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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nixon administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nixon_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nixon administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nixon_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Secretary of Labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Management_and_Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Office of Management and Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Management_and_Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_the_Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Secretary of the Treasury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_executive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_executive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Business executive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_executive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reagan_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reagan administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reagan_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reagan administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reagan_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Secretary of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Relations with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Europe_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Europe_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Europe_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Middle East diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theranos_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theranos_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Theranos scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theranos_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_memberships_held" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_memberships_held"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other memberships held</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_memberships_held-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honors and prizes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_prizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors and prizes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Honorary degrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Shultz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="جورج شولتز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج شولتز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="جرج پی. شولتس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرج پی. شولتس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8" title="জর্জ পি. সুলৎস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ পি. সুলৎস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Джордж Шульц – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Шульц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CF%82" title="Τζορτζ Σουλτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Σουλτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="جرج پی. شولتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج پی. شولتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AB_%EC%8A%90%EC%B8%A0" title="조지 프랫 슐츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 프랫 슐츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D6%81" title="Ջորջ Շուլց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Շուլց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A5" title="ג'ורג' שולץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' שולץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ შულცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ შულცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_%C5%A0ulcs" title="Džordžs Šulcs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Šulcs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ შულცი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ შულცი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="جورج شولتز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج شولتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%BE%DB%8C._%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="جورج پی. شولتز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جورج پی. شولتز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Жорж Шульц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Шульц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%84" title="ジョージ・シュルツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・シュルツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Shultz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Шульц, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шульц, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%97_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Җорҗ Шульц – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җорҗ Шульц" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86" title="Джордж Шульц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Шульц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz" title="George P. Shultz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George P. Shultz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="乔治·普拉特·舒尔茨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·普拉特·舒尔茨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313411#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George Shultz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Pratt_Shultz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George_Pratt_Shultz.jpg/220px-George_Pratt_Shultz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George_Pratt_Shultz.jpg/330px-George_Pratt_Shultz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/George_Pratt_Shultz.jpg/440px-George_Pratt_Shultz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Shultz in the 1980s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">60th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_United_States_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy United States Secretary of State">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Stoessel_Jr." title="Walter J. Stoessel Jr.">Walter J. Stoessel Jr.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Dam" title="Kenneth W. Dam">Kenneth W. Dam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Whitehead" title="John C. Whitehead">John C. Whitehead</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">62nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th Director of the <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 1, 1970 – June 11, 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Nixon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Bob Mayo</a> (Bureau of the Budget)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">11th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Nixon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Pratt Shultz</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-12-13</span>)</span>December 13, 1920<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 6, 2021<span style="display:none">(2021-02-06)</span> (aged 100)<br /><a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Dawes Cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Cummington,_Massachusetts" title="Cummington, Massachusetts">Cummington, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Helena O'Brien</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="February 16, 1946">1946</span>; died 1995)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mailliard_Shultz" title="Charlotte Mailliard Shultz">Charlotte Mailliard</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1997)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Pratt_Shultz_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Shultz's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_Pratt_Shultz_Signature.svg/128px-George_Pratt_Shultz_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_Pratt_Shultz_Signature.svg/192px-George_Pratt_Shultz_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_Pratt_Shultz_Signature.svg/256px-George_Pratt_Shultz_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angaur" title="Battle of Angaur">Battle of Angaur</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Pratt Shultz</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SHUULTS</span></i></a>; December 13, 1920 – February 6, 2021) was an American economist, businessman, diplomat and statesman. He served in various positions under two different <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> presidents and is one of the only two persons to have held four different <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>-level posts, the other being <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz played a major role in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration">foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration</a>, and conservative foreign policy thought thereafter. </p><p>Born in New York City, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> before serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. After the war, Shultz earned a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in industrial economics from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT). He taught at MIT from 1948 to 1957, taking a leave of absence in 1955 to take a position on President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a>. After serving as dean of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Graduate_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Graduate School of Business">University of Chicago Graduate School of Business</a>, he accepted President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a>. In that position, he imposed the <a href="/wiki/Revised_Philadelphia_Plan" title="Revised Philadelphia Plan">Philadelphia Plan</a> on construction contractors who refused to accept black members, marking the first use of <a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">racial quotas</a> by the federal government. In 1970, he became the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, and he served in that position until his appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> in 1972. In that role, Shultz supported the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a>, which sought to revive the ailing economy in part by abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, and presided over the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>. </p><p>Shultz left the Nixon administration in 1974 to become an executive at <a href="/wiki/Bechtel" title="Bechtel">Bechtel</a>. After becoming president and director of that company, he accepted President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s offer to serve as <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of state">United States secretary of state</a>. He held that office from 1982 to 1989. Shultz pushed for Reagan to establish relations with <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Soviet leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, which led to a thaw between the United States and the Soviet Union. He opposed the U.S. aid to <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> trying to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Sandinistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinistas">Sandinistas</a> by using funds from an illegal sale of weapons to Iran. This aid led to the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>. </p><p>Shultz retired from public office in 1989 but remained active in business and politics. He had already been an executive of the <a href="/wiki/Bechtel_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechtel Group">Bechtel Group</a>, an engineering and services company, from 1974 to 1982. Shultz served as an informal adviser to <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and helped formulate the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemptive war</a>. He served on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Commission_on_Drug_Policy" title="Global Commission on Drug Policy">Global Commission on Drug Policy</a>, California governor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>'s Economic Recovery Council, and on the boards of Bechtel and the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Corporation" title="Charles Schwab Corporation">Charles Schwab Corporation</a>. </p><p>Beginning in 2013, Shultz advocated for a revenue-neutral <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> as the most economically sound means of mitigating <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SchultzBecker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchultzBecker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchultzMIT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchultzMIT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchultzReaganApproach_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchultzReaganApproach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ConservativeCaseClimate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConservativeCaseClimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_International_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for International Economics">Institute for International Economics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a>, and other groups. He was also a prominent and hands-on board member of <a href="/wiki/Theranos" title="Theranos">Theranos</a>, which defrauded more than $700 million from its investors before it collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-BadBlood_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BadBlood-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandson Tyler Shultz worked at the company before becoming a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a> about the fraudulent technology.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz was born December 13, 1920, in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz. He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BioDictTreas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioDictTreas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His great-grandfather was an immigrant from <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">Germany</a> who arrived in the United States in the middle of the 19th century. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz was not a member of the Pratt family associated with <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> Trust.<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanLives_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanLives-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After attending the local public school, he transferred to the Englewood School for Boys (now <a href="/wiki/Dwight-Englewood_School" title="Dwight-Englewood School">Dwight-Englewood School</a>), through his second year of high school.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school <a href="/wiki/Loomis_Chaffee_School" title="Loomis Chaffee School">Loomis Chaffee School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor, Connecticut</a>. He earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i>, at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, New Jersey, in economics with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis, "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority", examined the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>'s effect on local <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">agriculture</a>, for which he conducted on-site research.