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中国学者Nature发文:识骨寻宗—新闻—科学网

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color: #333333; font-family: 宋体; line-height: 20px"> <b>166个古人基因揭开东亚人身世</b></td> </tr> </table> <p style="text-align:center;"> &nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> &ldquo;黑眼睛黑头发黄皮肤,永永远远是龙的传人。&rdquo;我们中国人经常骄傲于自己&ldquo;龙的传人&rdquo;的血统。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 追根溯源,作为东亚人,我们的祖先是谁、如何来到这里?各个族群之间有着什么样的关系?</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 2月22日,学术期刊《自然》(Nature)上发表厦门大学人类学研究所王传超教授课题组与哈佛医学院教授David Reich团队合作的研究论文。该项研究联合全球43个单位的85位共同作者,通过从166个古人的骨骼、牙齿中提取DNA信息,用基因组测序精细解析东亚人群形成历史。</p> <p style="text-indent: 0em; text-align: center;"> <img src="/upload/news/images/2021/2/2021225114747330.jpeg" style="text-align: center; white-space: normal; height: 407px; width: 500px;" /></p> <p style="text-indent: 0em; text-align: center;"> <strong>论文网页截图</strong></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> <strong>&ldquo;滚雪球&rdquo;式&ldquo;追问&rdquo;</strong></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> &ldquo;我是谁?我从哪里来?&rdquo;柏拉图的终极哲学命题,至今仍然困惑着人类。近年来,人类学家借助先进的生命科学技术,试图从进化的角度回答这个问题。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 2015年前后,对东亚人身世充满强烈好奇的王传超带领团队启动了这一科研项目。&ldquo;一开始,我们的计划是在全国各地的考古遗迹中找来古人的骨骼、牙齿等样本,提取DNA、测序,揭示他们之间的遗传关系。&rdquo;王传超向《中国科学报》介绍。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 研究团队先后在中国陕西、中国台湾考古遗址中获得大量的古人样本。不过,这些样本所讲述的古老故事并没有让研究人员得到满意的回答。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 于是,他们着眼于更广阔的地理空间中,从中国境内扩大到周边的俄罗斯远东地区、日本等地,加入研究的团队也不断增加。&ldquo;比如,你想知道5000年前某一个人群是怎么来的,可能要追到6000年甚至更久远,也需要他们周边人群的信息。&rdquo;王传超表示。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 对俄罗斯远东地区样本的分析发现,这批样本与贝加尔湖旁的古人类有比较近的关系,这启发了他们的进一步追问。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> &ldquo;从地理位置上看,俄罗斯远东地区几乎是人类迁徙的终点,再向北、向东就是不适合生存的白令海峡和太平洋。&rdquo;王传超和研究人员分析。他们据此推测,这些古人类有可能来自贝加尔湖以西的蒙古高原,而这群人极有可能横跨整个蒙古高原,与欧亚大草原连接。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 2019年,王传超邀请来自蒙古国的科研人员加入团队,获得当地考古遗址中的样本,验证了这一假设。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 在这项长达6年的研究中,正是对科学问题的不断追问,科研团队像&ldquo;滚雪球&rdquo;一样不断扩大,最终,由全球43个单位的85位共同作者共同完成了这项工作。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> <strong>最大规模&ldquo;东亚人&rdquo;考古</strong></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 该研究获得了&ldquo;汉藏同源&rdquo;&ldquo;南岛与壮侗同源&rdquo;等重要结论。&ldquo;DNA研究结果表明,距今约5000年前黄河流域先民与中原地区和青藏高原地区人群存在同源关系,这表明他们既是中原汉族人的祖先,也是藏缅人群的祖先。&rdquo;王传超解释。这一结论同时验证了语言学上&ldquo;汉藏同源&rdquo;理论。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 同时,研究还为南岛语人群起源于中国大陆南方地区的假设提供了直接证据,即&ldquo;南岛与壮侗同源&rdquo;。研究人员认为,起源于中国大陆南方地区的先民,很可能通过东南沿海到达中国<font class="frd" style="text-indent: 2em;">台湾</font><span style="text-indent: 2em;">,再向东南亚及远大洋洲迁徙和扩张。</span></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 此外,对贝加尔湖、蒙古高原的追问则反驳了语言学上有关&ldquo;西辽河农业人群的扩张促成了原始泛欧亚语(Transeurasian)传播&rdquo;的假说。这是由于,对古人DNA实验分析发现,距今约8000多年前,在蒙古高原、贝加尔湖到黑龙江流域的广袤大地上的采集狩猎人群的确是蒙古和通古斯语人群的祖先,但在2000多年之前并未受到农业人群在遗传上的显著影响。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 据了解,这是目前国内开展的东亚地区最大规模的考古基因组学研究。&ldquo;这项研究所报道的东亚地区古人基因组样本量是以往国内研究机构所发表的样本量总和的2倍,我们希望改变东亚地区尤其是中国境内考古基因组学研究长期滞后的局面。&rdquo;王传超表示。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> <strong>二代测序立功</strong></p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 在研究人员看来,这项研究的成功直接得益于二代测序技术的迅猛发展。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 王传超深有感触,2000年前后基因测序每一个位点大约花费1美元,测一个人类的全基因组费用高达20、30亿美元,现在仅需3000人民币。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 2010年前后发展出的高通量测序技术极大提高了效率、降低了成本,为古人类基因组学研究打开了新世界的大门。</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> &ldquo;你可以想象,古人类去世后被埋葬在土壤中,他们的DNA不断地降解、腐蚀,并且土壤中还有很多微生物、病原菌。&rdquo;王传超指出,&ldquo;今天我们把他们挖掘出来时,实际上要从一堆已经降解、污染的骨头中去还原这个人的DNA信息,新的测序技术帮助我们从大量数据中获得有用的信息。&rdquo;</p> <p style="text-indent:2em"> 此外,超净实验室也是古人类基因组学研究的&ldquo;标配&rdquo;,厦门大学人类学研究所于2017年建立起这一&ldquo;利器&rdquo;。研究人员需要穿上防护服,戴上护目镜、口罩、手套、头套,还要经过风淋室才能进入这一&ldquo;时空隧道&rdquo;,与古人类相遇。</p> <p style="text-indent: 0em; text-align: center;"> <img src="/upload/news/images/2021/2/2021225114752893.jpeg" style="text-align: center; white-space: normal; height: 281px; width: 500px;" /></p> <p style="text-indent: 0em; text-align: center;"> <strong>王传超等在古DNA超净实验室工作(研究团队供图)</strong></p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"> 对于此项研究成果,中国科学院大学人文学院教授杨益民评价:&ldquo;这仅是故事的开始,随着更多古基因组成果的发表,相信在过去一万年的中国大地上的人类迁徙面貌会越来越清晰。&rdquo;</p> <p style="text-indent: 2em;"> 论文链接:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03336-2</p> <div> &nbsp;</div> <div class="bq" style="text-indent:0em;font-weight:bold;font-size:13px;border:solid 1px #333 ;padding:10px;"> 版权声明:凡本网注明&ldquo;来源:中国科学报、科学网、科学新闻杂志&rdquo;的所有作品,网站转载,请在正文上方注明来源和作者,且不得对内容作实质性改动;微信公众号、头条号等新媒体平台,转载请联系授权。邮箱:shouquan@stimes.cn。</div> <div style="border-bottom: solid 1px #bfc89d; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%; height: 20px"> </div> <div style="width: 100%; height: 20px; text-align: center; margin:10px"> <!-- JiaThis Button BEGIN --> <script src="/html/js/share.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!-- JiaThis Button END --> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <div style="line-height: 10px; 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