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COVID-19 Update [April '22]

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zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities">Programmes</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2541_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_2541', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3710" class="level2 level2_23 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/downloads">Promotional Resources [Downloads]</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3545" class="level2 level2_24 level2_on level2_24_on has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections">Spotlight on Covid &amp; Current Global Neuroinfections</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3545_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3545', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3265" class="level2 level2_25 has_child menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/wfn-and-who">WFN and WHO</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3265_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3265', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3595" class="level2 level2_26 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/wfn-and-ecosoc">WFN and ECOSOC</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3595_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3595', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1322" class="level2 level2_27 has_child node_images_dropdown zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/news-events">News</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1322_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_1322', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_94" class="level2 level2_28 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/calendar">Neurology Events Calendar</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1678" class="level2 level2_29 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/meetings-endorsement">WFN Meeting Endorsement</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_37" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_node_1224', 'zz_child_of_node_37', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Publications </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_67" class="level2 level2_30 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/world-neurology">World Neurology</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_67_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_37', 'zz_child_of_node_67', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_68" class="level2 level2_31 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/journal-of-the-neurological-sciences">Journal of the Neurological Sciences</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_68_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_37', 'zz_child_of_node_68', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1042" class="level2 level2_32 node_min_height zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/eneurologicalsci">eNeurologicalSci</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2698" class="level2 level2_33 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/featured-articles">WFN Featured articles</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3639" class="level2 level2_34 node_min_height zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications#anchor_bookshelf">Bookshelf</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4204" class="level2 level2_35 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/journals-of-the-wfn-member-societies">Journals of the WFN Member Societies</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3446" class="level2 level2_36 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/journals-of-the-wfn-regional-neurological-associations">Journals of the WFN Regional Neurological Associations</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_2544" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_node_1224', 'zz_child_of_node_2544', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Membership </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2333" class="level2 level2_37 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies">WFN Member Societies</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3041" class="level2 level2_38 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-asian-oceanian-region">Asian-Oceanian Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3042" class="level2 level2_39 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-european-region">European Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3236" class="level2 level2_40 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-latin-american-region">Latin American Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3043" class="level2 level2_41 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-north-american-region">North American Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3044" class="level2 level2_42 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-pan-african-region">Pan-African Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3045" class="level2 level2_43 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wfn-membership/member-societies/wfn-member-societies-pan-arab-region">Pan-Arab Region</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2195" class="level2 level2_44 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://www.wfneurology.org/public/downloads/8MtJt/WFN%20Membership%20Welcome%20Pack.pdf" target="_blank">Becoming a Member Society ⧉</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2196" class="level2 level2_45 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://www.wfneurology.org/public/downloads/IbopA/Data_Protection_and%20_Privacy_Statement.pdf" target="_blank">Data Protection &amp; Privacy ⧉</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3046" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_97', 'zz_child_of_node_3046', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Organisation </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_98" class="level3 level3_46 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/officers">Trustees</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_99" class="level3 level3_47 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/committees">Committees</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3039" class="level3 level3_48 