvae">Pruritus vulvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp_pruritus" title="Scalp pruritus">Scalp pruritus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_pruritus" title="Drug-induced pruritus">Drug-induced pruritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyethyl_starch-induced_pruritus" title="Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus">Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senile_pruritus" title="Senile pruritus">Senile pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquagenic_pruritus" title="Aquagenic pruritus">Aquagenic pruritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquadynia" title="Aquadynia">Aquadynia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_blaschkitis" title="Adult blaschkitis">Adult blaschkitis</a></li> <li><i>due to liver disease</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_pruritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary pruritus">Biliary pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestatic_pruritus" title="Cholestatic pruritus">Cholestatic pruritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion_pruritus" title="Prion pruritus">Prion pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_pigmentosa" title="Prurigo pigmentosa">Prurigo pigmentosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_simplex" title="Prurigo simplex">Prurigo simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncta_pruritica" title="Puncta pruritica">Puncta pruritica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremic_pruritus" title="Uremic pruritus">Uremic pruritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>substances taken internally: <a href="/wiki/Bromoderma" title="Bromoderma">Bromoderma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_drug_reaction" title="Fixed drug reaction">Fixed drug reaction</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nummular_dermatitis" title="Nummular dermatitis">Nummular dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityriasis_alba" title="Pityriasis alba">Pityriasis alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuloerythroderma_of_Ofuji" title="Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji">Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_joints93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arthropathies_and_related_conditions" title="Template:Arthropathies and related conditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arthropathies_and_related_conditions" title="Template talk:Arthropathies and related conditions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arthropathies_and_related_conditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arthropathies and related conditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_joints93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arthropathy" title="Arthropathy">Diseases of joints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">Arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoarthritis" title="Monoarthritis">Monoarthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoarthritis" title="Oligoarthritis">Oligoarthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyarthritis" title="Polyarthritis">Polyarthritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">Joint pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_stiffness" title="Joint stiffness">Joint stiffness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Septic_arthritis" title="Septic arthritis">Infectious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_arthritis" title="Septic arthritis">Septic arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis arthritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_arthropathy" title="Crystal arthropathy">Crystal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrocalcinosis" title="Chondrocalcinosis">Chondrocalcinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_pyrophosphate_dihydrate_crystal_deposition_disease" title="Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease">CPPD</a> (Pseudogout)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">Gout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seronegative_spondyloarthropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seronegative spondyloarthropathy">Seronegative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">Psoriatic arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankylosing_spondylitis" title="Ankylosing spondylitis">Ankylosing spondylitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteropathic_arthropathy" title="Enteropathic arthropathy">Enteropathic arthropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue disorders">Connective tissue disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLE" class="mw-redirect" title="SLE">SLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic sclerosis">systemic sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's">Sjögren's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis" title="Juvenile idiopathic arthritis">Juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systemic-onset_juvenile_idiopathic_arthritis" title="Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis">Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felty%27s_syndrome" title="Felty's syndrome">Felty's syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palindromic_rheumatism" title="Palindromic rheumatism">Palindromic rheumatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-onset_Still%27s_disease" title="Adult-onset Still's disease">Adult-onset Still's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noninflammatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemarthrosis" title="Hemarthrosis">Hemarthrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">Osteoarthritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heberden%27s_node" title="Heberden's node">Heberden's node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouchard%27s_nodes" title="Bouchard's nodes">Bouchard's nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteophyte" title="Osteophyte">Osteophyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kidney_disease168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kidney_disease" title="Template:Kidney disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kidney_disease" title="Template talk:Kidney disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kidney_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kidney disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kidney_disease168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">Kidney disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glomerulopathy" title="Glomerulopathy">Glomerular disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Glomerular_disease" title="Template:Glomerular disease">Template:Glomerular disease</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tubulopathy" title="Tubulopathy">Tubules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Renal tubular acidosis">Renal tubular acidosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Proximal renal tubular acidosis">proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_renal_tubular_acidosis" title="Distal renal tubular acidosis">distal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_tubular_necrosis" title="Acute tubular necrosis">Acute tubular necrosis</a></li> <li>Genetic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanconi_syndrome" title="Fanconi syndrome">Fanconi syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartter_syndrome" title="Bartter syndrome">Bartter syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitelman_syndrome" title="Gitelman syndrome">Gitelman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddle%27s_syndrome" title="Liddle's syndrome">Liddle's syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medullary_interstitium" class="mw-redirect" title="Medullary interstitium">Interstitium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis" title="Interstitial nephritis">Interstitial nephritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyelonephritis" title="Pyelonephritis">Pyelonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_endemic_nephropathy" title="Balkan