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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultanates_of_Brunei_and_Sulu_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanates_of_Brunei_and_Sulu_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanates_of_Brunei_and_Sulu_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_North_Borneo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_North_Borneo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 British North Borneo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_North_Borneo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_crown_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_crown_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 British crown colony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_crown_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Administrative division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Territorial disputes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Conservation issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_and_water_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_water_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Energy and water resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_water_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunication_and_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunication_and_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Telecommunication and broadcasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunication_and_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Ethnicity and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fine_arts_and_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_arts_and_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Fine arts and crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_arts_and_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayal_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Portrayal in media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Holidays and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sabah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="صباح (ماليزيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صباح (ماليزيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սապահ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սապահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(%C5%9Ftat)" title="Sabah (ştat) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sabah (ştat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="সাবাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাবাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah,_Malaysia" title="Sabah, Malaysia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sabah, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(Malezija)" title="Sabah (Malezija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sabah (Malezija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(estado)" title="Sabah (estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sabah (estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahi_osariik" title="Sabahi osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sabahi osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%87" title="Σαμπάχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμπάχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaho" title="Sabaho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sabaho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="صباح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صباح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%A3%BC" title="사바주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사바주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սաբահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաբահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साबाह राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साबाह राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%94" title="סבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="საბაჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბაჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2" title="ຊາບາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊາບາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabaha" title="Sabaha – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sabaha" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabahas" title="Sabahas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sabahas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D" title="സാബഹ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാബഹ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="साबा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साबा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="صباح – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صباح" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဆာဘား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆာဘား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%90%E5%B7%9E" title="サバ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サバ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(Bundesstoot)" title="Sabah (Bundesstoot) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sabah (Bundesstoot)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab%C3%A1_(Mal%C3%A1sia)" title="Sabá (Malásia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sabá (Malásia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_suyu" title="Sabah suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sabah suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="سەباح – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەباح" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="சபா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சபா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐซาบะฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐซาบะฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(Malezya)" title="Sabah (Malezya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sabah (Malezya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Сабах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сабах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="صباح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صباح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%B4" title="沙巴 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沙巴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%B4" title="沙巴 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙巴" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%B4" title="沙巴 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙巴" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Sabah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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5.250; 117.000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sabah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sabah (disambiguation)">Sabah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 15,300 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sabah" title="Talk:Sabah">talk page</a>. (June 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Malaysia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sabah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>State of Sabah</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Negeri Sabah (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sabah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sabah"><img alt="Flag of Sabah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/100px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/150px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/200px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sabah" title="Flag of Sabah">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Sabah"><img alt="Coat of arms of Sabah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="511" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah" title="Coat of arms of Sabah">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Negeri Di Bawah Bayu<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Land Below the Wind<a href="#cite_note-sbh-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Sabah Maju Jaya<a href="#cite_note-crest-3">[3]</a> Let Sabah Prosper<a href="#cite_note-crest-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Tanah_Airku" title="Sabah Tanah Airku">Sabah Tanah Airku</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Sabah, My Homeland<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Lagu_Rasmi_Sabah_-_Sabah_Tanah_Airku.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Lagu_Rasmi_Sabah_-_Sabah_Tanah_Airku.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/20/Lagu_Rasmi_Sabah_-_Sabah_Tanah_Airku.ogg/Lagu_Rasmi_Sabah_-_Sabah_Tanah_Airku.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Sabah_-_Sabah_Tanah_Airku.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Sabah_-_Sabah_Tanah_Airku.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Sabah_-_Sabah_Tanah_Airku.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabah_in_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sabah in Malaysia"><img alt="Sabah in Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sabah_in_Malaysia.svg/250px-Sabah_in_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sabah_in_Malaysia.svg/375px-Sabah_in_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sabah_in_Malaysia.svg/500px-Sabah_in_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Sabah in Malaysia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sabah&params=5_15_N_117_0_E_type:city_region:MY">5°15′N 117°0′E / 5.250°N 117.000°E / 5.250; 117.000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established under the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1658</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">British North Borneo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">British crown colony</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gained self-governance</th><td class="infobox-data">31 August 1963<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-tna-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porritt1997-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SG-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Federated into Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1963<a href="#cite_note-Agreement_relating_to_Malaysia-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of capitals in Malaysia">Capital</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(and largest city)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Division" title="Interior Division">Interior</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kudat_Division" title="Kudat Division">Kudat</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Division" title="Sandakan Division">Sandakan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tawau_Division" title="Tawau Division">Tawau</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Division" title="West Coast Division">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sabah State Legislative Assembly">Sabah State Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juhar_Mahiruddin" title="Juhar Mahiruddin">Juhar Mahiruddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sabah" title="Chief Minister of Sabah">Chief Minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hajiji_Noor" title="Hajiji Noor">Hajiji Noor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah" title="Gabungan Rakyat Sabah">GRS</a>–<a href="/wiki/Parti_Gagasan_Rakyat_Sabah" title="Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah">GAGASAN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-11">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">73,904 km2 (28,534 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,095 m (13,435 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-11">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3,418,785 (<a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Malaysia#Population_distribution_by_states_and_territories" title="Demographics of Malaysia">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">46/km2 (120/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sabahan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics <a href="#cite_note-2020KF-12">[12]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-11">[11]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic composition</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>67.6% <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> <ul><li>19.3% <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a></li> <li>16.5% <a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li> <li>9.0% <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a></li> <li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li>19.7% Other natives</li></ul></li> <li>7.3% <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Indian">Indian</a></li> <li>1.2% Other ethnicities</li> <li>23.7% Non-citizens</li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>69.6% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li>24.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Christianity</a></li> <li>5.1% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Buddhism</a></li> <li>0.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li>0.1% Others</li> <li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a>/Unknown</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language"> English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Other spoken</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun/Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="#Languages">ethnic minority languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Standard Time">MST</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in Malaysia">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">88xxx<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> to 91xxx<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Malaysia" title="Telephone numbers in Malaysia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">087 (Inner District) 088 (<a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_District" title="Kota Kinabalu District">Kota Kinabalu</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kudat_District" title="Kudat District">Kudat</a>) 089 (<a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_District" title="Sandakan District">Sandakan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tawau_District" title="Tawau District">Tawau</a>)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MY" title="ISO 3166-2:MY">MY-12</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_vehicle_license_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian vehicle license plates">SA, SAA, SAB, SAC, SY</a> (West Coast) SB (<a href="/wiki/Beaufort_District" title="Beaufort District">Beaufort</a>) SD (Lahad Datu) SK (Kudat) SS, SSA, SM (Sandakan) ST, STA, SW (Tawau) SU (<a href="/wiki/Keningau_District" title="Keningau District">Keningau</a>)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.772<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index">13th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $27.758 billion (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a> 122.138 billion)<a href="#cite_note-:dosm-19">[19]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,186 (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a> 36,020)<a href="#cite_note-:dosm-19">[19]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP#Gross_Domestic_Product_per_capita_by_state" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $77.938 billion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">6th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $22,797 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_by_GDP#Gross_Domestic_Product_per_capita_by_state" title="List of Malaysian states by GDP">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Left</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Electricity voltage</a></th><td class="infobox-data">230 V, 50 Hz</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a> (RM/MYR)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.gov.my">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179029#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sabah (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Malay pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈsabah]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> located in northern <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, in the region of <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a>. Sabah has land borders with the Malaysian state of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> to the southwest and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a> province to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Territory (Malaysia)">Federal Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> is an island just off Sabah's west coast. Sabah shares maritime borders with <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> to the north and east. <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a> is the state capital and the economic centre of the state, and the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sabah" title="Government of Sabah">Sabah State government</a>. Other major towns in Sabah include <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a>. The 2020 census recorded a population of 3,418,785 in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysia_census_2020-11">[11]</a> It has an <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial climate">equatorial climate</a> with tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, abundant with animal and plant species. The state has long <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> on the west side which forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Crocker_Range_National_Park" title="Crocker Range National Park">Crocker Range National Park</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_River" title="Kinabatangan River">Kinabatangan River</a>, the second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah. The highest point of Sabah, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a> is also the highest point of Malaysia. The earliest human settlement in Sabah can be traced back to 20,000–30,000 years ago along the <a href="/wiki/Darvel_Bay" title="Darvel Bay">Darvel Bay</a> area at the Madai-Baturong caves. The state has had a trading relationship with China starting from the 14th century AD. Sabah came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> in the 14th and 15th centuries. The state was subsequently acquired by the British <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a> in the 19th century. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Sabah was <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">occupied by the Japanese</a> for three years. It became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">British Crown Colony</a> in 1946. On 31 August 1963, Sabah was granted self-governance by the British. Following this, Sabah became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia (established on 16 September 1963) alongside the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony of Sarawak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Colony of Singapore</a> (expelled in 1965), and the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> or West Malaysia). The federation was opposed by neighbouring Indonesia, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a> over three years along with the threats of annexation by the Philippines along with the Sultanate of Sulu, threats which continue to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Sabah exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture and language. The head of state is the governor, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sabah">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a>, while the head of government is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sabah" title="Chief Minister of Sabah">chief minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sabah" title="Cabinet of Sabah">his Cabinet</a>. The government system is closely modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary system</a> and has one of the earliest state legislature systems in Malaysia. Sabah is divided into five administrative divisions and 27 districts. <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malay</a> is the official language of the state;<a href="#cite_note-official_language-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-English_restriction-22">[22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the state religion, but other religions may be practised.<a href="#cite_note-state_religion-23">[23]</a> Sabah is known for its traditional musical instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Sompoton" title="Sompoton">sompoton</a>. Sabah has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-oriented economy">export-oriented</a>. Its primary exports include oil, gas, timber and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a>. The other major industries are agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The origin of the name Sabah is uncertain, and many theories have arisen.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_history-24">[24]</a> One theory is that when it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian Sultanate</a>, it was referred to as Saba because of the presence a variety of banana called pisang saba (also known as pisang menurun),<a href="#cite_note-Sabah_origin-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymology-26">[26]</a> which are grown widely on the coast of the region and popular in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hanum1989-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau community</a> referred to it as pisang jaba.<a href="#cite_note-Hanum1989-27">[27]</a> While the name Saba also refers to <a href="/wiki/Saba_banana" title="Saba banana">a variety of banana</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a>. The word in Visayan means "noisy", which in turn is derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Sabhā meaning 'congregation, crowd' related to 'noisy mob'.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_history-24">[24]</a> Perhaps due to local dialect, the word Saba has been pronounced as Sabah by the local community.<a href="#cite_note-Sabah_origin-25">[25]</a> While Brunei was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> eulogy of <a href="/wiki/Nagarakretagama" title="Nagarakretagama">Nagarakretagama</a> described the area in what is now Sabah as Seludang.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sabah_origin-25">[25]</a> Although the Chinese since the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> had been associated with the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ancient_china-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> they did not have any specific names for the area. Instead during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, they referred to the whole island as Po Ni (also pronounced Bo Ni), which is the same name they used to refer to the Sultanate of Brunei at the time.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_history-24">[24]</a> Due to the location of Sabah in relation to Brunei, it has been suggested that Sabah was a <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a> word meaning upstream or "in a northerly direction".<a href="#cite_note-etymology-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Another theory suggests that it came from the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word sabak which means a place where <a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">palm sugar</a> is extracted.<a href="#cite_note-century-32">[32]</a> Sabah (صباح) is also an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word which means "morning". It is nicknamed "Land Below the Wind" (Negeri Di Bawah Bayu in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> or Pogun Siriba do Tongus in <a href="/wiki/Kadazandusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazandusun language">Kadazandusun language</a>) as the state lies below the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> belt of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and is not often hit by typhoons.<a href="#cite_note-land_below_the_wind-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Welman2017-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Malaysia" title="Prehistoric Malaysia">Prehistoric Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madai_Sabah_Madai-Cave-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Madai_Sabah_Madai-Cave-01.jpg/220px-Madai_Sabah_Madai-Cave-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Madai_Sabah_Madai-Cave-01.jpg/330px-Madai_Sabah_Madai-Cave-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Madai_Sabah_Madai-Cave-01.jpg/440px-Madai_Sabah_Madai-Cave-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5719" data-file-height="3813" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Madai_Cave" title="Madai Cave">Madai Cave</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest known human settlement in the region existed 20,000–30,000 years ago, as evidenced by stone tools and food remains found by excavations along the <a href="/wiki/Darvel_Bay" title="Darvel Bay">Darvel Bay</a> area at Madai-Baturong caves near the Tingkayu River.<a href="#cite_note-MacKinnon1996-36">[36]</a> The earliest inhabitants in the area were thought to be similar to <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>, but the reason for their disappearance is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_info-37">[37]</a> In 2003, archaeologists discovered the Mansuli valley in the <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu District</a>, which dates back 235,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The archaeological site at <a href="/wiki/Skull_Hill,_Malaysia" title="Skull Hill, Malaysia">Skull Hill</a> (Bukit Tengkorak) in <a href="/wiki/Semporna_District" title="Semporna District">Semporna District</a> was the largest pottery making site in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanates_of_Brunei_and_Sulu_influences">Sultanates of Brunei and Sulu influences</h3></div> During the 7th century AD, a settled community known as Vijayapura, a tributary to the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> empire, was thought to have existed in northwest Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton2000-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bala2005-42">[42]</a> The earliest independent kingdom in Borneo, supposed to have existed from the 9th century, was Po Ni, as recorded in the Chinese geographical treatise <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Huanyu_Ji" title="Taiping Huanyu Ji">Taiping Huanyu Ji</a>. It was believed that Po Ni existed at the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Brunei_River" title="Brunei River">Brunei River</a> and was the predecessor to the Bruneian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Bala2005-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> When China was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, all Chinese vassal states were subsequently controlled by the Mongol emperors of China. Early in 1292, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> is said to have sent an expedition to northern Borneo,<a href="#cite_note-Runciman2011-44">[44]</a> before departing for the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">invasion of Java</a> in 1293.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> As a result of this campaign, it is believed that many of his followers in addition to other Chinese traders eventually settled and established their own enclave at <a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_River" title="Kinabatangan River">Kinabatangan River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Runciman2011-44">[44]</a> In the 14th century, Brunei and Sulu were part of the Majapahit Empire but in 1369, Sulu and the other Philippine kingdoms successfully rebelled and Sulu even attacked Brunei which was still a Majapahit <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> the Sulus specifically invaded Northeast Borneo at Sabah<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> the Sulus were then repelled but Brunei became weakened.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1370, Brunei transferred its allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> China.<a href="#cite_note-Chinese_records-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vienne2015-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> Karna of Borneo then paid a visit to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> with his family until his death.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> He was succeeded by his son Hsia-wang who agreed to send tribute to China once every three years.<a href="#cite_note-Chinese_records-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vienne2015-51">[51]</a> After that, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a> came to northern Borneo with cargoes of spices, <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">bird nests</a>, shark fins, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wise1846-53">[53]</a> More Chinese traders eventually settled in Kinabatangan, as stated in both Brunei and Sulu records.<a href="#cite_note-Chinese_records-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a> A younger sister of <a href="/wiki/Ong_Sum_Ping" title="Ong Sum Ping">Ong Sum Ping</a> (Huang Senping), the governor of the Chinese settlement then married <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmad_of_Brunei" title="Sultan Ahmad of Brunei">Sultan Ahmad of Brunei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chinese_records-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Perhaps due to this relationship, a burial place with 2,000 wooden coffins, some estimated to be 1,000 years old, were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Agop_Batu_Tulug_Caves" title="Agop Batu Tulug Caves">Agop Batu Tulug Caves</a> and around the Kinabatangan Valley area.<a href="#cite_note-coffins-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It is believed that this type of funeral culture was brought by traders from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> to northern Borneo as similar wooden coffins were also discovered in these countries.<a href="#cite_note-coffins-56">[56]</a> This was in addition to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramics</a> from a shipwreck in <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau" title="Tanjung Simpang Mengayau">Tanjung Simpang Mengayau</a> estimated to be from between 960 and 1127 AD from the Song dynasty and the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_S%C6%A1n_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Đông Sơn drum">Đông Sơn drum</a> in Bukit Timbang Dayang on <a href="/wiki/Banggi_Island" title="Banggi Island">Banggi Island</a> that was between 2,000 and 2,500 years old.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_info-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2015-59">[59]</a> During the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bolkiah" title="Bolkiah">Bolkiah</a> of Brunei between 1485 and 1524, the sultanate extended over northern Borneo and the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>, as far as <a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maynila (historical entity)">Kota Seludong</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>) with its <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">influence</a> extending as far of <a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin" title="Banjarmasin">Banjarmasin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> taking advantage of maritime trade after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">fall of Malacca to the Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HoltLambton1977-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Brunei Malays</a> migrated to Sabah during this period, beginning after the Bruneian conquest of the territory in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_migration-63">[63]</a> But plagued by internal strife, civil war, piracy and the <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">arrival of western powers</a>, the Bruneian Empire began to shrink. The first Europeans to visit Brunei were the Portuguese, who described the capital of Brunei at the time as surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Stone_wall" title="Stone wall">stone wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HoltLambton1977-61">[61]</a> The Spanish followed, arriving soon after <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>'s death in 1521, when the remaining members of his expedition sailed to the islands of Balambangan and Banggi in the northern tip Borneo; later, in the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Castilian War</a> of 1578, the Spanish who had sailed from <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and had taken Manila from Brunei, unsuccessfully declared war on Brunei by briefly occupying the capital before abandoning it.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2015-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sidhu2009-64">[64]</a> The Sulu region gained its independence in 1578, forming the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Civil War">civil war broke out in Brunei</a> between sultans <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakkul_Mubin" title="Abdul Hakkul Mubin">Abdul Hakkul Mubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhyiddin_of_Brunei" title="Muhyiddin of Brunei">Muhyiddin</a>, the Sultan of Sulu asserted their claim to Brunei's territories in northern Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-Sidhu2009-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-myph-66">[66]</a> The Sulus claimed that Sultan Muhyiddin had promised to cede the northern and eastern portion of Borneo to them in compensation for their help in settling the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Sidhu2009-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> The territory seems have not been ceded formally, but the Sulus continued to claim the territory, with Brunei weakened and unable to resist.<a href="#cite_note-ssc-68">[68]</a> After the war with the Spanish, the area in northern Borneo began to fall under the influence of the Sulu Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-Sidhu2009-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Seafarers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafarers">seafaring</a> <a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a>-<a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illanun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Illanun people">Illanun people</a> then arrived from the Sulu Archipelago and started settling on the coasts of north and eastern Borneo,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> many of them fleeing from the oppression of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish colonialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Indonesian_demographic-70">[70]</a> While the thalassocratic Brunei and Sulu sultanates controlled the western and eastern coasts of Sabah respectively, the interior region remained largely independent from either kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Sultanate of Bulungan</a>'s influence was limited to the Tawau area,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> which came under the influence of the Sulu Sultanate before gaining its own rule after the 1878 treaty between the British and Spanish governments.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_North_Borneo">British North Borneo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol of 1885</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Concession of Sabah</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Concession_of_Sabah_(Brunei)_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/160px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/240px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg/320px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Brunei%29_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7492" data-file-height="10580" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Momin" title="Abdul Momin">Abdul Momin</a> of Brunei on 29 December 1877<a href="#cite_note-century-32">[32]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Concession_of_Sabah_(Sulu)_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/160px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/240px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg/320px-Concession_of_Sabah_%28Sulu%29_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7414" data-file-height="10546" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan Jamal ul-Azam of Sulu on 22 January 1878<a href="#cite_note-ssc-68">[68]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In 1761, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a>, an officer of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, concluded an agreement with the Sultan of Sulu to allow him to set up a trading post in northern Borneo, although this was to prove a failure.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a> in 1763, the British freed Sultan <a href="/wiki/Azim_ud-Din_I_of_Sulu" title="Azim ud-Din I of Sulu">Alimuddin</a> of Sulu from the Spanish and allowed him to return to his throne;<a href="#cite_note-Sulu_Archipelago-75">[75]</a> this was welcomed by the Sulu people and by 1765, Dalrymple managed to obtain <a href="/wiki/Balambangan_Island" title="Balambangan Island">Balambangan Island</a> off the north coast of Borneo, having concluded a Treaty of Alliance and Commerce with the Sultan Alimuddin as a sign of gratitude for the British aid.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sulu_Archipelago-75">[75]</a> A small British factory was then established in 1773 on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> The British saw the island as a suitable location to control the trade route in the East, capable of diverting trade from the Spanish port of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and the Dutch port of <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> especially with its strategic location between the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> But the British abandoned the island two years later when <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in the Sulu Sea">Sulu pirates</a> began attacking.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a> This forced the British to seek refuge in Brunei in 1774, and to temporarily abandon their attempts to find alternative sites for the factory.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> Although an attempt was made in 1803 to turn Balambangan into a military station,<a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a> the British did not re-establish any further trading posts in the region until <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">founded Singapore</a> in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> In 1846, the Sultan of Brunei ceded the island of <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> on the west coast of Sabah to Britain through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labuan" title="Treaty of Labuan">Treaty of Labuan</a>, and in 1848 it became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">British Crown Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a> Seeing the presence of British in Labuan, the American consul in Brunei, Claude Lee Moses, obtained a ten-year lease in 1865 for a piece of land in northern Borneo. Moses then passed the land to the <a href="/wiki/American_Trading_Company_of_Borneo" title="American Trading Company of Borneo">American Trading Company of Borneo</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Torrey" title="Joseph William Torrey">Joseph William Torrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradley_Harris" title="Thomas Bradley Harris">Thomas Bradley Harris</a> and Chinese investors.