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href="/story/did-trench-warfare-end-with-world-war-i" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/188333-131-49FB4C74/troops-British-front-line-trench-France-1917.jpg?w=768&h=432&c=crop" alt="World War I - British troops in a front line trench in France, 1917. Trench warfare. Trenches western front soldiers infantry" class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/story/did-trench-warfare-end-with-world-war-i" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Does Trench Warfare Still Exist?</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> <p class="topic-paragraph">The phrase "trend warfare" immediately conjures images of the mud and slaughter of the Western Front during WWI.</p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="credit ml-10 ">George Grantham Bain Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-ggbain-24280)</div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-0 col-md-33"> <div class="p-10"> <div class="card card-lg super-hero-card-2 card-horizontal card-md-vertical mt-20 mt-md-0 col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/story/did-nero-really-fiddle-as-rome-burned" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/70/146770-131-8A2F36CC/Bust-emperor-Roman-Nero.jpg?w=768&h=432&c=crop" alt="Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) (ad 50-54) the fifth Roman emperor (ad 54-68), stepson and heir of the emperor Claudius." class="w-100" /> <div class="credit internal mt-10">© Photos.com/Getty Images</div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/story/did-nero-really-fiddle-as-rome-burned" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Did Nero Really Fiddle as Rome Burned?</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> <p>Nero was such a bad guy that he may very well have been the first Antichrist in the Christian tradition.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="credit ml-10 d-none d-md-block">© Photos.com/Getty Images</div> </div> <div class="col-100 pt-40 pt-md-0 pl-10 pl-md-30 col-md-33 super-top-right-rail-links-section"> <h2 class="font-serif mb-10">Popular</h2> <ol> <li class="pb-20 d-flex align-items-center super-popular-item-1 category-History-Society"> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/story/did-anyone-really-think-the-titanic-was-unsinkable" ><p>Did Anyone Really Think the <em>Titanic</em> was Unsinkable?</p></a> </div> <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/story/did-anyone-really-think-the-titanic-was-unsinkable"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/70/205170-131-9A119D1E/Titanic-survivors-lifeboats-May-15-1912.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Sinking of the ocean liner the Titanic witnessed by survivors in lifeboats. May 15, 1912." width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="pb-20 d-flex align-items-center super-popular-item-2 category-History-Society"> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/story/did-marie-antoinette-really-say-let-them-eat-cake" ><p>Did Marie-Antoinette Really Say “Let Them Eat Cake”? </p></a> </div> <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/story/did-marie-antoinette-really-say-let-them-eat-cake"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/28/188528-131-D58974EF/Marie-Antoinette-Louis-XVI-unrest-monarchy-overthrow-France-August-1792.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Portrait of Marie Antoinette by Jean-Francois Janinet, 1777. 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Fought between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne, the wars were named many years afterward from the supposed badges </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-editors-pick-4"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/story/whats-inside-the-pyramid-at-chichn-itz" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/49/61349-131-B30C16E2/El-Castillo-pyramid-plaza-Toltec-state-Yucatan.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The Castillo, a Toltec-style pyramid, rises 79 feet (24 meters) above the plaza at Chichen Itza in Yucatan state, Mexico. 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Not these women. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-editors-pick-6"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hannibal-Carthaginian-general-247-183-BCE" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/31/130531-050-8898CFEC/Hannibal-John-Chapman-1800.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Chapman, John: Hannibal" class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hannibal-Carthaginian-general-247-183-BCE" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Hannibal</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> Hannibal was a Carthaginian general, one of the great military leaders of antiquity, who commanded the Carthaginian forces against Rome in the Second Punic War (218–201 bce) and who continued to oppose Rome and its satellites until his death. Hannibal was the son of the great Carthaginian general </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-editors-pick-7"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/list/7-female-firsts-in-us-politics" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/91/61891-131-AF35D0B4/Frances-Perkins.