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated with honors in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-BioDictTreas_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioDictTreas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmericanLives_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanLives-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on active duty in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a>. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">captain</a>. He was attached to the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/81st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="81st Infantry Division (United States)">81st Infantry Division</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angaur" title="Battle of Angaur">Battle of Angaur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peleliu" title="Battle of Peleliu">Battle of Peleliu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, Shultz earned a PhD in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial economics">industrial economics</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBio_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBio-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1948 to 1957, he taught in the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Department_of_Economics" title="MIT Department of Economics">MIT Department of Economics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a> as a Senior Staff Economist. In 1957, Shultz left MIT and joined the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Graduate_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Graduate School of Business">Graduate School of Business</a> as a professor of industrial relations, and he served as the Graduate School of Business Dean from 1962 to 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Chicago, he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Laureates</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>, who reinforced Shultz's view of the importance of a free-market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the University of Chicago to serve under President Richard Nixon in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nixon_administration">Nixon administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nixon administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nixon_signing_Executive_Order_11491,_with_labor_leaders_-_NARA_-_194659.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/President_Nixon_signing_Executive_Order_11491%2C_with_labor_leaders_-_NARA_-_194659.tif/lossy-page1-220px-President_Nixon_signing_Executive_Order_11491%2C_with_labor_leaders_-_NARA_-_194659.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/President_Nixon_signing_Executive_Order_11491%2C_with_labor_leaders_-_NARA_-_194659.tif/lossy-page1-330px-President_Nixon_signing_Executive_Order_11491%2C_with_labor_leaders_-_NARA_-_194659.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/President_Nixon_signing_Executive_Order_11491%2C_with_labor_leaders_-_NARA_-_194659.tif/lossy-page1-440px-President_Nixon_signing_Executive_Order_11491%2C_with_labor_leaders_-_NARA_-_194659.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Shultz (right) with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and labor leaders at the signing of Executive Order 11491 on October 29, 1969</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_M._Nixon_posing_with_his_Cabinet_-_NARA_-_194437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_M._Nixon_posing_with_his_Cabinet_-_NARA_-_194437.jpg/220px-Richard_M._Nixon_posing_with_his_Cabinet_-_NARA_-_194437.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_M._Nixon_posing_with_his_Cabinet_-_NARA_-_194437.jpg/330px-Richard_M._Nixon_posing_with_his_Cabinet_-_NARA_-_194437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_M._Nixon_posing_with_his_Cabinet_-_NARA_-_194437.jpg/440px-Richard_M._Nixon_posing_with_his_Cabinet_-_NARA_-_194437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>Treasury Secretary Shultz (back row, fourth from left) with the rest of the Nixon cabinet, June 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Nixon_meeting_with_economic_advisors_and_Cabinet_members_-_NARA_-_194579.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/President_Nixon_meeting_with_economic_advisors_and_Cabinet_members_-_NARA_-_194579.jpg/220px-President_Nixon_meeting_with_economic_advisors_and_Cabinet_members_-_NARA_-_194579.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/President_Nixon_meeting_with_economic_advisors_and_Cabinet_members_-_NARA_-_194579.jpg/330px-President_Nixon_meeting_with_economic_advisors_and_Cabinet_members_-_NARA_-_194579.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/President_Nixon_meeting_with_economic_advisors_and_Cabinet_members_-_NARA_-_194579.jpg/440px-President_Nixon_meeting_with_economic_advisors_and_Cabinet_members_-_NARA_-_194579.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A meeting of <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Administration">Nixon Administration</a> economic advisors and cabinet members on May 7, 1974. Clockwise from Richard Nixon: George P. Shultz, <a href="/wiki/James_T._Lynn" class="mw-redirect" title="James T. Lynn">James T. Lynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Haig,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander M. Haig, Jr.">Alexander M. Haig, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_L._Ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy L. Ash">Roy L. Ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stein" title="Herbert Stein">Herbert Stein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_Labor">Secretary of Labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secretary of Labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz was President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970. He soon faced the crisis of the <a href="/wiki/Longshoremen%27s_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshoremen's Union">Longshoremen's Union</a> strike. The <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Administration">Lyndon B. Johnson Administration</a> had delayed the walkout with a <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley injunction</a> that expired, and the press pressed him to describe his approach. He applied the theory he had developed in academia: he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He also imposed the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Plan">Philadelphia Plan</a>, which required Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">construction</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a> to admit a certain number of black members by an enforced deadline—a break with their past policy of largely discriminating against such members. This marked the first use of <a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">racial quotas</a> in the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_243_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s_243-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a>, Nixon's first choice for Secretary of Labor, was deemed unacceptable by <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93CIO" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL–CIO">AFL–CIO</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_Meany" title="George Meany">George Meany</a>, which pushed to fill the position with Shultz, then Dean of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Booth_School_of_Business" title="University of Chicago Booth School of Business">University of Chicago's School of Business</a>, (with prior experience in another GOP administration, on <a href="/wiki/President_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="President Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_Management_and_Budget">Office of Management and Budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Office of Management and Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz became the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1, 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the agency's 19th director.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_the_Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> from June 1972 to May 1974. During his tenure, he was concerned with two major issues, namely the continuing domestic administration of Nixon's "<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon#Economy" title="Richard Nixon">New Economic Policy</a>", begun under Secretary <a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (Shultz privately opposed its three elements), and a renewed dollar crisis that broke out in February 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanLives_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanLives-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TreasuryBio_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreasuryBio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a> begun in 1971. This phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later.<sup id="cite_ref-TreasuryBio_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreasuryBio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Shultz's attention was increasingly diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. In 1973, he participated in an international monetary conference in Paris that grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, a decision Shultz and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a> had supported (see <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Shock">Nixon Shock</a>). The conference formally abolished the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>, causing all currencies to <a href="/wiki/Floating_exchange_rate" title="Floating exchange rate">float</a>. During this period Shultz co-founded the "Library Group", which became the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>. Shultz resigned shortly before Nixon to return to private life.<sup id="cite_ref-TreasuryBio_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreasuryBio-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shultz was instrumental in handling relations with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jewry">Soviet Jewry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_executive">Business executive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business executive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, he left government service to become executive vice president of <a href="/wiki/Bechtel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechtel Corporation">Bechtel Group</a>, a large engineering and services company. He was later its president and a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">director</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects, including from <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50% increase in revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reagan_administration">Reagan administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reagan administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz is one of only two individuals to have served in four <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">United States Cabinet</a> positions within the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>, the other having been <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 16, 1982, Shultz was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> as the 60th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a>, who had resigned. Shultz served for six and a half years, the longest tenure since <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shultz-takes-charge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of a conflict of interest in his position as secretary of state after being in the upper management of the <a href="/wiki/Bechtel_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechtel Group">Bechtel Group</a> was raised by several senators during his confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some questions on the subject but was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shultz relied primarily on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service">Foreign Service</a> to formulate and implement Reagan's foreign policy. As reported in the State Department's official history, "by the summer of 1985, Shultz had personally selected most of the senior officials in the Department, emphasizing professional over political credentials in the process [...] The Foreign Service responded in kind by giving Shultz its 'complete support,' making him one of the most popular Secretaries since <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shultz-takes-charge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz's success came from not only the respect he earned from the bureaucracy but the strong relationship he forged with Reagan, who trusted him completely.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diplomatic historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a> states that his 1993 memoir, <i>Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State,</i> "is the most detailed, vivid, outspoken, and reliable record we probably shall have of the 1980s until the documents are opened".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_George_Shultz_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_George_Shultz_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg/300px-President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_George_Shultz_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_George_Shultz_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg/450px-President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_George_Shultz_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_George_Shultz_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg/600px-President_Ronald_Reagan_walking_with_George_Shultz_outside_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>Shultz with President Reagan outside the Oval Office, December 1986</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_China">Relations with China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relations with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz inherited negotiations with the People's Republic of China over <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> from his predecessor. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act" title="Taiwan Relations Act">Taiwan Relations Act</a>, the United States was obligated to assist in Taiwan's defense, which included the sale of arms. The Administration debate on Taiwan, especially over the sale of military aircraft, resulted in a crisis in relations with China, which was alleviated only in August 1982, when, after months of arduous negotiations, the United States and the PRC issued a joint <a href="/wiki/Three_Communiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Communiques">communiqué</a> on Taiwan in which the United States agreed to limit arms sales to Taiwan and China agreed to seek a "peaceful solution".