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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Values and ecosystem services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Values_and_ecosystem_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_marshes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_marshes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of marshes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_marshes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of marshes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_marshes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salt_marshes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_marshes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Salt marshes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_marshes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater_tidal_marshes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_tidal_marshes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Freshwater tidal marshes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_tidal_marshes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freshwater_marshes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freshwater_marshes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Freshwater marshes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freshwater_marshes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wet_meadows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet_meadows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Wet meadows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet_meadows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vernal_pools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vernal_pools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Vernal pools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vernal_pools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Playa_lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Playa_lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Playa lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Playa_lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prairie_potholes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prairie_potholes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Prairie potholes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prairie_potholes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riverine_wetlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riverine_wetlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Riverine wetlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riverine_wetlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embanked_marshlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embanked_marshlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Embanked marshlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embanked_marshlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marsh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerasse_en_vleie" title="Moerasse en vleie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moerasse en vleie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C3%BAl" title="Paúl – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Paúl" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banz%C3%A1u" title="Banzáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Banzáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapo" title="Yapo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yapo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juqhu" title="Juqhu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Juqhu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataql%C4%B1q" title="Bataqlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bataqlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paya" title="Paya – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Paya" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Балота – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Балота – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балота" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Блато – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Блато" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moos" title="Moos – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Moos" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dvara" title="Močvara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Močvara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiguamoll" title="Aiguamoll – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aiguamoll" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump" title="Sump – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sump" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpf" title="Sumpf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sumpf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padur" title="Padur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Padur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad%C3%B3ll" title="Padóll – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Padóll" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Чеядавкс – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чеядавкс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9naga_(humedal)" title="Ciénaga (humedal) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciénaga (humedal)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C4%89o" title="Marĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padura" title="Padura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Padura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="مرداب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرداب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marais" title="Marais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sompe" title="Sompe – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sompe" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcach" title="Corcach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Corcach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boglach" title="Boglach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Boglach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%83%9D" title="소택 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소택" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF" title="कच्छभूमि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कच्छभूमि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dvara" title="Močvara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Močvara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paya" title="Paya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elos" title="Elos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Elos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palude" title="Palude – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palude" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%91" title="ביצת עשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביצת עשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paya" title="Paya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2" title="ಜೌಗು ನೆಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೌಗು ನೆಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მარშები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარშები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Батпақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Батпақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87irav" title="Çirav – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çirav" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Саз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatica" title="Aquatica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aquatica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purv%C4%81js" title="Purvājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Purvājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3mp" title="Zómp – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zómp" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocs%C3%A1r" title="Mocsár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mocsár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heniheny" title="Heniheny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Heniheny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawang" title="Rawang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rawang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeras" title="Moeras – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moeras" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomp" title="Zomp – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zomp" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BC" title="沼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="沼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump" title="Sump – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sump" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sump" title="Sump – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sump" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathais" title="Mathais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mathais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palun" title="Palun – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Palun" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagno" title="Bagno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bagno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul" title="Paul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мочар – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мочар" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Болото – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болото" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="වගුරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වගුරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marsh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Diar" title="Močiar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Močiar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dvirje" title="Močvirje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Močvirje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мочвара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мочвара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dvara" title="Močvara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Močvara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சதுப்புநிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சதுப்புநிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B0" title="ที่ลุ่มชื้นแฉะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ที่ลุ่มชื้นแฉะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Ботлоқ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ботлоқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazl%C4%B1k" title="Sazlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sazlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Болото – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Болото" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%82%C3%B9" title="Pałù – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pałù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7m_l%E1%BA%A7y_c%E1%BB%8F" title="Đầm lầy cỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đầm lầy cỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Low-lying and seasonally waterlogged land</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marsh_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marsh (disambiguation)">Marsh (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Marshland" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marshland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marshland (disambiguation)">Marshland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meadowlands_Lyndhurst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meadowlands_Lyndhurst.jpg/300px-Meadowlands_Lyndhurst.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meadowlands_Lyndhurst.jpg/450px-Meadowlands_Lyndhurst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Meadowlands_Lyndhurst.jpg/600px-Meadowlands_Lyndhurst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Marshlands are often noted within <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, as seen here in the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Meadowlands" title="New Jersey Meadowlands">New Jersey Meadowlands</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lyndhurst,_New_Jersey" title="Lyndhurst, New Jersey">Lyndhurst</a>, New Jersey, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_image_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/300px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/450px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/USGS_image_cropped.jpg/600px-USGS_image_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Marsh in shallow water on a lakeshore</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, a <b>marsh</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> that is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a> rather than by <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">woody plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More in general, the word can be used for any low-lying and seasonally waterlogged terrain. In Europe and in agricultural literature low-lying <a href="/wiki/Meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadows">meadows</a> that require draining and embanked <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polderlands</a> are also referred to as marshes or marshland. </p><p>Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams, where they form a transition between the aquatic and terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a>. They are often dominated by <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rushes</a> or reeds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, and the marsh is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">carr</a>. This form of vegetation is what differentiates marshes from other types of wetland such as <a href="/wiki/Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamps">swamps</a>, which are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">mires</a>, which are wetlands that have accumulated deposits of acidic <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshes provide <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> for many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">waterfowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">aquatic mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">biological productivity</a> means that marshes contain 0.1% of global <a href="/wiki/Biosequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosequestration">sequestered terrestrial carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, they have an outsized influence on <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a> of coastal areas and waterways, absorbing high tides and other water changes due to <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some marshes are expected to migrate upland, most natural marshlands will be threatened by <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">associated erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_information">Basic information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Lily_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Water_Lily_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483063.jpg/200px-Water_Lily_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483063.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Water_Lily_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483063.jpg/300px-Water_Lily_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Water_Lily_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483063.jpg/400px-Water_Lily_-_geograph.org.uk_-_483063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_alba" title="Nymphaea alba">White water lilies</a> are a typical marsh plant in European areas of deeper water.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_-100_Mile_House,_British_Columbia,_Canada_-male-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_-100_Mile_House%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_-male-8.jpg/200px-Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_-100_Mile_House%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_-male-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_-100_Mile_House%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_-male-8.jpg/300px-Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_-100_Mile_House%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_-male-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_-100_Mile_House%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_-male-8.jpg/400px-Xanthocephalus_xanthocephalus_-100_Mile_House%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada_-male-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Many kinds of birds nest in marshes; this one is a <a href="/wiki/Yellow-headed_blackbird" title="Yellow-headed blackbird">yellow-headed blackbird</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Marshes provide a habitat for many species of plants, animals, and insects that have adapted to living in flooded conditions or other environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plants must be able to survive in wet mud with low oxygen levels. Many of these plants, therefore, have <a href="/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">aerenchyma</a>, channels within the stem that allow air to move from the leaves into the rooting zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marsh plants also tend to have <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> for underground storage and reproduction. Common examples include <a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">cattails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedges">sedges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">papyrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cladium" title="Cladium">sawgrass</a>. Aquatic animals, from fish to <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>, are generally able to live with a low amount of oxygen in the water. Some can obtain oxygen from the air instead, while others can live indefinitely in conditions of low oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> in marshes tends to be neutral to <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Bogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogs">bogs</a>, where peat accumulates under more acid conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Values_and_ecosystem_services">Values and ecosystem services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Values and ecosystem services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshes provide <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> for many kinds of invertebrates, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, amphibians, waterfowl and aquatic mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshes have extremely high levels of biological production, some of the highest in the world, and therefore are important in supporting fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshes also improve water quality by acting as a sink to filter <a href="/wiki/Pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollutants">pollutants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> from the water that flows through them. Marshes partake in water purification by providing nutrient and pollution consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshes (and other wetlands) are able to absorb water during periods of heavy rainfall and slowly release it into waterways and therefore reduce the magnitude of flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-Draper_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshes also provide the services of tourism, recreation, education, and research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_marshes">Types of marshes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of marshes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_-_swamp_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_-_swamp_2.jpg/202px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_-_swamp_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_-_swamp_2.jpg/303px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_-_swamp_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_-_swamp_2.jpg/404px-Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_-_swamp_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6588" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>A marsh in <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4" title="Jyväskylä">Jyväskylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marshes differ depending mainly on their location and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>. These factors greatly influence the range and scope of animal and plant life that can survive and reproduce in these environments. The three main types of marsh are <a href="/wiki/Salt_marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt marshes">salt marshes</a>, freshwater <a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">tidal marshes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">freshwater marshes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three can be found worldwide, and each contains a different set of organisms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_marshes">Salt marshes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Salt marshes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culbin_Salt_Marsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185128.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Culbin_Salt_Marsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185128.jpg/200px-Culbin_Salt_Marsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185128.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Culbin_Salt_Marsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185128.jpg/300px-Culbin_Salt_Marsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185128.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Culbin_Salt_Marsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185128.jpg/400px-Culbin_Salt_Marsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_185128.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A salt marsh in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Saltwater marshes are found around the world in mid to high <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>, wherever there are sections of protected coastline. They are located close enough to the shoreline that the motion of the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> affects them, and, sporadically, they are covered with water. They flourish where the rate of sediment buildup is greater than the rate at which the land level is sinking.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salt marshes are dominated by specially adapted rooted vegetation, primarily salt-tolerant grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salt marshes are most commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>, and on the sheltered side of a shingle or <a href="/wiki/Sandspit_(landform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandspit (landform)">sandspit</a>. The currents there carry the fine particles around to the quiet side of the spit, and sediment begins to build up. These locations allow the marshes to absorb the excess nutrients from the water running through them before they reach the oceans and estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These marshes are slowly declining. Coastal development and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> have caused significant loss of these essential habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_tidal_marshes">Freshwater tidal marshes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Freshwater tidal marshes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></div> <p>Although considered a freshwater marsh, the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean tides">ocean tides</a> affect this form of marsh. However, without the stresses of salinity at work in its saltwater counterpart, the diversity of the plants and animals that live in and use freshwater tidal marshes is much higher than in salt marshes. The most severe threats to this form of marsh are the increasing size and pollution of the cities surrounding them.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafferty_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafferty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freshwater_marshes">Freshwater marshes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Freshwater marshes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dry_lake" title="Dry lake">Dry lake</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeadowInBigBear.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MeadowInBigBear.JPG/200px-MeadowInBigBear.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MeadowInBigBear.JPG/300px-MeadowInBigBear.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/MeadowInBigBear.JPG/400px-MeadowInBigBear.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">wet meadow</a> adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Big_Bear_Lake" title="Big Bear Lake">Big Bear Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Mountains" title="San Bernardino Mountains">San Bernardino Mountains</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <p>Ranging greatly in size and geographic location, freshwater marshes make up North America's most common form of wetland. They are also the most diverse of the three types of marsh. Some examples of freshwater marsh types in North America are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wet_meadows">Wet meadows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wet meadows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadows</a> occur in shallow lake basins, low-lying depressions, and the land between shallow marshes and upland areas. They also happen on the edges of large lakes and rivers. Wet meadows often have very high plant diversity and high densities of buried seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are regularly flooded but are often dry in the summer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vernal_pools">Vernal pools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vernal pools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pools</a> are a type of marsh found only seasonally in shallow depressions in the land. They can be covered in shallow water, but in the summer and fall, they can be completely dry. In western North America, vernal pools tend to form in open grasslands,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in the east, they often occur in forested landscapes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further south, vernal pools form in pine savannas and <a href="/wiki/Flatwoods" title="Flatwoods">flatwoods</a>. Many amphibian species depend upon vernal pools for spring breeding; these ponds provide a habitat free from fish, which eat the eggs and young of amphibians.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the endangered <a href="/wiki/Gopher_frog" title="Gopher frog">gopher frog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar temporary ponds occur in other world ecosystems, where they may have local names. However, vernal pool can be applied to all such temporary pool ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Playa_lakes">Playa lakes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Playa lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Playa_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Playa lake">Playa lakes</a> are a form of shallow freshwater marsh in the southern high plains of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like vernal pools, they are only present at certain times of the year and generally have a circular shape.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the playa dries during the summer, conspicuous plant zonation develops along the shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prairie_potholes">Prairie potholes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prairie potholes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VernalPool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/VernalPool.jpg/201px-VernalPool.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/VernalPool.jpg/302px-VernalPool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/VernalPool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pools</a> are ponded only during the wetter part of the year.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prairie_Pothole_Wetlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Prairie_Pothole_Wetlands.jpg/250px-Prairie_Pothole_Wetlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Prairie_Pothole_Wetlands.jpg/330px-Prairie_Pothole_Wetlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Prairie_Pothole_Wetlands.jpg/500px-Prairie_Pothole_Wetlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1043" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of prairie potholes</figcaption></figure> <p>Prairie potholes are found in northern North America, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole Region</a>. Glaciers once covered these landscapes, and as a result, shallow depressions were formed in great numbers. These depressions fill with water in the spring. They provide important breeding habitats for many species of waterfowl. Some pools only occur seasonally, while others retain enough water to be present all year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riverine_wetlands">Riverine wetlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Riverine wetlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many kinds of marsh occur along the fringes of large rivers. The different types are produced by factors such as water level, nutrients, <a href="/wiki/Ice_scour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice scour">ice scour</a>, and waves.