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Frances Perkins, c. 1939-1945" class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/list/7-female-firsts-in-us-politics" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">7 Female Firsts in U.S. Politics</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> A woman’s place is in the House…and the Senate. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-editors-pick-8"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/story/what-was-the-first-book-ever-written" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="eager" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/62/121162-131-31BADDE5/Flood-Tablet-epic-series-Gilgamesh-Nineveh-British.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Mesopotamian Religion. 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(flood tablet, Neo Assyrian, clay tablet)" class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/story/what-was-the-first-book-ever-written" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">What Was the First Book Ever Written?</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> Learn about the earliest surviving literature. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid mt-40"> <div class="col-100 col-md-40 pr-0 pr-md-30"> <h2>Spotlight: World War I</h2> <div class="font-serif"> <div class="mb-20 mb-md-0"><p>The international conflict was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage, and destruction it caused, embroiling most of Europe along with Russia, the U.S., the Middle East, and other regions. WWI led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties, resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution, and, by destabilizing Europe, laid the groundwork for WWII.</p></div> </div> </div> <ul class="col-100 col-md-60 super-spotlight-links"> <li class="super-spotlight-card-1"> <a class="d-block" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/44/65944-050-F18FEEA4/soldier-British-trench-Western-Front-World-War.jpg?w=920&h=518&c=crop" alt="World War I" class="rounded-sm border super-spotlight-hero-image" width="920" /> </a> <a class="d-block" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I"> <p class="font-weight-bold mt-20 mt-md-5">WWI: From the First Shots Fired to the Last</p> </a> </li> <li class="super-spotlight-card-2"> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/list/8-questions-about-world-war-i-answered"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/53/135153-131-AD5091DA/battles-troops-site-town-British-West-Flanders-September-29-1918.jpg?w=400&h=255&c=crop" alt="Photograph shows the ruins of the Cloth Hall after the Battle of Ypres during World War I in Ypres, West Flanders, Belgium, September 29, 1918." width="400" height="255" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/list/8-questions-about-world-war-i-answered" >8 Questions About WWI Answered</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="super-spotlight-card-3"> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/video/Overview-start-details-World-War-I-assassination-June-28-1914/-191716"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/09/180209-138-956CC408/Overview-start-details-World-War-I-assassination-June-28-1914.jpg?w=400&h=255&c=crop" alt="Causes and start of World War I" width="400" height="255" /> <div class="btn btn-sm border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/video/Overview-start-details-World-War-I-assassination-June-28-1914/-191716" >Why and How WWI Began</a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="mt-40">Quizzes</h2> <div class="grid super-quizzes-items"> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-quizzes-item-1"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/quiz/whats-on-your-money-quiz" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/38/238338-131-5DB558C5/closeup-of-ten-dollar-bill.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="closeup of ten dollar bill. Alexander Hamilton, money, currency" class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/quiz/whats-on-your-money-quiz" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">What’s On Your Money Quiz</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> Do you have the skills to know your bills? </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-quizzes-item-2"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/quiz/france-a-history-quiz" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/82/682-131-E8E714E4/Flag-France.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Flag of France" class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/quiz/france-a-history-quiz" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">France: A History Quiz</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> What French woman was arrested for wearing men’s clothing? What French landmark was supposed to last only 20 years? </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-quizzes-item-3"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/quiz/fit-for-a-king-or-queen-the-british-royalty-quiz" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/06/235406-131-17CB8E3D/Queen-Elizabeth-II-Buckingham-Palace-Platinum-Jubilee-London-England-June-5-2022.