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2016-76">[76]</a> The company choose <a href="/wiki/Kimanis" title="Kimanis">Kimanis</a> (which they renamed "Ellena") as a site for a settlement. Requests for financial backing from the US government proved futile and the settlement was later abandoned. Before he left, Torrey managed to sell all his rights to the Austrian Consul in Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Overbeck" title="Gustav Overbeck">Gustav von Overbeck</a>. Overbeck then went to Brunei, where he met the <a href="/wiki/Temenggong" title="Temenggong">Temenggong</a> to renew the <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">concession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2016-76">[76]</a> Brunei agreed to cede all territory in northern Borneo under its control, with the Sultan receiving an annual payment of 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish dollars</a>, while the Temenggong received a sum of 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> In 1872, the Sultanate of Sulu granted use of an area of land in the Sandakan Bay to William Frederick Schuck, a former agent of the German consular service who had lived on the Sulu island of <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a> since 1864. The arrival of German warship Nymph at the Sulu Sea in 1872 to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Sulu-Spanish conflict</a> made the sultanate believe Schuck was connected with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Germany">German government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The sultanate authorised Schuck to establish a trading port to monopolise the <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> trade in the northeast coast, where Schuck could operate freely, without the Spanish blockade.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> He continued this operation until this land also was ceded to Overbeck, with the Sultan receiving an annual payment of $5,000, by a treaty signed in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-Brunei_history-67">[67]</a> After a series of transfers, Overbeck tried to sell the territory to <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> but they rejected his offer.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2016-76">[76]</a> Overbeck then co-operated with the British Dent brothers (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dent" title="Alfred Dent">Alfred Dent</a> and Edward Dent) for financial backing to develop the land, with the Dent company persuading him that any investors would need guarantees of British military and diplomatic support.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2016-76">[76]</a> Overbeck agreed to this co-operation, especially with regard to the counterclaims of the Sultan of Sulu, part of whose territory in the Sulu Archipelago had been occupied by Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald2016-76">[76]</a> Overbeck, however, withdrew in 1879 and his treaty rights were transferred to Alfred Dent, who in 1881 formed the North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd to administer the territory.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the following year, <a href="/wiki/Kudat" title="Kudat">Kudat</a> was made its capital but due to frequent pirate attacks, the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton2000-41">[41]</a> To prevent further disputes over intervention, the governments of the United Kingdom, Spain and Germany signed the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Protocol_of_1885" title="Madrid Protocol of 1885">Madrid Protocol of 1885</a>, recognising the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> over the Sulu Archipelago in return for the relinquishment of all Spanish claims over northern Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The arrival of the company brought prosperity to the residents of northern Borneo, with the company allowing indigenous communities to continue their traditional lifestyles, but imposing laws against <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic feuds</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, and piracy.<a href="#cite_note-Skutsch2013-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-bnbm-84">[84]</a> North Borneo then became a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the United Kingdom in 1888 despite facing local resistance from 1894 to 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion" title="Mat Salleh Rebellion">Mat Salleh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antanum" title="Antanum">Antanum</a> in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-bnbm-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Japanese occupation of British Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_civilians_and_soldiers,_Tawao_(AWM_121707).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Japanese_civilians_and_soldiers%2C_Tawao_%28AWM_121707%29.JPG/220px-Japanese_civilians_and_soldiers%2C_Tawao_%28AWM_121707%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Japanese_civilians_and_soldiers%2C_Tawao_%28AWM_121707%29.JPG/330px-Japanese_civilians_and_soldiers%2C_Tawao_%28AWM_121707%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Japanese_civilians_and_soldiers%2C_Tawao_%28AWM_121707%29.JPG/440px-Japanese_civilians_and_soldiers%2C_Tawao_%28AWM_121707%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese civilians and soldiers</a> prior to their embarkation to Jesselton after their surrender to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> (AIF) in <a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a> on 21 October 1945.</figcaption></figure> The Japanese forces landed in Labuan on 3 January 1942,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and later invaded the rest of northern Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a> From 1942 to 1945, Japanese forces occupied North Borneo, along with most of the rest of the island, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. The British saw Japanese advances in the area as motivated by political and territorial ambitions rather than economic factors.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The residing British and the locals were compelled to obey and gave in to the brutality of the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-Three_Came_Home-87">[87]</a> The occupation drove many people from coastal towns to the interior, fleeing the Japanese and seeking food.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> generally appeared to be favoured by the Japanese, although some of them faced repression, whilst other groups such as the Chinese and indigenous peoples were severely repressed.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The Chinese were already resisting the Japanese occupation, especially with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino-Japanese War</a> in mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Local Chinese formed a resistance, known as the Kinabalu Guerillas, led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kwok" title="Albert Kwok">Albert Kwok</a>, with broad support from various ethnic groups in northern Borneo such as <a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a>, Murut, Suluk and Illanun peoples. The movement was also supported by <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Harun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Harun">Mustapha Harun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gin2010-91">[91]</a> Kwok along with many other sympathisers were, however, executed after the Japanese foiled their movement in the <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesselton Revolt">Jesselton Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a> to retake the territory, <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> bombed most of the major towns under Japanese control, including Sandakan, which was razed to the ground. The Japanese ran a brutal <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> camp known as <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_camp" title="Sandakan camp">Sandakan camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The majority of the POWs were British and Australian soldiers captured after the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">fall of Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The prisoners suffered inhuman conditions, and amidst continuous Allied bombardments, the Japanese forced them to marchto <a href="/wiki/Ranau_District" title="Ranau District">Ranau</a>, about 260 kilometres (160 mi) away, in an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandakan Death March">Sandakan Death March</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The number of prisoners were reduced to 2,345, with many of them killed en route either by <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> or by the Japanese. Only six of the several hundred Australian prisoners lived to see the war's end.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In addition, of the total of 17,488 <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> labourers brought in by the Japanese during the occupation, only 1,500 survived mainly due to starvation, harsh working conditions and maltreatment.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-88">[88]</a> In March 1945, Australian forces launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Agas" title="Operation Agas">Operation Agas</a> to gather intelligence in the region and launch guerrilla warfare against the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-AWM-98">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Forces</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">Battle of North Borneo</a> on 10 June 1945.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Japan's remaining forces surrendered on September 2 1945, following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_crown_colony">British crown colony</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony of North Borneo</a></div> After the Japanese surrender, North Borneo was administered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Borneo)" title="British Military Administration (Borneo)">British Military Administration</a> and on 15 July 1946 became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">British Crown colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_edu-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-cc-102">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Crown Colony of Labuan</a> was integrated into this new colony. During the ceremony, both the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag of the Republic of China</a> were raised from the bullet-ridden Jesselton Survey Hall building.<a href="#cite_note-cc-102">[102]</a> The Chinese were represented by Philip Lee who had been part of the resistance movement against the Japanese and who eventually supported the transfer of power to the Crown colony.<a href="#cite_note-cc-102">[102]</a> He said: "Let their blood be the pledge of what we wish to be—<a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">His Majesty</a>'s most devoted subjects."<a href="#cite_note-cc-102">[102]</a> Due to massive destruction in Sandakan during the war, Jesselton was chosen to replace the capital whilst the Crown continued to rule North Borneo until 1963. The Crown colony government established many departments to oversee the welfare of its residents and to revive the economy of North Borneo after the war.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Upon <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%9365)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1946–65)">Philippine independence in 1946</a>, seven of the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Islands,_Tawi-Tawi" title="Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi">Turtle Islands</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mapun,_Tawi-Tawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapun, Tawi-Tawi">Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangsee_Islands" title="Mangsee Islands">Mangsee Islands</a>) off the north coast of Borneo were ceded to the Philippines as had been negotiated by the American and British colonial governments.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a>, <a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabah_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_(16_September_1963).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sabah_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg/220px-Sabah_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sabah_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg/330px-Sabah_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Sabah_during_the_formation_of_Malaysia_%2816_September_1963%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fuad_Stephens" title="Fuad Stephens">Donald Stephens</a> (left) declaring the forming of the Federation of Malaysia at <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Merdeka Square, Kota Kinabalu">Merdeka Square</a>, Jesselton on 16 September 1963. Together with him was the then <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia">Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Hussein" title="Abdul Razak Hussein">Tun Abdul Razak</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Harun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Harun">Mustapha Harun</a> (second right).</figcaption></figure> On 31 August 1963, North Borneo <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Day" title="Sabah Day">attained self-governance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tna-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Porritt1997-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SG-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cobbold_Commission" title="Cobbold Commission">Cobbold Commission</a> had been set up in 1962, to determine whether the people of Sabah and Sarawak favoured the proposed union of a new federation called Malaysia, and found that the union was generally favoured by the people.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Most ethnic community leaders of Sabah, namely, Mustapha Harun representing the native Muslims, <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Stephens" title="Fuad Stephens">Donald Stephens</a> representing the non-Muslim natives, and Khoo Siak Chew representing the Chinese, would eventually support the union.<a href="#cite_note-Gin2010-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> After a discussion culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a>, on 16 September 1963 North Borneo (as Sabah) was united with Malaya, Sarawak and Singapore, to form the independent <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> From before the formation of Malaysia until 1966, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> adopted a hostile policy towards British-backed Malaya, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a> after Malaysia was established.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The war stemmed from what Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> perceived as an expansion of British influence in the region and his intention to wrest control over all of Borneo under the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesian</a> concept.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, beginning with president <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> on 22 June 1962, <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">claimed Sabah</a> through the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu.<a href="#cite_note-PH_claim-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-PH_claim_research-114">[114]</a> Macapagal, considering Sabah to be property of the Sultanate of Sulu, saw the attempt to integrate Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei into the Federation of Malaysia as "trying to impose authority of Malaya into these states".<a href="#cite_note-PH_claim-113">[113]</a> Following the successful formation of Malaysia, Donald Stephens became the first chief minister of Sabah. The first <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertua Negara">Yang di-Pertua Negara</a> (which later changed to <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a> in 1976) was Mustapha Harun.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The leaders of Sabah demanded that their <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> be respected, that all lands in the territory be under the power of state government, and that native customs and traditions be respected and upheld by the federal government; declaring that in return Sabahans would pledge their loyalty to the Malaysian federal government. An <a href="/wiki/Keningau_Oath_Stone" title="Keningau Oath Stone">oath stone</a> was officiated by Donald Stephens on 31 August 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Keningau" title="Keningau">Keningau</a> as a remembrance to the agreement and promise for reference in the future.<a href="#cite_note-oath_stone_story-116">[116]</a> Sabah held its first state election in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In the same year, the name of the state capital was changed from "Jesselton" to "<a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a>".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> An <a href="/wiki/1976_Sabah_Air_GAF_Nomad_crash" title="1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash">airplane crash</a> on 6 June 1976 killed Stephens along with four other state cabinet ministers.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On 14 June 1976, the state <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sabah" title="Government of Sabah">government of Sabah</a> led by the new chief minister <a href="/wiki/Harris_Salleh" title="Harris Salleh">Harris Salleh</a> signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a>, the federal government-owned oil and gas company, granting it the right to extract and earn revenue from petroleum found in the territorial waters of Sabah in exchange for 5% in annual revenue as <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> based on the 1974 Petroleum Development Act.<a href="#cite_note-KincaidShah2007-120">[120]</a> The state government of Sabah ceded <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> to the Malaysian federal government, and Labuan became a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Territory (Malaysia)">federal territory</a> on 16 April 1984.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2000, the state capital Kota Kinabalu was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">city status</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia" title="List of cities in Malaysia">6th city in Malaysia</a> and the first city in the state.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Prior to a <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">territorial dispute</a> between Indonesia and Malaysia since 1969 over two islands of <a href="/wiki/Ligitan" title="Ligitan">Ligitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sipadan" title="Sipadan">Sipadan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) made a final decision to award both islands to Malaysia in 2002 based on their "effective occupation".<a href="#cite_note-Justice2003-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-court_result-124">[124]</a> In February 2013, Sabah's <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu District</a> was <a href="/wiki/2013_Lahad_Datu_standoff" title="2013 Lahad Datu standoff">penetrated</a> by followers of <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_III" title="Jamalul Kiram III">Jamalul Kiram III</a>, the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Sulu" title="List of sultans of Sulu">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a>. In response, Malaysian military forces were deployed to the region, which resulted in 68 deaths (58 Sultanate militants, nine Malaysian security personnel, and six civilians). Following the elimination of insurgents, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Command" title="Eastern Sabah Security Command">Eastern Sabah Security Command</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sabah" title="Government of Sabah">Government of Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sabah" title="Cabinet of Sabah">Cabinet of Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sabah State Legislative Assembly">Sabah State Legislative Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" title="Politics of Malaysia">Politics of Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Table_of_precedence_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of precedence of Sabah">Table of precedence of Sabah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Sabah-State-Administrative-Centre-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4230" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Administrative_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah State Administrative Centre">State Administrative Building</a> (right), behind the <a href="/wiki/Wisma_Innoprise" title="Wisma Innoprise">Wisma Innoprise</a> (left).</figcaption></figure> Sabah (together with its neighbour Sarawak) has a greater level of autonomy in administration, immigration, and judiciary which differentiates it from the Malaysian Peninsula states. The <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> although its functions are largely ceremonial.<a href="#cite_note-state_government_structure-127">[127]</a> Next in the hierarchy are the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Undangan Negeri">state legislative assembly</a> and the state cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-state_government_structure-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Sabah">chief minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> as well the leader of the state cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-state_government_structure-127">[127]</a> The legislature is based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> and therefore the chief minister is appointed based on his or her ability to command the majority of the state assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> While local authorities being fully appointed by the state government owing to the suspension of local elections by the federal government. Legislation regarding state elections is within the powers of the federal government and not the state.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a> The assembly meets at the state capital, Kota Kinabalu. Members of the state assembly are elected from 73 constituencies which are delineated by the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Malaysia" title="Election Commission of Malaysia">Election Commission of Malaysia</a> and do not necessarily have the same voter population sizes.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A general election for representatives in the state assembly must be held every five years, when the seats are subject of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for all citizens above 21 years of age. Sabah is also represented in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">federal parliament</a> by 25 members elected from the same number of constituencies. Prior to the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the then <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">North Borneo interim government</a> submitted a <a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreement</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malayan government</a> as conditions before North Borneo would join the federation. Subsequently, North Borneo legislative assembly agreed on the formation of Malaysia on the conditions that North Borneo's rights would be safeguarded. North Borneo then entered Malaysia as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous entity">autonomous</a> state with autonomous laws in immigration control and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">Native Customary Rights</a> (NCR), and the territory name was changed to "Sabah". However, under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/United_Sabah_National_Organisation" title="United Sabah National Organisation">United Sabah National Organisation</a> (USNO) led by Mustapha Harun, this autonomy has been gradually eroded with federal government influence and hegemony with a popular belief amongst Sabahans that both USNO and UMNO have been working together in permitting <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrants_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrants in Malaysia">illegal immigrants</a> from the southern Philippines and Indonesia to stay in the state and become citizens to vote for Muslim parties.<a href="#cite_note-Sadiq2008-130">[130]</a> This was continued under the <a href="/wiki/Sabah_People%27s_United_Front" title="Sabah People's United Front">Sabah People's United Front</a> (BERJAYA) administration led by Harris Salleh with a total of 73,000 <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Filipino refugees</a> from the southern Philippines were registered.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In addition, the cession of Labuan island to federal government by the Sabah state government under BERJAYA rule and unequal sharing and exploitation of Sabah's resources of petroleum have become grievances often raised by Sabahans, which has resulted in strong anti-federal sentiments and even occasional call for <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the federation amongst the people of Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-88">[88]</a> Those who spread secession agenda often landed in law enforcement hand due to the controversial ISA act, such as <a href="/wiki/1991_Sabah_political_arrests" title="1991 Sabah political arrests">1991 Sabah political arrests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_DewanUndanganNegeriSabah-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly_Building" title="Sabah State Legislative Assembly Building">Sabah State Legislative Assembly Building</a> in Kota Kinabalu.</figcaption></figure> Until the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 2008">2008 Malaysian general election</a>, Sabah along with the states of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a>, were the only three states in Malaysia that had ever been ruled by <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Opposition (Malaysia)">opposition parties</a> not part of the ruling BN coalition. Under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pairin_Kitingan" title="Joseph Pairin Kitingan">Joseph Pairin Kitingan</a>, PBS formed the state government after winning the <a href="/wiki/Sabah_state_election,_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah state election, 1985">1985 state election</a> and ruled Sabah until 1994. In the <a href="/wiki/Sabah_state_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah state election, 1994">1994 state election</a>, despite PBS winning the elections, subsequent cross-overs of PBS assembly members to the BN component party resulted in BN having the majority of seats and hence took over the helm of the state government.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> A unique feature of Sabah politics was a policy initiated by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Mahathir Mohamad</a> in 1994 whereby the chief minister's post is rotated among the coalition parties every two years regardless of the party in power at the time, thus theoretically giving an equal amount of time for each major ethnic group to rule the state. However, in practice, this system was problematic as it is too short for any leader to carry out long-term plans.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> This practice was then since stopped.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Political intervention by the federal authorities, for example, an introduction and later abolition of the chief minister's post and earlier <a href="/wiki/1986_Sabah_riots" title="1986 Sabah riots">PBS-BERJAYA conflict in 1985</a>, along with co-opting rival factions in East Malaysia, are examples of political tactics used by the then UMNO-led federal government to control and manage the autonomous power of the Borneo states.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The federal government however tend to view that these actions are justifiable as the display of <a href="/wiki/Parish_pump_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish pump politics">parochialism</a> amongst East Malaysians is not in harmony with nation building. This complicated Federal-State relationship has become a source of major contention in Sabah politics.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-88">[88]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Juhar_Mahiruddin" title="Juhar Mahiruddin"><img alt="Juhar Mahiruddin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Juhar_Mahiruddin.jpg/100px-Juhar_Mahiruddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Juhar_Mahiruddin.jpg/150px-Juhar_Mahiruddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Juhar_Mahiruddin.jpg/200px-Juhar_Mahiruddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="2759" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah">Yang di-Pertua Negeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juhar_Mahiruddin" title="Juhar Mahiruddin">Juhar Mahiruddin</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Hajiji_Noor" title="Hajiji Noor"><img alt="Shafie Apdal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hajiji_Noor.png/128px-Hajiji_Noor.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Hajiji_Noor.png 1.5x" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="188" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Sabah">Chief Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajiji_Noor" title="Hajiji Noor">Hajiji Noor</a></div></div></div></div></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_general_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian general election, 2018">2018 general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafie_Apdal" title="Shafie Apdal">Shafie Apdal</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Heritage_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Heritage Party">Sabah Heritage Party</a> (WARISAN) secured an electoral pact with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)">Democratic Action Party</a> (DAP) and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">People's Justice Party</a> (PKR) of the <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) coalition. On 9 May 2018, this coalition and the Barisan Nasional ended in a tie.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> However, as six BN elected representatives crossed over to WARISAN,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and after a short-lived constitutional crisis,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> a coalition of WARISAN, DAP and PKR formed a majority government on 12 May 2018 and became effective since that day.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In conjunction with the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Malaysia Day</a> in 2018 under the new government, Prime Minister Mahathir has promised to restore Sabah (together with Sarawak) status as an equal partner to Malaya who together forming the Malaysian federation in accordance to the Malaysia Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> However, through the process of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Proposed_2019_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia</a> in 2019, the first bill for the amendment failed to pass following the failure to reach two-thirds majority support (148 votes) in the Parliament with only 138 agreed with the move while 59 abstained from the voting.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Subsequently, a <a href="/wiki/2021_amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia">second bill</a> for the amendment was tabled in 2021 and was passed unanimously by the Malaysian Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_division">Administrative division</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">Districts of Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia" title="List of local governments in Malaysia">List of local governments in Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sabah" title="Local government in Sabah">Local government in Sabah</a></div> Sabah consists of five administrative divisions, which are in turn divided into 27 districts. For each district, the state government appoints a village headman (known as ketua kampung) for each village. The administrative divisions were inherited from the provinces of the British administration.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> During the British rule, a <a href="/wiki/Resident_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident (title)">Resident</a> was appointed to govern each division and provided with a palace (Istana).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The post of the Resident was abolished and replaced with district officers for each of the district when North Borneo became part of Malaysia. As in the rest of Malaysia, local government comes under the purview of state government.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a> However, ever since the suspension of local government elections in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, which was much less intense in Sabah than it was in the rest of the country, there have been no local elections. Local authorities have their officials appointed by the executive council of the state government.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Divisions_and_districts_of_Sabah_%28blank%29.svg/600px-Divisions_and_districts_of_Sabah_%28blank%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="540" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Divisions_and_districts_of_Sabah_%28blank%29.svg/900px-Divisions_and_districts_of_Sabah_%28blank%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Divisions_and_districts_of_Sabah_%28blank%29.svg/1200px-Divisions_and_districts_of_Sabah_%28blank%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1080" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:48px; top:256px"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:334px"><a href="/wiki/Keningau" title="Keningau">Keningau</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:228px; top:130px"><a href="/wiki/Kudat" title="Kudat">Kudat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:390px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:360px; top:484px"><a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-6px; top:370px"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">BRUNEI</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:198px; top:502px"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">INDONESIA</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:474px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">PHILIPPINES</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:0px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">ꜰ.