<sup id="cite_ref-reagan-foreign-policy_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reagan-foreign-policy-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Europe_and_the_Soviet_Union">Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relations with Europe and the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the summer of 1982, relations were strained not only between Washington and Moscow but also between Washington and key capitals in Western Europe. In response to the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a> the previous December, the Reagan administration had imposed sanctions on a pipeline between West Germany and the Soviet Union. European leaders vigorously protested sanctions that damaged their interests but not U.S. interests in grain sales to the Soviet Union. Shultz resolved this "poisonous problem" in December 1982, when the United States agreed to abandon sanctions against the pipeline and the Europeans agreed to adopt stricter controls on strategic trade with the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-US-in-Europe_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-in-Europe-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more controversial issue was the NATO Ministers' 1979 "dual track" decision: if the Soviets refused to remove their SS-20 medium range ballistic missiles within four years, then the Allies would deploy a countervailing force of cruise and <a href="/wiki/Pershing_II" title="Pershing II">Pershing II</a> missiles in Western Europe. When negotiations on these intermediate nuclear forces (INF) stalled, 1983 became a year of protest. Shultz and other Western leaders worked hard to maintain allied unity amidst anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and the United States. In spite of Western protests and Soviet propaganda, the allies began deployment of the missiles as scheduled in November 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-US-in-Europe_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-in-Europe-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S.–Soviet tensions were raised by the announcement in March 1983 of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>, and exacerbated by the Soviet shoot-down of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moneron_Island" title="Moneron Island">Moneron Island</a> on September 1. Tensions reached a height with the <a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a> exercises in November 1983, during which the Soviets feared a pre-emptive American attack.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the missile deployment and the exercises, both Shultz and Reagan resolved to seek further dialogue with the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-US-in-Europe_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-in-Europe-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> came to power in 1985, Shultz advocated that Reagan pursue a personal dialogue with him. Reagan gradually changed his perception of Gorbachev's strategic intentions in 1987, when the two leaders signed the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty">Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarhi-Milo_IS_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarhi-Milo_IS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles in Europe, was a milestone in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Although Gorbachev took the initiative, Reagan was well prepared by the State Department to negotiate.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorby-and-perestroika_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorby-and-perestroika-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a> was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated", Shultz reasoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarhi-Milo_IS_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarhi-Milo_IS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second event, according to Keren Yarhi-Milo of Princeton University, happened during the 19th Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press."<sup id="cite_ref-Yarhi-Milo_IS_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarhi-Milo_IS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarhi-Milo_IS_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarhi-Milo_IS-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_diplomacy">Middle East diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle East diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the escalating violence of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">Lebanese civil war</a>, Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Palestinian refugee camps</a> and support the Lebanese Government. The <a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombing">October 1983 bombing</a> of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end.<sup id="cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shultz-takes-charge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between Israel and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and convinced Israel to begin partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon's contravention of the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-state-bio_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-bio-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> agreement for the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 1988, after six months of <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">shuttle diplomacy</a>, Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>, which was picked up by the next Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shultz-takes-charge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz was known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become known as the <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra Affair">Iran-Contra Affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 testimony before Congress, he said that the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> government in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> was "a very undesirable cancer in the area".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a>: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nancy_Reagan,_Polish_President,_First_Lady,_George_Shultz_July_17,_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nancy_Reagan%2C_Polish_President%2C_First_Lady%2C_George_Shultz_July_17%2C_2007.JPG/220px-Nancy_Reagan%2C_Polish_President%2C_First_Lady%2C_George_Shultz_July_17%2C_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nancy_Reagan%2C_Polish_President%2C_First_Lady%2C_George_Shultz_July_17%2C_2007.JPG/330px-Nancy_Reagan%2C_Polish_President%2C_First_Lady%2C_George_Shultz_July_17%2C_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Nancy_Reagan%2C_Polish_President%2C_First_Lady%2C_George_Shultz_July_17%2C_2007.JPG/440px-Nancy_Reagan%2C_Polish_President%2C_First_Lady%2C_George_Shultz_July_17%2C_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Shultz (far left) in 2007 with Polish president <a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kaczy%C5%84ska" title="Maria Kaczyńska">Maria Kaczyńska</a>, as well as former US first lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> (center, second from right)</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving public office, Shultz "retained an iconoclastic streak" and publicly opposed some positions taken by fellow <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> a failure,<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and added his signature to an advertisement printed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in 1998, headlined "We believe the global <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a> is now causing more harm than <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a> itself." In 2011, he was part of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Commission_on_Drug_Policy" title="Global Commission on Drug Policy">Global Commission on Drug Policy</a>, which called for a <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">harm reduction</a> approach towards drug use, alongside <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Volcker" title="Paul Volcker">Paul Volcker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shultz was an early advocate of the presidential candidacy of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, whose father, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, was Reagan's vice president. In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Boskin" title="Michael Boskin">Michael Boskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Taylor" title="John B. Taylor">John Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for president in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support Bush's candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then served as an informal advisor for <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_presidential_campaign,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush presidential campaign, 2000">Bush's presidential campaign</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 election</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a senior member of the "<a href="/wiki/The_Vulcans" title="The Vulcans">Vulcans</a>", a group of policy mentors for Bush that also included Rice, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>. One of his most senior advisors and confidants was former ambassador <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill_(diplomat)" title="Charles Hill (diplomat)">Charles Hill</a>. Shultz has been called the father of the "<a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a>" and generally defended the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>'s foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FatherOfBushDoctrine_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FatherOfBushDoctrine-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz supported the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, writing in support of U.S. military action months before the war began.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2008 interview with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose" title="Charlie Rose">Charlie Rose</a>, Shultz spoke out against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">U.S. embargo against Cuba</a>, saying that U.S. sanctions against the island country were "ridiculous" in the post-Soviet world and that U.S. engagement with Cuba was a better strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Shultz served as co-chair (along with <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later life, Shultz continued to be a strong advocate for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear arms control">nuclear arms control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2008 interview, Shultz said: "Now that we know so much about these weapons and their power, they're almost weapons that we wouldn't use, so I think we would be better off without them."<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2008, Shultz co-authored (with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a>) an op-ed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> that called on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four created the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a> to advance this agenda, focused on both preventing nuclear terrorist attacks and a nuclear war between world powers.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the four were featured in the documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point" title="Nuclear Tipping Point">Nuclear Tipping Point</a></i>, which discussed their agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2011, Shultz wrote a letter to President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> urging him to pardon <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Pollard" title="Jonathan Pollard">Jonathan Pollard</a>. He stated, "I am impressed that the people who are best informed about the classified material Pollard passed to Israel, former CIA Director <a href="/wiki/James_Woolsey" title="James Woolsey">James Woolsey</a> and former Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee <a href="/wiki/Dennis_DeConcini" title="Dennis DeConcini">Dennis DeConcini</a>, favor his release".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Pompeo_Attends_Lunch_with_Former_Secretaries_Rice_and_Shultz_(49381967922)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Secretary_Pompeo_Attends_Lunch_with_Former_Secretaries_Rice_and_Shultz_%2849381967922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Secretary_Pompeo_Attends_Lunch_with_Former_Secretaries_Rice_and_Shultz_%2849381967922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Secretary_Pompeo_Attends_Lunch_with_Former_Secretaries_Rice_and_Shultz_%2849381967922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Secretary_Pompeo_Attends_Lunch_with_Former_Secretaries_Rice_and_Shultz_%2849381967922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Secretary_Pompeo_Attends_Lunch_with_Former_Secretaries_Rice_and_Shultz_%2849381967922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Secretary_Pompeo_Attends_Lunch_with_Former_Secretaries_Rice_and_Shultz_%2849381967922%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4197" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>Shultz with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>Shultz was a prominent advocate of efforts to fight <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">anthropogenic climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz favored a revenue-neutral <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> (i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">carbon fee and dividend</a> program, in which <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emission">carbon dioxide emissions</a> are taxed and the net funds received are rebated to taxpayers) as the most economically efficient means of mitigating climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-SchultzReaganApproach_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchultzReaganApproach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ConservativeCaseClimate_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConservativeCaseClimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2013, he co-wrote, with economist <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Gary Becker</a>, an op-ed in the <i>Wall Street Journal</i> that concluded that this plan would "benefit all Americans by eliminating the need for costly <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy subsidies">energy subsidies</a> while promoting a level playing field for <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">energy producers</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-SchultzBecker_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchultzBecker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He repeated this call in a September 2014 talk at MIT<sup id="cite_ref-SchultzMIT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchultzMIT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a March 2015 op-ed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SchultzReaganApproach_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchultzReaganApproach-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Shultz joined the advisory board of the Citizens' Climate Lobby, and in 2017, Shultz cofounded the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Leadership_Council" title="Climate Leadership Council">Climate Leadership Council</a>, along with George H. W. Bush's Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> and George W. Bush's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, these Republican elder statesmen, along with <a href="/wiki/Martin_S._Feldstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin S. Feldstein">Martin S. Feldstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a>, urged conservatives to embrace a carbon fee and dividend program.