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Britain's Queen Elizabeth II smiles to the crowd from Buckingham Palace (London, England) balcony at the end of the Platinum Pageant in London on June 5, 2022 as part of Queen Elizabeth II's platinum jubilee celebrations. 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(British royalty)" class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/quiz/fit-for-a-king-or-queen-the-british-royalty-quiz" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Fit for a King (or Queen): the British Royalty Quiz</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> Acing this quiz would be a crowning achievement. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-100 p-10 col-md-25 super-quizzes-item-4"> <div class="card card-base card-horizontal card-md-vertical col-100"> <div class="card-media"> <a href="/quiz/who-said-it-famous-quotes-quiz" class="d-flex position-relative align-items-center justify-content-center" > <div class="w-100"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/32/232632-131-A2DB4925/King-Speech-at-Sproul-Plaza-in-Berkeley.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Civil rights leader Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers a speech to a crowd of approximately 7,000 people on May 17, 1967 at UC Berkeley's Sproul Plaza in Berkeley, California." class="w-100" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-body w-100 "> <a href="/quiz/who-said-it-famous-quotes-quiz" class="title font-weight-bold font-16">Who Said It? Famous Quotes Quiz</a> <div class="m-0 mt-5 description line-clamp clamp-2"> Can you name the people associated with these famous quotations? </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="mt-40">Videos</h2> <div class="grid video-player-with-playlist"> <div class="col-100 col-md-65"> <div id="vpwpl-video-player-container" class="vpwpl-video-thumbnail-container position-relative top-0"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/38/256638-138-FFB0A5AA/What-was-a-gladiator.jpg" alt="The video thumbnail image shows an ancient drawing of a gladiator holding a shield and spear." class="rounded super-video-thumbnail" /> <div class="btn btn-xl border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 4px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </div> <div class="vpwpl-video-title mt-10 font-weight-bold mb-10"> The not-so-Hollywood history of the gladiator </div> <div class="vpwpl-credit mb-20 font-13 text-gray-600 font-italic "> Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. </div> </div> <ul class=" col-100 col-md-35 pl-md-30 vpwpl-playlist mt-15 mt-md-0"> <li class="vpwpl-video-item-1 vpwpl-video-item video-playing" data-assemblyid="313878"> <script type="application/json">{"image":"https://cdn.britannica.com/38/256638-138-FFB0A5AA/What-was-a-gladiator.jpg","sources":[{"file":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/ikqPsNoL.m3u8"}],"assetId":256638,"adfile":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/kDUqhT2u.m3u8","title":"The not-so-Hollywood history of the gladiator","tracks":[{"file":"//assets-jpcust.jwpsrv.com/tracks/V7UejumG.vtt","label":"English"}],"transcriptUrl":"/video/What-was-a-gladiator/-313878#transcript"}</script> <script data-id="video-credit" type="text/plain">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</script> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/What-was-a-gladiator/-313878" >The not-so-Hollywood history of the gladiator</a> </div> <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/What-was-a-gladiator/-313878"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/38/256638-138-FFB0A5AA/What-was-a-gladiator.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="The video thumbnail image shows an ancient drawing of a gladiator holding a shield and spear." width="100" height="75" /> <div class="btn btn-sm border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="vpwpl-video-item-2 vpwpl-video-item " data-assemblyid="312468"> <script type="application/json">{"image":"https://cdn.britannica.com/33/258533-138-8E8958F4/anglo-zanzibar-war-august-27-1896.jpg","sources":[{"file":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/KDVjbBXV.m3u8"}],"assetId":258533,"adfile":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/5YFG4UUx.m3u8","title":"What was the shortest war in history? ","tracks":[{"file":"//assets-jpcust.jwpsrv.com/tracks/JveEzCH2.vtt","label":"English"}],"transcriptUrl":"/video/anglo-zanzibar-war-august-27-1896/-312468#transcript"}</script> <script data-id="video-credit" type="text/plain">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</script> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/anglo-zanzibar-war-august-27-1896/-312468" >What was the shortest war in history? </a> </div> <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/anglo-zanzibar-war-august-27-1896/-312468"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/258533-138-8E8958F4/anglo-zanzibar-war-august-27-1896.