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<span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colours_and_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colours_and_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Colours and availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colours_and_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Current uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood_finish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_finish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Wood finish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_finish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shellac</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83" title="شيلاك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيلاك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eellak" title="Şellak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şellak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="লাক্ষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_laca" title="Goma laca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Goma laca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0elak" title="Šelak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šelak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellak" title="Shellak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shellak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellack" title="Schellack – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schellack" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ellak" title="Šellak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šellak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Γομαλάκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γομαλάκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_laca" title="Goma laca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Goma laca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Celako" title="Ŝelako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝelako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laka" title="Laka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="شلاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شلاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skellakk" title="Skellakk – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Skellakk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomme-laque" title="Gomme-laque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gomme-laque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seileaic" title="Seileaic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seileaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%9D%BD" title="셀락 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셀락" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Շելլակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շելլակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="चपड़ा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चपड़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0elak" title="Šelak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šelak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syelak" title="Syelak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syelak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gommalacca" title="Gommalacca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gommalacca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="שלאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjellak" title="Sjellak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjellak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellak" title="Sellak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sellak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കോലരക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോലരക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syelek" title="Syelek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syelek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ချိပ်ဆေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချိပ်ဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellak" title="Schellak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schellak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="シェラック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シェラック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjellakk" title="Skjellakk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjellakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjellakk" title="Skjellakk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skjellakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szelak" title="Szelak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szelak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma-laca" title="Goma-laca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Goma-laca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98elac" title="Șelac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șelac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Шеллак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шеллак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0elak" title="Šelak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šelak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0elak" title="Šelak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šelak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellakka" title="Sellakka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sellakka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schellack" title="Schellack – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schellack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="அரக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95" title="లక్క – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లక్క" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="เชลแล็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชลแล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eellak" title="Şellak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şellak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Шелак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шелак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%A1n_c%C3%A1nh_ki%E1%BA%BFn" title="Sơn cánh kiến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sơn cánh kiến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E5%8F%BB" title="士叻 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="士叻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Resin secreted by the female lac bug</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the rock band, see <a href="/wiki/Shellac_(band)" title="Shellac (band)">Shellac (band)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shellac_varities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shellac_varities.png/310px-Shellac_varities.