<sup id="cite_ref-ConservativeCaseClimate_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConservativeCaseClimate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Shultz was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">"Brexit" referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theranos_scandal">Theranos scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theranos scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Theranos" title="Theranos">Theranos</a></div> <p>From 2011 to 2015, Shultz was a member of the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Theranos" title="Theranos">Theranos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">health technology</a> company that became known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BadBlood_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BadBlood-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a prominent figure in the ensuing scandal. After joining the company's board in November 2011, he recruited other political figures, including former secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, former secretary of defense <a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a>, and former U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">Sam Nunn</a>. Shultz also promoted Theranos founder <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holmes" title="Elizabeth Holmes">Elizabeth Holmes</a> at major forums, including Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and was on record supporting her in major media publications. This helped Holmes in her efforts to raise money from investors.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shultz's grandson, Tyler Shultz, joined Theranos in September 2013 after graduating from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> with a degree in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler was forced to leave the company in 2014 after raising concerns about its testing practices with Holmes and his grandfather. George Shultz initially did not believe Tyler's warnings and pressured him to keep quiet.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj.com_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz continued to advocate for Holmes and Theranos.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj.com_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj.com-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler eventually contacted reporter <a href="/wiki/John_Carreyrou" title="John Carreyrou">John Carreyrou</a> (who went on to expose the scandal in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>), but as summarized by <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_Nightline" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Nightline">ABC Nightline</a></i>, "it wasn't long before Theranos got wind of it and attempted to use George Shultz to silence his grandson."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler went to his grandfather's house to discuss the allegations, but was surprised to encounter Theranos attorneys there, who pressured him to sign a document.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler did not sign any agreements, even though George pressured him to: "My grandfather would say, like, things like 'Your career would be ruined if [Carreyrou's] article comes out.'"<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyler and his parents spent nearly $500,000 on legal fees, selling their house to raise the funds, in fighting Theranos' accusations of violating the NDA and divulging trade secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When media reports exposed controversial practices there in 2015, the company moved their non-technical directors like Shultz to a "Board of Counselors" and replaced them with a technical board. In 2016 Theranos' "Board of Counselors" was "retired".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theranos was shut down on September 4, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-TheranosShutdown_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheranosShutdown-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2019 media statement, Shultz praised his grandson for not having shrunk "from what he saw as his responsibility to the truth and patient safety, even when he felt personally threatened and believed that I had placed allegiance to the company over allegiance to higher values and our family. ... Tyler navigated a very complex situation in ways that made me proud."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_memberships_held">Other memberships held</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other memberships held"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_P._Shultz_with_Rex_Tillerson_and_Condoleezza_Rice_-_2018_(38854353365)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_P._Shultz_with_Rex_Tillerson_and_Condoleezza_Rice_-_2018_%2838854353365%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-George_P._Shultz_with_Rex_Tillerson_and_Condoleezza_Rice_-_2018_%2838854353365%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_P._Shultz_with_Rex_Tillerson_and_Condoleezza_Rice_-_2018_%2838854353365%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-George_P._Shultz_with_Rex_Tillerson_and_Condoleezza_Rice_-_2018_%2838854353365%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/George_P._Shultz_with_Rex_Tillerson_and_Condoleezza_Rice_-_2018_%2838854353365%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-George_P._Shultz_with_Rex_Tillerson_and_Condoleezza_Rice_-_2018_%2838854353365%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>Shultz with <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Shultz had a long affiliation at the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, where he was a distinguished fellow and, beginning in 2011, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow; from 2018 until his death, Shultz hosted events on governance at the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz was chairman of <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a>'s international advisory council.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was co-chairman of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Present_Danger" title="Committee on the Present Danger">Committee on the Present Danger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was an honorary director of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_International_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for International Economics">Institute for International Economics</a>. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Institute for Near East Policy">Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a> (WINEP) board of advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the Mandalay Camp at the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Grove" title="Bohemian Grove">Bohemian Grove</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_Iraq" title="Committee for the Liberation of Iraq">Committee for the Liberation of Iraq</a>. He served as an advisory board member for the <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_a_Secure_America" title="Partnership for a Secure America">Partnership for a Secure America</a> and Citizens' Climate Lobby.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was honorary chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz was a member of the advisory board of <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_America_(charity)" title="Spirit of America (charity)">Spirit of America</a>, a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3) organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shultz served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Bechtel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechtel Corporation">Bechtel Corporation</a> until 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the board of <a href="/wiki/Gilead_Sciences" title="Gilead Sciences">Gilead Sciences</a> from 1996 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shultz sat on the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Xyleco" title="Xyleco">Xyleco</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Accretive_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretive Health">Accretive Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Together again with former secretary of defense <a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William Perry</a>, Shultz was serving on the board of Acuitus at the time of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And he has been member of the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/The_Peter_G._Peterson_Foundation" title="The Peter G. Peterson Foundation">Peter G. Peterson Foundation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While on a rest and recreation break in Hawaii from serving in the Marines in the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Asiatic-Pacific Theater</a> during World War II, Shultz met <a href="/wiki/Military_nurse" title="Military nurse">military nurse</a> lieutenant Helena Maria O'Brien (1915–1995). They married on February 16, 1946, and had five children: Margaret Ann Tilsworth, Kathleen Pratt Shultz Jorgensen, Peter Milton Shultz, Barbara Lennox Shultz White, and Alexander George Shultz.<sup id="cite_ref-BioDictTreas_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioDictTreas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O'Brien died of <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, Shultz married <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mailliard" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Mailliard">Charlotte Mailliard Swig</a>, a prominent San Francisco philanthropist and socialite.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained married until his death. Shultz was a member of an Episcopal church.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shultz died at <a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">age 100</a> at his home in <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a>, on February 6, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-wapost_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapost-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried next to his first wife at Dawes Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Cummington,_Massachusetts" title="Cummington, Massachusetts">Cummington, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> reacted to Shultz's death by saying, "He was a gentleman of honor and ideas, dedicated to public service and respectful debate, even into his 100th year on Earth. That's why multiple presidents, of both political parties, sought his counsel. I regret that, as president, I will not be able to benefit from his wisdom, as have so many of my predecessors."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_prizes">Honors and prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Honors and prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li>2016 – Presidential Medal of Honor, San Francisco State University<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2014 – Honorary Reagan Fellow Award of <a href="/wiki/Eureka_College" title="Eureka College">Eureka College</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013 – Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Kissinger_Prize" title="Henry A. Kissinger Prize">Henry A. Kissinger Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_in_Berlin" title="American Academy in Berlin">American Academy in Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011 – Honorary Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Order of Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame" title="California Hall of Fame">California Hall of Fame</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truman_Medal_for_Economic_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truman Medal for Economic Policy (page does not exist)">Truman Medal for Economic Policy</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008 – <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Prize" title="Rumford Prize">Rumford Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a> <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> Award<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006 – <a href="/wiki/National_World_War_II_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National World War II Museum">National World War II Museum</a>, American Spirit Award<sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 – <a href="/wiki/Lead21" title="Lead21">Lead21</a>, Lifetime Achievement Award<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/American_Whig-Cliosophic_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Whig-Cliosophic Society">American Whig-Cliosophic Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award_for_Distinguished_Public_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service">James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>, Distinguished Fellow<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003 – Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award, <a href="/wiki/American_Foreign_Service_Association" title="American Foreign Service Association">American Foreign Service Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reagan_Distinguished_American_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reagan Distinguished American Award (page does not exist)">Reagan Distinguished American Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Bunche Award (page does not exist)">Ralph Bunche Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-who2004_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2004-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elliot_Richardson_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elliot Richardson Prize (page does not exist)">Elliot Richardson Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Witherspoon_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Witherspoon Medal (page does not exist)">John Witherspoon Medal</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li>2001 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eisenhower_Medal_for_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eisenhower Medal for Leadership (page does not exist)">Eisenhower Medal for Leadership</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2000 – <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> Award for Public Service</li> <li>1996 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koret_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koret Prize (page does not exist)">Koret Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Peace_Prize" title="Seoul Peace Prize">Seoul Peace Prize</a> (Korea)<sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award" title="Sylvanus Thayer Award">Sylvanus Thayer Award</a></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a><sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon</a> (Japan)<sup id="cite_ref-who2004_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who2004-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_Foundation" title="Freedoms Foundation">Freedoms Foundation</a>, George Washington Medal<sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986 – U.S. Senator John Heinz Award (<a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service" title="Jefferson Awards for Public Service">Jefferson Awards</a>) For Public Service<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970 – Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Honorary degrees were conferred on Shultz from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.