ᴛ. ʟᴀʙᴜᴀɴ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:12px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">sᴀʀᴀᴡᴀᴋ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:22px"><a href="/wiki/Balabac_Strait" title="Balabac Strait">Balabac Strait</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:570px; top:472px"><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:24px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:474px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:32px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kudat_Division" title="Kudat Division">Kudat Division</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:60px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Division" title="West Coast Division">West Coast Division</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:88px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Interior_Division" title="Interior Division">Interior Division</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:116px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Division" title="Sandakan Division">Sandakan Division</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:34px; top:144px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tawau_Division" title="Tawau Division">Tawau Division</a></div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; width: 650px;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Division</a></th> <th style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">Districts</a> </th> <th>Subdistricts</th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Population (2010)<a href="#cite_note-total_population-155">[155]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">1 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Division" title="West Coast Division">West Coast Division</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_District" title="Kota Kinabalu District">Kota Kinabalu</a></td> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:right;">7,588</td> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:right;">1,067,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Penampang_District" title="Penampang District">Penampang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Putatan_District" title="Putatan District">Putatan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Papar_District" title="Papar District">Papar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tuaran_District" title="Tuaran District">Tuaran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tamparuli </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Kiulu </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud_District" title="Kota Belud District">Kota Belud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ranau_District" title="Ranau District">Ranau</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">2 </th> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Division" title="Interior Division">Interior Division</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_District" title="Beaufort District">Beaufort</a></td> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:right;">18,298</td> <td rowspan="8" style="text-align:right;">424,534 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Penyu_District" title="Kuala Penyu District">Kuala Penyu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Menumbok </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sipitang_District" title="Sipitang District">Sipitang</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Long_Pasia" title="Long Pasia">Long Pasia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tambunan_District" title="Tambunan District">Tambunan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Keningau_District" title="Keningau District">Keningau</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sook </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenom_District" title="Tenom District">Tenom</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Kemabong </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nabawan_District" title="Nabawan District">Nabawan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pagalungan </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Membakut_District" title="Membakut District">Membakut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">3 </th> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kudat_Division" title="Kudat Division">Kudat Division</a></td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kudat_District" title="Kudat District">Kudat</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Banggi</td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:right;">4,623</td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:right;">192,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Matunggong </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pitas_District" title="Pitas District">Pitas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_District" title="Kota Marudu District">Kota Marudu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">4 </th> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Division" title="Sandakan Division">Sandakan Division</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_District" title="Sandakan District">Sandakan</a></td> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:right;">28,205</td> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:right;">702,207 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Beluran_District" title="Beluran District">Beluran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Paitan </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Telupid_District" title="Telupid District">Telupid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tongod_District,_Malaysia" title="Tongod District, Malaysia">Tongod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_District" title="Kinabatangan District">Kinabatangan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">5 </th> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tawau_Division" title="Tawau Division">Tawau Division</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tawau_District" title="Tawau District">Tawau</a></td> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:right;">14,905</td> <td rowspan="5" style="text-align:right;">819,955 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_District" title="Kalabakan District">Kalabakan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Semporna_District" title="Semporna District">Semporna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kunak_District" title="Kunak District">Kunak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tungku </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Cross border attacks in Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Command" title="Eastern Sabah Security Command">Eastern Sabah Security Command</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Zone" title="Eastern Sabah Security Zone">Eastern Sabah Security Zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Semporna_Sabah_ESSCOM-soldiers-04_(extracted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Semporna_Sabah_ESSCOM-soldiers-04_%28extracted%29.jpg/170px-Semporna_Sabah_ESSCOM-soldiers-04_%28extracted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Semporna_Sabah_ESSCOM-soldiers-04_%28extracted%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Army" title="Malaysian Army">Malaysian Army</a> soldier armed with <a href="/wiki/M4_carbine" title="M4 carbine">Colt M4</a> standing guard in Sabah east coast as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Command" title="Eastern Sabah Security Command">Eastern Sabah Security Command</a> (ESSCOM).</figcaption></figure> The Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia states that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian federal government</a> is solely responsible for foreign policy and military forces in the country.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Before the formation of Malaysia, North Borneo security was the responsibility of Great Britain, Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In the wake of threats of "annexation" from the Philippines after President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> signed a bill by including Sabah as part the Republic of the Philippines on its maritime baselines in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Act of Congress</a> on 18 September 1968,<a href="#cite_note-Wah1974-158">[158]</a> the British responds in the next day by sending their <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">Hawker Hunter</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter-bomber" title="Fighter-bomber">fighter-bomber</a> jets to Kota Kinabalu with the jets stopped over at the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Air_Base" title="Clark Air Base">Clark Air Base</a> not far from the Philippines capital of Manila.<a href="#cite_note-Chin1983-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> senior officer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Carver,_Baron_Carver" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Carver, Baron Carver">Michael Carver</a> then reminded the Philippines that Britain would honour its obligations under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Malayan_Defence_Agreement" title="Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement">Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement</a> (AMDA) if fighting broke out.<a href="#cite_note-Chin1983-159">[159]</a> In addition, a large flotilla of British warships would sail to Philippines waters near Sabah en route from Singapore along with the participation of <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-Chin1983-159">[159]</a> The AMDA treaty have since been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a> (FPDA) although the present treaty does not include East Malaysian states as its main priority, British security protection intervention can still be included over the two states.<a href="#cite_note-Wah1974-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-fpda-160">[160]</a> Citing in 1971 when British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> been asked in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Parliament of London</a> on what threats the British intended to counter under the FPDA, the Prime Minister replied: to "forces outside [Malaysia] in southern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and north of the Malaysian border".<a href="#cite_note-161">[note 1]</a> The area in eastern Sabah facing the southern Philippines and northern Indonesia have since been put under the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Command" title="Eastern Sabah Security Command">Eastern Sabah Security Command</a> (ESSCOM) and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sabah_Security_Zone" title="Eastern Sabah Security Zone">Eastern Sabah Security Zone</a> (ESSZONE) following the infiltration of militants, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrants">illegal immigrants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> of goods and subsidies items into and from the southern Philippines and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_disputes">Territorial disputes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ligitan_and_Sipadan_dispute" title="Ligitan and Sipadan dispute">Ligitan and Sipadan dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands_dispute" title="Spratly Islands dispute">Spratly Islands dispute</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_British_North_Borneo,_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG/220px-Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG/330px-Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG/440px-Map_of_British_North_Borneo%2C_yellow_area_covered_by_the_Philippine_claim.PNG 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Map of the British North Borneo with the yellow area covered the Philippine claim to eastern Sabah, presented by the Philippine Government to ICJ on 25 June 2001.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></figcaption></figure> Sabah has had several territorial disputes with neighbouring Indonesia and the Philippines. In 2002, both Malaysia and Indonesia submitted to arbitration by the ICJ on a territorial dispute over the Ligitan and Sipadan islands which were later won by Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Justice2003-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-court_result-124">[124]</a> There are also several other disputes yet to be settled with Indonesia over the overlapping claims on the <a href="/wiki/Ambalat" title="Ambalat">Ambalat</a> continental shelf in the Celebes Sea and land border dispute between Sabah and <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Malaysia's claim over a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands">Spratly Islands</a> is also based on sharing a continental shelf with Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The Philippines claims much of eastern Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-Chinese_records-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-myph-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> It claims that the territory is connected with the Sultanate of Sulu and was only leased to the North Borneo Chartered Company in 1878 with the Sultanate's sovereignty never being relinquished.<a href="#cite_note-PH_claim_research-114">[114]</a> Malaysia however, considers this dispute as a "non-issue", as it interprets the 1878 agreement as that of <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">cession</a> and that it deems that the residents of Sabah had exercised their right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> when they joined to form the Malaysian federation in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> A group of 200 armed Filipinos identifying themselves as the Royal Security Forces of the Sultanate of Sulu and North Borneo landed in the district of <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu" title="Lahad Datu">Lahad Datu</a> and took control of the Tanduo village in 2013, with the objective of reinforcing the Philippine claim over the eastern region of Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> This Lahad Datu incident resulted in the deaths of 52 members of the Sulu group and eight Malaysian police officers.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Before this incident, Malaysia continued to pay an annual cession payment amounting to roughly $1,000 to the indirect heirs of the Sultan honoring an 1878 agreement, where <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> – today’s Sabah – was conceded by the Sultan of Sulu to a British company.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> However, the Malaysian government halted the payments after this incident. As a result, the self-proclaimed Sulu heirs pursued this case for legal arbitration vis-a-vis the original commercial deal. Since then, the Sulu claimants have been accused of “forum shopping”.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> In 2017, the heirs showed their intention to start arbitration in Spain and asked for $32.2 billion in compensation. In 2019, Malaysia responded for the first time. The attorney general at the time offered to start making yearly payments again and to pay 48,000 Malaysian ringgit (about $10,400) for past dues and interest, but only if the heirs gave up their claim.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> The heirs did not accept this offer and the case, led by Spanish arbiter <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Stampa" title="Gonzalo Stampa">Gonzalo Stampa</a>, continued without Malaysia being involved. In February 2022, Gonzalo Stampa awarded US$14.9 billion to the Sultan of Sulu’s heirs, who then attempted to enforce the award against Malaysian state-owned assets around the world. <a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> It is noteworthy that on 27 June 2023, the Hague Court of Appeal dismissed the Sulus’ bid and ruled in favor of the Malaysian government, which hailed the decision as a "landmark victory".<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> In 2024 Stampa was convicted of contempt of court for "knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice", and sentenced to six months in prison.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> The Philippine claim can be originated based on three historical events; such as the Brunei Civil War from 1660 until 1673, treaty between <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulungan_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulungan Sultanate">Bulungan Sultanate</a> in 1850 and treaty between Sultan Jamal ul-Azam with Overbeck in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-myph-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-SullivanLeong1981-178">[177]</a> Further attempts by several Filipino politicians such as Ferdinand Marcos to "destabilise" Sabah proved to be futile and led to the <a href="/wiki/Jabidah_massacre" title="Jabidah massacre">Jabidah massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor Island</a>, Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Chin1983-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> As a consequence, this led the Malaysian government to once supporting the <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro conflict in the Philippines">insurgency in southern Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hts-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Although the Philippine claim to Sabah has not been actively pursued for some years, some Filipino politicians have promised to bring it up again,<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> while the Malaysian government have asked the Philippines not to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Malaysia–Philippines relations">threaten ties</a> over such issue.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> To further discourage pursuit of the claim the Malaysian government passed a <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> trade ban, at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police" title="Royal Malaysia Police">Royal Malaysia Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister</a>, between Malaysia and the Philippines as it was seen to only benefit one side while threatening the security of the state.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> The ban was positively received by many Sabahans, although there was opposition from <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Malaysia)" title="Opposition (Malaysia)">other political parties</a> as well as from the residents of neighbouring Philippine islands due to a sharp rise in living costs after the ban took effect.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> Barter trade activity was resumed on 1 February 2017 upon the agreement by both Malaysian and the Philippine authorities to fortify their respective borders with increased surveillance and security enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-economy_resumed-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Despite the return of barter trade activity, the state of Sabah maintained that they will remain vigilant in trading with the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> In 2016, Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> and Malaysian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Najib_Razak" title="Najib Razak">Najib Razak</a> have agreed to set aside the two countries' dispute over Sabah for the meantime.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_(alternate,_borderless).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_%28alternate%2C_borderless%29.png/220px-Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_%28alternate%2C_borderless%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_%28alternate%2C_borderless%29.png/330px-Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_%28alternate%2C_borderless%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_%28alternate%2C_borderless%29.png/440px-Haiyan_2013-11-07_1345Z_%28alternate%2C_borderless%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1994" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>Sabah is located south of the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> belt, making it insusceptible to the devastating effects of the typhoons which frequently batter the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-land_below_the_wind-33">[33]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan" title="Typhoon Haiyan">Typhoon Haiyan</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a></figcaption></figure> The total land area of Sabah is nearly 73,904 square kilometres (28,534 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-statistics-192">[191]</a> surrounded by the South China Sea in the west, Sulu Sea in the northeast and Celebes Sea in the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-sbh-2">[2]</a> Sabah has a total of 1,743 kilometres (1,083 mi) coastline, of which 295.5 kilometres (183.6 mi) have been <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">eroding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Because of Sabah coastline facing three seas, the state receive an extensive marine resources.<a href="#cite_note-fishdept-194">[193]</a> In 1961, Sabah including neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, which had been included in the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) through the participation of the United Kingdom, became joint associate members of the IMO.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) is much larger towards the South China Sea and Celebes Sea than to the Sulu Sea.<a href="#cite_note-geo-196">[195]</a> The state coastline is covered with <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">nipah</a> forests. The mangroves cover about 331,325 hectares of the state land and constitute 57% of the total mangroves in the country.<a href="#cite_note-geo-196">[195]</a> Both coastal areas in the west coast and east coast are entirely dominating by sand beaches, while in sheltered areas the sand was mixed with mud.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> The northern area of <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau" title="Tanjung Simpang Mengayau">Tanjung Simpang Mengayau</a> has a type of <a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">pocket beach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> The areas in the west coast has a large freshwater <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, with the Klias Peninsula hosts a large area of tidal wetlands<a href="#cite_note-Mojiol2006-199">[198]</a> and a wetland centre known as the <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_Wetland_Centre" title="Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre">Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre</a> was designated as a <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> The western part of Sabah is generally mountainous, containing three highest peak. The main <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Crocker_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocker Range">Crocker Range</a> with several mountains varying height from about 1,000 metres to 4,000 metres. Adjacent to the Crocker Range is the <a href="/wiki/Trus_Madi_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Trus Madi Range">Trus Madi Range</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Trus_Madi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Trus Madi">Mount Trus Madi</a>, with a height of 2,642 metres.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The highest peak is the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a>, with a height around 4,095 metres.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">one of the highest peak</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> While located not far from Mount Kinabalu is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambuyukon" title="Mount Tambuyukon">Mount Tambuyukon</a>, with a height of 2,579 metres.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> These mountains and hills are traversed by an extensive network of river valleys and are in most cases covered with dense rainforest. There are lower ranges of hills extending towards the western coasts, southern plains, and the interior or central part of Sabah. The central and eastern portions of Sabah are generally lower mountain ranges and plains with occasional hills. In the east coast located the Kinabatangan River, which is the second-longest river in Malaysia after <a href="/wiki/Rajang_River" title="Rajang River">Rajang River</a> in Sarawak with a length of 560 kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> The river begins from the western ranges and snakes its way through the central region towards the east coast out into the Sulu Sea. Other major rivers including the Kalabakan River, <a href="/wiki/Kolopis_River" title="Kolopis River">Kolopis River</a>, Liwagu River, Padas River, Paitan River, Segama River and Sugut River, in addition to Babagon River, Bengkoka River, Kadamaian River, Kalumpang River, Kiulu River, Mawao River, Membakut River, Mesapol River, Nabawan River, Papar River, Pensiangan River, Tamparuli River and Wario River.<a href="#cite_note-Tietze2007-206">[205]</a> The land of Sabah is located in a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">tropical geography</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">equatorial climate</a>. It experiences two <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> seasons of northeast and southwest. The northeast monsoon occurs from November to March with heavy rains, while the southwest monsoon prevails from May to September with less rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-Tietze2007-206">[205]</a> It also received two inter-monsoon season from April to May and September to October. The average daily temperature varies from 27 °C (81 °F) to 34 °C (93 °F), with a considerable amount of rain from 1,800 millimetres to 4,000 millimetres.<a href="#cite_note-Tietze2007-206">[205]</a> The coastal areas occasionally experience severe storms as the state is situated south of the <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoon</a> belt.<a href="#cite_note-Tietze2007-206">[205]</a> Due to its location is very close to the typhoon belt, Sabah experience the worst <a href="/wiki/1996_Pacific_typhoon_season" title="1996 Pacific typhoon season">Tropical Storm Greg</a> on 25 December 1996.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The storm left more than 100 people dead, with another 200–300 missing, 3,000–4,000 people left homeless.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> As Sabah also lies within the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Plate">Sunda Plate</a> with a compression from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Plate">Philippine Plate</a>, it is prone to earthquake with the state itself have experienced three major earthquakes since 1923, with the <a href="/wiki/2015_Sabah_earthquake" title="2015 Sabah earthquake">2015 earthquake</a> being the latest major earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> The Crocker Ranges together with Mount Kinabalu was formed since during the middle <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> period after being uplifted by the Sabah <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">Orogeny</a> through compression.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> There was some snow here in 1975 and 1993.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Landscapes of Sabah</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Subsidiary_peak,_Mount_Kinabalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subsidiary peak of Mount Kinabalu"><img alt="Subsidiary peak of Mount Kinabalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Subsidiary_peak%2C_Mount_Kinabalu.jpg/271px-Subsidiary_peak%2C_Mount_Kinabalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Subsidiary_peak%2C_Mount_Kinabalu.jpg/407px-Subsidiary_peak%2C_Mount_Kinabalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Subsidiary_peak%2C_Mount_Kinabalu.jpg/542px-Subsidiary_peak%2C_Mount_Kinabalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4304" data-file-height="2860" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Subsidiary peak of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu" title="Mount Kinabalu">Mount Kinabalu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manukan,_Mamutik_%26_Sulug_-_Happy_Islands_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smile Islands of Manukan, Mamutik and Sulug"><img alt="Smile Islands of Manukan, Mamutik and Sulug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manukan%2C_Mamutik_%26_Sulug_-_Happy_Islands_retouched.jpg/240px-Manukan%2C_Mamutik_%26_Sulug_-_Happy_Islands_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manukan%2C_Mamutik_%26_Sulug_-_Happy_Islands_retouched.jpg/360px-Manukan%2C_Mamutik_%26_Sulug_-_Happy_Islands_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manukan%2C_Mamutik_%26_Sulug_-_Happy_Islands_retouched.jpg/480px-Manukan%2C_Mamutik_%26_Sulug_-_Happy_Islands_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smile Islands of <a href="/wiki/Manukan_Island" title="Manukan Island">Manukan</a>, Mamutik and <a href="/wiki/Sulug_Island" title="Sulug Island">Sulug</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lahad Datu District sea panoramic view"><img alt="Lahad Datu District sea panoramic view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg/310px-Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg/465px-Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg/620px-Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5703" data-file-height="3312" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu District</a> sea panoramic view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sungai-Padas_View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Padas River Valley"><img alt="Padas River Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sungai-Padas_View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg/270px-Sungai-Padas_View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sungai-Padas_View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg/405px-Sungai-Padas_View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sungai-Padas_View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg/540px-Sungai-Padas_View-In-Padas-Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1233" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Padas River Valley</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudat_Sabah_Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The northern tip of Borneo at Tanjung Simpang Mengayau facing both the South China Sea and Sulu Sea."><img alt="The northern tip of Borneo at Tanjung Simpang Mengayau facing both the South China Sea and Sulu Sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kudat_Sabah_Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau-12.jpg/270px-Kudat_Sabah_Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kudat_Sabah_Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau-12.jpg/405px-Kudat_Sabah_Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kudat_Sabah_Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau-12.jpg/540px-Kudat_Sabah_Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The northern tip of Borneo at <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Simpang_Mengayau" title="Tanjung Simpang Mengayau">Tanjung Simpang Mengayau</a> facing both the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crocker Range, the main mountain ranges in Sabah, part of the Crocker Range National Park."><img alt="Crocker Range, the main mountain ranges in Sabah, part of the Crocker Range National Park." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg/270px-Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg/405px-Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg/540px-Sabah_CrockerMountainRange-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Crocker_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocker Range">Crocker Range</a>, the main <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges" title="List of mountain ranges">mountain ranges</a> in Sabah, part of the <a href="/wiki/Crocker_Range_National_Park" title="Crocker Range National Park">Crocker Range National Park</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Borneo" title="Fauna of Borneo">Fauna of Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Deforestation in Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_nematodes_in_Sabah" title="List of nematodes in Sabah">List of nematodes in Sabah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue-eared_Kingfisher_(Alcedo_meninting).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Blue-eared_Kingfisher_%28Alcedo_meninting%29.jpg/220px-Blue-eared_Kingfisher_%28Alcedo_meninting%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Blue-eared_Kingfisher_%28Alcedo_meninting%29.jpg/330px-Blue-eared_Kingfisher_%28Alcedo_meninting%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Blue-eared_Kingfisher_%28Alcedo_meninting%29.jpg/440px-Blue-eared_Kingfisher_%28Alcedo_meninting%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue-eared_kingfisher" title="Blue-eared kingfisher">Blue-eared kingfisher</a> in the lower Kinabatangan River area, which is endemic to the island of Borneo. Kingfisher is also once a state bird of Sabah and featured in <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah" title="Coat of arms of Sabah">one of its coat of arms</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Semporna_Peninsula" title="Semporna Peninsula">Semporna Peninsula</a> on the north-eastern coast of Sabah is identified as a hotspot of high marine biodiversity importance in the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Asaad18-213">[212]</a> The jungles of Sabah host a diverse array of plant and animal species. Most of Sabah's biodiversity is located in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest reserve">forest reserve</a> areas, which formed half of its total landmass of 7.34 million hectares.<a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-214">[213]</a> Its forest reserve are part of the 20 million hectares equatorial rainforests demarcated under the "<a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Borneo" title="Heart of Borneo">Heart of Borneo</a>" initiative.<a href="#cite_note-biodiversity-214">[213]</a> The forests surrounding the river valley of Kinabatangan River is the largest forest-covered floodplain in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crocker_Range_National_Park" title="Crocker Range National Park">Crocker Range National Park</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in the state, covering an area of 139,919 hectares. Most of the park area are covered in dense forest and important as a water catchment area with its <a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">headwater</a> connecting to five major rivers in the west coast area.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinabalu National Park">Kinabalu National Park</a> was inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by UNESCO in 2000 for its richness in plant diversity combined with its unique geological, topographical, and climatic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> The park hosts more than 4,500 species of flora and fauna, including 326 bird and around 100 mammal species along with over 110 land snail species.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandakan_Sabah_Sepilok-Orangutan-Rehabilitation-Centre-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sandakan_Sabah_Sepilok-Orangutan-Rehabilitation-Centre-19.jpg/220px-Sandakan_Sabah_Sepilok-Orangutan-Rehabilitation-Centre-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sandakan_Sabah_Sepilok-Orangutan-Rehabilitation-Centre-19.jpg/330px-Sandakan_Sabah_Sepilok-Orangutan-Rehabilitation-Centre-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sandakan_Sabah_Sepilok-Orangutan-Rehabilitation-Centre-19.jpg/440px-Sandakan_Sabah_Sepilok-Orangutan-Rehabilitation-Centre-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A walkout through the <a href="/wiki/Sepilok_Orangutan_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre">Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tiga_Island,_Malaysia" title="Tiga Island, Malaysia">Tiga Island</a> is formed through the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcano</a> in 1897. The island is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Tiga_Island_National_Park" title="Tiga Island National Park">Tiga Island National Park</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Kalampunian_Besar_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalampunian Besar Island">Kalampunian Besar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalampunian_Damit_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalampunian Damit Island">Kalampunian Damit</a> islands as a tourist attractions,<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Mud_bath" title="Mud bath">mud bath</a> tourism.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman_National_Park" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park">Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park</a> is a group of five islands of <a href="/wiki/Gaya_Island" title="Gaya Island">Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manukan_Island" title="Manukan Island">Manukan</a>, Mamutik, Sapi and <a href="/wiki/Sulug_Island" title="Sulug Island">Sulug</a>. These islands are believed to once connected to the Crocker Range but separated when sea levels rose since the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tun_Mustapha_Marine_Park" title="Tun Mustapha Marine Park">Tun Mustapha Marine Park</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Marine_park" title="Marine park">marine park</a> located in the north of Sabah. It covers the three major islands of <a href="/wiki/Banggi_Island" title="Banggi Island">Banggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balambangan_Island" title="Balambangan Island">Balambangan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malawali_Island" title="Malawali Island">Malawali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> Another marine park is the <a href="/wiki/Tun_Sakaran_Marine_Park" title="Tun Sakaran Marine Park">Tun Sakaran Marine Park</a> located in the south-east of Sabah. The park comprising the islands of <a href="/wiki/Bodgaya_Island" title="Bodgaya Island">Bodgaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boheydulang_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Boheydulang Island">Boheydulang</a>, Sabangkat and Salakan along with sand <a href="/wiki/Cay" title="Cay">cays</a> of Maiga, Mantabuan and Sibuan. Bodgaya is gazetted as a forest reserve, while Boheydulang as a <a href="/wiki/Bird_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird sanctuary">bird sanctuary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> These islands are formed by Quaternary pyroclastic material that was ejected during explosive volcanic activities.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tawau_Hills_National_Park" title="Tawau Hills National Park">Tawau Hills National Park</a> established as a natural <a href="/wiki/Water_catchment" class="mw-redirect" title="Water catchment">water catchment</a> area. The park contains rugged volcanic landscapes including a <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot spring</a> and spectacular waterfalls. Bordering the Philippine Turtle Islands is the <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Islands_National_Park_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Islands National Park (Malaysia)">Turtle Islands National Park</a>, it consists of three islands of Selingaan, Bakkungan Kechil and Gulisaan which is notable as the nesting place for <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Other important wildlife regions in Sabah include the <a href="/wiki/Maliau_Basin" title="Maliau Basin">Maliau Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danum_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Danum Valley">Danum Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabin">Tabin</a>, Imbak Canyon and <a href="/wiki/Sepilok" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepilok">Sepilok</a>. These places are either designated as national parks, wildlife reserves, virgin jungle reserves, or protection forest reserve. Beyond the coasts of Sabah lie a number of islands rich with <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a> such as Ligitan, Sipadan, Selingaan, Tiga and <a href="/wiki/Layang-Layang_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Layang-Layang Island">Layang-Layang</a> (Swallow Reef). Other main islands including the <a href="/wiki/Jambongan_Island" title="Jambongan Island">Jambongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbun_Mata_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbun Mata Island">Timbun Mata</a>, Bum Bum and the divided <a href="/wiki/Sebatik_Island" title="Sebatik Island">Sebatik</a>. The Sabah state government has enacted several laws to protect its forests and endangered wildlife species under the Animals Ordinance 1962,<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Forest Enactment 1968<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Conservation_Enactment_1997" title="Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997">Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997</a><a href="#cite_note-wildlife_enactment-229">[228]</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-forestry_laws-231">[230]</a> Under the Wildlife Conservation Enactment, any persons hunting inside conservation lands are liable for imprisonment for five years and fined with <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">RM</a>50,000.<a href="#cite_note-wildlife_enactment-229">[228]</a> The state government also plans to implement seasonal huntings as part of its conservation efforts to prevent the continuous lose of its endangered wildlife species while maintaining the state indigenous hunting traditions.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservation_issues">Conservation issues</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:District-Tawau_Sabah_Logging-Trucks-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/District-Tawau_Sabah_Logging-Trucks-01.jpg/220px-District-Tawau_Sabah_Logging-Trucks-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/District-Tawau_Sabah_Logging-Trucks-01.jpg/330px-District-Tawau_Sabah_Logging-Trucks-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/District-Tawau_Sabah_Logging-Trucks-01.jpg/440px-District-Tawau_Sabah_Logging-Trucks-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>A lorry carrying timber in Tawau. Logging has contributed over 50% of the state revenue.<a href="#cite_note-logging-233">[232]</a></figcaption></figure> Since the post-World War II timber boom driven by the need of raw materials from <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">industrial countries</a>, Sabah forests have been gradually eroded by uncontrolled timber exploitation and the conversion of Sabah forest lands into <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> plantations.