endemic nephropathy">Balkan endemic nephropathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery_stenosis" title="Renal artery stenosis">Renal artery stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal ischemia">Renal ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertensive nephropathy">Hypertensive nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renovascular_hypertension" title="Renovascular hypertension">Renovascular hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_cortical_necrosis" title="Renal cortical necrosis">Renal cortical necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General syndromes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">Nephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrosis" title="Nephrosis">Nephrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">Renal failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">Acute renal failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">Chronic kidney disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">Uremia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_nephropathy" title="Analgesic nephropathy">Analgesic nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_osteodystrophy" title="Renal osteodystrophy">Renal osteodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephroptosis" title="Nephroptosis">Nephroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abderhalden%E2%80%93Kaufmann%E2%80%93Lignac_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome">Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_insipidus" title="Diabetes insipidus">Diabetes insipidus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nephrogenic_diabetes_insipidus" title="Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus">Nephrogenic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_papilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal papilla">Renal papilla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_papillary_necrosis" title="Renal papillary necrosis">Renal papillary necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_calyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Major calyx">Major calyx</a>/<a href="/wiki/Renal_pelvis" title="Renal pelvis">pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronephrosis" title="Hydronephrosis">Hydronephrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyonephrosis" title="Pyonephrosis">Pyonephrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflux_nephropathy" title="Reflux nephropathy">Reflux nephropathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Female_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Female_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Template:Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Female_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Template talk:Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Female_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Female_diseases_of_the_pelvis_and_genitals116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_disease" title="Female genital disease">Female diseases</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">pelvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">genitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adnexa68" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adnexa_of_uterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnexa of uterus">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_disease" title="Ovarian disease">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometriosis_of_ovary" class="mw-redirect" title="Endometriosis of ovary">Endometriosis of ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infertility" title="Female infertility">Female infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovulatory disorder">Ovulatory disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">Anovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoovulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligoovulation">Oligoovulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_ovarian_reserve" title="Poor ovarian reserve">Poor ovarian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelschmerz" title="Mittelschmerz">Mittelschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oophoritis" title="Oophoritis">Oophoritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_apoplexy" title="Ovarian apoplexy">Ovarian apoplexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cyst" title="Ovarian cyst">Ovarian cyst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum_cyst" title="Corpus luteum cyst">Corpus luteum cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_cyst_of_ovary" title="Follicular cyst of ovary">Follicular cyst of ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca_lutein_cyst" title="Theca lutein cyst">Theca lutein cyst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_hyperstimulation_syndrome" title="Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome">Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">Ovarian cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_germ_cell_tumors" title="Ovarian germ cell tumors">Ovarian germ cell tumors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_torsion" title="Ovarian torsion">Ovarian torsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraovarian_cyst" title="Paraovarian cyst">Paraovarian cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubo-ovarian_abscess" title="Tubo-ovarian abscess">Tubo-ovarian abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Polycystic ovary syndrome">Polycystic ovary syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility_in_polycystic_ovary_syndrome" title="Infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome">Infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_infertility" title="Female infertility">Female infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube_obstruction" title="Fallopian tube obstruction">Fallopian tube obstruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube_cancer" title="Fallopian tube cancer">Fallopian tube cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematosalpinx" title="Hematosalpinx">Hematosalpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosalpinx" title="Hydrosalpinx">Hydrosalpinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salpingitis" title="Salpingitis">Salpingitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubo-ovarian_abscess" title="Tubo-ovarian abscess">Tubo-ovarian abscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asherman%27s_syndrome" title="Asherman's syndrome">Asherman's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_uterine_bleeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysfunctional uterine bleeding">Dysfunctional uterine bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_hyperplasia" title="Endometrial hyperplasia">Endometrial hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_polyp" title="Endometrial polyp">Endometrial polyp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">Endometriosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometritis" title="Endometritis">Endometritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">Endometrial cancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder" title="Menstrual disorder">Menstruation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder#Disorders_of_flow" title="Menstrual disorder">Flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenorrhea" title="Amenorrhea">Amenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomenorrhea" title="Hypomenorrhea">Hypomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligoamenorrhea" title="Oligoamenorrhea">Oligoamenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligomenorrhea" title="Oligomenorrhea">Oligomenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhea" title="Polymenorrhea">Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder#Dysmenorrhea" title="Menstrual disorder">Pain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysmenorrhea" title="Dysmenorrhea">Dysmenorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">Premenstrual syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_disorder#Disorders_of_cycle_length" title="Menstrual disorder">Timing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrorrhagia">Metrorrhagia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mixed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menometrorrhagia" title="Menometrorrhagia">Menometrorrhagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymenorrhagia" title="Polymenorrhagia">Polymenorrhagia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropathia_haemorrhagica" title="Metropathia haemorrhagica">Metropathia haemorrhagica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_infertility" title="Female infertility">Female infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_miscarriage" title="Recurrent miscarriage">Recurrent miscarriage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyosis" title="Adenomyosis">Adenomyosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroid" title="Uterine fibroid">Uterine fibroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parametrium" title="Parametrium">Parametrium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parametritis" title="Parametritis">Parametritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia">Cervical dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_incompetence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical incompetence">Cervical incompetence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_polyp" title="Cervical polyp">Cervical polyp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervicitis" title="Cervicitis">Cervicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infertility" title="Female infertility">Female infertility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenosis_of_uterine_cervix" title="Stenosis of uterine cervix">Cervical stenosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabothian_cyst" title="Nabothian cyst">Nabothian cyst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematometra" title="Hematometra">Hematometra</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pyometra" title="Pyometra">Pyometra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroverted_uterus" title="Retroverted uterus">Retroverted uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicouterine_fistula" title="Vesicouterine fistula">Vesicouterine fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_prolapse" title="Uterine prolapse">Uterine prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">Uterine cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_sarcoma" title="Uterine sarcoma">Uterine sarcoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_disease" title="Vaginal disease">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematocolpos" title="Hematocolpos">Hematocolpos</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hydrocolpos" title="Hydrocolpos">Hydrocolpos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukorrhea" title="Leukorrhea">Leukorrhea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_discharge" title="Vaginal discharge">Vaginal discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">Vaginitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_vaginitis" title="Atrophic vaginitis">Atrophic vaginitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_vaginosis" title="Bacterial vaginosis">Bacterial vaginosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidal_vulvovaginitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidal vulvovaginitis">Candidal vulvovaginitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocolpos" title="Hydrocolpos">Hydrocolpos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_atresia" title="Vaginal atresia">Vaginal atresia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_anomalies" title="Vaginal anomalies">Vaginal anomalies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal_disorder" title="Sexual arousal disorder">Sexual arousal disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_cancer" title="Vaginal cancer">Vaginal cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_fistula" title="Urogenital fistula">Urogenital fistulas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureterovaginal_fistula" title="Ureterovaginal fistula">Ureterovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicovaginal_fistula" title="Vesicovaginal fistula">Vesicovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_fistula" title="Obstetric fistula">Obstetric fistula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectovaginal_fistula" title="Rectovaginal fistula">Rectovaginal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_prolapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital prolapse">Prolapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cystocele" title="Cystocele">Cystocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cul-de-sac_hernia" title="Cul-de-sac hernia">Cul-de-sac hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterocele" title="Enterocele">Enterocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectocele" title="Rectocele">Rectocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoidocele" title="Sigmoidocele">Sigmoidocele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethrocele" title="Urethrocele">Urethrocele</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding" title="Vaginal bleeding">Vaginal bleeding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postcoital_bleeding" title="Postcoital bleeding">Postcoital bleeding</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_congestion_syndrome" title="Pelvic congestion syndrome">Pelvic congestion syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_disease" title="Vulvar disease">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulvar_cancer" title="Vulvar cancer">Vulvar cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_cyst" title="Bartholin's cyst">Bartholin's cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraurosis_vulvae" title="Kraurosis vulvae">Kraurosis vulvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_papillomatosis" title="Vestibular papillomatosis">Vestibular papillomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvitis" title="Vulvitis">Vulvitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulvodynia" title="Vulvodynia">Vulvodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_genital_arousal_disorder" title="Persistent genital arousal disorder">Persistent genital arousal disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium367" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" title="Template:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" title="Template talk:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth,_and_the_puerperium367" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pathology of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">puerperium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_with_abortive_outcome" title="Pregnancy with abortive outcome">Pregnancy with<br />abortive outcome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">Ectopic pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pregnancy" title="Abdominal pregnancy">Abdominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_pregnancy" title="Cervical pregnancy">Cervical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy" title="Heterotopic pregnancy">Heterotopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pregnancy" title="Interstitial pregnancy">Interstitial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_pregnancy" title="Ovarian pregnancy">Ovarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudimentary_horn_pregnancy" title="Rudimentary horn pregnancy">Rudimentary horn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo_loss" title="Embryo loss">Embryo loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_resorption" title="Fetal resorption">Fetal resorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molar_pregnancy" title="Molar pregnancy">Molar pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">Edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_disease_of_pregnancy" title="Hypertensive disease of pregnancy">hypertensive disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_hypertension" title="Gestational hypertension">Gestational hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">Pre-eclampsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HELLP_syndrome" title="HELLP syndrome">HELLP syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">Eclampsia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other, predominantly<br /> related to pregnancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_fatty_liver_of_pregnancy" title="Acute fatty liver of pregnancy">Acute fatty liver of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_diabetes" title="Gestational diabetes">Gestational diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperemesis_gravidarum" title="Hyperemesis gravidarum">Hyperemesis gravidarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dermatoses_of_pregnancy" title="Dermatoses of pregnancy">dermatoses of pregnancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_pemphigoid" title="Gestational pemphigoid">Gestational pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impetigo_herpetiformis" title="Impetigo herpetiformis">Impetigo herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrahepatic_cholestasis_of_pregnancy" title="Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy">Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linea_nigra" title="Linea nigra">Linea nigra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prurigo_gestationis" title="Prurigo gestationis">Prurigo gestationis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_folliculitis_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy">Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritic_urticarial_papules_and_plaques_of_pregnancy" title="Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy">Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_marks" title="Stretch marks">Stretch marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorea_gravidarum" title="Chorea gravidarum">Chorea gravidarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_thrombocytopenia" title="Gestational thrombocytopenia">Gestational thrombocytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability_in_pregnancy" title="Hypercoagulability in pregnancy">Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal care related to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic cavity">amniotic cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligohydramnios" title="Oligohydramnios">Oligohydramnios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhydramnios" title="Polyhydramnios">Polyhydramnios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Hicks_contractions" title="Braxton Hicks contractions">Braxton Hicks contractions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">Chorioamnionitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorionic_hematoma" title="Chorionic hematoma">Chorionic hematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constriction_ring_syndrome" title="Constriction ring syndrome">Constriction ring syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamniotic_twins" title="Monoamniotic twins">Monoamniotic twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelabor_rupture_of_membranes" title="Prelabor rupture of membranes">Prelabor rupture of membranes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antepartum_bleeding" title="Antepartum bleeding">Antepartum</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumvallate_placenta" title="Circumvallate placenta">Circumvallate placenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochorionic_twins" title="Monochorionic twins">Monochorionic twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_accreta_spectrum" title="Placenta accreta spectrum">Placenta accreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">Placenta praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_abruption" title="Placental abruption">Placental abruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome" title="Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome">Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_labor_complication" title="Obstetric labor complication">Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid_embolism" title="Amniotic fluid embolism">Amniotic fluid embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopelvic_disproportion" title="Cephalopelvic disproportion">Cephalopelvic disproportion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructed_labour" title="Obstructed labour">Obstructed labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_dystocia" title="Shoulder dystocia">Shoulder dystocia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_distress" title="Fetal distress">Fetal distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locked_twins" title="Locked twins">Locked twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">Nuchal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrical_bleeding" title="Obstetrical bleeding">Obstetrical bleeding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">Postpartum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management_during_childbirth" title="Pain management during childbirth">Pain management during childbirth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_accreta_spectrum" title="Placenta accreta spectrum">Placenta accreta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postmature birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Umbilical cord prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_inversion" title="Uterine inversion">Uterine inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_rupture" title="Uterine rupture">Uterine rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_praevia" title="Vasa praevia">Vasa praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_atony" title="Uterine atony">Uterine atony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puerperal_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal disorder">Puerperal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties" title="Breastfeeding difficulties">Breastfeeding difficulties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_milk_supply" title="Low milk supply">Low milk supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracked_nipple" title="Cracked nipple">Cracked nipples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_engorgement" title="Breast engorgement">Breast engorgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth-related_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder">Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis_diastasis" title="Pubic symphysis diastasis">Pubic symphysis diastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_bleeding" title="Postpartum bleeding">Postpartum bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripartum_cardiomyopathy" title="Peripartum cardiomyopathy">Peripartum cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_infections" title="Postpartum infections">Postpartum infections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_thyroiditis" title="Postpartum thyroiditis">Postpartum thyroiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerperal_mastitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal mastitis">Puerperal mastitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-existing_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Pre-existing disease in pregnancy">Concomitant conditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_and_pregnancy" title="Diabetes and pregnancy">Diabetes mellitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_and_pregnancy" title="Lupus and pregnancy">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_disease_in_pregnancy" title="Thyroid disease in pregnancy">Thyroid disorders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity_during_pregnancy" title="Sexual activity during pregnancy">Sexual activity during pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pathology_of_pregnancy,_childbirth_and_the_puerperium" title="Category:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease219" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Template talk:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric conditions originating in the perinatal period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period_/_fetal_disease219" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conditions originating in the <a href="/wiki/Perinatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinatal">perinatal</a> period / <a href="/wiki/Fetal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal disease">fetal disease</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maternal factors <br /> complicating pregnancy,<br /> labour or delivery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Placental_disease" title="Placental disease">placenta</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placenta_praevia" title="Placenta praevia">Placenta praevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placental_insufficiency" title="Placental insufficiency">Placental insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome" title="Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome">Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chorion" title="Chorion">chorion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amnion" title="Amnion">amnion</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorioamnionitis" title="Chorioamnionitis">Chorioamnionitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord#Problems_and_abnormalities" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse" title="Umbilical cord prolapse">Umbilical cord prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchal_cord" title="Nuchal cord">Nuchal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_umbilical_artery" title="Single umbilical artery">Single umbilical artery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)" title="Presentation (obstetrics)">presentation</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">Breech birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynclitic_birth" title="Asynclitic birth">Asynclitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_presentation" title="Shoulder presentation">Shoulder presentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age" title="Small for gestational age">Small for gestational age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age" title="Large for gestational age">Large for gestational age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy" title="Postterm pregnancy">Postterm pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">Intrauterine growth restriction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birth_trauma_(physical)" title="Birth trauma (physical)">Birth trauma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">scalp</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalohematoma" title="Cephalohematoma">Cephalohematoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chignon_(medical_term)" title="Chignon (medical term)">Chignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caput_succedaneum" title="Caput succedaneum">Caput succedaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgaleal_hemorrhage" title="Subgaleal hemorrhage">Subgaleal hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury" title="Brachial plexus injury">Brachial plexus injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_palsy" title="Erb's palsy">Erb's palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klumpke_paralysis" title="Klumpke paralysis">Klumpke paralysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affected systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Respiratory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia" title="Intrauterine hypoxia">Intrauterine hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn" title="Transient tachypnea of the newborn">Transient tachypnea of the newborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome" title="Meconium aspiration syndrome">Meconium aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Pneumomediastinum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Mikity_syndrome" title="Wilson–Mikity syndrome">Wilson–Mikity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia" title="Bronchopulmonary dysplasia">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumopericardium" title="Pneumopericardium">Pneumopericardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation" title="Persistent fetal circulation">Persistent fetal circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">Bleeding</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">hematologic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency_bleeding" title="Vitamin K deficiency bleeding">Vitamin K deficiency bleeding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">HDN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)">ABO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Kell)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Kell)">Anti-Kell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Rhc)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)">Rh c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_disease" title="Rh disease">Rh D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-RhE)" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-RhE)">Rh E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">Hydrops fetalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">Hyperbilirubinemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">Kernicterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Neonatal jaundice</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velamentous_cord_insertion" title="Velamentous cord insertion">Velamentous cord insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">Intraventricular hemorrhage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_matrix_hemorrhage" title="Germinal matrix hemorrhage">Germinal matrix hemorrhage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anemia_of_prematurity" title="Anemia of prematurity">Anemia of prematurity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" title="Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing enterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meconium_peritonitis" title="Meconium peritonitis">Meconium peritonitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integument</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum" title="Erythema toxicum neonatorum">Erythema toxicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum" title="Sclerema neonatorum">Sclerema neonatorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_disease" title="Nervous system disease">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia" title="Perinatal asphyxia">Perinatal asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periventricular_leukomalacia" title="Periventricular leukomalacia">Periventricular leukomalacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder" title="Musculoskeletal disorder">Musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_baby_syndrome" title="Gray baby syndrome">Gray baby syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Congenital hypertonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">Congenital hypotonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" title="Vertically transmitted infection">Vertically transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">Neonatal infection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome" title="Congenital rubella syndrome">rubella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection" title="Mycoplasma hominis infection">mycoplasma hominis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum infection">ureaplasma urealyticum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omphalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Omphalitis">Omphalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_sepsis" title="Neonatal sepsis">Neonatal sepsis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">Neonatal conjunctivitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">Stillbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">Neonatal withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder">Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img 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