<sup id="cite_ref-hoover1_94-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shultz, George P. and <a href="/wiki/James_Goodby" title="James Goodby">Goodby, James E.</a> <i>The War that Must Never be Fought</i>, Hoover Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1845-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1845-3">978-0-8179-1845-3</a>, 2015.</li> <li>Shultz, George P. <i>Issues on My Mind: Strategies for the Future</i>, Hoover Institution Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916244" title="Special:BookSources/9780817916244">9780817916244</a>, 2013.</li> <li>Shultz, George P. and Shoven, John B. <i>Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton">W.W. Norton</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393069617" title="Special:BookSources/9780393069617">9780393069617</a>, 2008</li> <li>Shultz, George P. <i>Economics in Action: Ideas, Institutions, Policies, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace</i>, Stanford University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817956332" title="Special:BookSources/9780817956332">9780817956332</a>, 1995.</li> <li>Shultz, George P. <i>Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Scribner%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner's">Scribner's</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451623116" title="Special:BookSources/9781451623116">9781451623116</a>, 1993.</li> <li>Shultz, George P. <i>U.S. Policy and the Dynamism of the Pacific; Sharing the Challenges of Success</i>, East-West Center (Honolulu), Pacific Forum, and the Pacific and Asian Affairs Council, 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The U.S. and Central America: Implementing the National Bipartisan Commission Report: Report to the President from the Secretary of State</i>, U.S. Department of State (Washington, D.C.), 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Risk, Uncertainty, and Foreign Economic Policy</i>, D. Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(With Kenneth W. Dam) <i>Economic Policy beyond the Headlines</i>, Stanford Alumni Association, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226755991" title="Special:BookSources/9780226755991">9780226755991</a>, 1977.</li> <li>Shultz, George P. <i>Leaders and Followers in an Age of Ambiguity</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a> (New York), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814777651" title="Special:BookSources/0814777651">0814777651</a>, 1975.</li> <li>(With <a href="/wiki/Albert_Rees" title="Albert Rees">Albert Rees</a>) <i>Workers and Wages in an Urban Labor Market</i>, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226707059" title="Special:BookSources/0226707059">0226707059</a>, 1970.</li> <li>(With Arnold R. Weber) <i>Strategies for the Displaced Worker: Confronting Economic Change</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a> (New York), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837188553" title="Special:BookSources/9780837188553">9780837188553</a>1966.</li> <li>(Editor and author of introduction, with Robert Z. Aliber) <i>Guidelines, Informal Controls, and the Market Place: Policy Choices in a Full Employment Economy</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> (Chicago), 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(Editor, with Thomas Whisler) <i>Management Organization and the Computer</i>, Free Press (New York), 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Automation, a new dimension to old problems</i> by George P. Shultz and George Benedict Baldwin (Washington: <a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_Press" title="Public Affairs Press">Public Affairs Press</a>, 1955).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(Editor, with John R. Coleman) <i>Labor Problems: Cases and Readings</i>, <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw</a> (New York), 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pressures on Wage Decisions: A Case Study in the Shoe Industry</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">Wiley</a> (New York), <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CHZNP">B0000CHZNP</a> 1951.</li> <li>(With Charles Andrew Myers) <i>The Dynamics of a Labor Market: A Study of the Impact of Employment Changes on Labor Mobility, Job Satisfaction, and Company and Union Policies</i>, <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a> (Englewood Cliffs, NJ), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837186207" title="Special:BookSources/9780837186207">9780837186207</a>,1951.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Reagan administration">Foreign policy of the Reagan administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Nuclear_Disarmament" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament">International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Tipping_Point" title="Nuclear Tipping Point">Nuclear Tipping Point</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz">"George P. Shultz"</a>. <i>Hoover Institution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211170656/https://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=George+P.+Shultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fprofiles%2Fgeorge-p-shultz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchultzBecker-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchultzBecker_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchultzBecker_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultzBecker2013" class="citation news cs1">Shultz, George; Becker, Gary (April 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323611604578396401965799658">"Why We Support a Revenue-Neutral Carbon Tax: Coupled with the elimination of costly energy subsidies, it would encourage competition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228203215/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323611604578396401965799658">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Why+We+Support+a+Revenue-Neutral+Carbon+Tax%3A+Coupled+with+the+elimination+of+costly+energy+subsidies%2C+it+would+encourage+competition.&rft.date=2013-04-07&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Becker%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424127887323611604578396401965799658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchultzMIT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchultzMIT_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchultzMIT_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDizikes2014" class="citation news cs1">Dizikes, Peter (October 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mit.edu/2014/george-shultz-climate-change-mit-talk-1001">"George Shultz: "Climate is changing," and we need more action; Former secretary of state – and former MIT professor – urges progress on multiple fronts"</a>. <i>MIT News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210231157/http://news.mit.edu/2014/george-shultz-climate-change-mit-talk-1001">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+News&rft.atitle=George+Shultz%3A+%22Climate+is+changing%2C%22+and+we+need+more+action%3B+Former+secretary+of+state+%E2%80%93+and+former+MIT+professor+%E2%80%93+urges+progress+on+multiple+fronts.&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.aulast=Dizikes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mit.edu%2F2014%2Fgeorge-shultz-climate-change-mit-talk-1001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchultzReaganApproach-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchultzReaganApproach_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchultzReaganApproach_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchultzReaganApproach_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz2015" class="citation news cs1">Shultz, George (March 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-reagan-model-on-climate-change/2015/03/13/4f4182e2-c6a8-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html">"A Reagan approach to climate change"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170725/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/a-reagan-model-on-climate-change/2015/03/13/4f4182e2-c6a8-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Reagan+approach+to+climate+change&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fa-reagan-model-on-climate-change%2F2015%2F03%2F13%2F4f4182e2-c6a8-11e4-b2a1-bed1aaea2816_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2017" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, John (February 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/science/a-conservative-climate-solution-republican-group-calls-for-carbon-tax.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Conservative Climate Solution': Republican Group Calls for Carbon Tax"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202083922/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/07/science/a-conservative-climate-solution-republican-group-calls-for-carbon-tax.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The group, led by former secretary of state <a href="/wiki/James_A._Baker_III" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Baker III">James A. Baker III</a>, with former secretary of state George P. Shultz and <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Paulson_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry M. Paulson Jr.">Henry M. Paulson Jr.</a>, a former secretary of the Treasury, says that taxing carbon pollution produced by burning fossil fuels is "a conservative climate solution" based on free-market principles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27A+Conservative+Climate+Solution%27%3A+Republican+Group+Calls+for+Carbon+Tax&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Fscience%2Fa-conservative-climate-solution-republican-group-calls-for-carbon-tax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConservativeCaseClimate-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ConservativeCaseClimate_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConservativeCaseClimate_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConservativeCaseClimate_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921033350/https://www.clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TheConservativeCaseforCarbonDividends.pdf">"The conservative case for carbon dividends"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/TheConservativeCaseforCarbonDividends.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+conservative+case+for+carbon+dividends&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clcouncil.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F02%2FTheConservativeCaseforCarbonDividends.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BadBlood-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BadBlood_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BadBlood_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarreyrou2018" class="citation book cs1">Carreyrou, John (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CcJFDwAAQBAJ"><i>Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday">Knopf Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3166-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5247-3166-3"><bdi>978-1-5247-3166-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154106/https://books.google.com/books?id=CcJFDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bad+Blood%3A+Secrets+and+Lies+in+a+Silicon+Valley+Startup&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5247-3166-3&rft.aulast=Carreyrou&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCcJFDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarreyrou2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Carreyrou" title="John Carreyrou">Carreyrou, John</a> (November 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963">"Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—and His Family"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Theranos+Whistleblower+Shook+the+Company%E2%80%94and+His+Family&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Carreyrou&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Ftheranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandazzo2021" class="citation web cs1">Randazzo, Sarah (November 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/elizabeth-holmes-trial-theranos/card/eZytMfelsTnt5YIlJBFB">"Holmes Testifies That Senior Lab Scientist Addressed Tyler Shultz's Concerns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Holmes+Testifies+That+Senior+Lab+Scientist+Addressed+Tyler+Shultz%27s+Concerns&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft.aulast=Randazzo&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Flivecoverage%2Felizabeth-holmes-trial-theranos%2Fcard%2FeZytMfelsTnt5YIlJBFB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BioDictTreas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BioDictTreas_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BioDictTreas_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BioDictTreas_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzC._Daniel_Vencill1996" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Bernard S.; C. Daniel Vencill (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMiA05P92h8C"><i>Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 320–332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313280122" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313280122"><bdi>978-0313280122</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+United+States+Secretaries+of+the+Treasury%2C+1789%E2%80%931995&rft.pages=320-332&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313280122&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft.au=C.+Daniel+Vencill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMiA05P92h8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmericanLives-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmericanLives_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmericanLives_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmericanLives_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVellani2003" class="citation book cs1">Vellani, Robert (2003). "George P. Shultz". In Arnold Markoe; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Kenneth T. Jackson</a> (eds.