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shellac_varities.png/465px-Shellac_varities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Shellac_varities.png/620px-Shellac_varities.png 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Some of the many different colors of shellac</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shellac_liquid_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shellac_liquid_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Shellac_liquid_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shellac_liquid_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Shellac_liquid_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shellac_liquid_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Shellac_liquid_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Shellac in alcohol</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Shellac</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> secreted by the female <a href="/wiki/Kerria_lacca" title="Kerria lacca">lac bug</a> on trees in the forests of India and Thailand. Chemically, it is mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Aleuritic_acid" title="Aleuritic acid">aleuritic acid</a>, jalaric acid, shellolic acid, and other natural waxes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is processed and sold as dry flakes and dissolved in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> to make liquid shellac, which is used as a brush-on colorant, food <a href="/wiki/Glazing_agent" title="Glazing agent">glaze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_finish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood finish">wood finish</a>. Shellac functions as a tough natural <a href="/wiki/Primer_(paint)" title="Primer (paint)">primer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanding">sanding</a> <a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">sealant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>-blocker, <a href="/wiki/Odour" class="mw-redirect" title="Odour">odour</a>-blocker, <a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">stain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(material_appearance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloss (material appearance)">high-gloss</a> <a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">varnish</a>. Shellac was once used in electrical applications as it possesses good <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulation</a> qualities and seals out moisture. <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a> and 78 rpm <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">gramophone records</a> were made of shellac until they were gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a>. </p><p>From the time shellac replaced oil and wax finishes in the 19th century, it was one of the dominant wood finishes in the western world until it was largely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose_lacquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrocellulose lacquer">nitrocellulose lacquer</a> in the 1920s and 1930s. Besides wood finishing, shellac is used as an ingredient in food, medication and candy as <i><a href="/wiki/Resinous_glaze" title="Resinous glaze">confectioner's glaze</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a means of preserving harvested <a href="/wiki/Citrus_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus fruit">citrus fruit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Shellac</i> comes from <i>shell</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lac_(resin)" title="Lac (resin)">lac</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Partial_calque" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial calque">partial calque</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laque en écailles</i></span>, 'lac in thin pieces', later <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gomme-laque</i></span>, 'gum lac'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most European languages (except <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> ones and Greek) have borrowed the word for the substance from English or from the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> equivalent <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schellack</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lac_(resin)" title="Lac (resin)">Lac (resin)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerria-lacca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kerria-lacca.jpg/220px-Kerria-lacca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kerria-lacca.jpg/330px-Kerria-lacca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kerria-lacca.jpg/440px-Kerria-lacca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Lac tubes created by <i>Kerria lacca</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg/220px-02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg/330px-02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg/440px-02-Indian-Insect-Life_-_Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy_-_Kerria-Lacca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2723" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the insect <i><a href="/wiki/Kerria_lacca" title="Kerria lacca">Kerria lacca</a></i> and its shellac tubes, by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Maxwell-Lefroy" title="Harold Maxwell-Lefroy">Harold Maxwell-Lefroy</a>, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Shellac is scraped from the <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> of the trees where the female lac bug, <i><a href="/wiki/Kerria_lacca" title="Kerria lacca">Kerria lacca</a></i> (order Hemiptera, family <a href="/wiki/Kerriidae" title="Kerriidae">Kerriidae</a>, also known as <i>Laccifer lacca</i>), secretes it to form a tunnel-like tube as it traverses the branches of the tree. Though these tunnels are sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoons</a>", they are not cocoons in the entomological sense.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This insect is in the same <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (zoology)">superfamily</a> as the insect from which <a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a> is obtained. The insects suck the sap of the tree and excrete "<a href="/wiki/Lac_(resin)" title="Lac (resin)">sticklac</a>" almost constantly. The least-coloured shellac is produced when the insects feed on the kusum tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Schleichera" title="Schleichera">Schleichera</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of lac bugs required to produce 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of shellac has variously been estimated between 50,000 and 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Yacoubou2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoubou2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Velji2010At5m23s_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velji2010At5m23s-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The root word <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> is a unit in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a> for 100,000 and presumably refers to the huge numbers of insects that swarm on host trees, up to 150 per square inch (23/cm<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum1993Page27_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum1993Page27-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The raw shellac, which contains bark shavings and lac bugs removed during scraping, is placed in canvas tubes (much like long socks) and heated over a fire. This causes the shellac to liquefy, and it seeps out of the canvas, leaving the bark and bugs behind. The thick, sticky shellac is then dried into a flat sheet and broken into flakes, or dried into "buttons" (pucks/cakes), then bagged and sold. The end-user then crushes it into a fine powder and mixes it with <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl alcohol">ethyl alcohol</a> before use, to dissolve the flakes and make liquid shellac.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liquid shellac has a limited shelf life (about 1 year), so is sold in dry form for dissolution before use. Liquid shellac sold in hardware stores is often marked with the production (mixing) date, so the consumer can know whether the shellac inside is still good. Some manufacturers (e.g., Zinsser) have ceased labeling shellac with the production date, but the production date may be discernible from the production lot code. Alternatively, old shellac may be tested to see if it is still usable: a few drops on glass should dry to a hard surface in roughly 15 minutes. Shellac that remains tacky for a long time is no longer usable. Storage life depends on peak temperature, so refrigeration extends shelf life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The thickness (concentration) of shellac is measured by the unit "pound cut", referring to the amount (in pounds) of shellac flakes dissolved in a gallon of denatured alcohol. For example: a 1-lb. cut of shellac is the strength obtained by dissolving one pound of shellac flakes in a gallon of alcohol (equivalent to 120 grams per litre).