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Since 1970, forestry sector have contributed for over 50% of the state revenue, of which a study conducted in 1997 revealed the state had almost depleted all of its <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">virgin forests</a> outside the conservation areas.<a href="#cite_note-logging-233">[232]</a> The state government were determined to maintain the state biodiversity while to make sure the state economy continue to alive.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> While in the same time facing hard task to control such activities although there is laws to prevent it.<a href="#cite_note-forestry_laws-231">[230]</a> The need for development and basic necessities also became an issue while to preserving the nature.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> Mining activities had directly released <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">pollutants of heavy metals</a> into rivers, reservoirs, ponds and affecting groundwater through the leaching of mine <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a>. An environmental report released in 1994 reported the presence of heavy metal at the Damit/Tuaran River that exceeded the water quality safe levels for consumption. The water in Liwagu River also reported the presence of heavy metal which was believed to be originated from the <a href="/wiki/Mamut_Mine" title="Mamut Mine">Mamut Mine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-env-238">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Forest fire</a> also have become the latest concern due to drought and fires set by irresponsible farmers or individuals such as what happened in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Malaysian_haze" title="2016 Malaysian haze">2016 forest fires</a>, where thousands of hectares of forest reserves in <a href="/wiki/Binsuluk_Forest_Reserve" title="Binsuluk Forest Reserve">Binsuluk</a> on the west coast of Sabah were lost.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg/220px-Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg/330px-Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg/440px-Ranau-Sabah-MamutCopperMine-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Mamut_Mine" title="Mamut Mine">Mamut Mine</a> with water that has filled the mine. Its water is reported to be dangerous for consumption due to the high presence of <a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">heavy metals</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rampant <a href="/wiki/Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">fish bombing</a> has destroyed many coral reefs and affecting fisheries production in the state.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Moreover, the illegal activities of the extraction of river sand and gravel in the rivers of Padas, Papar and Tuaran had become the latest concern along with the wildlife and marine hunting and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>.<a href="#cite_note-env-238">[237]</a> Due to severe deforestation along with massive wildlife and marine poaching, the <a href="/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros" title="Sumatran rhinoceros">Sumatran rhino</a> have been declared as extinct in early 2015.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> Some other species that was threatened with extinction is <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">bearded pig</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wpd-245">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">elephant</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_gharial" title="False gharial">false gharial</a>, green turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, <a href="/wiki/Bornean_orangutan" title="Bornean orangutan">orangutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_pangolin" title="Sunda pangolin">pangolin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">proboscis monkey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/Borneo_river_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo river shark">river shark</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sharks_and_stingray-249">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roughnose_stingray" title="Roughnose stingray">roughnose stingray</a>,<a href="#cite_note-sharks_and_stingray-249">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo_shark" title="Borneo shark">shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">sun bear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wpd-245">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> Although the indigenous community are also involved in hunting, they hunt based on their <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritual believes</a> and practice, and on a small scale, which differentiates them from poachers.<a href="#cite_note-indigenous_knowledge-251">[250]</a> Well-known indigenous practices, such as "maganu totuo" or "montok kosukopan", "tuwa di powigian", "managal" or "tagal" and "meminting", have helped to maintain resources and prevent their depletion.<a href="#cite_note-indigenous_knowledge-251">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:#808000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#808000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#808000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#800080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#800080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 128.91922317851px; border-left-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008000"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#008000"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:95.852178901738px 28.501926246998px 0 0; border-top-color:#008080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008080"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 153.28270598844px 100px 0; border-right-color:#000080"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#000080"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Sabah GDP Share by Sector (2016)<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Services (40.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mining & Quarrying (29.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Agriculture (19.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Manufacturing (7.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Construction (2.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> Sabah's economy is mainly based on <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary sector</a> such as agriculture, forestry and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sbh-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-eco-253">[252]</a> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a> plays an important part to the state economy, especially in tourism and services. With its richness in biodiversity, the state is offering <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>. Although in recent years the tourism industry has been affected by <a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">attacks and kidnapping of tourists</a> by militant groups based in the southern Philippines, it remained stable with the increase of security in eastern Sabah and the Sulu Sea.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> The tourism sector contribute 10% share of the state <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a> (GDP) and was predicted to increase more.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Majority of the tourists come from China (60.3%), followed by <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (33.9%), Australia (16.3%) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (8.3%).<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> Tourism plays a crucial role in the state's economy as the third largest income generating sectors with the state itself recorded a total of 3,879,413 tourist arrivals in 2018, a growth of 5.3% compared to 3,684,734 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> Since the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> are the main source of agricultural economy of North Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> The timber industry started to emerged in the 1960s due to high demand of raw materials from industrial countries. This was however replaced by petroleum in the 1970s after the discovery of oil in the area of west coast Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> was added to the list.<a href="#cite_note-eco-253">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The Sabah state government managed to increase the state fund from RM6 million to RM12 billion and poverty was down by almost half to 33.1% in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-88">[88]</a> The state rapid development on primary sector has attracted those <a href="/wiki/Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">job seekers</a> in neighbouring Indonesia and the Philippines as the state labour force itself are not sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> The state GDP at the time ranked behind <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, being the third richest although the manufacturing sector remained small.<a href="#cite_note-env-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> However, by 2000, the state started to become the poorest as it still dependent on natural resources as its primary sources of income comparing to those <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector</a> producer states.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> Thus the <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Development_Corridor" title="Sabah Development Corridor">Sabah Development Corridor</a> (SDC) was established in 2008 by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> with a total investment of RM105 billion for 18 years to increase the state GDP to RM63.2 billion by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-sdc-264">[263]</a> Around RM5.83 billion were allocated each year for infrastructures development along with the creation of 900,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-sdc-264">[263]</a> The federal government targeted to eradicate hardcore poverty by the end <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Malaysia_Plan" title="Ninth Malaysia Plan">Ninth Malaysia Plan</a> (9MP) with overall poverty halved from 23% in 2004 to 12% in 2010 and 8.1% in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-sdc-264">[263]</a> Since its establishment in 2008, the state GDP increase to 10.7% which was higher than the national economic growth of 4.8% and the world economic growth of 2.7%. Following the <a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_2009" title="Global financial crisis in 2009">world financial crisis in 2009</a>, Sabah GDP recorded 4.8% growth compared to −1.5% for national level and −0.4% for world level.<a href="#cite_note-sdc-264">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg/220px-Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg/330px-Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg/440px-Tambunan_Sabah_Battlefield-Battle-of-Tambunan-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tambunan_District" title="Tambunan District">Tambunan District</a>.</figcaption></figure> From 2010 to 2011, the state experienced a slower growth due to weaker performance on the oil and gas sector. Based on 2014 survey, Sabah GDP recorded a 5.0% growth and remained as the largest contributor in agriculture sector with 18.1%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, Johor, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Income_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Income per capita">GDP per capita</a> however are still lowest with RM19,672, the third lowest after <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> (RM11,815) and <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (RM17,321) from all 13 states.<a href="#cite_note-GDP-265">[264]</a> In the same year, the state export value stood at RM45.3 billion with an import value of RM36.5 billion. Machinery and transportation equipment accounted for most of the imported products followed by fuel, mineral lubricants and others. While Sabah mostly exports raw petroleum and palm oil.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> The state currently has a total of eight ports with two in <a href="/wiki/Sepanggar" title="Sepanggar">Sepanggar</a> while each one in Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, <a href="/wiki/Kunak" title="Kunak">Kunak</a> and Lahad Datu that was operated and maintained by the Sabah Ports Authority owned by Suria Group.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_ports-267">[266]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Malaysia_Plan" title="Eleventh Malaysia Plan">Eleventh Malaysia Plan</a> (11MP), the federal government has approved an allocation of RM800 million to expand the cargo handling of Sapangar Bay Container Port from 500,000 to 1.25 million <a href="/wiki/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit" title="Twenty-foot equivalent unit">TEUs</a> per annum as well to accommodate larger ship like <a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a>-size vessels.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> An additional allocation of RM333.51 million was given in the same year, making it a total of RM1.13 billion with the project will start in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> The fisheries industries remain the important part of Sabah primary sector economy with a contribution for about 200,000 metric tonnes of fish worth RM700 annually as well contributing 2.8% to the state annual GDP.<a href="#cite_note-fishdept-194">[193]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> and marine fish cage sector have produce 35,000 metric tons of <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh waters</a> aquaculture and 360 metric ton of <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">groupers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrasse" title="Wrasse">wrasses</a>, snappers and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a> worth around RM60 million and RM13 million respectively. Sabah is also one of the producer of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>, with most of the farms are located in the seas around <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fishdept-194">[193]</a> Although recently the seaweed industry was heavily affected by spate of kidnappings perpetrated by the southern-Philippine-based <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a> militant group.<a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandakan_Sabah_Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sandakan_Sabah_Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg/220px-Sandakan_Sabah_Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sandakan_Sabah_Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg/330px-Sandakan_Sabah_Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sandakan_Sabah_Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg/440px-Sandakan_Sabah_Fishmarket-in-Sandakan-Harbour-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3775" /></a><figcaption>Fishery activities in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a>.</figcaption></figure> As of 2015, Sabah was producing 180,000 <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">barrel of oil equivalent</a> per day<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> and currently receives 5% oil royalty (percentage of oil production paid by the mining company to the lease owner) from Petronas over oil explorations in Sabah territorial waters based on the 1974 Petroleum Development Act.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2008-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford_review-274">[273]</a> Majority of the oil and gas deposits are located on Sabah Trough basin in the west coast side.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> Sabah was also given a 10% stake in Petronas <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) in <a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a>, Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Income inequality and the high cost living remain the major economic issues in Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> The high cost living has been blamed on the Cabotage Policy, although the cause was due to the smaller trade volumes, cost of transport and efficiency of port to handle trade.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> The government has set to review the Cabotage Policy even thought the cause was due to other reasons with the World Bank has stated that the result was due to weak distribution channels, high handling charges and inefficient inland transportation.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> It was finally agreed to exempt the policy from 1 June 2017; with foreign ships will go directly to ports in the East without need to go to West Malaysia although Cabotage Policy on transshipment of goods within Sabah and Sarawak and the federal territory of Labuan remain.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> Prime Minister Najib also promised to narrow development gap between Sabah and the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular</a> by improving and built more infrastructures in the state,<a href="#cite_note-promised-282">[281]</a> in which it was continued under the <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) administration where the new federal government also said the state should develop in par with Peninsular with the federal government will be consistent in commitment to helping develop the state as stated by Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wan_Azizah_Wan_Ismail" title="Wan Azizah Wan Ismail">Wan Azizah Wan Ismail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> Based on a latest record, the total unemployment in the state have been reduced from 5.1% (2014) to 4.7% (2015), although the number of unemployment was still high.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a> is almost non-existent in Malaysia but due to the <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">high number of refugees</a> arriving from the <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro conflict in the Philippines">troubling southern Philippines</a>, Sabah has since seen a significant rise on its numbers. To eliminate <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> and improve a better <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>, the Sabah state government are working to relocate them into a better housing settlement.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/BIMP-EAGA" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMP-EAGA">BIMP-EAGA</a>, Sabah also continued to position itself as a main gateway for regional investments. Foreign investment are mainly concentrated in the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park (KKIP) areas.<a href="#cite_note-oxford_review-274">[273]</a> Although country such as Japan have mainly focusing their various development and investment projects in the interior and islands since after the end of Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> Following America's abandonment in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a> (TPPA) economic agreements in early 2017, Sabah began to turns its trade to China and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> markets.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> To further accelerate its economic growth, Sabah also targets several more countries as its main trade partners including <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, South Korea, Thailand and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> as the destinations of exports for <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>-based products, Brunei, Indonesia, Taiwan, the United States and New Zealand as the destinations for palm oil and <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> sector, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as the destination for the oil and gas industry and Japan and Vietnam as the destinations for the <a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">wood-based furniture industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> Sabah's public infrastructure are still lagged behind mostly due to its geographical challenges as the second largest state in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> The Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development (formerly known as Ministry of Communication and Works) is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> To narrow the development gap, the federal government are working to build more infrastructures and improve the already available one.<a href="#cite_note-promised-282">[281]</a> In 2013, Sabah state government allocates RM1.583 billion for infrastructure and public facilities development,<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> of which the state were allocated another RM4.07 billion by the federal government in 2015 Malaysian Budget.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Since the Eight Malaysia Plan (8MP) until 2014, a total of RM11.115 billion has been allocated for various infrastructure projects in the state.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Malaysia_Plan" title="Tenth Malaysia Plan">Tenth Malaysia Plan</a> (10MP), infrastructure in the rural areas was given attention with the increase of rural water, electricity supply and road coverage.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> Further large infrastructure allocation were delivered to both Sabah and Sarawak under the 2020 Malaysian Budget which include budget on improving connectivity and developing digital infrastructures for high speed internet in the rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_water_resources">Energy and water resources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimanis_Sabah_Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kimanis_Sabah_Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg/170px-Kimanis_Sabah_Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kimanis_Sabah_Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg/255px-Kimanis_Sabah_Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kimanis_Sabah_Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg/340px-Kimanis_Sabah_Kimanis-Power-Plant-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3737" data-file-height="5605" /></a><figcaption>High voltage <a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">electricity pylon</a> located near the Kimanis Power Plant.</figcaption></figure> Electricity distribution in the state as well in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Territory (Malaysia)">Federal Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> are operated and managed by the <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Electricity" title="Sabah Electricity">Sabah Electricity</a> <a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">Sdn. Bhd.</a> (SESB). Sabah electrics are mostly generated from <a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">diesel power plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> power plants. The only main <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric plant">hydroelectric plant</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Tenom_Pangi_Dam" title="Tenom Pangi Dam">Tenom Pangi Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> The combined cycle power plant called Kimanis Power Plant was completed in 2014, supplying 300 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW</a>, with 285 MW nominal capacity.<a href="#cite_note-kpp-298">[297]</a> The plant is a joint venture between Petronas and NRG Consortium that also includes facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">gas pipeline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sabah%E2%80%93Sarawak_Gas_Pipeline" title="Sabah–Sarawak Gas Pipeline">Sabah–Sarawak Gas Pipeline</a> and a terminal of <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Oil_and_Gas_Terminal" title="Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal">Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kpp-298">[297]</a> There is another two combined cycle power plants with a capacity of 380 MW operated by <a href="/wiki/Ranhill_Holdings_Berhad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranhill Holdings Berhad">Ranhill Holdings Berhad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> In 2009, the electricity coverage covers 67% of the state population and by 2011 increase to 80%.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> The coverage reach 100% in 2012 after an allocation of RM962.5 million from the federal government were given to expand the coverage under the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_federal_budget" title="Malaysian federal budget">National Budget</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grid</a> is divided into two of West Coast and East Coast which has been integrated since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> The West Coast Grid supplies electricity to Kota Kinabalu, Papar, Beaufort, Keningau, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat and Labuan with a capacity of 488.4 MW and maximum demand of 396.5 MW.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> While the East Coast Grid supplies electricity to the major towns of Sandakan, Kinabatangan, Lahad Datu, Kunak, Semporna and Tawau with a capacity of 333.02 MW and maximum demand of 203.3 MW.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> In 2018, the federal government has announced that Sabah electrical grid will be upgraded to reduce power interruption.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> Neighbouring Sarawak has also previously announced intention to provide additional electricity power to Sabah with full export will be finalised in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid#Interconnectors" title="Electrical grid">Electricity interconnection</a> between Sabah, the Indonesian province of <a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a> and the Philippine province of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> as well for the whole <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> islands are also in the process as part of the <a href="/wiki/BIMP-EAGA" class="mw-redirect" title="BIMP-EAGA">BIMP-EAGA</a> and Borneo-Mindanao power interconnection under the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) Power Grid;<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> with the interconnection with Palawan is expected to be commenced in the nearest future.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> Since 2007, there is an attempt to establish a <a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel power station">coal power plant</a> in Lahad Datu which receiving opposition from local residents and non-governmental organisations for the pollution that would be caused by the plant.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> Thus Sabah has start to exploring alternative ways to generate electricity with the usage of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">mini hydro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal</a> and micro-algae and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">tidal</a> technologies.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese government</a> has extended aid totalling RM172,190.93 for the solar electrification project in the island of <a href="/wiki/Larapan_Island" title="Larapan Island">Larapan</a> in Sabah's east coast in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> In 2016, a research by United States GeothermEx Inc. and Jacobs New Zealand indicated the existence of an active geothermal system centred around the flanks of Mount Maria on Apas Kiri where it is suitable for Malaysia's first geothermal plant.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> The construction for the first geothermal plant that expected to be completed in 2017 however was abandoned by the previous government in the mid-2016 with no sign of further progress.<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> A South Korean company <a href="/wiki/GS_Caltex" title="GS Caltex">GS Caltex</a> also sets to build Malaysia's first <a href="/wiki/Bio-butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-butanol">bio-butanol</a> plant in the state.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babagon_Sabah_Babagon-Dam-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Babagon_Sabah_Babagon-Dam-02.jpg/220px-Babagon_Sabah_Babagon-Dam-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Babagon_Sabah_Babagon-Dam-02.jpg/330px-Babagon_Sabah_Babagon-Dam-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Babagon_Sabah_Babagon-Dam-02.jpg/440px-Babagon_Sabah_Babagon-Dam-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Babagon Dam, the biggest water catchment in the state.</figcaption></figure> Piped <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> in the state is managed by the Sabah State Water Department, an agency under the control of Sabah Ministry of Infrastructure Development. Operating with 73 water treatments plants, an average of 1.19 billion litres of water are distributed daily to meet Sabahan residents demands.<a href="#cite_note-water_supply-318">[317]</a> The coverage of water supply in major towns has reach 100% while in rural areas, the coverage still around 75% with total public pipes length up to 15,031 kilometres.<a href="#cite_note-water_supply-318">[317]</a> Some communities use <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravity_water_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravity water system (page does not exist)">gravity water systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> The only water supply dam in the state is the Babagon Dam which holds 21,000 million litres of water.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> To meet the increase demands, another dam named as Kaiduan Dam was being proposed to be built although being met with protest from local villagers who living on the proposed site.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> Sabah has a natural gas demand of 9.9 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a> (350 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_foot" title="Cubic foot">cubic feet</a>) per day at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard conditions</a> in 2013, which increase to 14.8 million m3 (523 million cu ft) per day in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> As Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> (LPG) are much cheaper through the <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidy</a> that was given by the federal government, it was found out in 2015 that around 20,000 LPG cylinders in Sabah east coast were <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggled</a> by immigrants from neighbouring Indonesia and the southern Philippines in a monthly basis to their countries that leading to many Sabahans hard to retrieve enough supplies of LPG.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> As a counter-measure, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Domestic_Trade,_Co-operatives_and_Consumerism_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (Malaysia)">Malaysian Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism</a> (MDTCAC) has temporarily cancelled all permits to sell gas cylinders into neighbouring countries with a new policy will be implemented to control such illegal activities.<a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication_and_broadcasting">Telecommunication and broadcasting</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg/170px-Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg/255px-Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg/340px-Lahad-Datu_Sabah_Panoramic-view-from-Tower-of-Heaven-01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="5639" /></a><figcaption>Telecommunication towers atop Mount Silam facing <a href="/wiki/Darvel_Bay" title="Darvel Bay">Darvel Bay</a> of Lahad Datu.</figcaption></figure> Telecommunication in Sabah and Sarawak were originally administered by Posts and Telecommunication Department until 1967,<a href="#cite_note-telecom-326">[325]</a> and maintained by the British <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Communications" title="Cable & Wireless Communications">Cable & Wireless Communications</a> before all telecommunications management in the state been takeover by Peninsular-based company.<a href="#cite_note-changing_role-327">[326]</a> The British telecommunication company have establish a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a> that linking Kota Kinabalu with Singapore and <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-changing_role-327">[326]</a> Following the expansion of the Peninsular-based company on 1 January 1968, Sabah Posts and Telecommunication Department was merged with the Peninsular telecommunication department to form Telecommunications Department Malaysia. All operations under Telecommunications Department Malaysia was then transferred to Syarikat <a href="/wiki/Telekom_Malaysia" title="Telekom Malaysia">Telekom Malaysia</a> Berhad (STM) which become a public listed company in 1991 with the federal government retained a majority shareholding.<a href="#cite_note-telecom-326">[325]</a> There are also other telecommunication companies operating in the state although only providing cellular phone facilities. In 2006, the state has the lowest Direct Exchange Line (DEL) penetration rate, with cellular and internet dial-up penetrations rate only 6.5 per 100 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> Most residents from the low income groups would rather use mobile phones internet or use internet at their offices instead of setting up internet access at home due to the expensive cost and slow services.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> Until the end of 2014, there were only 934 telecommunication hotspots in Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> Due to this, the government are working to increase the penetration and capability of internet connection as well to bridge the gap between Sabah and the Peninsular.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> From 2016, <a href="/wiki/Unifi_(internet_service_provider)" title="Unifi (internet service provider)">Unifi</a> <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibre">fibre optic</a> coverage began to expand to other towns aside from the main city and major towns,<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Celcom" title="Celcom">Celcom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxis_Communications" title="Maxis Communications">Maxis</a> by the following year with a speed up to 100 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Digi_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digi Telecommunications">Digi</a> launches its home fibre broadband in Sabah with speed up to 1 <a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> The mobile telecommunications in Sabah are mostly use <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> and <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> and there is also a free rural <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> services provided by the federal government known as the Kampung Tanpa Wayar <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia" title="1Malaysia">1Malaysia</a> (KTW) although Malaysia's government-provided public internet speeds are among the slower than many other countries.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_stations_advertisement_in_KK,_Sabah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Radio_stations_advertisement_in_KK%2C_Sabah.jpg/220px-Radio_stations_advertisement_in_KK%2C_Sabah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Radio_stations_advertisement_in_KK%2C_Sabah.jpg/330px-Radio_stations_advertisement_in_KK%2C_Sabah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Radio_stations_advertisement_in_KK%2C_Sabah.jpg/440px-Radio_stations_advertisement_in_KK%2C_Sabah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The advertisement of Peninsular-based radio stations: <a href="/wiki/Era_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Era FM">Era FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/My_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="My FM">My FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hitz_FM_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitz FM (Malaysia)">Hitz FM</a> in a building, showing the radios had set up their offices in the capital city of Sabah.</figcaption></figure> The previous state internet traffic are routed through a hub in Malaysia's capital of Kuala Lumpur, passing through a submarine cable connecting the Peninsular with Kota Kinabalu. The systems are considered as costly and inefficient especially due to the price of leasing <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> with the large distance.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a> In 2000, there is a plan to establish Sabah own internet hub but the plan was unreachable due to the high cost and low usage rates in the state. Other alternative plan including using the Brunei internet <a href="/wiki/Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">gateway</a> in a short term before establishing Sabah own gateway.<a href="#cite_note-Group-5">[5]</a> By 2016, the federal government has start to establish the first internet gateway for East Malaysia with the laying of 60 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabyte</a> submarine cable which are developed by a private company named Xiddig Cellular Communications Sdn. Bhd. at a cost of about RM850 million through the <a href="/wiki/Private_finance_initiative" title="Private finance initiative">Private Funding Initiative</a> (PFI).<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> Under the 2015 Malaysian Budget project of 1Malaysia Cable System Project (SKR1M), a new submarine cable for high speed internet has been built from Kota Kinabalu to <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> in the Peninsular which completed in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> The 1Malaysia submarine cable system linking the state capital with <a href="/wiki/Miri,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Miri, Malaysia">Miri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintulu" title="Bintulu">Bintulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> in Sarawak together with <a href="/wiki/Mersing" title="Mersing">Mersing</a> in Johor with an increase of bandwidth capacity up to 12 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte per second">terabyte per second</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> Another submarine cable, the BIMP-EAGA Submarine and Terrestrial (BEST) Cable Project is currently being built from Kota Kinabalu to Tawau to connecting Sabah with Brunei, Kalimantan and Mindanao which will be completed in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> In early 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a> (MoU) was signed between the state government and China's largest networking company, <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> to set Sabah to become <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> (ICT) hub by leveraging on Huawei's ICT expertise.<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> More free high speed Wi-Fi hotspots are being planned in Sabah, especially to the state capital.