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=BIC1&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CK3436600565&mode=view&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=0cff5ea026d58aecc7ed1cfc7d7000d1"><i>Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: Sports Figures</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. GALE|K3436600565<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2012</span> – via Fairfax County Public Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+P.+Shultz&rft.btitle=Scribner+Encyclopedia+of+American+Lives%2C+Thematic+Series%3A+Sports+Figures&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Vellani&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fbic1%2FReferenceDetailsPage%2FReferenceDetailsWindow%3FdisplayGroupName%3DReference%26disableHighlighting%3Dfalse%26prodId%3DBIC1%26action%3De%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26catId%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CK3436600565%26mode%3Dview%26userGroupName%3Dfairfax_main%26jsid%3D0cff5ea026d58aecc7ed1cfc7d7000d1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnett, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/file_uploads/shultz_george_2016-transcript-BFI.pdf#page=12"><i>Problems and Principles: George P. Shultz and the Uses of Economic Thinking</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005032/https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/file_uploads/shultz_george_2016-transcript-BFI.pdf#page=12">Archived</a> June 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>. Accessed June 14, 2018. "I went to the public school for a while, then I went to a school called the Englewood School for Boys, now merged with the Dwight School. In my last two years, I went to the Loomis School in Windsor, Connecticut."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz1942" class="citation web cs1">Shultz, George Pratt (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01z029p5487">"The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority"</a>. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154016/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01z029p5487">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Agricultural+Program+of+the+Tennessee+Valley+Authority&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+School+of+Public+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.princeton.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fdsp01z029p5487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._House_of_Representatives2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> (December 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322164850/http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/108/publ479.108.txt">"Joint Resolution: Recognizing the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Peleliu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/108/publ479.108.txt">the original</a> on March 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Joint+Resolution%3A+Recognizing+the+60th+anniversary+of+the+Battle+of+Peleliu&rft.date=2004-12-21&rft.au=U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.resource.org%2Fgpo.gov%2Flaws%2F108%2Fpubl479.108.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span> H.J. Res. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBio-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldBio_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatiner2006" class="citation book cs1">Ratiner, Tracie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/george-pratt-shultz/"><i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i></a> (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4144-1041-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4144-1041-7"><bdi>1-4144-1041-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1414410417">1414410417</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606121024/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/george-pratt-shultz/">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Biography&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1414410417&rft.isbn=1-4144-1041-7&rft.aulast=Ratiner&rft.aufirst=Tracie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fgeorge-pratt-shultz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42682">"Ronald Reagan: Nomination of George P. Shultz To Be Secretary of State"</a>. <i>www.presidency.ucsb.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221646/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42682">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Ronald+Reagan%3A+Nomination+of+George+P.+Shultz+To+Be+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D42682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_georgeshultz.html#2">"The Chicago School and Its Impact"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619162457/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_georgeshultz.html#2">Archived</a> June 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Commanding Heights: George Shultz, October 2, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagobusiness.com/obituaries/george-schultz-who-led-reagans-cold-war-diplomacy-dies">"George Schultz [sic], who led Reagan's Cold War diplomacy, dies"</a>. <i>Crain's Chicago Business</i>. February 7, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207201243/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/obituaries/george-schultz-who-led-reagans-cold-war-diplomacy-dies">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crain%27s+Chicago+Business&rft.atitle=George+Schultz+%5Bsic%5D%2C+who+led+Reagan%27s+Cold+War+diplomacy%2C+dies&rft.date=2021-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobusiness.com%2Fobituaries%2Fgeorge-schultz-who-led-reagans-cold-war-diplomacy-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-'70s_243-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_243_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/243"><i>How We Got Here: The '70s</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/243">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04195-7"><bdi>0-465-04195-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+We+Got+Here%3A+The+%2770s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-465-04195-7&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowwegothere70sd00frum%2Fpage%2F243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbap.com/news/remembering-george-shultz-washington-insider-and-infighter/">"Remembering George Shultz: Washington Insider and Infighter"</a>. <i>News Talk WBAP-AM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208012214/https://www.wbap.com/news/remembering-george-shultz-washington-insider-and-infighter/">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Talk+WBAP-AM&rft.atitle=Remembering+George+Shultz%3A+Washington+Insider+and+Infighter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbap.com%2Fnews%2Fremembering-george-shultz-washington-insider-and-infighter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2015" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYBCgAAQBAJ&q=omb+director+schultz&pg=PA388"><i>The Development of the American Presidency</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 387–388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317552963" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317552963"><bdi>978-1317552963</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154016/https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYBCgAAQBAJ&q=omb+director+schultz&pg=PA388">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+American+Presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=387-388&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317552963&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcYBCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Domb%2Bdirector%2Bschultz%26pg%3DPA388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/organization_former_directors">"Former Directors of OMB and BOB"</a>. Office of Management and Budget. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121005958/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/organization_former_directors/">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+Directors+of+OMB+and+BOB&rft.pub=Office+of+Management+and+Budget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fomb%2Forganization_former_directors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TreasuryBio-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TreasuryBio_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TreasuryBio_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TreasuryBio_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201091809/http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/gpschultz.shtml">"History of the Treasury: George P. Shultz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>, Office of the Curator. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/gpschultz.shtml">the original</a> on February 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Treasury%3A+George+P.+Shultz&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Treasury%2C+Office+of+the+Curator&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ustreas.gov%2Feducation%2Fhistory%2Fsecretaries%2Fgpschultz.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJNS2018" class="citation web cs1">JNS (April 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/george-shultz/article_3ffb890c-992c-5be6-98ac-cdc5559c9f13.html">"George Shultz"</a>. <i>Cleveland Jewish News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=George+Shultz&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft.au=JNS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandjewishnews.com%2Fjns%2Fgeorge-shultz%2Farticle_3ffb890c-992c-5be6-98ac-cdc5559c9f13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarare2021" class="citation web cs1">Sarare (February 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/1946115/secretary-of-state-george-shultz-instrumental-in-releasing-soviet-jewry-dies-at-100.html">"Secretary Of State George Shultz, Instrumental In Releasing Soviet Jewry, Dies At 100"</a>. <i>The Yeshiva World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Yeshiva+World&rft.atitle=Secretary+Of+State+George+Shultz%2C+Instrumental+In+Releasing+Soviet+Jewry%2C+Dies+At+100&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft.au=Sarare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyeshivaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fheadlines-breaking-stories%2F1946115%2Fsecretary-of-state-george-shultz-instrumental-in-releasing-soviet-jewry-dies-at-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/turmoil_triumph/explore/shultz/bechtel.php">"Bechtel, Business and the Board of Directors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Free_To_Choose_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Free To Choose Network">Free To Choose Network</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154036/https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/turmoil_triumph/explore/shultz/bechtel.php">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+To+Choose+Network&rft.atitle=Bechtel%2C+Business+and+the+Board+of+Directors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freetochoosenetwork.org%2Fprograms%2Fturmoil_triumph%2Fexplore%2Fshultz%2Fbechtel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLueck1982" class="citation news cs1">Lueck, Thomas (June 26, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/26/business/bechtel-loses-another-officer-to-reagan-s-cabinet.html">"Bechtel Loses Another Officer to Reagan's Cabinet"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073735/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/26/business/bechtel-loses-another-officer-to-reagan-s-cabinet.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bechtel+Loses+Another+Officer+to+Reagan%27s+Cabinet&rft.date=1982-06-26&rft.aulast=Lueck&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F06%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fbechtel-loses-another-officer-to-reagan-s-cabinet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Glass2015" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Glass (December 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/this-day-in-politics-december-13-1920-216597">"George Shultz born in New York City, December 13, 1920"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213170656/https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/this-day-in-politics-december-13-1920-216597">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=George+Shultz+born+in+New+York+City%2C+December+13%2C+1920&rft.date=2015-12-12&rft.au=Andrew+Glass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2015%2F12%2Fthis-day-in-politics-december-13-1920-216597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limmudfsu.org/spec/george-shultz">"George Shultz"</a>. <i>www.limmudfsu.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202114754/https://www.limmudfsu.org/spec/george-shultz">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.limmudfsu.org&rft.atitle=George+Shultz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limmudfsu.org%2Fspec%2Fgeorge-shultz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shultz-takes-charge-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shultz-takes-charge_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/shultz">"Secretary Shultz Takes Charge"</a>. <i>Short History of the Department of State</i>. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205205957/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/shultz">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Short+History+of+the+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Secretary+Shultz+Takes+Charge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fshort-history%2Fshultz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreider1982" class="citation web cs1">Greider, William (December 9, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-boys-from-bechtel-19820902">"The Boys From Bechtel"</a>. Rolling Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822101603/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-boys-from-bechtel-19820902">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Boys+From+Bechtel&rft.pub=Rolling+Stone&rft.date=1982-12-09&rft.aulast=Greider&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fthe-boys-from-bechtel-19820902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Dijk, Ruud et al, eds. (2008) <i>Encyclopedia of the Cold War</i>, Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, p. 787.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter LaFeber, review in <i>American Historical Review</i> (Oct. 1993), p. 1203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reagan-foreign-policy-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reagan-foreign-policy_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/reaganforeignpolicy">"Reagan's Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>Short History of the Department of State</i>. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220204151/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/reaganforeignpolicy">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Short+History+of+the+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Reagan%27s+Foreign+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fshort-history%2Freaganforeignpolicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-in-Europe-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US-in-Europe_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-in-Europe_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-in-Europe_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/europe">"The United States in Europe"</a>. <i>Short History of the Department of State</i>. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190314160130/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/europe">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Short+History+of+the+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=The+United+States+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fshort-history%2Feurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew,_ChristopherGordievsky,_Oleg1992" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher; Gordievsky, Oleg (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kgbinsidestoryof00chri"><i>KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev</i></a></span>. Harpercollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kgbinsidestoryof00chri/page/600">600</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016605-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016605-3"><bdi>0-06-016605-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KGB%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+Its+Foreign+Operations+from+Lenin+to+Gorbachev&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Harpercollins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-06-016605-3&rft.au=Andrew%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Gordievsky%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkgbinsidestoryof00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan1990" class="citation book cs1">Reagan, Ronald (1990). <i>An American Life</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=In+the+Eye+of+the+Beholder%3A+How+Leaders+and+Intelligence+Communities+Assess+the+Intentions+of+Adversaries&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fisec_a_00128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57565605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yarhi-Milo&rft.aufirst=Keren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Finternational_security%2Fv038%2F38.1.yarhi-milo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorby-and-perestroika-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorby-and-perestroika_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev">"Gorbachev and Perestroika"</a>. <i>Short History of the Department of State</i>. United States Department of State, Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205210039/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ed. <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a>. New York: Continuum. p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/profile-shultz.php">"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The Legal Aftermath"</a>. <i>www.brown.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213184836/https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/profile-shultz.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Shultz+Says+U.S.+Has+Moral+Duty+To+Support+Contras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fc590b7fcf292781f36222f7eb4a1fcb8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/75ff5b0e6fce4077092a1d5507a98453">"Preceed [<i>sic</i>] WASHINGTON"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154043/https://apnews.com/article/75ff5b0e6fce4077092a1d5507a98453">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Preceed%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+WASHINGTON&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F75ff5b0e6fce4077092a1d5507a98453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2021" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Matthew (February 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207213730/https://apnews.com/article/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-middle-east-cabinets-00d7789a80e6821de36c07f12e5f8d9f">"Longtime Reagan Secretary of State George Shultz dies at 100"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholar+Space&rft.atitle=U.S.+policy+and+the+dynamism+of+the+Pacific+%3A+sharing+the+challenges+of+success&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F24229&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F24229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011390667"><i>The U.S. and Central America : implementing the National Bipartisan Commission report : report to the President from the Secretary of State / United States Department of State</i></a>. US and Central America. U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division. 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+and+Central+America+%3A+implementing+the+National+Bipartisan+Commission+report+%3A+report+to+the+President+from+the+Secretary+of+State+%2F+United+States+Department+of+State.&rft.series=US+and+Central+America&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+State%2C+Bureau+of+Public+Affairs%2C+Office+of+Public+Communication%2C+Editorial+Division&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F011390667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultz1981" class="citation book cs1">Shultz, George Pratt (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtSOAAAAMAAJ&q=Risk,+Uncertainty,+and+Foreign+Economic+Policy"><i>Risk, Uncertainty, and Foreign Economic Policy</i></a>. David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154035/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtSOAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Risk%2C+Uncertainty%2C+and+Foreign+Economic+Policy&q=Risk%2C+Uncertainty%2C+and+Foreign+Economic+Policy&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risk%2C+Uncertainty%2C+and+Foreign+Economic+Policy&rft.pub=David+Davies+Memorial+Institute+of+International+Studies&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtSOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRisk%2C%2BUncertainty%2C%2Band%2BForeign%2BEconomic%2BPolicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultzAliber1966" class="citation book cs1">Shultz, George P.; Aliber, Robert Z. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRM4ygEACAAJ"><i>Guidelines, Informal Controls, and the Market Place: Policy Choices in a Full Employment Economy</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154052/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRM4ygEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines%2C+Informal+Controls%2C+and+the+Market+Place%3A+Policy+Choices+in+a+Full+Employment+Economy&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft.au=Aliber%2C+Robert+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRM4ygEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iCEEzgEACAAJ"><i>Management organization and the computer: proc. of a seminar ...</i></a> Free Press. 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154119/https://books.google.com/books?id=iCEEzgEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+organization+and+the+computer%3A+proc.+of+a+seminar+...&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiCEEzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultzBaldwin1955" class="citation book cs1">Shultz, George Pratt; Baldwin, George Benedict (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eftAAAAAIAAJ"><i>Automation, a New Dimension to Old Problems</i></a>. Public Affairs Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154039/https://books.google.com/books?id=eftAAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automation%2C+a+New+Dimension+to+Old+Problems&rft.pub=Public+Affairs+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George+Pratt&rft.au=Baldwin%2C+George+Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeftAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShultzColeman1953" class="citation book cs1">Shultz, George Pratt; Coleman, John Royston (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxHNzAEACAAJ"><i>Labor Problems: Cases and Readings</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154040/https://books.google.com/books?id=wxHNzAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+Problems%3A+Cases+and+Readings&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Shultz&rft.aufirst=George+Pratt&rft.au=Coleman%2C+John+Royston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxHNzAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christison, Kathleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537632?seq=1">"The Arab-Israeli Policy of George Shultz"</a>. <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i> 18.2 (1989): 29–47.</li> <li>Coleman, Bradley Lynn and Kyle Longley, eds. <i>Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2017), 319 pp. essays by scholars</li> <li>Hopkins, Michael F. "Ronald Reagan's and George HW Bush's Secretaries of State: Alexander Haig, George Shultz and James Baker." <i>Journal of Transatlantic Studies</i> 6.3 (2008): 228–245.</li> <li>Kieninger, Stephan. <i>The diplomacy of détente: cooperative security policies from Helmut Schmidt to George Shultz</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFranchi2010" class="citation journal cs1">LaFranchi, Howard (March 9, 2010). "The World According to George Shultz". <i>The Christian Science Monitor Weekly</i>. <b>112</b> (16). Harklan, IA: The Christian Science Publishing Society: 3, 22–28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2166-3262">2166-3262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+George+Shultz&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=3%2C+22-28&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft.issn=2166-3262&rft.aulast=LaFranchi&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Laham, Nicholas. <i>Crossing the Rubicon: Ronald Reagan and US Policy in the Middle East</i> (Routledge, 2018).</li> <li>Matlock Jr, Jack, et al. <i>Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989</i> (UP of Kentucky, 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatlock2004" class="citation book cs1">Matlock, Jack (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reagangorbachevh00matl"><i>Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-46323-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-46323-2"><bdi>0-679-46323-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reagan+and+Gorbachev%3A+How+the+Cold+War+Ended&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-679-46323-2&rft.aulast=Matlock&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freagangorbachevh00matl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pee, Robert, and William Michael Schmidli, eds. <i>The Reagan administration, the cold war, and the transition to democracy promotion</i> (Springer, 2018).</li> <li>Preston, Andrew. "A Foreign Policy Divided Against Itself: George Shultz versus Caspar Weinberger." in Andrew L. Johns, ed., <i>A Companion to Ronald Reagan</i> (2015): 546–564.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather, Dan</a> and Gary Paul Gates, <i>The Palace Guard</i> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">Safire, William</a>, <i>Before the Fall: An Inside Look at the Pre-Watergate White House</i> (1975)</li> <li>Skoug, Kenneth N. <i>The United States and Cuba Under Reagan and Shultz: A Foreign Service Officer Reports</i>. (Praeger, 1996).</li> <li>Taubman, Philip. <i>In the Nation's Service: The Life and Times of George P. Shultz</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>, 2023)</li> <li>Wallis, W. Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/261899">"George J. Stigler: In memoriam"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i> 101.5 (1993): 774–779.</li> <li>Williams, Walter. "George Shultz on managing the White House." <i>Journal of Policy Analysis and Management</i> 13.2 (1994): 369–375. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3325019">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2014" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James Graham (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100037580"><i>The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachev's Adaptability, Reagan's Engagement, and the End of the Cold War</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801452291" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801452291"><bdi>978-0801452291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Improvisation%3A+Gorbachev%27s+Adaptability%2C+Reagan%27s+Engagement%2C+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0801452291&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornellpress.cornell.edu%2Fbook%2F%3FGCOI%3D80140100037580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shultz, George P. <i>Turmoil and Triumph My Years As Secretary of State</i> (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turmoiltriumphmy0000shul_u0o4">online</a></li> <li>Shultz, George P. and James Timbie. <i>A Hinge of History: Governance in an Emerging New World</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Hinge-History-Governance-Emerging-World/dp/0817924345/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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Shultz</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">23</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1383" data-mwtitle="En-GeorgeShultz-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/En-GeorgeShultz-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/En-GeorgeShultz-article.ogg/En-GeorgeShultz-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-GeorgeShultz-article.ogg" title="File:En-GeorgeShultz-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 2 December 2017<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2017-12-02</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/flipping_book/070803/index.html#/78/"><i>Foreign Service Journal</i> article on his Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turmoilandtriumph.org">Turmoil & Triumph: The George Shultz Years</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614142349/http://www.turmoilandtriumph.org/">Archived</a> June 14, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050910225904/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/bios/shultz.html">"George P. Shultz"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/bios/shultz.html">the original</a> on September 10, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+P.