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embanked_marshlands">Embanked marshlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Embanked marshlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></div> <p>Large tracts of tidal marsh have been embanked and artificially drained. They are usually known by the Dutch name of <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>. In Northern Germany and Scandinavia they are called <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marschland" class="extiw" title="de:Marschland">Marschland</a></i>, <i>Marsch</i> or <i>marsk</i>; in France <i>marais maritime</i>. In the Netherlands and Belgium, they are designated as <a href="/wiki/Marine_clay" title="Marine clay">marine clay</a> districts. In <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, a region in the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a>, the embanked marshes are also known as <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fens</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some areas have already lost 90% of their wetlands, including marshes. They have been drained to create agricultural land or filled to accommodate <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>. Restoration is returning marshes to the <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> to replace those lost in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restoration can be done on a large scale, such as by allowing rivers to flood naturally in the spring, or on a small scale by returning wetlands to urban landscapes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a> – Plant that has adapted to living in an aquatic environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a> – Body of water in flat, low-lying areas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a> – Gas produced naturally within marshes, swamps and bogs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">Mire</a> – Wetland terrain without forest cover, dominated by living, peat-forming plants<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> – Type of wetland with peat-rich soil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> – Type of wetland fed by mineral-rich ground or surface water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> – A forested wetland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> – Marsh subject to tidal change in water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a> – Non-tidal, non-forested marsh wetland that contains fresh water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">Mangrove</a> – Productive wetlands that occur in coastal intertidal zones<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a> – Wet agriculture and forestry on peatlands</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Encyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">World Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/marsh.aspx#2">"Marshes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523032037/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/marsh.aspx#2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marshes&rft.au=World+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2Fmarsh.aspx%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rafferty-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rafferty_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRafferty2011" class="citation book cs1">Rafferty, J.P. (2011). <i>Lakes and Wetlands</i>. New York, N.Y.: Britannica Educational service publishing's.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakes+and+Wetlands&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+service+publishing%27s&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rafferty&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_&_Reece2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell & Reece (2008). <i>Biology Eighth Edition</i>. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education Inc. p. 1162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+Eighth+Edition&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=1162&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Campbell+%26+Reece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzGeraldHughes2019" class="citation journal cs1">FitzGerald, Duncan M.; Hughes, Zoe (30 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010255">"Marsh Processes and Their Response to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>47</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">481–</span>517. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AREPS..47..481F">2019AREPS..47..481F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010255">10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010255</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6597">0084-6597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134372265">134372265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Marsh+Processes+and+Their+Response+to+Climate+Change+and+Sea-Level+Rise&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E481-%3C%2Fspan%3E517&rft.date=2019-05-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010255&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134372265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0084-6597&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AREPS..47..481F&rft.aulast=FitzGerald&rft.aufirst=Duncan+M.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-earth-082517-010255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbierHackerKennedyKoch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Barbier, Edward B.; Hacker, Sally D.; Kennedy, Chris; Koch, Evamaria W.; Stier, Adrian C.; Silliman, Brian R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F10-1510.1">"The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services"</a>. <i>Ecological Monographs</i>. <b>81</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F10-1510.1">10.1890/10-1510.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1557-7015">1557-7015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Monographs&rft.atitle=The+value+of+estuarine+and+coastal+ecosystem+services&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F10-1510.1&rft.issn=1557-7015&rft.aulast=Barbier&rft.aufirst=Edward+B.&rft.au=Hacker%2C+Sally+D.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Chris&rft.au=Koch%2C+Evamaria+W.&rft.au=Stier%2C+Adrian+C.&rft.au=Silliman%2C+Brian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1890%252F10-1510.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Draper_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDraper_&_Reed2005" class="citation book cs1">Draper & Reed (2005). <i>Our Environment</i>. Nelson Education ltd. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Environment&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Nelson+Education+ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Draper+%26+Reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.R. Silliman, E.D. Grosholz, and M.D. Bertness (eds.) 2009. Human Impacts on Salt Marshes. A Global Perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. and A. A. Reznicek. 1986. Great Lakes vegetation dynamics: the role of fluctuating water levels and buried seeds. Journal of Great Lakes Research 12: 25-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauder, E. T. 1989. Drought stress and competition effects on the local distribution of <i>Pogogyne abramsii</i>. Ecology 70: 1083–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calhoun, A.J.K. and P.G. deMaynadier. 2008. Science and the Conservation of Vernal Pools in Northeastern North America. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richter, S. C. and Seigel, R. A. 2002. Annual variation in the population ecology of the endangered gopher frog, Rana sevosa Goin and Netting. Copeia, 2002, 962–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, L. M. 2003. Playas of the Great Plains. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="citation web cs1">United States Environmental Protection Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/playa.cfm">"Playa Lakes"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204144636/http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/playa.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Playa+Lakes&rft.au=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.epa.gov%2Ftype%2Fwetlands%2Fplaya.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarsh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolen, E. G., Smith, L. M., and Schramm, H. L., Jr. 1989. Playa lakes: prairie wetlands of the southern High Plains. BioScience 39: 615–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Valk, A. G. 1989. Northern Prairie Wetlands. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Day, R., P.A. Keddy, J. McNeill and T. Carleton. 1988. Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology 69: 1044-1054</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/17px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/26px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/34px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" 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