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/secretariat">Secretariat</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3286" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_97', 'zz_child_of_node_3286', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> WFN AGM and Elections </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4063" class="level3 level3_49 private has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a class="unlinked_menu_item">WFN 2024 Election - Candidates</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4063_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3286', 'zz_child_of_node_4063', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3624" class="level3 level3_50 private has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a class="unlinked_menu_item">x_2023 Elections: Candidates</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3624_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3286', 'zz_child_of_node_3624', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_40" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_97', 'zz_child_of_node_40', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Global Networks </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1558" class="level3 level3_51 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/global-networks/wfn-regional-neurological-associations">WFN Regional Neurological Associations</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_63" class="level3 level3_52 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/global-networks/wfn-specialty-groups">WFN Specialty Groups</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_214" class="level3 level3_53 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/global-networks/global-neurology-alliance">Global Neurology Alliance</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_4014" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_131', 'zz_child_of_node_4014', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> e-Learning Hub </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4106" class="level3 level3_54 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub-v3?slideId=28922">World Congress of Neurology [WCN]</a> </li> <li 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href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub?slideId=29997">WFN Specialty Group Webinars</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4172_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_4014', 'zz_child_of_node_4172', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4148" class="level3 level3_58 link_external zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/e-learning-hub?slideId=29654">External e-Learning Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_1393" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_131', 'zz_child_of_node_1393', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Training Centres </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2337" class="level3 level3_59 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/training-centres/training-centre-fellowship-recipients">Neurology Fellowship Recipients</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_1587" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_131', 'zz_child_of_node_1587', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Neurological Department Visits </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3680" class="level3 level3_60 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/neurological-department-visits/neurological-department-visits-alumni">Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_2541" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_2541', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Programmes </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2558" class="level3 level3_61 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wcn-meetings">World Congress of Neurology</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2558_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_2558', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2554" class="level3 level3_62 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/world-brain-day-2024">World Brain Day</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2554_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_2554', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3997" class="level3 level3_63 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/wnu-2024">WNU 2024</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4180" class="level3 level3_64 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/education/galp">Global Advocacy Leadership Program</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3597" class="level3 level3_65 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative">Brain Health Initiative</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3597_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_3597', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1398" class="level3 level3_66 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/education-grants-and-awards">WFN Grants and Awards</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1398_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_1398', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_1841" class="level3 level3_67 menu_l2_divider zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/soriano-award-lectures">Soriano Award Lectures</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3566" class="level3 level3_68 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/award-lectures-of-the-wfn">Award Lectures of the WFN</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2416" class="level3 level3_69 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/needsregistry">Neurological Needs Registry</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2416_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_2416', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3545" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3545', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Spotlight on Covid &amp; Current Global Neuroinfections </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3563" class="level3 level3_70 level3_on level3_70_on has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections/neuro-covid-updates">Neuro-Covid Updates</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3563_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3545', 