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Broadcasting-Complex-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3967" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>The building of Ministry of Communications and Multimedia Integrated Complex in <a href="/wiki/Donggongon" class="mw-redirect" title="Donggongon">Donggongon</a> - the main office of Sabah RTM.</figcaption></figure> Sabah launched its radio service on 9 November 1955, which became a part of Radio Malaysia when it joined Malaysia in 1963 and later part of the bigger <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia" title="Radio Televisyen Malaysia">Radio Televisyen Malaysia</a> (RTM) in 1969, when the nation's radio and television operations merged.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> On 28 December 1971, RTM launched a third TV station solely for Sabah. But following the construction of earth satellite station near <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinarut" title="Kinarut">Kinarut</a> for communications and television broadcast via the <a href="/wiki/Intelsat" title="Intelsat">Indian Ocean Intelsat III satellite</a> and the introduction of TV1 on 30 August 1975 and TV2 on 31 August 1983 in the state, it ceased to air by mid-1985. RTM has four branches in the state - a main office in capital city Kota Kinabalu and three other offices in Keningau, Sandakan and Tawau. The main office produces news and shows for RTM's television channels and operates two state radio channels, namely Sabah FM and Sabah V FM, whereas three other offices operate district radio channels such as Keningau FM, Sandakan FM and Tawau FM. Other radio channels in the state include KK FM which is operated by <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Sabah" title="Universiti Malaysia Sabah">Universiti Malaysia Sabah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> and Bayu FM which is only available through <a href="/wiki/Astro_(Malaysian_satellite_television)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (Malaysian satellite television)">Astro</a>, the Malaysian main satellite television.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> Several newly independent radio station have recently been launched in the state, namely <a href="/wiki/Kupi-Kupi_FM" title="Kupi-Kupi FM">Kupi-Kupi FM</a> in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/KK12FM" title="KK12FM">KK12FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/VOKFM" title="VOKFM">VOKFM</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> Other Peninsular-based radio stations also had set up their offices in the state to tap the emerging market. Sabahan DJs are mostly hired and local state songs will be played to meet Sabahan listeners taste and slang. Television broadcasting in the state is divided into <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a> and satellite television. As Malaysia aims for <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">digital television transition</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analogue signal</a> will be shut down soon.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> television provider such as <a href="/wiki/MYTV_Broadcasting" title="MYTV Broadcasting">MYTV Broadcasting</a> (digital terrestrial) and <a href="/wiki/Astro_NJOI" title="Astro NJOI">Astro NJOI</a> (satellite). On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> is available via the <a href="/wiki/Unifi_TV" title="Unifi TV">Unifi TV</a> through Unifi fibre optic internet subscription.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> The state first established newspaper is the Sabah Times (rebranded as the <a href="/wiki/New_Sabah_Times" title="New Sabah Times">New Sabah Times</a>), founded by Fuad Stephens, who became the first Chief Minister of Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> Other main newspapers include the independent <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express_(Malaysia)" title="Daily Express (Malaysia)">Daily Express</a>,<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Daily_News" title="Overseas Chinese Daily News">Overseas Chinese Daily News</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> the Sarawak-based <a href="/wiki/The_Borneo_Post" title="The Borneo Post">The Borneo Post</a>,<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> the Peninsular-based <a href="/wiki/Sin_Chew_Daily" title="Sin Chew Daily">Sin Chew Daily</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> and the Brunei-based <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Bulletin" title="Borneo Bulletin">Borneo Bulletin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kota_Kinabalu_Highway,_Sabah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kota_Kinabalu_Highway%2C_Sabah.jpg/220px-Kota_Kinabalu_Highway%2C_Sabah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kota_Kinabalu_Highway%2C_Sabah.jpg/330px-Kota_Kinabalu_Highway%2C_Sabah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kota_Kinabalu_Highway%2C_Sabah.jpg/440px-Kota_Kinabalu_Highway%2C_Sabah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Eight-lane highway</a> in the capital city of Kota Kinabalu, part of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Borneo_Highway" title="Pan-Borneo Highway">Pan-Borneo Highway</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sabah has a total of 21,934 kilometres (13,629 mi) road network in 2016, of which 11,355 kilometres (7,056 mi) are <a href="/wiki/Sealed_road" title="Sealed road">sealed road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> Before the formation of Malaysia, the state together with Sarawak only has rudimentary road systems.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk roads</a> was then constructed from the 1970s until the 1980s under the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> loans. In 2005, 61% of road coverage in the state were still <a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">gravel</a> and unpaved, comprising 1,428 kilometres (887 mi) <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Federal_Roads_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Federal Roads system">federal roads</a> and 14,249 kilometres (8,854 mi) <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_State_Roads_system" title="Malaysian State Roads system">state roads</a>, of which 6,094 kilometres (3,787 mi) are sealed while the remaining 9,583 kilometres (5,955 mi) were gravel and unpaved roads.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> This led to great disparity between roads in the state with those in the Peninsular, with only 38.9% are sealed while 89.4% have been sealed in the Peninsular. Due to this, SDC was implemented to expand the road coverage in Sabah along with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Borneo_Highway" title="Pan-Borneo Highway">Pan-Borneo Highway</a>. Since the 9MP, various road projects has been undertaken under the SDC and around RM50 million has been spent to repairs Sabah main roads since the 8MP.<a href="#cite_note-infrastructure-290">[289]</a> The high cost to repair roads frequently has led the Sabah state government to find other alternative ways to connecting every major districts by tunnelling roads through highlands which will also saving time and fuel as the distance being shortened as well to bypass landslides.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> In early 2016, the expansion project of Pan-Borneo Highway has been launched to expand the road size from <a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">single carriageway</a> to four-lane road, while city highway been expand from four-lane to eight-lane as well with the construction of new routes which will connect the state with Sarawak, Brunei and the <a href="/wiki/Trans_Kalimantan_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Kalimantan Highway">Trans Kalimantan Highway</a> in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> The project is divided into two packages: the first package covering the West Coast area will complete in 2021, while the second covering the East Coast area will finish in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-pan_borneo-365">[364]</a> All state roads are maintained under the state's Public Works Department,<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> while federal roads maintained by the national <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Public_Works_Department" title="Malaysian Public Works Department">Public Works Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengalat-Besar_Sabah_Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pengalat-Besar_Sabah_Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg/220px-Pengalat-Besar_Sabah_Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pengalat-Besar_Sabah_Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg/330px-Pengalat-Besar_Sabah_Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pengalat-Besar_Sabah_Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg/440px-Pengalat-Besar_Sabah_Pengalat-Railway-Tunnel-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4837" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Railway" title="Sabah State Railway">Sabah State Railway</a> train passing through a tunnel of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sabah_Railway_Line" title="Western Sabah Railway Line">Western Line</a> in Pengalat Besar, <a href="/wiki/Papar_District" title="Papar District">Papar District</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boats_and_ferries_in_Kota_Kinabalu,_Sabah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boats_and_ferries_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Sabah.jpg/220px-Boats_and_ferries_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Sabah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boats_and_ferries_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Sabah.jpg/330px-Boats_and_ferries_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Sabah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Boats_and_ferries_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Sabah.jpg/440px-Boats_and_ferries_in_Kota_Kinabalu%2C_Sabah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Boats and ferries at the Kota Kinabalu marina.</figcaption></figure> Sabah uses a <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageway</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">left-hand traffic rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pan_borneo-365">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen2012-368">[367]</a> All major towns in Sabah provide public transportation services such as buses, taxis and vans along with <a href="/wiki/Grab_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (company)">Grab</a> services. The <a href="/wiki/KK_Sentral" title="KK Sentral">KK Sentral</a> operating express <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> services from the city to <a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_Malaysia" title="Beaufort, Malaysia">Beaufort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sipitang" title="Sipitang">Sipitang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menumbok" title="Menumbok">Menumbok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawas" title="Lawas">Lawas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BRT_Kota_Kinabalu" title="BRT Kota Kinabalu">BRT Kota Kinabalu</a> is currently under construction to provide <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> (BRT) system in Sabah's capital.<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> A rail transport through the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sabah_Railway_Line" title="Western Sabah Railway Line">Western Line</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Railway" title="Sabah State Railway">Sabah State Railway</a> provides daily services for commuters, travellers, as well as for cargo transportation. A separate company owned by Sutera Harbour known as the North Borneo Railway operates leisure tour for tourists.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> The train station and terminal is located in <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Aru_railway_station" title="Tanjung Aru railway station">Tanjung Aru</a>, not far from the city airport.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Other main stations including in <a href="/wiki/Papar_railway_station_(Malaysia)" title="Papar railway station (Malaysia)">Papar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_railway_station,_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaufort railway station, Sabah">Beaufort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenom_railway_station" title="Tenom railway station">Tenom</a>. The current <a href="/wiki/Aeropod" title="Aeropod">Aeropod</a> projects on the main station in Tanjung Aru will modernise the station and provide a provision for future <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail transit</a> (LRT).<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> In early 2016, the state government has purchased a new <a href="/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit" title="Diesel multiple unit">diesel multiple unit</a> (DMU) for about RM8 million to replace the old train used between Beaufort and Tenom while the rail line from Halogilat and Tenom will be upgrading by the federal government at the cost of RM99.5 million along with the arrival of another three DMUs that will be received in early 2018.<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport" title="Kota Kinabalu International Airport">Kota Kinabalu International Airport</a> is the main gateway to Sabah.<a href="#cite_note-KKIA-377">[376]</a> In 2005, the Malaysian federal government approved major renovation and refurbishment works to the main terminal (Terminal 1) as well as a runway expansion with construction began in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> As a result of the expansion, the airport is able to accommodate large passenger aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KKIA-377">[376]</a> It has also become the second busiest airport in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport" title="Kuala Lumpur International Airport">Kuala Lumpur International Airport</a> (KLIA) in West Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-KKIA-377">[376]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines" title="Malaysia Airlines">Malaysia Airlines</a> conducts test flight for its new long-range capability passenger aircraft of <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a> to the airport from Kuala Lumpur as a replacement to the largest aircraft of <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> since it is too large for Malaysian aviation markets.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> Other smaller airports in Sabah including <a href="/wiki/Kudat_Airport" title="Kudat Airport">Kudat Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_Airport" title="Lahad Datu Airport">Lahad Datu Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Airport" title="Sandakan Airport">Sandakan Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawau_Airport" title="Tawau Airport">Tawau Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/Layang-Layang_Airport" title="Layang-Layang Airport">Layang-Layang Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swallow_Reef" title="Swallow Reef">Swallow Reef</a> served as a military and civilian airport.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> Three airlines fly from Peninsular Malaysia to Sabah: Malaysia Airlines, <a href="/wiki/AirAsia" title="AirAsia">AirAsia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malindo_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Malindo Air">Malindo Air</a>.<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Air" title="Sabah Air">Sabah Air</a> is a helicopter <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">chartered flight</a> company owned by the Sabah state government, serving flights for aerial sightseeing to interested customers as well for the transportation of state government servants.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_KKIA-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_KKIA-01.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_KKIA-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_KKIA-01.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_KKIA-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_KKIA-01.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_KKIA-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5422" data-file-height="2609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_International_Airport" title="Kota Kinabalu International Airport">Kota Kinabalu International Airport</a> (Terminal 1).</figcaption></figure> Sabah has a total of eight ports operating in Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau, Kudat, Kunak and Lahad Datu.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_ports-267">[266]</a> The Sapangar Bay Container Port is the main <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a> hub for the BIMP-EAGA region. Another port, the Sapangar Bay Oil Terminal is the main terminal for refined petroleum products and liquid chemical in the West Coast. Kota Kinabalu Port remain as a general cargo port. While all ports in the northern and eastern Sabah served to handle palm oil related products such as fertiliser, <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">palm kernel</a> as well for general cargo.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_ports-267">[266]</a> Ferry service in the West Coast side provide trips to Labuan from the Jesselton Point Waterfront and <a href="/wiki/Menumbok" title="Menumbok">Menumbok</a> Ferry Terminal in <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Penyu" title="Kuala Penyu">Kuala Penyu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> In the East Coast, the service are provided from the Tawau Ferry Terminal to Nunukan and <a href="/wiki/Tarakan,_North_Kalimantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakan, North Kalimantan">Tarakan</a> in Kalimantan, Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> There is also ferry services from Sandakan to <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> and a new one that was planned from Kudat to Buliluyan, <a href="/wiki/Bataraza" title="Bataraza">Bataraza</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> in the Philippines, but both services were terminated at the moment due to lack of security enforcement from the Philippine side prior to the persistent attack by pirates and kidnapping by militant groups based in the Sulu Archipelago of the southern Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> The planned ferry service from Kudat to Palawan was restored on 1 February 2017 after the increasing of security enforcement from the Philippines side,<a href="#cite_note-economy_resumed-187">[186]</a> but were postponed again until present mainly due to both ferry operators from Malaysia and the Philippines facing difficulties in complying with the necessary requirements and permits imposed by both national and state authorities.<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of hospitals in Malaysia">List of hospitals in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Gleneagles-Hospital-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4814" data-file-height="3439" /></a><figcaption>Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, one of the main <a href="/wiki/Private_hospital" title="Private hospital">private hospitals</a> in Sabah.</figcaption></figure> Sabah has four major government hospitals: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Kota_Kinabalu" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kota Kinabalu">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital II">Queen Elizabeth Hospital II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Kent_Hospital" title="Duchess of Kent Hospital">Duchess of Kent Hospital</a> and Tawau Hospital followed by 13 other government districts hospitals,<a href="#cite_note-390">[note 2]</a> women and children hospital, mental hospital, public health clinics, <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia#1Malaysia_clinics" title="1Malaysia">1Malaysia clinics</a> and rural clinics. Besides government-owned hospitals and clinics, there are also a number of private hospitals such as: Gleneagles Kota Kinabalu, <a href="/wiki/KPJ_Sabah_Specialist_Hospital" title="KPJ Sabah Specialist Hospital">KPJ Specialist Hospital</a>, Damai Specialist Centre (DSC), Rafflesia Specialist Centre (RSC) and Jesselton Medical Centre (JMC).<a href="#cite_note-docs_exodus-391">[389]</a> There is also an addiction treatment facility known as <a href="/wiki/Solace_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Solace Sabah">Solace Sabah</a> in the state capital to treat problems related to alcoholism and <a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">drug addiction</a>. In 2011, the state's doctor-patient ratio was 1:2,480 – lower than the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommendation of 1 doctor to 600 patients.<a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a> Because of the heavy workload and lack of interest from younger graduates, Sabah is facing the shortage of doctors.<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a> Many doctors who once served under the government hospitals have decided to move to private hospitals instead because of the heavy workload with low salaries in government hospitals although private hospitals won't easily recruiting them with some applications have been turned down.<a href="#cite_note-docs_exodus-391">[389]</a> Thus to prevent the continuous shortage of doctors, the federal government has initiated various measure to produce more physicians with massive funds has been allocated to healthcare sector in every year country budget.<a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Sabah" title="List of schools in Sabah">List of schools in Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malaysia" title="List of universities in Malaysia">List of universities in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu-Universiti-Malaysia-Sabah-LamanCanselori-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Sabah" title="Universiti Malaysia Sabah">Universiti Malaysia Sabah</a> (UMS) chancellory building.</figcaption></figure> All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction and observation of the Sabah State Education Department, under the guidance of the national <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Ministry of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a> The oldest schools in Sabah are: <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Secondary_School" title="St. Michael's Secondary School">St. Michael's School Sandakan</a> (1886), <a href="/wiki/SM_St._Michael,_Penampang" title="SM St. Michael, Penampang">St. Michael's School Penampang</a> (1888), All Saints' School, Likas (1903) and St. Patrick's School Tawau (1917).<a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a> Based on 2013 statistics, Sabah has a total of 207 government secondary schools,<a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a> five <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">international schools</a> (comprising Charis International School,<a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a> Kinabalu International School,<a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a> Sayfol International School,<a href="#cite_note-400">[398]</a> as well the Indonesian School of Kota Kinabalu<a href="#cite_note-401">[399]</a> and Japanese School of Kota Kinabalu).<a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a> and nine <a href="/wiki/Chinese_independent_high_school" title="Chinese independent high school">Chinese independent schools</a>. Sabah has a considerable number of indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.<a href="#cite_note-bcs-403">[401]</a> Sabah state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state. This was followed with the aid from <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Foundation" title="Sabah Foundation">Sabah Foundation</a> (Yayasan Sabah) and <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> who helped to establish pre-schools in the state.<a href="#cite_note-404">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a> Sabah has two public universities: <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Sabah" title="Universiti Malaysia Sabah">Universiti Malaysia Sabah</a> (UMS) and <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA" title="Universiti Teknologi MARA">Universiti Teknologi MARA</a> (UiTM). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Tun_Abdul_Razak" title="Universiti Tun Abdul Razak">Universiti Tun Abdul Razak</a> (UNIRAZAK) has set up their regional centre in Kota Kinabalu.<a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a> As of 2016, there is around 15 private colleges, two private university colleges together with other newly established colleges.<a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a> In 1960, the overall literacy rate in North Borneo was only 24%.<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> The recent findings in 2011 found the literacy rate have increase to 79%.<a href="#cite_note-409">[407]</a> Most of secondary schools leavers also did not continue their studies after completing their <a href="/wiki/Sijil_Pelajaran_Malaysia" title="Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia">Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia</a> (SPM) mainly due to financial burden as well because of the lack of interest and confidence to continue their studies in local higher learning institutes, with a survey in 2015 saw only 16,000 out of more than 20,000 secondary schools leavers continuing their studies.<a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandakan_Sabah_School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sandakan_Sabah_School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg/220px-Sandakan_Sabah_School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sandakan_Sabah_School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg/330px-Sandakan_Sabah_School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sandakan_Sabah_School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg/440px-Sandakan_Sabah_School-boys-in-their-school-uniform-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Sabahan secondary school students in their <a href="/wiki/School_uniforms_by_country#Malaysia" title="School uniforms by country">uniform</a>.</figcaption></figure> In early 2016, Sabah had a total number of 42,047 teachers teaching in various pre-schools, primary and secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a> Following the decentralisation of power from the federal government to state government as well to improve the education in the state, there has been a target to reach 90% of teachers from Sabahans itself.<a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Library" title="Sabah State Library">Sabah State Library</a> are the main public library in the state.<a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a> There is another 11 Indonesian schools (beside the main Indonesian school in the state capital) spreading across Sabah mainly for Indonesian migrants children residing in the state.<a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a> Since 2014, Filipino migrants children also have been enrolled to recently established Alternative Learning Centre (ALC) that was set-up by <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino volunteers in Sabah</a> with a collaboration with various local non-governmental organisations (NGO).<a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sabah" title="Demographics of Sabah">Demographics of Sabah</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:250px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups in Sabah (2020)<a href="#cite_note-OwnCloud::DOSM-416">[414]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#CCCCFF; width:19.69%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19.69%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#AAF0D1; width:19.33%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">19.33%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#89CFF0; width:16.54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">16.54%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FEC499; width:7.28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#DD818A; width:8.99%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.99%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FF9A71; width:3.11%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.11%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other local non-native</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#969696; width:1.34%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.34%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Non-Malaysian citizen</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FFB7C5; width:23.71%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">23.71%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to the 2020 Malaysian census, the population of Sabah stands at 3,418,785, making Sabah the third most populous state in Malaysia with the highest non-citizen population at 810,443.<a href="#cite_note-OwnCloud::DOSM-416">[414]</a> However, as Malaysia is one of the <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">least densely populated countries</a> in Asia, Sabah is particularly sparsely populated with most of the population concentrated in the coastal areas since towns and urban centres have massively expanded. People from Sabah are generally called Sabahans and identify themselves as such.<a href="#cite_note-417">[415]</a> There are an estimated 42 ethnic groups with over 200 <a href="/wiki/Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-ethnic groups">sub-ethnic groups</a> with separate own languages, cultures and belief systems.<a href="#cite_note-418">[416]</a> The three largest indigenous groups in Sabah are the <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a>. There are large <a href="/wiki/Rungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungus">Rungus People</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lundayeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suluk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Suluk people">Suluk</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> ethnic minorities,<a href="#cite_note-indigenous_culture-419">[417]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a> makes up the main non-indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-sbh-2">[2]</a> High migration to the state was noticeable in the 1970s, when hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Filipino refugees</a>, mostly the <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moros</a>, began arriving due to the <a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro conflict in the Philippines">Moro conflict in the county</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesians in Malaysia">Indonesian</a> labourers from Kalimantan, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a> The arrival of uncontrollable illegal immigration have cause major impact on political, economic and socio-cultural problem particularly on local indigenous peoples. The arrival of these illegal immigrants and the slow economic growth have forced Sabahans to immigrate to Peninsular Malaysia or overseas to find better paying jobs and income opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-GDP-265">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:250px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Sabah (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Census_2020-424">[422]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:69.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">69.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:24.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:5.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:0.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the predominant religion in Sabah, although its society remained <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>.<a href="#cite_note-425">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-426">[424]</a> In the 2020 census, the percentage of Muslims was around 69.6%, while that of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> was 24.7% and that of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> 5.1%.<a href="#cite_note-Census_2020-424">[422]</a> In 1960, the population percentage of Muslims was only 37.9%, while the percentage of Christians was 16.6% and almost half of the population professed other religions, that is at 45.5%.<a href="#cite_note-427">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-429">[427]</a> The increase was mainly contributed through the uncontrolled high immigration rate and controversial mass conversions in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-controversial-430">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hui2013-431">[429]</a> The Colony of North Borneo Annual Report, 1960, notes that major indigenous groups maintained pagan beliefs, while coastal areas were majority Muslim. Other religions mentioned were traditional Chinese beliefs and various Christian denominations.<a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a> Many indigenous groups saw conversions to Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-433">[431]</a> in part due to cultural compatibility such as having no ban on pork.<a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a> Several other religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> as well as the Indian religions of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, are also practised in the state.<a href="#cite_note-435">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> is the main language spoken in the state, although with a different <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">creole</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a> and Peninsular Malay.<a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a> The state has its own slang for Malay which originated either from indigenous words, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Bajau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suluk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suluk language">Suluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-437">[435]</a> The indigenous languages of Sabah can be divided into four language families of <a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murutic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paitanic_languages" title="Paitanic languages">Paitanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a> The indigenous languages however facing extinction due to widespread use of Malay language particularly in home as parents often see the indigenous language as inconvenient especially in job related. However, as awareness for the indigenous language becoming more obvious, more modern parents insist on passing down their mother tongue language.<a href="#cite_note-439">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[439]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a> forms the majority of Chinese in Sabah, the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka dialect">Hakka dialect</a> is the most commonly spoken <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese dialect">Chinese dialect</a> in the state apart from <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> dialects.<a href="#cite_note-442">[440]</a> Following the change of the government after the 2018 general election, the new Sabah government has stated that there is no restriction on the usage of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in the state, adding that even if the Education Ministry stated that it is unlawful for English be used in Sabah, the restrictions will not be allowed to be imposed in the state, and that the state government will undo the previous improper law since the restrictions will only cause more damage to their younger generations especially when they need to work in private firms or organisations that require English proficiency. The new state government also stated that they will look into the matters if there is a need for a change in the state law.<a href="#cite_note-443">[441]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Culture of Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kota_Kinabalu_Sabah_NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kota_Kinabalu_Sabah_NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg/220px-Kota_Kinabalu_Sabah_NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kota_Kinabalu_Sabah_NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg/330px-Kota_Kinabalu_Sabah_NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kota_Kinabalu_Sabah_NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg/440px-Kota_Kinabalu_Sabah_NationalDepartmentOfCultureAndArts-SabahBranch-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5534" data-file-height="3113" /></a><figcaption>The branch building of <a href="/wiki/National_Department_for_Culture_and_Arts" title="National Department for Culture and Arts">National Department for Culture and Arts</a> in Kota Kinabalu.</figcaption></figure> Sabah culture is diverse due to a wide range of different ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-indigenous_culture-419">[417]</a> In the coastal areas, Sabahan culture has been influenced by the Bruneian Malays and West Coast Bajaus on the west coast side while in the east coast it is influenced by either East Coast Bajau, Bugis, and Suluk cultures with Islam being the important part of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-culture_relationship-444">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[443]</a> Christianity plays an important part to the indigenous cultures in the interior side in the daily lives of the Kadazan-Dusun, Lundayeh, Murut and Rungus beside their old practice of the traditional Animism and Paganism.<a href="#cite_note-culture_relationship-444">[442]</a> The indigenous culture however are in danger and facing extinction due to widespread cultural assimilation from Peninsular to the state. Controversial <a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a> take place in the state since Malaya-based political parties took over the Sabah Government.<a href="#cite_note-446">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[445]</a> There is a number of cultural villages exhibiting Sabah indigenous cultures such as the Borneo Cultural Village,<a href="#cite_note-448">[446]</a> Mari Mari Cultural Village<a href="#cite_note-449">[447]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsopiad" title="Monsopiad">Monsopiad</a> Cultural Village,<a href="#cite_note-450">[448]</a> where cultural performances are also performed. <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Museum" title="Sabah Museum">Sabah Museum</a> houses a number of collection of various <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brassware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a> covering the diverse culture of Sabah, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_international_trade" title="Timeline of international trade">trade history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic civilisation</a> together with an ethnobotanical garden and science and technology centre.<a href="#cite_note-451">[449]</a> Other museums include the Agop Batu Tulug Museum, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Agnes Keith</a> House, Sandakan Heritage Museum, Teck Guan Cocoa Museum and 3D Wonders Museum.