+Shultz&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-hoover.stanford.edu%2Fbios%2Fshultz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asmeascholars.com">Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa</a> (ASMEA)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russ_Roberts" title="Russ Roberts">Roberts, Russ</a> (September 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/george_schultz/">"George Shultz on Economics, Human Rights and the Fall of the Soviet Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EconTalk" title="EconTalk">EconTalk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Economics and Liberty">Library of Economics and Liberty</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EconTalk&rft.atitle=George+Shultz+on+Economics%2C+Human+Rights+and+the+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2007-09-03&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econtalk.org%2Farchives%2F_featuring%2Fgeorge_schultz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Shultz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?372">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6E9l7_NBUs"><span class="plainlinks">Turmoil & Triumph: The George Shultz Years: A Call to Service</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> FreeToChooseNetwork</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSsYabTogqk"><span class="plainlinks">George Shultz discusses his book <i>Putting Our House in Order</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> (April 15, 2008, at Stanford)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911183222/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F09%2F06%2F1412242">George Shultz on panel</a> aired on <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> program, September 6, 2007</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W._Allen_Wallis" title="W. Allen Wallis">W. Allen Wallis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Dean of the <a href="/wiki/Booth_School_of_Business" class="mw-redirect" title="Booth School of Business">Booth School of Business</a> </b><br />1962–1969 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Sidney Davidson</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">W. Willard Wirtz</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a> </b><br />1969–1970 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Bob Mayo</a></div><i><b>as Director of the Bureau of the Budget </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></span> </b><br />1970–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1972–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of state">United States secretary of state</a> </b><br />1982–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecTreas" title="Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecTreas" title="Template talk:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States secretaries of the treasury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_labor" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecLabor" title="Template:USSecLabor"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecLabor" title="Template talk:USSecLabor"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecLabor" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecLabor"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_labor" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States secretaries of labor</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor">Secretaries of commerce and labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Nagel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Labor"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Labor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg/64px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg/96px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Labor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretaries of labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bauchop_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bauchop Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_N._Doak" title="William N. Doak">Doak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach" title="Lewis B. Schwellenbach">Schwellenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Patrick_Durkin" title="Martin Patrick Durkin">Durkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Mitchell" title="James P. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Willard_Wirtz" title="W. Willard Wirtz">Wirtz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Dunlop" title="John Thomas Dunlop">Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usery,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Usery, Jr.">Usery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Marshall" title="Ray Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._Donovan" title="Raymond J. Donovan">Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McLaughlin_Korologos" title="Ann McLaughlin Korologos">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Morley_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynn Morley Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Herman" title="Alexis Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Solis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Acosta" title="Alexander Acosta">Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Scalia" title="Eugene Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Walsh" title="Marty Walsh">Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_of_the_United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Template:Office of Management and Budget"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Template talk:Office of Management and Budget"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Office of Management and Budget"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_of_the_United_States_Office_of_Management_and_Budget" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Directors of the United States Office of Management and Budget</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lord" title="Herbert Lord">Herbert Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clawson_Roop" title="Clawson Roop">Clawson Roop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_Douglas" title="Lewis Williams Douglas">Lewis W. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Bell" title="Daniel W. Bell">Daniel W. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_D._Smith" title="Harold D. Smith">Harold Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Frank Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lawton" title="Frederick Lawton">Frederick Lawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hughes" title="Rowland Hughes">Rowland Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Brundage" title="Percival Brundage">Percival Brundage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Bell" title="David E. Bell">David E. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Gordon" title="Kermit Gordon">Kermit Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Zwick" title="Charles Zwick">Charles Zwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">James T. McIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">David Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wright_(businessman)" title="Joe Wright (businessman)">Jon Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Darman" title="Richard Darman">Richard Darman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice Rivlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Raines" title="Franklin Raines">Franklin Raines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalanda_Young" title="Shalanda Young">Shalanda Young</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg/75px-US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg/113px-US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg/150px-US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template talk:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/100px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/150px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/200px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Shultz</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a> (1969–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Clifford M. Hardin</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Shultz</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Shultz</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Harlow" title="Bryce Harlow">Bryce Harlow</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reagan_cabinet" title="Template:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reagan_cabinet" title="Template talk:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reagan_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/100px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/200px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2355" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> (1981–1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Shultz</a> (1982–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Donald Regan</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">William French Smith</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Watt" title="James G. Watt">James G. Watt</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">William P. Clark Jr.</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Donald P. Hodel</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Block" title="John R. Block">John R. Block</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyng" title="Richard Lyng">Richard Lyng</a> (1986–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_Jr." title="Malcolm Baldrige Jr.">Malcolm Baldrige Jr.</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Verity_Jr." title="William Verity Jr.">William Verity Jr.</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._Donovan" title="Raymond J. Donovan">Raymond J. Donovan</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> (1985–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McLaughlin_Korologos" title="Ann McLaughlin Korologos">Ann Dore McLaughlin</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Richard Schweiker</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Margaret Heckler</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Otis Bowen</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierce" title="Samuel Pierce">Samuel Pierce</a> (1981–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Lewis" title="Drew Lewis">Drew Lewis</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Burnley_IV" title="James H. Burnley IV">James H. Burnley IV</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">James B. Edwards</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Donald P. Hodel</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Herrington" title="John S. Herrington">John S. Herrington</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrel_Bell" title="Terrel Bell">Terrel Bell</a> (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">William Bennett</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">David Stockman</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">James C. Miller III</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wright_(businessman)" title="Joe Wright (businessman)">Joe Wright</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Template talk:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Refusenik movement and 1990s post-Soviet aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Refusenik_movement_and_1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refusenik</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970 – 2000)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dymshits%E2%80%93Kuznetsov_hijacking_affair" title="Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair">Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">1970s aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Sunday_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews">Freedom Sunday for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Pro-government</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dragunsky" title="David Dragunsky">David Dragunsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Moiseevich_Fishman" title="Yakov Moiseevich Fishman">Yakov Fishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Shayevich" title="Adolf Shayevich">Adolf Shayevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jewry_movement" title="Soviet Jewry movement">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Nudel" title="Ida Nudel">Ida Nudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli_Edelstein" title="Yuli Edelstein">Yuli Edelstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iosif_Begun" title="Iosif Begun">Iosif Begun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vanik" title="Charles Vanik">Charles Vanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Dinitz" title="Simcha Dinitz">Simcha Dinitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Burg" title="Avraham Burg">Avraham Burg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Levanon" title="Nehemiah Levanon">Nehemiah Levanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Lapidot" title="Yehuda Lapidot">Yehuda Lapidot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Soviet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania"><img alt="Socialist Republic of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania_%281965%E2%80%931989%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">Moscow Helsinki Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Supporting_Soviet_Jewry" title="National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry">National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativ_(Liaison_Bureau)" title="Nativ (Liaison Bureau)">Nativ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian Jews in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_BaAliyah" title="Yisrael BaAliyah">Yisrael BaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Israel)" title="Channel 9 (Israel)">Channel 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313411#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110813070">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108736335">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7487/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDftfTqrWQpMB64994bd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119143011">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50022917">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123684901">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123684901">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00456505">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35497772">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2012724691&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5398823">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070398933">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90718292">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000004672&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M1312">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298746505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615772506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14233621">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01074090?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=206919">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/db697c9d-0922-4170-ab3f-240150f19ed9">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/974825">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119143011.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119143011">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/087674351">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10679507">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6136gsj">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gb2tc7">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&oldid=1256440363">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Shultz&oldid=1256440363</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_births" title="Category:1920 births">1920 births</a></li><li><a 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