'zz_child_of_node_3563', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3564" class="level3 level3_71 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections/monkeypox-updates">MonkeyPox Updates</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3265" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3265', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> WFN and WHO </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4167" class="level3 level3_72 has_child zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/wfn-and-who/wfn-and-igap">WFN and IGAP</a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_next zenario_push_pull-listitem__btn" id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4167_toggle}}" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3265', 'zz_child_of_node_4167', 'open');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Open submenu</span> </a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4212" class="level3 level3_73 node_min_height zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/wfn-and-who/wfn-who-activity-and-interventions">WFN-WHO Activity and Interventions</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3595" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3040', 'zz_child_of_node_3595', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a 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</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2217" class="level3 level3_78 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/news-events/social-media">Social Media</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_67" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_37', 'zz_child_of_node_67', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> World Neurology </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_528" class="level3 level3_79 node_min_height zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/world-neurology/world-neurology-archive">PDF Archive</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_68" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_37', 'zz_child_of_node_68', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Journal of the Neurological Sciences </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3700" class="level3 level3_80 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/publications/journal-of-the-neurological-sciences/journal-of-the-neurological-sciences-open-access">JNS Open Access</a> </li> <li 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href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/AGM/wfn-2024-elections-candidates/2024-trustee-candidate-statement-fernando-cendes">Fernando Cendes</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4064" class="level4 level4_83 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/AGM/wfn-2024-elections-candidates/2024-elections-candidate-statement-varlery-feigin">Valery Feigin</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4120" class="level4 level4_84 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/AGM/wfn-2024-elections-candidates/2024-trustee-candidate-statement-miguel-osorno">Miguel Osorno Guerra</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4129" class="level4 level4_85 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/AGM/wfn-2024-elections-candidates/2024-trustee-candidate-statement-brian-sweeney">Brian Sweeney</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4118" class="level4 level4_86 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/AGM/wfn-2024-elections-candidates/2024-trustee-candidate-statement-barbara-tettenborn">Barbara Tettenborn</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4124" class="level4 level4_87 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/about-us/AGM/wfn-2024-elections-candidates/2024-trustee-candidate-statement-tissa-wijeratne">Tissa Wijeratne</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3624" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_3286', 'zz_child_of_node_3624', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> x_2023 Elections: Candidates </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn 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Neurology </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2560" class="level4 level4_93 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/future-congresses">Future Congresses</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2561" class="level4 level4_94 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/wcn-meetings">Archived Meetings</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_2554" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_2554', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> World Brain Day </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_2555" class="level4 level4_95 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/world-brain-day-past-years">Past Years</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4178" class="level4 level4_96 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/world-brain-day-2024/wbd-2024-sri-lanka-report.download" onclick="if (window.gtag) gtag(&#039;event&#039;, &#039;pageview&#039;, {&#039;page_path&#039; : &#039;https://wfneurology.org/activities/world-brain-day-2024/wbd-2024-sri-lanka-report.download&#039;});">WBD 2024 Sri Lanka report</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="zz_child_of_node_3597" class="zenario_push_pull-panel zenario_push_pull-hidden "> <div class="zenario_push_pull-navbar"> <a class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-btn_prev zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn" onclick="zenario_menu_responsive_push_pull.menuNodeToggleOnclick('zz_child_of_node_2541', 'zz_child_of_node_3597', 'close');" > <span class="zenario_push_pull-sronly">Close submenu</span> </a> <a class="zenario_push_pull-navbar__title"> Brain Health Initiative </a> <span class="zenario_push_pull-btn zenario_push_pull-navbar__btn"></span> </div> <ul class="zenario_push_pull-listview"> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_4048" class="level4 level4_97 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative/wfn-webinar-to-launch-brain-health-initiative">WFN Webinar to Launch Brain Health Initiative</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3599" class="level4 level4_98 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative/what-makes-your-brain-healthy">Introduction to Brain Health</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3600" class="level4 level4_99 