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most pre-mixed commercial preparations come at a 3-lb. cut. Multiple thin layers of shellac produce a significantly better end result than a few thick layers. Thick layers of shellac do not adhere to the substrate or to each other well, and thus can peel off with relative ease; in addition, thick shellac will obscure fine details in carved designs in wood and other substrates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shellac naturally dries to a high-gloss sheen. For applications where a flatter (less shiny) sheen is desired, products containing amorphous silica, such as "Shellac Flat", may be added to the dissolved shellac.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac naturally contains a small amount of wax (3%–5% by volume), which comes from the lac bug. In some preparations, this wax is removed (the resulting product being called "dewaxed shellac"). This is done for applications where the shellac will be coated with something else (such as paint or varnish), so the topcoat will adhere. Waxy (non-dewaxed) shellac appears milky in liquid form, but dries clear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colours_and_availability">Colours and availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colours and availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shellac comes in many warm colours, ranging from a very light blonde ("platina") to a very dark brown ("garnet"), with many varieties of brown, yellow, orange and red in between. The colour is influenced by the sap of the tree the lac bug is living on and by the time of harvest. Historically, the most commonly sold shellac is called "orange shellac", and was used extensively as a combination stain and protectant for wood panelling and <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a> in the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shellac was once very common anywhere paints or varnishes were sold (such as hardware stores). However, cheaper and more abrasion- and chemical-resistant finishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, have almost completely replaced it in decorative residential wood finishing such as hardwood floors, wooden <a href="/wiki/Wainscoting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wainscoting">wainscoting</a> plank panelling, and kitchen cabinets. These alternative products, however, must be applied over a stain if the user wants the wood to be coloured; clear or blonde shellac may be applied over a stain without affecting the colour of the finished piece, as a protective topcoat. "Wax over shellac" (an application of buffed-on paste wax over several coats of shellac) is often regarded as a beautiful, if fragile, finish for hardwood floors. <a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthiers</a> still use shellac to <i><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></i> fine acoustic stringed instruments, but it has been replaced by synthetic plastic lacquers and varnishes in many workshops, especially high-volume production environments.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac dissolved in alcohol, typically more dilute than as used in French polish, is now commonly sold as "sanding sealer" by several companies. It is used to seal wooden surfaces, often as preparation for a final more durable finish; it reduces the amount of final coating required by reducing its absorption into the wood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haydn_shellac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Haydn_shellac.jpg/220px-Haydn_shellac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Haydn_shellac.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>A decorative medal made in France in the early 20th century moulded from shellac compound, the same used for <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph records</a> of the period</figcaption></figure> <p>Shellac is a natural <a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">bioadhesive</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> and is chemically similar to synthetic polymers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can thus be considered a natural form of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>. </p><p>With a melting point of 75 °C (167 °F), it can be classed as a <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> used to bind <a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">wood flour</a>, the mixture can be <a href="/wiki/Moulding_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulding (process)">moulded</a> with heat and pressure. </p><p>Shellac scratches more easily than most lacquers and varnishes, and application is more labour-intensive, which is why it has been replaced by plastic in most areas. Shellac is much softer than <a href="/wiki/Urushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urushi">Urushi</a> lacquer, for instance, which is far superior with regard to both chemical and mechanical resistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But damaged shellac can easily be touched up with another coat of shellac (unlike polyurethane, which chemically cures to a solid) because the new coat merges with and bonds to the existing coat(s). </p><p>Shellac is <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> solutions of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_borate" title="Sodium borate">sodium borate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, and also in various <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvent">organic solvents</a>. When dissolved in alcohol (typically <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denatured ethanol</a>) for application, shellac yields a coating of good durability and hardness.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon mild <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> shellac gives a complex mix of <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alicyclic" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicyclic">alicyclic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxy acids">hydroxy acids</a> and their polymers that varies in exact composition depending upon the source of the shellac and the season of collection. The major component of the aliphatic component is <a href="/wiki/Aleuritic_acid" title="Aleuritic acid">aleuritic acid</a>, whereas the main alicyclic component is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellolic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shellolic acid (page does not exist)">shellolic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_Index,_9th_Ed._page_8224_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck_Index,_9th_Ed._page_8224-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac is UV-resistant, and does not darken as it ages (though the wood under it may do so, as in the case of pine).<sup id="cite_ref-naturalhandyman.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturalhandyman.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laksha_-_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_-_Lacquerware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laksha_-_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_-_Lacquerware.jpg/220px-Laksha_-_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_-_Lacquerware.