<a href="#cite_note-452">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-454">[452]</a> There is also a number of preserved British, German and Japanese <a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">colonial architecture</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Atkinson_Clock_Tower" title="Atkinson Clock Tower">Atkinson Clock Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batu_Tinagat_Lighthouse" title="Batu Tinagat Lighthouse">Batu Tinagat Lighthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesselton_Hotel" title="Jesselton Hotel">Jesselton Hotel</a>, ruins of <a href="/wiki/Kinarut_Mansion" title="Kinarut Mansion">Kinarut Mansion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Tourism_Board" title="Sabah Tourism Board">Sabah Tourism Board</a> building, <a href="/wiki/Tawau_Bell_Tower" title="Tawau Bell Tower">Tawau Bell Tower</a> together with a number of memorials and monuments. Other unique tourist attractions include the Rumah Terbalik (Upside Down House) and Borneo Ant House.<a href="#cite_note-455">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[454]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Traditional houses in Sabah</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional house under construction"><img alt="The wooden frame of a house under construction, with the floor raised off the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg/302px-Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg/453px-Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg/604px-Salarom_Sabah_Frame-of-a-new-house-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5402" data-file-height="3219" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional house under construction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bajau house"><img alt="Bajau house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg/266px-Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg/400px-Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg/533px-Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3043" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a> house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisaya_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bisaya house"><img alt="Bisaya house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bisaya_House.JPG/240px-Bisaya_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bisaya_House.JPG/360px-Bisaya_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bisaya_House.JPG/480px-Bisaya_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a> house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brunei Malay house"><img alt="Brunei Malay house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg/270px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg/405px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg/540px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Rumah-Brunei-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5084" data-file-height="3389" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Brunei Malay</a> house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanibongan_Sabah_Longhouse-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dusun longhouse"><img alt="Dusun longhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanibongan_Sabah_Longhouse-01.jpg/270px-Kanibongan_Sabah_Longhouse-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanibongan_Sabah_Longhouse-01.jpg/405px-Kanibongan_Sabah_Longhouse-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanibongan_Sabah_Longhouse-01.jpg/540px-Kanibongan_Sabah_Longhouse-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5754" data-file-height="3836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> longhouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranun_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Illanun house"><img alt="Illanun house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iranun_House.JPG/240px-Iranun_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iranun_House.JPG/360px-Iranun_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iranun_House.JPG/480px-Iranun_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Illanun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Illanun people">Illanun</a> house</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotud_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lotud house"><img alt="Lotud house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lotud_House.JPG/240px-Lotud_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lotud_House.JPG/360px-Lotud_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lotud_House.JPG/480px-Lotud_House.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a> house</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts_and_crafts">Fine arts and crafts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KgKuaiKandazon_Sabah_Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KgKuaiKandazon_Sabah_Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg/170px-KgKuaiKandazon_Sabah_Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KgKuaiKandazon_Sabah_Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg/255px-KgKuaiKandazon_Sabah_Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/KgKuaiKandazon_Sabah_Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg/340px-KgKuaiKandazon_Sabah_Monsopiad-Cultural-Village-DansePerformance-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sumazau" title="Sumazau">Sumazau</a> dance performance of Papar Kadazan at the <a href="/wiki/Monsopiad" title="Monsopiad">Monsopiad</a> Cultural Village.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">Handicraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">souvenir</a> productions are part of the tourism products in Sabah. In addition, the Sabah Crafts Exotica programme has been held annually since 2011 in different small local museums.<a href="#cite_note-457">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[456]</a> Following the various initiatives by state government to encourage local entrepreneurs for state handicrafts, there were a total of 526 entrepreneurs in 2012 which increased to 1,483 in 2013 and 1,702 in 2014 with total sales value up from RM31 million to RM56 million.<a href="#cite_note-459">[457]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambunan_Sabah_Roundabout-with_Sompoton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tambunan_Sabah_Roundabout-with_Sompoton.jpg/220px-Tambunan_Sabah_Roundabout-with_Sompoton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tambunan_Sabah_Roundabout-with_Sompoton.jpg/330px-Tambunan_Sabah_Roundabout-with_Sompoton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Tambunan_Sabah_Roundabout-with_Sompoton.jpg/440px-Tambunan_Sabah_Roundabout-with_Sompoton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5497" data-file-height="3092" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> in Tambunan with the sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Sompoton" title="Sompoton">Sompoton</a>, the main musical instrument of Sabah.</figcaption></figure> Every ethnic groups in Sabah are known for their traditional music instruments,<a href="#cite_note-460">[458]</a> the coastal people of Bajau, Brunei Malays, Bugis, Illanun, Kedayan and Suluks known for their <a href="/wiki/Gendang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendang">gendang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebana" title="Rebana">kompang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulintangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulintangan">kulintangan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-461">[459]</a> while the interior people such as the Dusun known with their <a href="/wiki/Bungkau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungkau">bungkau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sompoton" title="Sompoton">sompoton</a> and turali, the Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh with their bass, the Kadazan with their tongkungon, the Murut with their tagunggak, the Rungus with their sundatang, tontog and turuding;<a href="#cite_note-462">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-rungus_culture-463">[461]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suling" title="Suling">suling</a> is mostly played by all the interior ethnic groups of Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, Rungus and Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh in the state.<a href="#cite_note-464">[462]</a> Every ethnic groups also known for their traditional dances; both Kadazan-Dusun were known for their <a href="/wiki/Sumazau" title="Sumazau">Sumazau</a> dance, the Murut with their Magunatip,<a href="#cite_note-465">[463]</a> the Rungus with their Mongigol Sumundai,<a href="#cite_note-rungus_culture-463">[461]</a> The Lun Bawang/Lun Dayeh with their Alai Busak Baku, the Brunei Malays with their Adai-Adai,<a href="#cite_note-466">[464]</a> the West Coast Bajau with their Limbai and Kuda Pasu, the East Coast Bajau and Suluk with their <a href="/wiki/Pangalay" title="Pangalay">Pangalay</a> (also known as Daling-Daling or Mengalai), Bisaya with their Liliput and the Cocos Malays with their Dansa and Nona Mansaya along with many other dances from other sub-ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-467">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-468">[466]</a> Beside that, the state of Sabah is also known for <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_batik" title="Malaysian batik">batik</a> production though the industry are still small than the major batik producer states in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-469">[467]</a> The state batik has since been commercialised to enter the international market.<a href="#cite_note-470">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swordfish_hinava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Swordfish_hinava.jpg/220px-Swordfish_hinava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Swordfish_hinava.jpg/330px-Swordfish_hinava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Swordfish_hinava.jpg/440px-Swordfish_hinava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4316" data-file-height="2877" /></a><figcaption>A swordfish <a href="/wiki/Hinava" title="Hinava">hinava</a> served with <a href="/wiki/Pullman_loaf" title="Pullman loaf">sandwich bread</a></figcaption></figure> Notable dishes in Sabah include the Beaufort mee,<a href="#cite_note-471">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-noodles-472">[470]</a> bosou,<a href="#cite_note-473">[471]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinava" title="Hinava">hinava</a>,<a href="#cite_note-474">[472]</a> ngiu chap, pinasakan,<a href="#cite_note-475">[473]</a> Sipitang <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">satay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-476">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[475]</a> Tuaran mee,<a href="#cite_note-noodles-472">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[476]</a> tuhau,<a href="#cite_note-479">[477]</a> the bambangan fruit (<a href="/wiki/Mangifera_pajang" title="Mangifera pajang">mangifera pajang</a>) along with many others.<a href="#cite_note-480">[478]</a> Apart from these, Sabah also features a number of snacks like <a href="/wiki/Amplang" title="Amplang">amplang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincin" title="Cincin">cincin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidah" title="Lidah">lidah</a>, roti kahwin, <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinjaram" title="Pinjaram">pinjaram</a> and Sandakan <a href="/wiki/Tart" title="Tart">tart</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[479]</a> and dessert like <a href="/wiki/Lamban" title="Lamban">lamban</a>, nuba tingaa, <a href="/wiki/Punjung" title="Punjung">punjung</a>, sinamu and Tuaran coconut pudding.<a href="#cite_note-482">[480]</a> Every ethnic group has its own cuisine with different styles of preparing, cooking, serving and eating the food. Examples of Sabah-based companies promoting <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy product</a> and state drinks are like the <a href="/wiki/Desa_Cattle" title="Desa Cattle">Desa Cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenom_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenom coffee">Tenom coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Tea" title="Sabah Tea">Sabah Tea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-483">[481]</a> The indigenous people features a number of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drinks</a> such as bahar, kinomol, <a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">lihing</a>, montoku, sagantang, sikat and tuak;<a href="#cite_note-484">[482]</a> with the state itself becoming the third-highest in alcohol consumption in the country after Kuala Lumpur and Sarawak.<a href="#cite_note-485">[483]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Tea_House_and_Restaurant" title="English Tea House and Restaurant">English Tea House and Restaurant</a> in Sandakan is another attraction promoting the <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">British tea culture</a>. Other international shops and restaurants such as for Western food, Middle Eastern food, Bruneian food, Indonesian food, Filipino food, Japanese food, Korean food, Taiwanese food, Thai food and Vietnamese food have their presence there. The increasing number of tourists on the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Culinary_tourism" title="Culinary tourism">culinary tourism</a> has since raised the local awareness on the importance of local food to state tourism.<a href="#cite_note-486">[484]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal_in_media">Portrayal in media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg/220px-BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg/330px-BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg/440px-BNB-OfficialGazette-1892-04-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Extract from the title page of the British North Borneo Official Gazette (the <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_Herald" title="British North Borneo Herald">British North Borneo Herald</a>) of 16 April 1902.</figcaption></figure> Much of the information of the territory was kept in the records of <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a> (since 1820) and <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo_Herald" title="British North Borneo Herald">British North Borneo Herald</a> (since 1883). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hatton" title="Joseph Hatton">Joseph Hatton</a> published one of the earliest book titled "North Borneo – Explorations and Adventures in the Equator" (1886) based on the exploration notes leave by his son Frank Hatton who served under the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Chartered Company</a>, his son was accidentally killed during his journey in Segama River on North Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-487">[485]</a> Ada Pryer wrote a book about her life in North Borneo titled "A Decade in Borneo" (1894, re-issued 2001) as her husband, <a href="/wiki/William_Burgess_Pryer" title="William Burgess Pryer">William Pryer</a> also served for the North Borneo Chartered Company.<a href="#cite_note-488">[486]</a> The earliest known footage of North Borneo is from three American movies by <a href="/wiki/Martin_and_Osa_Johnson" title="Martin and Osa Johnson">Martin and Osa Johnson</a> titled "Jungle Adventures" (1921), "Jungle Depths of Borneo" (1937) and "Borneo" (1937).<a href="#cite_note-489">[487]</a> Australian author <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Law_Suart" title="Wendy Law Suart">Wendy Law Suart</a> lived in North Borneo capital between 1949 and 1953 and wrote a book titled "The Lingering Eye – Recollections of North Borneo" based on her experiences there.<a href="#cite_note-490">[488]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3CameHomePoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/3CameHomePoster.jpg/170px-3CameHomePoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/3CameHomePoster.jpg/255px-3CameHomePoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/3CameHomePoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Three_Came_Home" title="Three Came Home">Three Came Home</a>, a 1950 Hollywood film based on the memoir of <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Agnes Newton Keith</a> life in Sandakan, North Borneo (present-day Sabah) during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Three_Came_Home-87">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> An English author K.G. Tregonning wrote a book about his travel to Jesselton from Singapore in a book titled "North Borneo" (1960).<a href="#cite_note-491">[489]</a> Various other American films have been taken in the state, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Came_Home" title="Three Came Home">Three Came Home</a>" (1950), a <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> film based on the memoir of <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Newton_Keith" title="Agnes Newton Keith">Agnes Newton Keith</a> in her book depicting the situation of World War II in Sandakan.<a href="#cite_note-Three_Came_Home-87">[87]</a> Keith also wrote three other books about the state, such as "Land Below the Wind", "White Man Returns" and "Beloved Exiles". A Japanese film called "<a href="/wiki/Sandakan_No._8" title="Sandakan No. 8">Sandakan No. 8</a>" (1974) directed by <a href="/wiki/Kei_Kumai" title="Kei Kumai">Kei Kumai</a> tells the story of prostitution by <a href="/wiki/Karayuki-san" title="Karayuki-san">Karayuki-san</a> in Sandakan Japanese brothel based on the 1972 book Sandakan Brothel No. 8: An Episode in the History of Lower-Class by Yamazaki Tomoko.<a href="#cite_note-492">[490]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Mac_Rauch" title="Earl Mac Rauch">Earl Mac Rauch</a> novelisation of the American "<a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Buckaroo_Banzai_Across_the_8th_Dimension" title="The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension">Buckaroo Banzai</a>" novel (Pocket Books, 1984; repr. 2001), as well in the DVD film, <a href="/wiki/Buckaroo_Banzai_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckaroo Banzai (character)">Buckaroo</a>'s archenemy Hanoi Xan is said to have his secret base in Sabah, in a "relic city of caves".<a href="#cite_note-493">[491]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Bat*21" title="Bat*21">Bat*21</a>" (1988), another American film depicting the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> was shot at various locations in the suburbs north of Kota Kinabalu, including <a href="/wiki/Menggatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Menggatal">Menggatal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telipok" title="Telipok">Telipok</a>, Kayu Madang and Lapasan.<a href="#cite_note-494">[492]</a> Another English author <a href="/wiki/Redmond_O%27Hanlon" title="Redmond O'Hanlon">Redmond O'Hanlon</a> also wrote a book titled "Into the Heart of Borneo" (1984) about Borneo island.<a href="#cite_note-495">[493]</a> While Sydney-based Australian author Lynette Ramsay Silver wrote two books about the history of Sabah such as "Sandakan – A Conspiracy of Silence" (1998) and "Blood Brothers – Sabah and Australia 1942–1945" (2010). In early 2016, a "Roll of Honour" immortalising 2,479 British and Australian soldiers who died in Sabah during the World War II has been presented by a British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> veteran to Sabah State Tourism, Culture and Environment Department, the roll lists a record of the identity of every <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> (POW) during the <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandakan Death March">Sandakan Death March</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[494]</a> In 2017, an English woman named Mary Christina Lewin (Tina Rimmer) who had lived in North Borneo since 1949,<a href="#cite_note-497">[495]</a> was given the 'Sabah Cultural Icon' as the first person to receive the award for her lifelong contribution to the people in the territory and her biggest role as educationist and artist who portrayed the life scene of North Borneo through her artworks.<a href="#cite_note-498">[496]</a> Following the beginning of Malaysian films in 1970s along with the foundation of Sabah Film Production, several local films have been produced and filmed in the state by the state production, among those are "Keluarga Si Comat" (1975) and "Hapuslah Air Matamu" (1976) (produced with a collaboration with Indonesian Film Production).<a href="#cite_note-499">[497]</a> Abu Bakar Ellah (popularly known as Ampal) then became the leading artist of Sabah comedy film with his film titled "Orang Kita".<a href="#cite_note-500">[498]</a> In the present day, state-produced dramas and documentaries are usually aired either on <a href="/wiki/TVi_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TVi (Malaysia)">TVi</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV1_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV1 (Malaysia)">TV1</a> or <a href="/wiki/TV2_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV2 (Malaysia)">TV2</a> while state musics aired on radios through Bayu FM, <a href="/wiki/Kupi-Kupi_FM" title="Kupi-Kupi FM">Kupi-Kupi FM</a>, Sabah FM and Sabah vFM. Sabah was featured in the British popular reality show of "<a href="/wiki/Survivor:_Borneo" title="Survivor: Borneo">Survivor: Borneo</a>" and the American show of "<a href="/wiki/Eco-Challenge" title="Eco-Challenge">Eco-Challenge</a> Borneo" in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-501">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[500]</a> In 2001, the state was featured in a 2001 Filipino documentary titled "Sabah: Ang Bagong Amerika?" by <a href="/wiki/Vicky_Morales" title="Vicky Morales">Vicky Morales</a> on the story of Filipino immigrants from the Sulu Archipelago escaping <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">poverty and starvation in the Philippines</a> by entering Sabah illegally to earn livehood but facing risk being caught, tortured and deported as Malaysian laws are getting strict on illegal migration.<a href="#cite_note-503">[501]</a> In 2003, the state was featured on "<a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_4" title="The Amazing Race 4">The Amazing Race</a>" for the first time as well on a 2009 Hong Kong drama of "<a href="/wiki/Born_Rich_(TV_series)" title="Born Rich (TV series)">Born Rich</a>".<a href="#cite_note-504">[502]</a> The state was also featured in a 2014 American documentary of "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_Planet" title="Sacred Planet">Sacred Planet</a>" and featured again in a new edition of "<a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_24" title="The Amazing Race 24">The Amazing Race</a>" as well on a Korean reality show programme titled the "<a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Jungle_(TV_program)" title="Law of the Jungle (TV program)">Law of the Jungle</a>", both in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-505">[503]</a> In early 2017, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hong_Kong" title="Cinema of Hong Kong">Hong Kong film industry</a> once again choose Sabah as one of the location for a new romance film titled "She Will Be Loved".<a href="#cite_note-506">[504]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_festivals">Holidays and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sabah" title="Public holidays in Sabah">Public holidays in Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Malaysia" title="Public holidays in Malaysia">Public holidays in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-Bug-Fest-2016-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-Bug-Fest-2016-01.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-Bug-Fest-2016-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-Bug-Fest-2016-01.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-Bug-Fest-2016-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-Bug-Fest-2016-01.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-Bug-Fest-2016-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6201" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>The Borneo Bug Fest in 2016, featuring <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sabahans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-507">[505]</a> Apart from the national <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Malaysia)" title="Independence Day (Malaysia)">Independence Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Day" title="Malaysia Day">Malaysia Day</a> celebrations and the State Governor's birthday, Sabah has start to celebrates <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Self-government_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="North Borneo Self-government Day">Sabah Self-government Day</a> on 31 August.<a href="#cite_note-508">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[507]</a> Every ethnic groups celebrate their own festivals and the culture of open house (rumah terbuka) with the visits of families and friends from other races and religion are a norm especially with the interracial marriage between different ethnic groups of different background.<a href="#cite_note-Ipgrave2008-510">[508]</a> Sabah are the only state in Malaysia to declare the <a href="/wiki/Kaamatan" title="Kaamatan">Kaamatan</a> celebration a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-511">[509]</a> Both Sabah and Sarawak are also the only two states in Malaysia that declare <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> a public holiday.<a href="#cite_note-Ipgrave2008-510">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[510]</a> Many festivals are being held annually in Sabah such as the <a href="/wiki/Bon_festival#Bon_Odori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon festival">Bon Odori</a> Festival,<a href="#cite_note-513">[511]</a> Sabah Jazz,<a href="#cite_note-514">[512]</a> Borneo Bird Festival,<a href="#cite_note-515">[513]</a> Borneo Bug Fest, Borneo Eco Film Festival,<a href="#cite_note-516">[514]</a> Kota Kinabalu Food Fest,<a href="#cite_note-517">[515]</a> Kota Kinabalu Jazz Festival,<a href="#cite_note-518">[516]</a> Sabah Dragon Boat Festival, Sabah Fest,<a href="#cite_note-519">[517]</a> Sabah International Folklore Festival and Sabah Sunset Music Festival.<a href="#cite_note-520">[518]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kota-Kinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kota-Kinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg/220px-Kota-Kinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kota-Kinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg/330px-Kota-Kinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kota-Kinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg/440px-Kota-Kinabalu_Sabah_Borneo-International-Marathon-2015-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5434" data-file-height="3046" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Borneo_International_Marathon" title="Borneo International Marathon">Borneo International Marathon</a> in 2015.</figcaption></figure> North Borneo sent its own teams to participate in the <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="North Borneo at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a> <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-521">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-522">[520]</a> as well on the <a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962 Asian Games</a> before its athletes started representing Malaysia after 1963.<a href="#cite_note-523">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[522]</a> To produce more athletes and to improve and raise the standard of sports in the state after Sabah became part of Malaysia, the Sabah State Sports Council was established in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-525">[523]</a> In addition, the Sabah Sports and Cultural Board Sports was created on 1 September 1976 before being frozen in December 1978 for more than two years until 1 January 1981 due to specific reasons.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_sports_board-526">[524]</a> On 31 December 1996, the board been split into Sport Authority of Sabah and Sabah Cultural Board with a new board been established as the Sabah Sports Board that was maintained until present.<a href="#cite_note-sabah_sports_board-526">[524]</a> Sabah became the host of <a href="/wiki/SUKMA_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="SUKMA Games">SUKMA Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/2002_Sukma_Games" title="2002 Sukma Games">2002</a> and had recently been crowned overall champions of the 2022 Para SUKMA Games.<a href="#cite_note-527">[525]</a> The state also sending its teams to represent Malaysia at the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a>. Beside focusing to main sports, Sabah also features 11 traditional sports.<a href="#cite_note-528">[526]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KotaKinabalu_Sabah_LikasStadium-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_LikasStadium-07.jpg/220px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_LikasStadium-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_LikasStadium-07.jpg/330px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_LikasStadium-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/KotaKinabalu_Sabah_LikasStadium-07.jpg/440px-KotaKinabalu_Sabah_LikasStadium-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Likas_Stadium" title="Likas Stadium">Likas Stadium</a> which is the home stadium for <a href="/wiki/Sabah_F.C._(Malaysia)" title="Sabah F.C. (Malaysia)">Sabah FA</a>.</figcaption></figure> There are 12 sports complex within the state together with three main stadiums.<a href="#cite_note-529">[527]</a> <a href="/wiki/Likas_Stadium" title="Likas Stadium">Likas Stadium</a> is the main stadium for the state football association of <a href="/wiki/Sabah_F.C._(Malaysia)" title="Sabah F.C. (Malaysia)">Sabah FA</a>, followed by Penampang Stadium and Tawau Stadium. Sabah FA was founded in 1963 with the association have won one title each on the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_FA_Cup" title="Malaysia FA Cup">Malaysia FA Cup</a> in 1995, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Premier_League" title="Malaysia Premier League">Malaysia Premier League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liga_Perdana_(1994%E2%80%9397)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Perdana (1994–97)">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Malaysia_Premier_League" title="2019 Malaysia Premier League">2019</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_Cup_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="President Cup Malaysia">President Cup Malaysia</a> in 1999, 13 titles in the past <a href="/wiki/Borneo_Cup" title="Borneo Cup">Borneo Cup</a> and 11 titles in the women's football <a href="/wiki/Tun_Sharifah_Rodziah_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup">Tun Sharifah Rodziah Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-530">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-531">[529]</a> The association was returned to private sector in early 1996, which had long under the purview of the state government.<a href="#cite_note-532">[530]</a> But following the argument between the association and Sabah Sports Board, Sabah FA was suspended by the state sports council on 15 January 1998 and the management was put under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sports_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Youth and Sports (Malaysia)">national sport ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-suspension-533">[531]</a> The move was seen as breaching <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> rules that stated there should be no government interference on football organisations.<a href="#cite_note-suspension-533">[531]</a> The persistent problems plaguing the Sabah FA since 1980s have significantly deteriorating the team performances and demoralising players in addition to the scandals that have embroiling the Malaysian football in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-534">[532]</a> In 2019, both Sabah and Sarawak Sports Ministries work together to establish the East Malaysia Sports Commission to facilitate the organisation of more sports programmes in the two territories including other places in the Borneo islands.<a href="#cite_note-535">[533]</a> With the increase of youth interests on <a href="/wiki/E-sports" class="mw-redirect" title="E-sports">e-sports</a>, Sabah government also targeting to develop the sports as part of the tourism development in the state.<a href="#cite_note-536">[534]</a><a href="#cite_note-537">[535]</a><a href="#cite_note-538">[536]</a><a href="#cite_note-539">[537]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> Sabah is a sister state/province to <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi Province</a> in China,<a href="#cite_note-540">[538]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-542">[540]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ratchaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratchaburi Province">Ratchaburi Province</a> in Thailand<a href="#cite_note-543">[541]</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> in Indonesia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sabah" title="List of people from Sabah">List of people from Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Heath presumably means the <a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)">communist insurgency</a> along the border of Malaysia–Thailand, further Indonesia infiltration and the Philippines who had not dropped their claim to Sabah until this day. As well with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> that was raging at the time, raising fears of <a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">South-East Asian dominoes</a> toppling to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>-aligned <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fpda-160">[160]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of hospitals in Malaysia">List of hospitals in Malaysia</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519124851/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/ms/Home/About">"Mengenai Sabah"</a> [About Sabah] (in Malay). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sabah" title="Government of Sabah">Sabah State Government</a>. 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Mair; Paula Roberts; Mark Swofford (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514050717/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp236_china_borneo_santubong.pdf">"Examining the Connection Between Ancient China and Borneo Through Santubong Archaeological Sites"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> and Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Sino-Platonic Papers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-9687">2157-9687</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp236_china_borneo_santubong.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 May 2016. 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Maxwell (1981–1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGLjAAAAMAAJ">The Origin of the name 'Sabah'</a>. Vol. VII (No. 2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+name+%27Sabah%27&rft.date=1981%2F1982&rft.au=Allen+R.+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGLjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|periodical=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._H._Treacher1891" class="citation journal cs1">W. H. Treacher (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27547/27547-h/27547-h.htm">"British Borneo: Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan, and North Borneo"</a>. The Project Gutenberg eBook: 95. 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Retrieved 28 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=How+Brunei+lost+its+northern+province&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.au=Rozan+Yunos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Flife%2F2008%2F09%2F21%2Fhow_brunei_lost_its_northern_province&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-land_below_the_wind-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-land_below_the_wind_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-land_below_the_wind_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonny_Beardsall2007" class="citation news cs1">Jonny Beardsall (15 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4204225/Settled-by-the-sea-in-the-Land-Below-the-Wind.html">"Settled by the sea in the Land Below the Wind"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4204225/Settled-by-the-sea-in-the-Land-Below-the-Wind.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Settled+by+the+sea+in+the+Land+Below+the+Wind&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft.au=Jonny+Beardsall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fexpat%2F4204225%2FSettled-by-the-sea-in-the-Land-Below-the-Wind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welman2017-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Welman2017_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrans_Welman2017" class="citation book cs1">Frans Welman (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MHVbz8SE6FQC&pg=PA125">Borneo Trilogy Volume 2: Sabah</a>. Booksmango. pp. 125–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-616-245-079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-616-245-079-2"><bdi>978-616-245-079-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo+Trilogy+Volume+2%3A+Sabah&rft.pages=125-&rft.pub=Booksmango&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-616-245-079-2&rft.au=Frans+Welman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHVbz8SE6FQC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoo_Tick_LimAzizan_Abu_Samah2004" class="citation book cs1">Joo Tick Lim; Azizan Abu Samah (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGwcAQAAMAAJ">Weather and climate of Malaysia</a>. 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Periplus Editions. pp. 55–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945971-73-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945971-73-3"><bdi>978-0-945971-73-3</bdi></a>. <q>Since 1980, the Sabah Museum staff have carried out excavations in the Madai and Baturong limestone massifs, at caves and open sites dated back 30,000 years. Baturong is surrounded by large area of alluvial deposits, formed by the damming of the Tingkayu River by a lava flow. The Tingkayu stone industry shows a unique level of skills for its period. The remains of many mammals, snakes, and tortoises were found, all food items collected by early occupants of the rock shelters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Kalimantan&rft.pages=55-57&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-945971-73-3&rft.au=Kathy+MacKinnon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D70iB6Tf62OkC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sabah_info-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_info_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_info_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515105207/http://www.sabah.edu.my/kaupin/guest/sabah/sabah_forever.htm">"About Sabah"</a>. Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation and Sabah State Museum. 