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative/what-makes-your-brain-unhealthy">What Happens When Brains are Not Healthy</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3601" class="level4 level4_100 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative/non-communicable-neurological-diseases">What to Know About Non-Communicable Neurological Diseases</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3602" class="level4 level4_101 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative/the-global-impact-of-brain-diseases-and-disorders">The Global Impact of Brain Diseases and Disorders</a> </li> <li id="plgslt_Slot_Responsive_Menu_node_3603" class="level4 level4_102 zenario_push_pull-listitem"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/brain-health-initiative/vital-roles-of-the-neurologist-and-advocacy">The Vital Roles of the Neurologist and Advocacy</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div 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href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections/neuro-covid-updates/covid-19-monthly-report">COVID-19 Update [Apr &#039;22]</a> <span class="end"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid_clear"></div> <div class="span span9 span3_4 Grouping_Main omega"> <div class="span span9 span1_1 alpha omega slot Main_1_1"> <div id="plgslt_Main_1_1" class="zenario_slot zenario_meta_data zenario_meta_data__2 zenario_meta_data_43700 zenario_slot_in_body"> <div class="sticky_image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://wfneurology.org/public/images/ykW9y/iStock-1346932391._brain-MRI.webp" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://wfneurology.org/public/images/ykW9y/iStock-1346932391._brain-MRI.jpg" style="width: 980px; height: 322px;" type="image/jpeg" alt="iStock 1346932391" /> </picture> </div> <div class="page_title"> <h1 > COVID-19 Update [April &#039;22] </h1> </div> <div class="release_date"> <h2 > 6 Apr 2022 </h2> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid_clear"></div> <div class="span span9 span1_1 alpha omega slot Main_1_2"> <div id="plgslt_Main_1_2" class="zenario_slot zenario_html_snippet zenario_html_snippet__default_style blog_11_Main_1_2_zenario_html_snippet zenario_slot_in_body"> <div class="zenario_wysiwyg"> <p><em>By Prof. Avindra Nath and Dr Bridgette Jeanne Billioux, Tropical and Geographical Neurology Specialty Group</em></p> <p>Over the past month we have reviewed the pertinent literature and news, and present this month's Neurology and Covid update. Several topics were at the forefront of Neurology and Covid news, including longitudinal neurologic imaging of COVID-19 patients' brains and long-term cognitive evaluations in COVID-19 survivors.</p> <p>One of the most noteworthy articles to come out this past month was a <em>Nature</em> article comparing the brain structures of a large cohort of COVID-19 survivors before and after COVID-19. This study evaluated brain MRI scans of UK Biobank participants who were enrolled into a longitudinal multi-modal scanning study; participants were identified who had been scanned prior to having COVID-19, and re-imaged after receiving a diagnosis of COVID-19 (n=401). These participants were age, sex, and ethnically matched to uninfected controls who had had two scans with similarly elapsed time between the scans (n=384). The time interval between the two scans was an average of 3 years, and an average of 141 days from COVID-19 diagnosis in COVID-19 participants. The participants who had COVID-19 showed a greater decrease in gray matter thickness in the orbitofrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus when compared to controls, as well as greater decrease in overall brain volume with an additional 0.2 to 2% loss of gray matter or tissue injury between the two scans. They also displayed markers of tissue damage in areas connected to the primary olfactory cortex. Although these findings were mild to moderate overall, with some COVID-19 participants demonstrating no particular changes, these findings were statistically significant when compared to the control group. It is also worth noting that the vast majority of these COVID-19 participants were not hospitalized during their illness, with only 15 out of the 401 cases requiring hospitalization with COVID-19 (Douad 2022). There have been many reports of neurologic imaging findings in acute or post-acute COVID-19, including case reports and case series revealing such findings as white matter hyperintensities, microhemorrhages, hypoperfusion, and ischemic events in a variety of patterns, as well as rarer findings like hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis and ADEM (Ladopoulos 2021, Vogrig 2020, Paterson 2020). Olfactory bulb atrophy has also previously been reported, including in patients with pre-COVID imaging (Chiu 2020). There have also been a few cohort studies of neurologic imaging after COVID-19, including a PET study of 29 subacute COVID-19 patients who demonstrated FDG hypometabolism in the fronto-parietal regions (Hosp 2021). The recent <em>Nature</em> article by Douaud et al. is notable due to the large pre-COVID-19 imaging repository for this survivor cohort and control group, making the differences seen post-infection more likely to be related to COVID-19 (and less likely to be pre-existing).</p> <p>Interesting longitudinal cognitive studies were published this past month, including a study out of Wuhan, China, which followed a large cohort of COVID-19 survivors who were age 60 years or greater, with a cohort of uninfected spouses as controls. Assessments (using the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly and the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status-40) were taken at 6 months and one year after discharge from COVID-19-designated hospitals, with a total of 1438 COVID-19 survivors and 438 controls assessed at the final time point. Patients in the COVID-19 survivor group had lower cognition scores compared to controls at both 6 months and one year, with worse scores seen in patients who had severe COVID-19 compared to patients with non-severe COVID-19. The overall incidence of cognitive decline in the COVID-19 patient cohort was 12.45%, with higher risk for cognitive impairment at 12 months seen particularly in the patients with a history of severe COVID-19 (OR 9.10 in severe COVID-19 patients); interestingly, when the analysis compared close contacts to their paired COVID-19 patients, this increased risk of cognitive impairment was seen in both non-severe (OR 1.81) and severe COVID-19 (OR 5.91) patients (Liu 2022). Another study extracted real-world data from medical records to identify the proportion of new dementia diagnoses in patients who had had a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, and compared this to patients who were diagnosed with other types of pneumonia. They found an increased rate of new-onset dementia in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia compared to controls with other types of pneumonia, particularly notable in patients greater than 7- years old (Qureshi 2022).