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laksha_-_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_-_Lacquerware.jpg/330px-Laksha_-_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_-_Lacquerware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Laksha_-_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_-_Lacquerware.jpg/440px-Laksha_-_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_-_Lacquerware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption><i>Laksha</i> is a traditional form of lacquerware from Sri Lanka which is made from shellac derived from <a href="/wiki/Lac_(resin)" title="Lac (resin)">Lac</a> resin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest written evidence of shellac goes back 3,000 years, but shellac is known to have been used earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-naturalhandyman.com_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturalhandyman.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ancient Indian epic poem, the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, an entire palace was coated with dried shellac.<sup id="cite_ref-naturalhandyman.com_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naturalhandyman.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac was uncommonly used as a dyestuff for as long as there was a trade with the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. According to Merrifield,<sup id="cite_ref-Merrifield_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrifield-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shellac was first used as a binding agent in artist's pigments in Spain in the year 1220. </p><p>The use of overall paint or varnish decoration on large pieces of furniture was first popularised in Venice (then later throughout Italy). There are a number of 13th-century references to painted or varnished <a href="/wiki/Cassone" title="Cassone">cassone</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> cassone that were made deliberately impressive as part of dynastic marriages. The definition of varnish is not always clear, but it seems to have been a <a href="/wiki/Varnish#Shellac" title="Varnish">spirit varnish</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Benzoin_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoin resin">gum benjamin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">mastic</a>, both traded around the Mediterranean. At some time, shellac began to be used as well. An article from the <i>Journal of the American Institute of Conservation</i> describes using <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a> to identify shellac coating on a 16th-century cassone.<sup id="cite_ref-JAIC_Cassone_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAIC_Cassone-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the period in history where "varnisher" was identified as a distinct trade, separate from both carpenter and artist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another use for shellac is <a href="/wiki/Sealing_wax" title="Sealing wax">sealing wax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods,1994_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods,1994-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widespread use of shellac seals in Europe dates back to the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a>, thanks to the increasing trade with India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early- and mid-twentieth century, orange shellac was used as a one-product finish (combination stain and varnish-like topcoat) on decorative wood panelling used on walls and ceilings in homes, particularly in the US. In the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a>, use of knotty <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> plank <a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">panelling</a> covered with orange shellac was once as common in new construction as <a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">drywall</a> is today. It was also often used on kitchen cabinets and hardwood floors, prior to the advent of <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone records">gramophone records</a> were pressed from shellac compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1921 to 1928, 18,000 tons of shellac were used to create 260 million records for Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum1993Page27_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum1993Page27-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, it was estimated that half of all shellac was used for <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">gramophone records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HowManufactured1937_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowManufactured1937-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of shellac for records was common until the 1950s and continued into the 1970s in some non-Western countries, as well as for some children's records.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recent advances in technology, shellac (<a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a>) was the only glue used in the making of <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> dancers' <a href="/wiki/Pointe_shoe" title="Pointe shoe">pointe shoes</a>, to stiffen the box (toe area) to support the dancer en pointe. Many manufacturers of pointe shoes still use the traditional techniques, and many dancers use shellac to revive a softening pair of shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac was historically used as a protective coating on paintings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sheets of <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> were coated with shellac to help protect them from <a href="/wiki/Wear" title="Wear">wear</a> due to being read by hand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shellac was used from the mid-nineteenth century to produce small moulded goods such as <a href="/wiki/Picture_frame" title="Picture frame">picture frames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">boxes</a>, toilet articles, <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inkwell" title="Inkwell">inkwells</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Dentures" title="Dentures">dentures</a>. Advances in <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">plastics</a> have rendered shellac obsolete as a moulding compound.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac (both orange and white varieties) was used both in the field and laboratory to glue and stabilise dinosaur bones until about the mid-1960s. While effective at the time, the long-term negative effects of shellac (being organic in nature) on dinosaur bones and other fossils is debated, and shellac is very rarely used by professional conservators and fossil preparators today.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac was used for fixing <a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">inductor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">motor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> windings. It was applied directly to single-layer windings in an alcohol solution. For multi-layer windings, the whole coil was submerged in shellac solution, then drained and placed in a warm location to allow the alcohol to evaporate. The shellac locked the wire turns in place, provided extra insulation, prevented movement and vibration and reduced buzz and hum. In motors and generators it also helps transfer force generated by magnetic attraction and repulsion from the windings to the rotor or <a href="/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armature (electrical engineering)">armature</a>. In more recent times, shellac has been replaced in these applications by synthetic resins such as <a href="/wiki/Polyester_resin" title="Polyester resin">polyester resin</a>. Some applications use shellac mixed with other natural or synthetic resins, such as <a href="/wiki/Pine_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine resin">pine resin</a> or phenol-<a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> resin, of which <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> is the best known, for electrical use. Mixed with other resins, <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> and/or