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Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+hit+%27gold%27+at+Mansuli&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft.au=Durie+Rainer+Fong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2012%2F04%2F10%2Farchaeologists-hit-gold-at-mansuli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Chia2008" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Chia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523083324/http://www.seaa-web.org/bulletin2008/bul-essay-08-01.htm">"Prehistoric Sites and Research in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia"</a>. Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology. Centre for Archaeological Research Malaysia, University of Science, Malaysia. 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Sabah Museum Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.sabah.gov.my/?q=content/bukit-tengkorak-archaeological-sites-semporna">the original</a> on 25 March 2016. 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Tuttle Publishing. pp. 31–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-180-7"><bdi>978-962-593-180-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventure+Guides%3A+East+Malaysia&rft.pages=31-57&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-962-593-180-7&rft.au=Wendy+Hutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWO5Va53GkgC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bala2005-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bala2005_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bala2005_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilcher_Bala2005" class="citation book cs1">Bilcher Bala (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bQuAQAAIAAJ&q=vijayapura+p%27o-ni">Thalassocracy: a history of the medieval Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam</a>. School of Social Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-2643-74-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-2643-74-6"><bdi>978-983-2643-74-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thalassocracy%3A+a+history+of+the+medieval+Sultanate+of+Brunei+Darussalam&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=School+of+Social+Sciences%2C+University+Malaysia+Sabah&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-983-2643-74-6&rft.au=Bilcher+Bala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bQuAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvijayapura%2Bp%2527o-ni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Watson_AndayaLeonard_Y._Andaya1984" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Watson Andaya; Leonard Y. Andaya (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GSBCcNn1fsC&pg=PA57">A History of Malaysia</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 57–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38121-9"><bdi>978-0-312-38121-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=57-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38121-9&rft.au=Barbara+Watson+Andaya&rft.au=Leonard+Y.+Andaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GSBCcNn1fsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman2011-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman2011_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman2011_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Runciman2011" class="citation book cs1">Steven Runciman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4_O9GB4KBoC&pg=PA14">The White Rajah: A History of Sarawak from 1841 to 1946</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12899-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-12899-5"><bdi>978-0-521-12899-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Rajah%3A+A+History+of+Sarawak+from+1841+to+1946&rft.pages=14-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-12899-5&rft.au=Steven+Runciman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4_O9GB4KBoC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Gibbon1788" class="citation web cs1">Edward Gibbon (1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap64.htm">"Fall In The East — The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire [Chapter 64]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a>. Retrieved 18 October 2017. <q>Hundred thousand Chinese imitated his example; and the whole empire, from <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Tonkin</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">great wall</a>, submitted to the dominion of <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Cublai</a>. His boundless ambition aspired to the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a>: his fleet was twice shipwrecked; and the lives of a hundred thousand Mongols and Chinese were sacrificed in the fruitless expedition. But the neighbouring kingdoms, Corea, <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochinchina" title="Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, were reduced in different degrees of tribute and obedience by the effort or terror of his arms. He explored the Indian Ocean with a fleet of a thousand ships: they sailed in sixty-eight days, most probably to Borneo, under the equinoctial line; and though they returned not without spoil or glory, the emperor was dissatisfied that the savage king had escaped from their hands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fall+In+The+East+%E2%80%94+The+Decline+And+Fall+Of+The+Roman+Empire+%5BChapter+64%5D&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=1788&rft.au=Edward+Gibbon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fg%2Fgibbon%2Fdecline%2Fvolume2%2Fchap64.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Miers_Elliot2013" class="citation book cs1">Henry Miers Elliot (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-knEHQUmBFgC&pg=PA27">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05585-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05585-7"><bdi>978-1-108-05585-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+as+Told+by+Its+Own+Historians%3A+The+Muhammadan+Period&rft.pages=27-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-108-05585-7&rft.au=Henry+Miers+Elliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-knEHQUmBFgC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunei2004" class="citation book cs1">Brunei (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYa6AAAAIAAJ&q=brunei+majapahit+province">Brunei Darussalam</a>. Broadcasting and Information Department, Prime Minister's Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei+Darussalam&rft.pub=Broadcasting+and+Information+Department%2C+Prime+Minister%27s+Office&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Brunei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYa6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbrunei%2Bmajapahit%2Bprovince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ming shi, 325, p. 8411, p. 8422. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Norman_MiksicGoh_Geok_Yian2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">John Norman Miksic</a>; Goh Geok Yian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjklDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA501">Ancient Southeast Asia</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 501–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27904-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-27904-4"><bdi>978-1-317-27904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=501-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-27904-4&rft.au=John+Norman+Miksic&rft.au=Goh+Geok+Yian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzjklDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chinese_records-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_records_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_records_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_records_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_records_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chinese_records_50-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Al-Mahdi_Tan_KhoHurng-yu_Chen2014" class="citation web cs1">Mohammad Al-Mahdi Tan Kho; Hurng-yu Chen (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509133532/http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf">"Malaysia-Philippines Territorial Dispute: The Sabah Case"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Chengchi_University" title="National Chengchi University">National Chengchi University</a>. NCCU Institutional Repository. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/68001/1/015101.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Chengchi+University&rft.atitle=Malaysia-Philippines+Territorial+Dispute%3A+The+Sabah+Case&rft.date=2014-07&rft.au=Mohammad+Al-Mahdi+Tan+Kho&rft.au=Hurng-yu+Chen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw%2Fbitstream%2F140.119%2F68001%2F1%2F015101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vienne2015-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vienne2015_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vienne2015_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie-Sybille_de_Vienne2015" class="citation book cs1">Marie-Sybille de Vienne (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfpIBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century</a>. NUS Press. pp. 42–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-818-8"><bdi>978-9971-69-818-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunei%3A+From+the+Age+of+Commerce+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=42-&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-818-8&rft.au=Marie-Sybille+de+Vienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfpIBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShih-shan_Henry_Tsai1996" class="citation book cs1">Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka6jNJcX_ygC&pg=PA152">The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty</a>. SUNY Press. pp. 152–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2687-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2687-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-2687-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eunuchs+in+the+Ming+Dynasty&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2687-6&rft.au=Shih-shan+Henry+Tsai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKa6jNJcX_ygC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wise1846-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Wise1846_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Wise1846" class="citation book cs1">Henry Wise (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CpBeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR10">A Selection from Papers Relating to Borneo and the Proceedings at Sarāwak of James Brooke ...</a> publisher not identified. pp. 10–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Selection+from+Papers+Relating+to+Borneo+and+the+Proceedings+at+Sar%C4%81wak+of+James+Brooke+...&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=publisher+not+identified&rft.date=1846&rft.au=Henry+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpBeAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sabah_edu-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sabah_edu_54-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514040125/http://www.sabah.edu.my/itma135/history.htm">"History of Sabah"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pusat-sejarah.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sultan-Sultan+Brunei&rft.pub=Government+of+Brunei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pusat-sejarah.gov.bn%2Fsultanbrunei.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coffins-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coffins_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coffins_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslin_Gaffor2007" class="citation web cs1">Haslin Gaffor (10 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022141115/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/04/10/coffins-dating-back-1000-years-are-found-in-the-kinabatangan-valley/">"Coffins dating back 1,000 years are found in the Kinabatangan Valley"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bernama" title="Bernama">Bernama</a>. The Star. 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Retrieved 25 May 2013 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Dalrymple+%281737%E2%80%931808%29+and+the+Expansion+of+British+Trade&rft.pages=68-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-2594-2&rft.au=Howard+T.+Fry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DflfYsDjH_M4C%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulu_Archipelago-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sulu_Archipelago_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sulu_Archipelago_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSixto_Y._Orosa1931" class="citation web cs1">Sixto Y. Orosa (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ahz9503.0001.001.umich.edu#page/29/mode/1up/search/British">"The Sulu Archipelago and its people"</a>. Yonkers on Hudson, N. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84974-6"><bdi>978-0-521-84974-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Global+Company%3A+Multinationals+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=75-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84974-6&rft.au=Robert+Fitzgerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTkACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeigh_R._Wright1988" class="citation book cs1">Leigh R. 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Paul. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-4141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-4141-8"><bdi>978-0-7100-4141-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaysia+and+Its+Neighbours&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+K.+Paul&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-4141-8&rft.au=J.+M.+Gullick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykM9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2004" class="citation book cs1">Keat Gin Ooi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA251">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to Timor. 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Sabah State Government (State Attorney-General's Chambers). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/Treaties/Protocol%28Madrid%29.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 October 2013. 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Routledge. pp. 679–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19388-1"><bdi>978-1-135-19388-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pages=679-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19388-1&rft.au=Carl+Skutsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXYKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bnbm-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bnbm_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bnbm_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallistus_Fernandez2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Callistus Fernandez (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602154850/http://web.usm.my/km/KM%20XIX,2-2001/THE%20LEGEND%20BY%20SUE%20HARRIS.pdf">"The Legend by Sue Harris: A Critique of the Rundum Rebellion and a Counter Argument of the Rebellion"</a> (PDF). Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore (in Malay and English). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.usm.my/km/KM%20XIX,2-2001/THE%20LEGEND%20BY%20SUE%20HARRIS.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Sociology%2C+National+University+of+Singapore&rft.atitle=The+Legend+by+Sue+Harris%3A+A+Critique+of+the+Rundum+Rebellion+and+a+Counter+Argument+of+the+Rebellion&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Callistus+Fernandez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkm%2FKM%2520XIX%2C2-2001%2FTHE%2520LEGEND%2520BY%2520SUE%2520HARRIS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_L._Rottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon L. Rottman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA206">World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 206–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31395-0"><bdi>978-0-313-31395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Pacific+Island+Guide%3A+A+Geo-military+Study&rft.pages=206-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31395-0&rft.au=Gordon+L.+Rottman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChyilRml0hcC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakashi_Shiraishi1993" class="citation book cs1">Takashi Shiraishi (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mfCzrbOn80C&pg=PA54">The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia</a>. SEAP Publications. pp. 54–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-402-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87727-402-5"><bdi>978-0-87727-402-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+in+Colonial+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=54-&rft.pub=SEAP+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87727-402-5&rft.au=Takashi+Shiraishi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mfCzrbOn80C%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Three_Came_Home-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Three_Came_Home_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Three_Came_Home_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Three_Came_Home_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patric_Knowles" title="Patric Knowles">Patric Knowles</a> (20 February 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=W5dNa0O18wQ">Three Came Home (Full Movie)</a> (video). 20th Century Fox. Event occurs at 00:12:55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/W5dNa0O18wQ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Came+Home+%28Full+Movie%29&rft.pub=20th+Century+Fox&rft.date=1950-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DW5dNa0O18wQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim2008-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2008_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2008_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2008_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2008_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2008_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2008_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2008_88-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegina_Lim2008" class="citation book cs1">Regina Lim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM4HifRARgYC&pg=PA36">Federal-state Relations in Sabah, Malaysia: The Berjaya Administration, 1976–85</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 36–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-812-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-812-2"><bdi>978-981-230-812-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal-state+Relations+in+Sabah%2C+Malaysia%3A+The+Berjaya+Administration%2C+1976%E2%80%9385&rft.pages=36-84&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-812-2&rft.au=Regina+Lim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbM4HifRARgYC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Keat Gin Ooi (2006). 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Scarecrow Press. pp. 214–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-7199-2"><bdi>978-1-4616-7199-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=214-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-7199-2&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVViEJmN99kC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeat_Gin_Ooi2010" class="citation book cs1">Keat Gin Ooi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg_HBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT164">The Japanese Occupation of Borneo, 1941–45</a>. Routledge. pp. 164–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96309-4"><bdi>978-1-136-96309-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Occupation+of+Borneo%2C+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=164-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-96309-4&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEg_HBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuki_Tanaka1997" class="citation book cs1">Yuki Tanaka (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AKU_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes In World War II</a>. 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Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 157–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-238-0"><bdi>978-981-230-238-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Affairs+2004&rft.pages=157-&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-981-230-238-0&rft.au=Chin+Kin+Wah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8mKsed7mQzQC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith_L._Weiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Meredith L. 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CRC Press. pp. 48–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33059-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33059-9"><bdi>978-1-136-33059-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicization+and+Identity+Construction+in+Malaysia&rft.pages=48-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-33059-9&rft.au=Frederik+Holst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0oQeVK4YjMC%26pg%3DPP48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuguntan_VanarFatimah_Zainal2018" class="citation web cs1">Muguntan Vanar; Fatimah Zainal (10 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/10/hung-assembly-in-sabah-sees-intense-political-horsetrading/">"Hung assembly in Sabah sees intense political horse-trading"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 11 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Hung+assembly+in+Sabah+sees+intense+political+horse-trading&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.au=Muguntan+Vanar&rft.au=Fatimah+Zainal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2018%2F05%2F10%2Fhung-assembly-in-sabah-sees-intense-political-horsetrading%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_LeeFatimah_Zainal2018" class="citation web cs1">Stephanie Lee; Fatimah Zainal (12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/12/pbs-leaves-bn-musa-aman-to-join-pbs/">"PBS leaves BN, Musa Aman to leave Umno and join PBS"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 12 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=PBS+leaves+BN%2C+Musa+Aman+to+leave+Umno+and+join+PBS&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.au=Stephanie+Lee&rft.au=Fatimah+Zainal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2018%2F05%2F12%2Fpbs-leaves-bn-musa-aman-to-join-pbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvila_GeraldineNorasikin_Daineh2018" class="citation news cs1">Avila Geraldine; Norasikin Daineh (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/368460/warisan-now-has-35-seats-enough-form-state-government-shafie-nsttv">"Warisan now has 35 seats, enough to form state government: Shafie [NSTTV]"</a>. New Straits Times. 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Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berita+Harian&rft.atitle=Istana+serah+surat+kepada+Musa&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharian.com.my%2Fberita%2Fpolitik%2F2018%2F05%2F425460%2Fistana-serah-surat-kepada-musa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodelio_Junjun_Taucan2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodelio Junjun Taucan (12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512204839/http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/politik/tun-juhar-arah-musa-letak-jawatan-1.671428">"Tun Juhar arah Musa letak jawatan"</a> [Tun Juhar urges Musa to resign]. Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/politik/tun-juhar-arah-musa-letak-jawatan-1.671428">the original</a> on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utusan+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Tun+Juhar+arah+Musa+letak+jawatan&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.au=Rodelio+Junjun+Taucan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utusan.com.my%2Fberita%2Fpolitik%2Ftun-juhar-arah-musa-letak-jawatan-1.671428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzaini_Zulkepli2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ruzaini Zulkepli (13 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/warisan-tidak-akan-sama-dengan-umno-shafie-apdal-175366">"Warisan tidak akan sama dengan UMNO – Shafie Apdal"</a> [Warisan will never be the same as UMNO – Shafie Apdal] (in Malay). Astro Awani. 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Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+two-thirds+majority+for+Bill+to+make+Sabah%2C+Sarawak+equal+partners&rft.pub=The+Edge+Markets&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft.au=Adam+Aziz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theedgemarkets.com%2Farticle%2Fno-twothirds-majority-bill-make-sabah-sarawak-equal-partners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410022521/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/133634/status-of-sabah-sarawak-stays/">"Status of Sabah, Sarawak stays"</a>. Bernama. Daily Express. 10 April 2019. 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Retrieved 16 May 2014. <q>Map of British North Borneo, highlighting in yellow colour the area covered by the Philippine claim, presented to the Court by the Philippines during the Oral Hearings at the ICJ on 25 June 2001.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Malaysia%27s+territorial+disputes+%E2%80%93+two+cases+at+the+ICJ+%3A+Batu+Puteh%2C+Middle+Rocks+and+South+Ledge+%28Malaysia%2FSingapore%29%2C+Ligitan+and+Sipadan+%5Band+the+Sabah+claim%5D+%28Malaysia%2FIndonesia%2FPhilippines%29&rft.pages=46&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Kadir+Mohamad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idfr.gov.my%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Fpublication%2F2009%2Finside_pbp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216030658/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=103802">"Border disputes differ for Indonesia, M'sia"</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 224–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3625-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3625-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia-Pacific+Coasts+and+Their+Management%3A+States+of+Environment&rft.pages=224-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3625-5&rft.au=Nobuo+Mimura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgXnSZ300NAC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanese_Muda2013" class="citation web cs1">Joanese Muda (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522095649/http://www.gsm.org.my/products/702001-100338-PDF.pdf">"The geological heritage values and potential geotourism development of the beaches in Northern Sabah, Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Department of Minerals and Geosciences, Sarawak. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsm.org.my/products/702001-100338-PDF.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Minerals+and+Geosciences%2C+Sarawak&rft.atitle=The+geological+heritage+values+and+potential+geotourism+development+of+the+beaches+in+Northern+Sabah%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-11&rft.au=Joanese+Muda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsm.org.my%2Fproducts%2F702001-100338-PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mojiol2006-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Mojiol2006_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Russel_Immit_Mojiol2006" class="citation book cs1">Andy Russel Immit Mojiol (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVi6okfiv_EC&pg=PA13">Ecological Landuse Planning and Sustainable Management of Urban and Sub-urban Green Areas in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia</a>. Cuvillier Verlag. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86727-081-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86727-081-6"><bdi>978-3-86727-081-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Landuse+Planning+and+Sustainable+Management+of+Urban+and+Sub-urban+Green+Areas+in+Kota+Kinabalu%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Cuvillier+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-86727-081-6&rft.au=Andy+Russel+Immit+Mojiol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPVi6okfiv_EC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2290">"Kota Kinabalu Wetland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>. 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Natural History Publications (Borneo). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-812-111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-812-111-8"><bdi>978-983-812-111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhododendrons+of+Sabah%2C+Malaysian+Borneo&rft.pub=Natural+History+Publications+%28Borneo%29&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-983-812-111-8&rft.au=George+Argent&rft.au=Anthony+Lamb&rft.au=Anthea+Phillipps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DklAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyoji_SassaPaolo_CanutiYueping_Yin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kyoji Sassa; Paolo Canuti; Yueping Yin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKUpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment: Vol.1: The International Programme on Landslides (IPL)</a>. Springer. pp. 149–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04999-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04999-1"><bdi>978-3-319-04999-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landslide+Science+for+a+Safer+Geoenvironment%3A+Vol.1%3A+The+International+Programme+on+Landslides+%28IPL%29&rft.pages=149-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04999-1&rft.au=Kyoji+Sassa&rft.au=Paolo+Canuti&rft.au=Yueping+Yin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKUpBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._M._WongChew_Lun_Chan1997" class="citation book cs1">K. M. Wong; Chew Lun Chan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igfbAAAAMAAJ">Mount Kinabalu: Borneo's Magic Mountain: An Introduction to the Natural History of One of the World's Great Natural Monuments</a>. 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Hamilton; James O. Juvik; F.N. Scatena (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pO_SBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194">Tropical Montane Cloud Forests</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 194–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-2500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-2500-3"><bdi>978-1-4612-2500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Montane+Cloud+Forests&rft.pages=194-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4612-2500-3&rft.au=Lawrence+S.+Hamilton&rft.au=James+O.+Juvik&rft.au=F.N.+Scatena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpO_SBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Thomas_Kurian1987" class="citation book cs1">George Thomas Kurian (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deayAAAAIAAJ">The Encyclopedia of the Third World: Guinea-Bissau to Peru</a>. 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Food & Agriculture Org. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105756-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105756-8"><bdi>978-92-5-105756-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Credit+and+Microfinance+Needs+in+Inland+Capture+Fisheries+Development+and+Conservation+in+Asia&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Food+%26+Agriculture+Org.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-5-105756-8&rft.au=Uwe+Tietze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihTrWUKDvLUC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabani_Md._ZukiAnthony_R._Lupo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zabani Md. Zuki; Anthony R. 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Journal of Geophysical Research. 113 (D6): D06106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRD..113.6106Z">2008JGRD..113.6106Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007JD009218">10.1029/2007JD009218</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10355%2F2440">10355/2440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Interannual+Variability+of+Tropical+Cyclone+Activity+in+the+Southern+South+China+Sea&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=D6&rft.pages=D06106&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10355%2F2440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007JD009218&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGRD..113.6106Z&rft.au=Zabani+Md.+Zuki&rft.au=Anthony+R.+Lupo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2007JD009218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522042431/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/106-die-in-storm-and-3-000-are-left-homeless-1.119125">"106 die in storm and 3,000 are left homeless"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 27 December 1996. 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CNN and The Star. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_College_of_Atmospheric_and_Geographic_Sciences" title="University of Oklahoma College of Atmospheric and Geographic Sciences">School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weather.ou.edu/~spark/AMON/v1_n1/GREG.html">the original</a> on 24 August 2005. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+and+The+Star&rft.atitle=The+Christmas+Day+Storm+%E2%80%93+Typhoon+GREG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweather.ou.edu%2F~spark%2FAMON%2Fv1_n1%2FGREG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521133305/http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/(X(1)S(i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv))/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">"Shedding new light on recent Sabah earthquake"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a>. June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enewsletter.ntu.edu.sg/(X(1)S(i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv))/classact/Jun15/Pages/cn10.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1">the original</a> on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shedding+new+light+on+recent+Sabah+earthquake&rft.pub=Nanyang+Technological+University&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenewsletter.ntu.edu.sg%2F%28X%281%29S%28i2pwxfhr1zwo3in5gfntvwxv%29%29%2Fclassact%2FJun15%2FPages%2Fcn10.aspx%3FAspxAutoDetectCookieSupport%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvijit_Gupta2005" class="citation book cs1">Avijit Gupta (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523121826/http://www.univpgri-palembang.ac.id/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi%20Fisik/Geografi%20Fisik%20Asia%20Tenggara.pdf">The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Sabahan+first%2C+then+a+Malaysian&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft.au=Philip+Golingai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2015%2F05%2F10%2Fsabahan-first-then-a-malaysian-you-can-take-me-out-of-sabah-but-you-cant-take-sabah-out-of-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Chan2015" class="citation news cs1">Julia Chan (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160601095050/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sabah-lists-42-ethnic-groups-to-replace-lain-lain-race-column">"Sabah lists 42 ethnic groups to replace 'lain-lain' race column"</a>. The Malay Mail. 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Retrieved 1 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Sabah+lists+42+ethnic+groups+to+replace+%27lain-lain%27+race+column&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.au=Julia+Chan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themalaymailonline.com%2Fmalaysia%2Farticle%2Fsabah-lists-42-ethnic-groups-to-replace-lain-lain-race-column&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indigenous_culture-419">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indigenous_culture_419-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indigenous_culture_419-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_RegisAnne_LasimbangRita_LasimbangJ._W._King" class="citation web cs1">Patricia Regis; Anne Lasimbang; Rita Lasimbang; J. W. 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Sabah Tourism Promotion Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9830200002" title="Special:BookSources/978-9830200002"><bdi>978-9830200002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures%2C+customs%2C+and+traditions+of+Sabah%2C+Malaysia%3A+an+introduction&rft.pub=Sabah+Tourism+Promotion+Corp.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-9830200002&rft.au=Sabah+Tourism+Promotion+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5xuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-469"><a href="#cite_ref-469">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHisyamuddin_Ayub2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hisyamuddin Ayub (2 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910080217/http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Keluarga/20140302/ke_02/Nilai-tinggi-batik-Sabah">"Nilai tinggi batik Sabah"</a> [High value Sabah batik]. Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/Keluarga/20140302/ke_02/Nilai-tinggi-batik-Sabah">the original</a> on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utusan+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Nilai+tinggi+batik+Sabah&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft.au=Hisyamuddin+Ayub&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww1.utusan.com.my%2Futusan%2FKeluarga%2F20140302%2Fke_02%2FNilai-tinggi-batik-Sabah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-470"><a href="#cite_ref-470">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160910080704/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/14/sabah-batik-penetrates-international-market/">"Sabah batik penetrates international market"</a>. The Borneo Post. 14 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/14/sabah-batik-penetrates-international-market/">the original</a> on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Sabah+batik+penetrates+international+market&rft.date=2012-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2012%2F11%2F14%2Fsabah-batik-penetrates-international-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_Robitaille" class="citation news cs1">Joanne Robitaille. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905052200/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/places-visit-beaufort-sabah-malaysia-54995.html">"Places to Visit in Beaufort (Sabah), Malaysia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traveltips.usatoday.com/places-visit-beaufort-sabah-malaysia-54995.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Places+to+Visit+in+Beaufort+%28Sabah%29%2C+Malaysia&rft.au=Joanne+Robitaille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Fplaces-visit-beaufort-sabah-malaysia-54995.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-noodles-472">^ <a href="#cite_ref-noodles_472-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-noodles_472-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905051507/http://www.u-tour.jp/wp/useful/machikado/foods/"><bdi lang="ja">「オススメミー（麺）料理」</bdi></a> (in Japanese). u-tour (Japan). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-tour.jp/wp/useful/machikado/foods/">the original</a> on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A1+%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%EF%BC%88%E9%BA%BA%EF%BC%89%E6%96%99%E7%90%86%E3%80%8D&rft.pub=u-tour+%28Japan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-tour.jp%2Fwp%2Fuseful%2Fmachikado%2Ffoods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.ums.edu.my/13234/">"Bosou – makanan tradisi masyarakat Dusun Sabah"</a> [Bosou – the traditional food of the Sabah Dusun community] (in Malay). Universiti Malaysia Sabah Repository. 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bosou+%E2%80%93+makanan+tradisi+masyarakat+Dusun+Sabah&rft.pub=Universiti+Malaysia+Sabah+Repository&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.ums.edu.my%2F13234%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905043020/http://travel.asiaone.com/travel/inspirations/cuisines-malaysia">"Cuisines in Malaysia"</a>. Tourism Malaysia. AsiaOne. 28 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.asiaone.com/travel/inspirations/cuisines-malaysia">the original</a> on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Cuisines+in+Malaysia&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.asiaone.com%2Ftravel%2Finspirations%2Fcuisines-malaysia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmila_Nair2016" class="citation web cs1">Sharmila Nair (16 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/09/16/sabah-pinasakan/">"Sabah: Pinasakan"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Sabah%3A+Pinasakan&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.au=Sharmila+Nair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2016%2F09%2F16%2Fsabah-pinasakan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuben_Sario2016" class="citation web cs1">Ruben Sario (23 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2016/05/23/sipitangs-road-to-industrial-success-border-town-known-for-good-satay-soon-to-be-countrys-largest-ur/">"Sipitang's road to industrial success"</a>. The Star. Retrieved 5 September 2016. <q>Sipitang is also widely known as having among the best satay in the state and many drive to the town just to taste the speciality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Sipitang%27s+road+to+industrial+success&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.au=Ruben+Sario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Ffocus%2F2016%2F05%2F23%2Fsipitangs-road-to-industrial-success-border-town-known-for-good-satay-soon-to-be-countrys-largest-ur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905050301/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/07/01/school-allocations-to-be-trimmed-by-20-pct/">"School allocations to be trimmed by 20 pct"</a>. The Borneo Post. 1 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/07/01/school-allocations-to-be-trimmed-by-20-pct/">the original</a> on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016. <q>We were also told that Sipitang is also widely known as having the best satay in Sabah and many come to the town to taste the specialty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=School+allocations+to+be+trimmed+by+20+pct&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2016%2F07%2F01%2Fschool-allocations-to-be-trimmed-by-20-pct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackie_Miao2015" class="citation news cs1">Jackie Miao (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905043513/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/06/real-street-food-tuaran-mee-noodles">"Real street food: Tuaran mee noodles"</a>. The Guardian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jan/06/real-street-food-tuaran-mee-noodles">the original</a> on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Real+street+food%3A+Tuaran+mee+noodles&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft.au=Jackie+Miao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2015%2Fjan%2F06%2Freal-street-food-tuaran-mee-noodles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnie_S_Monical2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Connie S Monical (14 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914093812/http://www.sinarharian.com.my/mobile/bisnes/tumbuhan-liar-berbau-hasilkan-makanan-komersil-1.360242">"Tumbuhan liar berbau hasilkan makanan komersil"</a> [Wild smelly plants produces commercial food] (in Malay). <a href="/wiki/Sinar_Harian" title="Sinar Harian">Sinar Harian</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinarharian.com.my/mobile/bisnes/tumbuhan-liar-berbau-hasilkan-makanan-komersil-1.360242">the original</a> on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tumbuhan+liar+berbau+hasilkan+makanan+komersil&rft.pub=Sinar+Harian&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft.au=Connie+S+Monical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinarharian.com.my%2Fmobile%2Fbisnes%2Ftumbuhan-liar-berbau-hasilkan-makanan-komersil-1.360242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamantha_Khor2017" class="citation web cs1">Samantha Khor (14 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517025754/http://says.com/my/lifestyle/sabahan-dishes-you-need-to-try-before-you-die">"15 Sabahan Dishes You Need To Try Before You Die"</a>. Says.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://says.com/my/lifestyle/sabahan-dishes-you-need-to-try-before-you-die">the original</a> on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+Sabahan+Dishes+You+Need+To+Try+Before+You+Die&rft.pub=Says.com&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft.au=Samantha+Khor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsays.com%2Fmy%2Flifestyle%2Fsabahan-dishes-you-need-to-try-before-you-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> Picture of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7564/15982013542_6323ea4d64_c.jpg">Sandakan UFO tart</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamara_Thiessen2016" class="citation book cs1">Tamara Thiessen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfATCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">Borneo</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 191–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-915-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-915-5"><bdi>978-1-84162-915-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borneo&rft.pages=191-&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-915-5&rft.au=Tamara+Thiessen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfATCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-483"><a href="#cite_ref-483">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/09/02/tea-attraction-at-crocker-range-sabah-tea-resort-to-offer-factory-tour-as-well-as-access-to-other-po/">"Tea attraction at Crocker"</a>. The Star. 2 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Tea+attraction+at+Crocker&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fcommunity%2F2016%2F09%2F02%2Ftea-attraction-at-crocker-range-sabah-tea-resort-to-offer-factory-tour-as-well-as-access-to-other-po%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-484"><a href="#cite_ref-484">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZawawi_IbrahimUniversiti_Malaysia_Sarawak._Institute_of_East_Asian_Studies2001" class="citation book cs1">Zawawi Ibrahim; Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Institute of East Asian Studies (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JtuAAAAMAAJ">Voices of the Crocker Range indigenous communities Sabah: social narratives of transition in Tambunan and its neighbours : a monograph based on the UNIMAS led International Crocker Range Expedition 2000</a>. The Institute of East Asian Studies, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-2369-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-2369-01-1"><bdi>978-983-2369-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+Crocker+Range+indigenous+communities+Sabah%3A+social+narratives+of+transition+in+Tambunan+and+its+neighbours+%3A+a+monograph+based+on+the+UNIMAS+led+International+Crocker+Range+Expedition+2000&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies%2C+Universiti+Malaysia+Sarawak&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-983-2369-01-1&rft.au=Zawawi+Ibrahim&rft.au=Universiti+Malaysia+Sarawak.+Institute+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JtuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-485"><a href="#cite_ref-485">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/05/11/sabah-is-3rd-highest-in-alcohol-consumption/">"Sabah is 3rd highest in alcohol consumption"</a>. Bernama. The Star. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Sabah+is+3rd+highest+in+alcohol+consumption&rft.date=2013-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2013%2F05%2F11%2Fsabah-is-3rd-highest-in-alcohol-consumption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-486"><a href="#cite_ref-486">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalleh_Mohd_RadziMohd_Faeez_Saiful_BakhtiarZurinawati_MohiMohd_Salehuddin_Mohd_Zahari2014" class="citation book cs1">Salleh Mohd Radzi; Mohd Faeez Saiful Bakhtiar; Zurinawati Mohi; Mohd Salehuddin Mohd Zahari; Norzuwana Sumarjan; C.T. Chik; Faiz Izwan Anuar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61fLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA485">Theory and Practice in Hospitality and Tourism Research</a>. CRC Press. pp. 485–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-73735-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-73735-5"><bdi>978-1-315-73735-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+in+Hospitality+and+Tourism+Research&rft.pages=485-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-315-73735-5&rft.au=Salleh+Mohd+Radzi&rft.au=Mohd+Faeez+Saiful+Bakhtiar&rft.au=Zurinawati+Mohi&rft.au=Mohd+Salehuddin+Mohd+Zahari&rft.au=Norzuwana+Sumarjan&rft.au=C.T.+Chik&rft.au=Faiz+Izwan+Anuar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61fLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-487"><a href="#cite_ref-487">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_HattonJoseph_Hatton1886" class="citation book cs1">Frank Hatton; Joseph Hatton (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/northborneoexpl01hattgoog#page/n10/mode/2up">North Borneo – Explorations and Adventures in the Equator</a>. University of California, Internet Archive. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Borneo+%E2%80%93+Explorations+and+Adventures+in+the+Equator&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Frank+Hatton&rft.au=Joseph+Hatton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnorthborneoexpl01hattgoog%23page%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAda_Pryer1894" class="citation book cs1">Ada Pryer (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decadeinborneo00prye">A Decade in Borneo</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Libraries" title="University of California Libraries">University of California Libraries</a>, Internet Archive. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Decade+in+Borneo&rft.pub=University+of+California+Libraries%2C+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1894&rft.au=Ada+Pryer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecadeinborneo00prye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-489"><a href="#cite_ref-489">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051218143248/http://safarimuseum.com/wab_borneo2004.htm">"Johnson Family Reunion"</a>. The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari Museum. September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://safarimuseum.com/wab_borneo2004.htm">the original</a> on 18 December 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnson+Family+Reunion&rft.pub=The+Martin+and+Osa+Johnson+Safari+Museum&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsafarimuseum.com%2Fwab_borneo2004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-490"><a href="#cite_ref-490">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dingomedia.co.uk/html/the_lingering_eye.html">""THE LINGERING EYE" – Recollections of North Borneo"</a>. Dingo Media (United Kingdom). Retrieved 1 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22THE+LINGERING+EYE%22+%E2%80%93+Recollections+of+North+Borneo&rft.pub=Dingo+Media+%28United+Kingdom%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dingomedia.co.uk%2Fhtml%2Fthe_lingering_eye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-491"><a href="#cite_ref-491">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003062051/https://www.questia.com/library/7397052/north-borneo">"North Borneo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/7397052/north-borneo">the original</a> on 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Borneo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F7397052%2Fnorth-borneo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-492"><a href="#cite_ref-492">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomoko_YamazakiKaren_F._Colligan-Taylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Tomoko Yamazaki; Karen F. Colligan-Taylor (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlXrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR42">Sandakan Brothel No.8: Journey into the History of Lower-class Japanese Women: Journey into the History of Lower-class Japanese Women</a>. Routledge. pp. 42–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46025-1"><bdi>978-1-317-46025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sandakan+Brothel+No.8%3A+Journey+into+the+History+of+Lower-class+Japanese+Women%3A+Journey+into+the+History+of+Lower-class+Japanese+Women&rft.pages=42-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46025-1&rft.au=Tomoko+Yamazaki&rft.au=Karen+F.+Colligan-Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlXrBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-493"><a href="#cite_ref-493">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl_Mac_Rauch2001" class="citation book cs1">Earl Mac Rauch (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kddIYWJRpQcC&pg=PA22">The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 22–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-4248-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-4248-0"><bdi>978-0-7434-4248-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Buckaroo+Banzai&rft.pages=22-&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-4248-0&rft.au=Earl+Mac+Rauch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkddIYWJRpQcC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-494"><a href="#cite_ref-494">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Emerson1988" class="citation news cs1">Jim Emerson (28 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1988/10/28/danny-glover-flies-new-course-in-bat-21/">"Danny Glover Flies New Course In 'Bat 21'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830101655/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1988-10-28/entertainment/8802110222_1_bat-viet-cong-danny-glover">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Danny+Glover+Flies+New+Course+In+%27Bat+21%27&rft.date=1988-10-28&rft.au=Jim+Emerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1988%2F10%2F28%2Fdanny-glover-flies-new-course-in-bat-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-495"><a href="#cite_ref-495">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmond_O'Hanlon2005" class="citation book cs1">Redmond O'Hanlon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjj0LUQ6Ln4C">Into the Heart of Borneo</a>. 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The Borneo Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/03/10/british-veteran-presents-roll-of-honour-to-sabah/">the original</a> on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=British+veteran+presents+Roll+of+Honour+to+Sabah&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft.au=Murib+Morpi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2016%2F03%2F10%2Fbritish-veteran-presents-roll-of-honour-to-sabah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-497"><a href="#cite_ref-497">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611131827/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/03/16/love-for-sabah-stops-british-woman-from-going-home/">"Love for Sabah stops British woman from going home"</a>. Bernama. The Borneo Post. 16 March 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/03/16/love-for-sabah-stops-british-woman-from-going-home/">the original</a> on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Love+for+Sabah+stops+British+woman+from+going+home&rft.date=2011-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2011%2F03%2F16%2Flove-for-sabah-stops-british-woman-from-going-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-498"><a href="#cite_ref-498">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611130904/http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/11/rimmer-first-sabah-cultural-icon/">"Rimmer first Sabah Cultural Icon"</a>. The Borneo Post. 11 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/06/11/rimmer-first-sabah-cultural-icon/">the original</a> on 11 June 2017. 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Retrieved 30 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berita+Harian&rft.atitle=%27Keluarga+Si+Comat%27+dalam+warna-warni+mula+difilem&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1974-12-22&rft.au=Aduka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fberitaharian19741222.2.30.3.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolex_Malaha2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rolex Malaha (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830104652/http://www.antarasulteng.com/berita/927/film-gerimis-mengundang-pererat-hubungan-ri-malaysia">"Film "Gerimis Mengundang" Pererat Hubungan RI-Malaysia"</a> [The "Gerimis Mengundang" Film Strengthens RI-Malaysia Relations] (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Antara_(news_agency)" title="Antara (news agency)">Antara</a>. 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Daily Express. 22 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news/134242/looking-to-jiangxi-for-industrial-boost/">the original</a> on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bernama&rft.atitle=Looking+to+Jiangxi+for+industrial+boost&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexpress.com.my%2Fnews%2F134242%2Flooking-to-jiangxi-for-industrial-boost%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-543"><a href="#cite_ref-543">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fad.moi.go.th/images/Knowlagde/list_รวม.pdf">"คู่ความสัมพันธ์เมืองพี่เมืองน้องระหว่างไทยกับต่างประเทศ (ณ วันที่31พฤษภาคม 2561)"</a> [Sister relations between Thailand and foreign countries (As of 31 May 2018)] (PDF) (in Thai). Foreign Affairs Division Office of the Permanent Secretary <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Thailand)" title="Ministry of Interior (Thailand)">Ministry of Interior</a>, Thailand. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927034825/http://www.fad.moi.go.th/images/Knowlagde/list_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8+%28%E0%B8%93+%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%8831%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1+2561%29&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Foreign+Affairs+Division+Office+of+the+Permanent+Secretary+Ministry+of+Interior%2C+Thailand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fad.moi.go.th%2Fimages%2FKnowlagde%2Flist_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASabah" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Sabah at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sabah" class="extiw" title="c:Sabah">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sabah" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sabah">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sabah" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sabah">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sabah" class="extiw" title="voy:Sabah">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.gov.my">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179029#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabahtourism.com">Sabah</a> at Sabah Tourism Board</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/Lawnet/SabahLaws/StateLaws.aspx">Laws of Sabah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530024434/http://www.lawnet.sabah.gov.my/lawnet/SabahLaws/StateLaws.aspx">Archived</a> 30 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/malaysian-borneo-sabah">Sabah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Sabah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sabah" title="Template:Sabah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sabah" title="Template talk:Sabah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sabah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sabah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Sabah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sabah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of Sabah (page does not exist)">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Sabah-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of Sabah-related articles (page does not exist)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Sabah">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sabah" title="Elections in Sabah">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sabah" title="Government of Sabah">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sabah" title="Cabinet of Sabah">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Sabah">Chief Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sabah State Legislative Assembly">Legislature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Sabah" title="Template:Geography of Sabah">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islands_of_Sabah" title="Template:Islands of Sabah">Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Sabah (page does not exist)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Sabah" title="List of people from Sabah">Sabahans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:List_of_Sabah_state_symbols&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:List of Sabah state symbols (page does not exist)">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Tanah_Airku" title="Sabah Tanah Airku">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah" title="Coat of arms of Sabah">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sabah" title="Flag of Sabah">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Sabah" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Sabah">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sabahan_culture" title="Category:Sabahan culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in Sabah (page does not exist)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Sabah">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sabah" title="Demographics of Sabah">Demographics (Ethnic groups)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Sabah">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sabah (page does not exist)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sabah" title="Category:Politics of Sabah">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sabah" title="Local government in Sabah">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Malaysia" title="Divisions of Malaysia">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Division" title="Interior Division">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudat_Division" title="Kudat Division">Kudat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Division" title="Sandakan Division">Sandakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawau_Division" title="Tawau Division">Tawau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Division" title="West Coast Division">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Malaysia">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_District" title="Beaufort District">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluran_District" title="Beluran District">Beluran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_District" title="Kalabakan District">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_District" title="Keningau District">Keningau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_District" title="Kinabatangan District">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud_District" title="Kota Belud District">Kota Belud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_District" title="Kota Kinabalu District">Kota Kinabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_District" title="Kota Marudu District">Kota Marudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Penyu_District" title="Kuala Penyu District">Kuala Penyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudat_District" title="Kudat District">Kudat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunak_District" title="Kunak District">Kunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District" title="Lahad Datu District">Lahad Datu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membakut_District" title="Membakut District">Membakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabawan_District" title="Nabawan District">Nabawan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paitan_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paitan District (page does not exist)">Paitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_District" title="Papar District">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penampang_District" title="Penampang District">Penampang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putatan_District" title="Putatan District">Putatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitas_District" title="Pitas District">Pitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranau_District" title="Ranau District">Ranau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan_District" title="Sandakan District">Sandakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semporna_District" title="Semporna District">Semporna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipitang_District" title="Sipitang District">Sipitang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambunan_District" title="Tambunan District">Tambunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawau_District" title="Tawau District">Tawau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telupid_District" title="Telupid District">Telupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenom_District" title="Tenom District">Tenom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongod_District,_Malaysia" title="Tongod District, Malaysia">Tongod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaran_District" title="Tuaran District">Tuaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort,_Malaysia" title="Beaufort, Malaysia">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluran" title="Beluran">Beluran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau" title="Keningau">Keningau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan" title="Kinabatangan">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Belud" title="Kota Belud">Kota Belud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu" title="Kota Marudu">Kota Marudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Penyu" title="Kuala Penyu">Kuala Penyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudat" title="Kudat">Kudat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunak" title="Kunak">Kunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahad_Datu" title="Lahad Datu">Lahad Datu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabawan" title="Nabawan">Nabawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar,_Malaysia" title="Papar, Malaysia">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitas,_Malaysia" title="Pitas, Malaysia">Pitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putatan" title="Putatan">Putatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranau" title="Ranau">Ranau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a> (Municipality)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipitang" title="Sipitang">Sipitang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambunan" title="Tambunan">Tambunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawau" title="Tawau">Tawau</a> (Municipality)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telupid" title="Telupid">Telupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenom" title="Tenom">Tenom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongod" title="Tongod">Tongod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuaran" title="Tuaran">Tuaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banggi_Island" title="Banggi Island">Banggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemabong" title="Kemabong">Kemabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matunggong" title="Matunggong">Matunggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menumbok" title="Menumbok">Menumbok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagalungan,_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagalungan, Malaysia (page does not exist)">Pagalungan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paitan (page does not exist)">Paitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook,_Sabah" title="Sook, Sabah">Sook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamparuli" title="Tamparuli">Tamparuli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungku,_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungku, Malaysia (page does not exist)">Tungku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingkor" title="Bingkor">Bingkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongawan" title="Bongawan">Bongawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donggongon" class="mw-redirect" title="Donggongon">Donggongon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum-Gum" title="Gum-Gum">Gum-Gum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanam" title="Inanam">Inanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimanis" title="Kimanis">Kimanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinarut" title="Kinarut">Kinarut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiulu" title="Kiulu">Kiulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundasang" title="Kundasang">Kundasang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likas" title="Likas">Likas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Kawi" title="Lok Kawi">Lok Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Pasia" title="Long Pasia">Long Pasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggatal" title="Manggatal">Manggatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekan_Nabalu" title="Pekan Nabalu">Pekan Nabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensiangan" title="Pensiangan">Pensiangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapulut" title="Sapulut">Sapulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepanggar" title="Sepanggar">Sepanggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindumin" title="Sindumin">Sindumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Aru" title="Tanjung Aru">Tanjung Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telipok" title="Telipok">Telipok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenghilan" title="Tenghilan">Tenghilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terusan" title="Terusan">Terusan Sugut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston,_Sabah" title="Weston, Sabah">Weston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sabah" title="Category:Sabah">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and Federal Territories of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">States and federal territories of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Terengganu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Territories of Malaysia">Federal Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrajaya" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Sabah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Sabah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Sabah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Borneo" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borneo" title="Template:Borneo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borneo" title="Template talk:Borneo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borneo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borneo" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kalimantan" title="North Kalimantan">North Kalimantan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eco-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_lowland_rain_forests" title="Borneo lowland rain forests">Borneo lowland rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_montane_rain_forests" title="Borneo montane rain forests">Borneo montane rain forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_peat_swamp_forests" title="Borneo peat swamp forests">Borneo peat swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_montane_alpine_meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinabalu montane alpine meadows">Kinabalu montane alpine meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Borneo_freshwater_swamp_forests" title="Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests">Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland_heath_forests" title="Sundaland heath forests">Sundaland heath forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf_mangroves" title="Sunda Shelf mangroves">Sunda Shelf mangroves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Borneo" title="Biodiversity of Borneo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Borneo" title="Flora of Borneo">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Borneo" title="Fauna of Borneo">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Borneo" title="List of mammals of Borneo">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Borneo" title="Geological history of Borneo">Geological history of Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deforestation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Deforestation in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Deforestation in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Rice_Project" title="Mega Rice Project">Mega Rice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="1997 Southeast Asian haze">1997 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Indonesian_forest_fires" title="1997 Indonesian forest fires">1997 Indonesian forest fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2006 Southeast Asian haze">2006 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2015 Southeast Asian haze">2015 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2016 Southeast Asian haze">2016 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2017 Southeast Asian haze">2017 Southeast Asian haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze" title="2019 Southeast Asian haze">2019 Southeast Asian haze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_Sun_Bear_Conservation_Centre" title="Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre">Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_Orangutan_Survival" title="Borneo Orangutan Survival">Borneo Orangutan Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Perai_Protection_Forest" title="Bukit Perai Protection Forest">Bukit Perai Protection Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danum_Valley_Conservation_Area" title="Danum Valley Conservation Area">Danum Valley Conservation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Berau_Nature_Reserve" title="Gunung Berau Nature Reserve">Gunung Berau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Borneo" title="Heart of Borneo">Heart of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_Mentarang_National_Park" title="Kayan Mentarang National Park">Kayan Mentarang National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_Park" title="Kinabalu Park">Kinabalu Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulamba_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Kulamba Wildlife Reserve">Kulamba Wildlife Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamandau_Nature_Reserve" title="Lamandau Nature Reserve">Lamandau Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanjak_Entimau_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary">Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepilok_Orangutan_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre">Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silabukan_Protection_Forest_Reserve" title="Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve">Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usun_Apau_National_Park" title="Usun Apau National Park">Usun Apau National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">History of Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sabah" title="History of Sabah">History of Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sarawak" title="History of Sarawak">History of Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">British Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kalimantan" title="Languages of Kalimantan">Languages of Kalimantan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Borneo" title="Category:Borneo">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Borneo" class="extiw" title="commons:Borneo">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_territorial_disputes" title="Template:Philippine territorial disputes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_territorial_disputes" title="Template talk:Philippine territorial disputes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_territorial_disputes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine territorial disputes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" title="Territories claimed by the Philippines">Territories claimed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sabah</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Philippine_Sea" title="West Philippine Sea">West Philippine Sea designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea_Arbitration" title="South China Sea Arbitration">PCA 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Malaysia" title="Portal:Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179029#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179029#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106669205">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141493496">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208733/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRJjrHJJMPdHGwgD4cyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042495-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061078">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2014030258">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118833346">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118833346">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01099071">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge818749&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548186505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/4f73b407-722a-430b-af40-e477029ae6f8">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026620928">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046761">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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