</p> <p>These studies raise concern for long term consequences of COVID-19 on the brain, but also raise many unanswered questions. Why are some people more susceptible than others? Do these patients have any underlying pre-symptomatic neurogenerative diseases? Is it possible that these changes may have occurred at the time of acute infection and now would be static, or might they progress or even improve? As time progresses, we will be able to understand the context of these studies better, particularly in light of COVID-19 protection through vaccination, as well as improved COVID-19 therapies. However, these studies bring to light that COVID-19 infection does indeed have varying effects on the central nervous system, and that we as neurologists should continue to be vigilant.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <h3>References</h3> <ul> <li> <p><em>Douaud G, Lee S, Alfaro-Almagro F, Arthofer C, Wang C, McCarthy P, Lange F, Andersson JLR, Griffanti L, Duff E, Jbabdi S, Taschler B, Keating P, Winkler AM, Collins R, Matthews PM, Allen N, Miller KL, Nichols TE, Smith SM.</em> <strong>SARS-CoV-2 is associated with changes in brain structure in UK Biobank.</strong> Nature. 2022 Mar 7. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04569-5 ⧉</a></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Ladopoulos T, Zand R, Shahjouei S, Chang JJ, Motte J, Charles James J, Katsanos AH, Kerro A, Farahmand G, Vaghefi Far A, Rahimian N, Ebrahimzadeh SA, Abedi V, Papathanasiou M, Labedi A, Schneider R, Lukas C, Tsiodras S, Tsivgoulis G, Krogias C.</em> <strong>COVID-19: Neuroimaging Features of a Pandemic.</strong> J Neuroimaging. 2021 Mar;31(2):228-243. Epub 2021 Jan 9. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12819" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1111/jon.12819 ⧉</a></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Vogrig A, Gigli GL, Bnà C, Morassi M.</em> <strong>Stroke in patients with COVID-19: Clinical and neuroimaging characteristics.</strong> Neurosci Lett. 2021 Jan 19;743:135564. Epub 2020 Dec 19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135564" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135564 ⧉</a></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Paterson RW, Brown RL, Benjamin L,et al.</em> <strong>The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings</strong>. Brain. 2020 Oct 1;143(10):3104-3120. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa240" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1093/brain/awaa240 ⧉</a></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Chiu A, Fischbein N, Wintermark M, Zaharchuk G, Yun PT, Zeineh M.</em> <strong>COVID-19-induced anosmia associated with olfactory bulb atrophy. </strong>Neuroradiology. 2021 Jan;63(1):147-148. Epub 2020 Sep 15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-020-02554-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1007/s00234-020-02554-1 ⧉</a></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Hosp JA, Dressing A, Blazhenets G, Bormann T, Rau A, Schwabenland M, Thurow J, Wagner D, Waller C, Niesen WD, Frings L, Urbach H, Prinz M, Weiller C, Schroeter N, Meyer PT.</em> <strong>Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19.</strong> Brain. 2021 May 7;144(4):1263-1276. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab009" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1093/brain/awab009 ⧉</a></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang Q, et al.</em> <strong>One-Year Trajectory of Cognitive Changes in Older Survivors of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. </strong><em>JAMA Neurol.</em> Published online March 08, 2022. doi: <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2789919?guestAccessKey=e9aa948e-1619-48a7-a1dd-710f05d97380&amp;utm_source=silverchair&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=article_alert-jamaneurology&amp;utm_content=olf&amp;utm_term=030822" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0461 ⧉</a></p> </li> <li> <p><em>Adnan I Qureshi, William I Baskett, Wei Huang, S Hasan Naqvi, Chi-Ren Shyu,</em> <strong>New-Onset Dementia Among Survivors of Pneumonia Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection,</strong> <em>Open Forum Infectious Diseases</em>, Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2022, ofac115, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac115" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac115 ⧉</a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid_clear"></div> <div class="span span9 span1_1 alpha omega slot Main_3_1"> <div id="plgslt_Main_3_1" class="zenario_slot zenario_meta_data meta_data_writer zenario_meta_data_43699 zenario_slot_in_body"> <div class="writer_name"> <h4 > Prof. Avindra Nath and Dr Bridgette Jeanne Billioux Tropical and Geographical Neurology Specialty Group </h4> </div> <div class="writer_email"> <p > <a href="mailto:"></a> </p> </div> <div class="writer_profile"> <span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid_clear"></div> <div class="span span9 span1_1 alpha omega slot Main_3_2"> <div id="plgslt_Main_3_2" class="zenario_slot zenario_banner banner_back zenario_banner_43768 zenario_slot_in_body"> <div class="banner_wrap"><div class="banner_wrap_outer"><div class="banner_wrap_inner" > <div class="banner_content"> <div class="banner_title"> <p> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections/neuro-covid-updates" >Back to blog</a> </p> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="span span3 span1_4 Grouping_Side alpha"> <div class="span span3 span1_1 alpha omega slot Side_1"> <div id="plgslt_Side_1" class="zenario_slot zenario_menu_vertical menu_current_family zenario_menu_vertical_42856 zenario_slot_in_body"> <div class="wrap_menu"> <div class="wrap_menu_outer"> <div id="plgslt_Side_1_menu_inner" class="wrap_menu_inner" > <h2 class="side_menu_title"> <a href="https://wfneurology.org/activities/spotlight-on-current-global-neuro-infections"> Spotlight on Covid &amp; 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