cuprous carbonate (<a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>), shellac forms a component of heat-cured capping cement used to fasten the caps or bases to the bulbs of electric lamps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_uses">Current uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Current uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is the central element of the traditional "<a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a>" method of <a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">finishing</a> furniture, fine <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">pianos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac, being edible, is used as a <a href="/wiki/Glazing_agent" title="Glazing agent">glazing agent</a> on pills (see <a href="/wiki/Excipient" title="Excipient">excipient</a>) and sweets, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_glaze" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical glaze">pharmaceutical glaze</a> (or, "confectioner's glaze"). Because of its acidic properties (resisting stomach acids), shellac-coated pills may be used for a timed <a href="/wiki/Enteric_coating" title="Enteric coating">enteric</a> or colonic release.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shellac is used as a 'wax' coating on citrus fruit to prolong its shelf/storage life. It is also used to replace the natural wax of the <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a>, which is removed during the cleaning process.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used for this purpose, it has the <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E904.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac is an odour and stain blocker and so is often used as the base of "all-purpose" primers. Although its durability against abrasives and many common solvents is not very good, shellac provides an excellent barrier against water vapour penetration. Shellac-based primers are an effective sealant to control odours associated with fire damage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac has traditionally been used as a dye for cotton and, especially, silk cloth in Thailand, particularly in the north-eastern region.<sup id="cite_ref-Suanmuang_Tulaphan,_Phunsap,_Silk_Dyeing_With_Natural_Dyestuffs_in_Northeastern_Thailand,_1999,_p._26-30_(in_Thai)._37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suanmuang_Tulaphan,_Phunsap,_Silk_Dyeing_With_Natural_Dyestuffs_in_Northeastern_Thailand,_1999,_p._26-30_(in_Thai).-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It yields a range of warm colours from pale yellow through to dark orange-reds and dark ochre.<sup id="cite_ref-Punyaprasop,_Daranee_(Ed.)Colour_And_Pattern_On_Native_Cloth,_2001,_p._253,_256_(in_Thai)._38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Punyaprasop,_Daranee_(Ed.)Colour_And_Pattern_On_Native_Cloth,_2001,_p._253,_256_(in_Thai).-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naturally dyed silk cloth, including that using shellac, is widely available in the rural northeast, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ban_Khwao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban Khwao District">Ban Khwao District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaiyaphum_province" title="Chaiyaphum province">Chaiyaphum province</a>. The Thai name for the insect and the substance is "khrang" (Thai: ครั่ง).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wood_finish">Wood finish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wood finish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood finishing is one of the most traditional and still popular uses of shellac mixed with solvents or alcohol. This dissolved shellac liquid, applied to a piece of wood, is an evaporative finish: the alcohol of the shellac mixture evaporates, leaving behind a protective film.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shellac as wood finish is natural and non-toxic in its pure form. A finish made of shellac is UV-resistant. For water-resistance and durability, it does not keep up with synthetic finishing products.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because it is compatible with most other finishes, shellac is also used as a barrier or primer coat on <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> to prevent the bleeding of <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a> into the final finish, or to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">wood stain</a> from blotching.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodworkDetails.com2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodworkDetails.com2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shellac is used: </p> <ul><li>in the tying of artificial flies for trout and salmon, where the shellac was used to seal all trimmed materials at the head of the fly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>in combination with wax for preserving and imparting a shine to <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus fruits</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dental technology</a>, where it is occasionally used in the production of custom impression trays and temporary denture baseplate production.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as a binder in <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>for <a href="/wiki/Bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycles">bicycles</a>, as a protective and decorative coating for <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_handlebar" title="Bicycle handlebar">bicycle handlebar</a> tape,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a hard-drying adhesive for <a href="/wiki/Tubular_tyres" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular tyres">tubular tyres</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">track racing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>for re-attaching ink sacs when restoring vintage <a href="/wiki/Fountain_pen" title="Fountain pen">fountain pens</a>, the orange variety preferably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>applied as a coating with either a standard or modified Huon-Stuehrer nozzle, can be economically micro-sprayed onto various smooth candies, such as chocolate coated peanuts. Irregularities on the surface of the product being sprayed may result in the formation of unsightly aggregates ("lac-aggs") which precludes the use of this technique on foods such as walnuts or raisins.</li> <li>for fixing pads to the key-cups of <a href="/wiki/Woodwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind">woodwind</a> instruments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>for <a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthierie</a> applications, to bind wood fibres down and prevent tear out on the soft <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> soundboards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>to stiffen and impart water-resistance to felt hats, for wood finishing<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a constituent of <i>gossamer</i> (or <i>goss</i> for short), a cheesecloth fabric coated in shellac and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> solution used in the shell of traditional silk <a href="/wiki/Top_hats" class="mw-redirect" title="Top hats">top</a> and riding hats.</li> <li>for mounting insects, in the form of a gel adhesive mixture composed of 75% ethyl alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as a binder in the fabrication of <a href="/wiki/Abrasive_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive wheel">abrasive wheels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imparting flexibility and smoothness not found in vitrified (ceramic bond) wheels. 'Elastic' bonded wheels typically contain <a href="/wiki/Plaster_of_paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaster of paris">plaster of paris</a>, yielding a stronger bond when mixed with shellac; the mixture of dry plaster powder, abrasive (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), and shellac are heated and the mixture pressed in a mould.</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> pyrotechnic compositions as a low-temperature fuel, where it allows the creation of pure 'greens' and 'blues'- colours difficult to achieve with other fuel mixes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>; shellac is often applied to the top of a 'shellac stick' in order to hold small, complex, objects. By melting the shellac, the jeweller can press the object (such as a stone setting mount) into it. The shellac, once cool, can firmly hold the object, allowing it to be manipulated with tools.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Watchmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchmaking">watchmaking</a>, due to its low melting temperature (about 80–100 °C (176–212 °F)), shellac is used in most mechanical movements to adjust and adhere pallet stones to the <a href="/wiki/Pallet_fork" title="Pallet fork">pallet fork</a> and secure the roller jewel to the roller table of the <a href="/wiki/Balance_wheel" title="Balance wheel">balance wheel</a>. Also for securing small parts to a 'wax chuck' (faceplate) in a watchmakers' lathe.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in the early twentieth century, it was used to protect some military <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a> stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Jelly_Belly" title="Jelly Belly">Jelly Belly</a> jelly beans, in combination with <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a> to give them their final buff and polish.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in modern traditional <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, shellac is one of the <a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">hot-melt glue/resin</a> products used to attach <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a> to wooden or bamboo <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrow</a> shafts.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>in alcohol solution as <a href="/wiki/Sanding_sealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanding sealer">sanding sealer</a>, widely sold to seal sanded surfaces, typically wooden surfaces before a final coat of a more durable finish. Similar to French polish but more dilute.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as a topcoat in <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</a> (although not all <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</a> sold as "shellac" contains shellac, and some <a href="/wiki/Nail_polish" title="Nail polish">nail polish</a> not labelled in this way does).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>in sculpture, to seal <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> and in conjunction with wax or oil-soaps, to act as a barrier during mold-making processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>as a dilute solution in the sealing of <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> soundboards, protecting them from dust and buffering humidity changes while maintaining a bare-wood appearance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>as a waterproofing agent for leather (e.g., for the soles of <a href="/wiki/Figure_skate" title="Figure skate">figure skate</a> boots).</li> <li>as a way for ballet dancers to harden their <a href="/wiki/Pointe_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe shoes">pointe shoes</a>, making them last longer.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schellak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blonde shellac flakes"><img alt="Blonde shellac flakes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schellak.jpg/178px-Schellak.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schellak.jpg/267px-Schellak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Schellak.jpg/357px-Schellak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blonde shellac flakes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shellac.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dewaxed Bona (L) and Waxy #1 Orange (R) shellac flakes. The latter—orange shellac—is the traditional shellac used for decades to finish wooden wall paneling, kitchen cabinets and tool handles."><img alt="Dewaxed Bona (L) and Waxy #1 Orange (R) shellac flakes. The latter—orange shellac—is the traditional shellac used for decades to finish wooden wall paneling, kitchen cabinets and tool handles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shellac.JPG/270px-Shellac.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shellac.JPG/405px-Shellac.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shellac.JPG/540px-Shellac.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dewaxed Bona (L) and Waxy #1 Orange (R) shellac flakes. The latter—orange shellac—is the traditional shellac used for decades to finish wooden wall paneling, kitchen cabinets and tool handles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shellac_flakes_closeup.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Waxy #1 Orange (L) and Dewaxed Bona (R) shellac flakes. The former—orange shellac—is the traditional shellac used for centuries to finish wooden wall paneling and kitchen cabinets."><img alt="Closeup of Waxy #1 Orange (L) and Dewaxed Bona (R) shellac flakes. The former—orange shellac—is the traditional shellac used for centuries to finish wooden wall paneling and kitchen cabinets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shellac_flakes_closeup.JPG/215px-Shellac_flakes_closeup.JPG" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shellac_flakes_closeup.JPG/322px-Shellac_flakes_closeup.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shellac_flakes_closeup.JPG/429px-Shellac_flakes_closeup.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="2355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closeup of Waxy #1 Orange (L) and Dewaxed Bona (R) shellac flakes. The former—orange shellac—is the traditional shellac used for centuries to finish wooden wall paneling and kitchen cabinets.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 659.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 657.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shellac_board.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""Quick and dirty" example of a pine board coated with 1–5 coats of Dewaxed Dark shellac (a darker version of traditional orange shellac)"><img alt=""Quick and dirty" example of a pine board coated with 1–5 coats of Dewaxed Dark shellac (a darker version of traditional orange shellac)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shellac_board.JPG/986px-Shellac_board.JPG" decoding="async" width="658" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shellac_board.JPG/1479px-Shellac_board.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shellac_board.JPG/1972px-Shellac_board.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3614" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Quick and dirty" example of a pine board coated with 1–5 coats of Dewaxed Dark shellac (a darker version of traditional orange shellac)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/shellac">"Shellac"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Shellac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fshellac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrimia-VladuGłowackiSchwabeggerLeonat2013" class="citation journal cs1">Irimia-Vladu, Mihai; Głowacki, Eric Daniel; Schwabegger, Günther; Leonat, Lucia; Akpinar, Hava Zekiye; Sitter, Helmut; Bauer, Siegfried; Sariciftci, Niyazi Serdar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3gc40388b">"Natural resin shellac as a substrate and a dielectric layer for organic field-effect transistors"</a>. <i>Green Chemistry</i>. <b>15</b> (6): 1473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc3gc40388b">10.1039/c3gc40388b</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-9262">1463-9262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Natural+resin+shellac+as+a+substrate+and+a+dielectric+layer+for+organic+field-effect+transistors&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1473&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc3gc40388b&rft.issn=1463-9262&rft.aulast=Irimia-Vladu&rft.aufirst=Mihai&rft.au=G%C5%82owacki%2C+Eric+Daniel&rft.au=Schwabegger%2C+G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=Leonat%2C+Lucia&rft.au=Akpinar%2C+Hava+Zekiye&rft.au=Sitter%2C+Helmut&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Siegfried&rft.au=Sariciftci%2C+Niyazi+Serdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxlink.rsc.org%2F%3FDOI%3Dc3gc40388b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation news cs1">Lee, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tastingtable.com/1041516/the-strange-ingredient-used-to-make-jelly-beans-shiny/">"The Strange Ingredient Used To Make Jelly Beans Shiny"</a>. <i>TastingTable</i>. Static Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TastingTable&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Ingredient+Used+To+Make+Jelly+Beans+Shiny&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tastingtable.com%2F1041516%2Fthe-strange-ingredient-used-to-make-jelly-beans-shiny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcguireHagenmaier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mcguire, Raymond G.; Hagenmaier, Robert D. (1 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028X-64.11.1756">"Shellac Formulations To Reduce Epiphytic Survival of Coliform Bacteria on Citrus Fruit Postharvest"</a>. <i>Journal of Food Protection</i>. <b>64</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1756–</span>1760. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4315%2F0362-028X-64.11.1756">10.4315/0362-028X-64.11.1756</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11726155">11726155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Food+Protection&rft.atitle=Shellac+Formulations+To+Reduce+Epiphytic+Survival+of+Coliform+Bacteria+on+Citrus+Fruit+Postharvest&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1756-%3C%2Fspan%3E1760&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4315%2F0362-028X-64.11.1756&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11726155&rft.aulast=Mcguire&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.&rft.au=Hagenmaier%2C+Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4315%252F0362-028X-64.11.1756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=shellac">"shellac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=shellac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dshellac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter (15 December 2016). "§4. The Indo-European Family of Languages". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/greeklatinroots/chapter/4-indoeuropean-family-languages/"><i>Greek and Latin Roots: Part I – Latin</i></a>. University of Victoria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A74.+The+Indo-European+Family+of+Languages&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Latin+Roots%3A+Part+I+%E2%80%93+Latin&rft.pub=University+of+Victoria&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressbooks.bccampus.ca%2Fgreeklatinroots%2Fchapter%2F4-indoeuropean-family-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchadSmithChengScholten2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schad, Beverly; Smith, Houston; Cheng, Brian; Scholten, Jeff; VanNess, Eric; Riley, Tom (1 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pharmtech.com/view/coating-and-taste-masking-shellac">"Coating and Taste Masking with Shellac"</a>. <i>Pharmaceutical Technology</i>. <b>2013</b> (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutical+Technology&rft.atitle=Coating+and+Taste+Masking+with+Shellac&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.aulast=Schad&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft.au=Smith%2C+Houston&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Brian&rft.au=Scholten%2C+Jeff&rft.au=VanNess%2C+Eric&rft.au=Riley%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmtech.com%2Fview%2Fcoating-and-taste-masking-shellac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabooGoswami2010" class="citation book cs1">Baboo, B.; Goswami, D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Why+not+all+fruit+is+suitable+for+vegans&rft.date=2022-08-22&rft.aulast=Sommerlad&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fvegans-fruit-unsuitable-wax-diet-b2149877.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhorramRamezanianHosseini2017" class="citation journal cs1">Khorram, Fereshteh; Ramezanian, Asghar; Hosseini, Seyyed Mohammad Hashem (18 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304423817303849">"Shellac, gelatin and Persian gum as alternative coating for orange fruit"</a>. <i>Scientia Horticulturae</i>. <b>225</b>: <span class="nowrap">22–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ScHor.225...22K">2017ScHor.225...22K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scienta.2017.06.045">10.1016/j.scienta.2017.06.045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=Shellac%2C+gelatin+and+Persian+gum+as+alternative+coating+for+orange+fruit&rft.volume=225&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=2017-11-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scienta.2017.06.045&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ScHor.225...22K&rft.aulast=Khorram&rft.aufirst=Fereshteh&rft.au=Ramezanian%2C+Asghar&rft.au=Hosseini%2C+Seyyed+Mohammad+Hashem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0304423817303849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAzoukaHuggettHarrison1993" class="citation journal cs1">Azouka, A.; Huggett, R.; Harrison, A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1993.tb01623.x#:~:text=In%20its%20refined%20form%2C%20shellac,rims%20when%20recording%20jaw%20relationships.">"The production of shellac and its general and dental uses: a review"</a>. <i>Journal of Oral Rehabilitation</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">393–</span>400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2842.1993.tb01623.x">10.1111/j.1365-2842.1993.tb01623.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8350174">8350174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Oral+Rehabilitation&rft.atitle=The+production+of+shellac+and+its+general+and+dental+uses%3A+a+review&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2842.1993.tb01623.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8350174&rft.aulast=Azouka&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Huggett%2C+R.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2842.1993.tb01623.x%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%2520its%2520refined%2520form%252C%2520shellac%2Crims%2520when%2520recording%2520jaw%2520relationships.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/ink">"Ink"</a>. <i>MoMA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoMA&rft.atitle=Ink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcollection%2Fterms%2Fink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outyourbackdoor.com/article.php?id=428">"Shellac & Twine makes Handlebar fine"</a>. <i>Out Your Backdoor</i>. 21 August 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Out+Your+Backdoor&rft.atitle=Shellac+%26+Twine+makes+Handlebar+fine&rft.date=2005-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outyourbackdoor.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheldonbrown.com/brandt/mounting-tubulars.html">Mounting Tubular Tires</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jobst_Brandt" title="Jobst Brandt">Jobst Brandt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJewitt" class="citation web cs1">Jewitt, Jeff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquerestorers.com/Articles/jeff/shellac.htm">"Shellac: A traditional finish still yields superb results"</a>. <i>Antique Restorers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antique+Restorers&rft.atitle=Shellac%3A+A+traditional+finish+still+yields+superb+results&rft.aulast=Jewitt&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquerestorers.com%2FArticles%2Fjeff%2Fshellac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nadsdiptera.org/News/FlyTimes/issue18.htm">Fly Times: Shellac gel for insect mounting</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_MalkinChangsheng_Guo2008" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Malkin; Changsheng Guo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3260ZF_PfQC&pg=PA5"><i>Grinding Technology: Theory and Applications of Machining With Abrasives</i></a>. Industrial Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780831132477" title="Special:BookSources/9780831132477"><bdi>9780831132477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grinding+Technology%3A+Theory+and+Applications+of+Machining+With+Abrasives&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Industrial+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780831132477&rft.au=Stephen+Malkin&rft.au=Changsheng+Guo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3260ZF_PfQC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ganoksin.com/article/stone-setting-tools-faqs/">"Stone Setting Tools FAQs"</a>. <i>Ganoksin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ganoksin&rft.atitle=Stone+Setting+Tools+FAQs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ganoksin.com%2Farticle%2Fstone-setting-tools-faqs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watchmakingjourney.com/tag/shellac/">"Shellac"</a>. <i>watchmaking journey</i>. 19 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=watchmaking+journey&rft.atitle=Shellac&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatchmakingjourney.com%2Ftag%2Fshellac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russian-mosin-nagant.com/faq/#Q3">"What kind of finish is on my stock?"</a>. <i>Russian Mosin Nagant Forum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Mosin+Nagant+Forum&rft.atitle=What+kind+of+finish+is+on+my+stock%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russian-mosin-nagant.com%2Ffaq%2F%23Q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jellybelly-uk.com/faq/q-and-a/?id=11">Q&A – Jelly Belly jelly beans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105045321/http://www.jellybelly-uk.com/faq/q-and-a/?id=11">Archived</a> 5 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSapp2013" class="citation book cs1">Sapp, Rick (2013). <i>The Ultimate Guide to Traditional Archery</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626365360" title="Special:BookSources/9781626365360"><bdi>9781626365360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Traditional+Archery&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781626365360&rft.aulast=Sapp&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/26595">"Part of a Quiver | Tibetan or Mongolian"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Part+of+a+Quiver+%26%23124%3B+Tibetan+or+Mongolian&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F26595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDezeil2009" class="citation web cs1">Dezeil, Chris (23 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hunker.com/12170980/what-is-a-sanding-sealer">"What is a Sanding Sealer?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Sanding+Sealer%3F&rft.date=2009-04-23&rft.aulast=Dezeil&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hunker.com%2F12170980%2Fwhat-is-a-sanding-sealer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ballet.org.uk/blog-detail/a-guide-to-pointe-shoes/">"Everything you Need to Know About Pointe Shoes"</a>. English National Ballet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Everything+you+Need+to+Know+About+Pointe+Shoes&rft.pub=English+National+Ballet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballet.org.uk%2Fblog-detail%2Fa-guide-to-pointe-shoes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang_Foster2016" class="citation web cs1">Chang Foster, Hannah (31 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pointemagazine.com/pointe-shoe-fitting/">"Confessions of a Pointe Shoe Fitter: A Specialist Tells All"</a>. Pointe Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confessions+of+a+Pointe+Shoe+Fitter%3A+A+Specialist+Tells+All&rft.pub=Pointe+Magazine&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=Chang+Foster&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpointemagazine.com%2Fpointe-shoe-fitting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShellac" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shellac&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shellac" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shellac">Shellac</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shellac" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:shellac">shellac</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shellac.net/">Shellac.net</a> US shellac vendor – properties and uses of dewaxed and non-dewaxed shellac</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalhandyman.com/iip/infpai/shellac.html">The Story of Shellac (history)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515031424/http://www.diyinfo.org/wiki/All_About_Shellac">DIYinfo.org's Shellac Wiki</a>, practical information on everything to do with shellac</li> <li>Reactive Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography of Shellac <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac981049e">10.1021/ac981049e</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/shellac/shellac.htm">Shellac</a> A short introduction to the origin of shellac, the history of Japanning and French polishing, and how to conserve and repair these finishes sympathetically</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Flavoring">Flavour enhancers</a> (E600–699)</li> <li><b>Miscellaneous (E900–999)</b></li> <li>Additional chemicals (E1000–1599)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Waxes</a> (E900–909)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazing_agent" title="Glazing agent">Synthetic glazes</a> (E910–919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_treatment_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour treatment agent">Improving agents</a> (E920–929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gases</a> (E930–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sweeteners</a> (E950–969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foaming_agent" title="Foaming agent">Foaming agents</a> (E990–999)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polydimethylsiloxane" title="Polydimethylsiloxane">Dimethyl polysiloxane</a> (E900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a> (E901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelilla_wax" title="Candelilla wax">Candelilla wax</a> (E902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba wax</a> (E903)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shellac</a> (E904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffins</a> (E905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">Mineral oil</a> (E905a)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">Vaseline</a> (E905b)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcrystalline_wax" title="Microcrystalline wax">Microcrystalline wax</a> (E905c)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoin resin">Gum benzoic</a> (E906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Crystalline wax</a> (E907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_wax" title="Rice bran wax">Rice bran wax</a> (E908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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