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="Video thumbnail image shows British forces in front of the sultan's palace after the bombardment during the 1896 Anglo-Zanzibar War." width="100" height="75" /> <div class="btn btn-sm border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; 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top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="vpwpl-video-item-4 vpwpl-video-item " data-assemblyid="245186"> <script type="application/json">{"image":"https://cdn.britannica.com/52/215352-138-5E306D99/Top-questions-answers-womens-suffrage.jpg","sources":[{"file":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/3f0Wdcwn.m3u8"}],"assetId":215352,"adfile":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/M7MIrOJz.m3u8","title":"Understanding the fight for women's suffrage","tracks":[{"file":"//assets-jpcust.jwpsrv.com/tracks/29BLRqVB","label":"English"}],"transcriptUrl":"/video/Top-questions-answers-womens-suffrage/-245186#transcript"}</script> <script data-id="video-credit" type="text/plain">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</script> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Top-questions-answers-womens-suffrage/-245186" >Understanding the fight for women's suffrage</a> </div> <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Top-questions-answers-womens-suffrage/-245186"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/52/215352-138-5E306D99/Top-questions-answers-womens-suffrage.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="Understanding the fight for women's suffrage" width="100" height="75" /> <div class="btn btn-sm border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="vpwpl-video-item-5 vpwpl-video-item " data-assemblyid="245049"> <script type="application/json">{"image":"https://cdn.britannica.com/40/213440-138-B3E5DE65/Top-questions-answers-Muhammad.jpg","sources":[{"file":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/n4OMXzXd.m3u8"}],"assetId":213440,"adfile":"//content.jwplatform.com/manifests/aDg3qonl.m3u8","title":"The life of Muhammad, founder of Islam","tracks":[{"file":"//assets-jpcust.jwpsrv.com/tracks/hTWfqJod","label":"English"}],"transcriptUrl":"/video/Top-questions-answers-Muhammad/-245049#transcript"}</script> <script data-id="video-credit" type="text/plain">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</script> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal " > <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Top-questions-answers-Muhammad/-245049" >The life of Muhammad, founder of Islam</a> </div> <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/video/Top-questions-answers-Muhammad/-245049"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/40/213440-138-B3E5DE65/Top-questions-answers-Muhammad.jpg?w=100&h=75&c=crop" alt="The life of Muhammad, founder of Islam" width="100" height="75" /> <div class="btn btn-sm border border-white btn-circle position-absolute shadow" style="border-width: 3px; top: 50%; left:50%; transform: translate(-50%,-50%)"> <em class="material-icons text-white" data-icon="play_arrow"></em> </div> </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="mt-40">Galleries</h2> <div class="grid super-gallery"> <div class="gallery col-100 col-md-33 mb-35 mb-md-20 super-galleries-item-1" data-href="/media/24/4007"> <div class="position-relative super-gallery-item"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/106413-131-F20A23E3/Bamburgh-Castle-Berwick-upon-Tweed-Eng-Northumberland.jpg" alt="Bamburgh Castle, Berwick-upon-Tweed borough, Northumberland, England." class="border rounded-sm w-100" /> <p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Castles</p> <button class="super-gallery-btn btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white" aria-label="Zoom in"> <em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="gallery col-100 col-md-33 mb-35 mb-md-20 super-galleries-item-2" data-href="/media/24/4087"> <div class="position-relative super-gallery-item"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/24/129624-131-37C4C022/flags-soccer-balls-Futbol-football-arts-blog-2009.jpg" alt="International flags on soccer balls. 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Oil on canvas." class="border rounded-sm w-100" /> <p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Kings and Queens of Britain</p> <button class="super-gallery-btn btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white" aria-label="Zoom in"> <em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="gallery col-100 col-md-33 mb-35 mb-md-20 super-galleries-item-4" data-href="/media/24/4056"> <div class="position-relative super-gallery-item"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/35/155335-131-A4BDEE42/Notre-Dame-de-Paris-France.jpg" alt="West front of Notre-Dame de Paris, France; restored by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc during the mid-19th century. (Notre Dame Cathedral, Ile de la Cite, gothic, middle ages)" class="border rounded-sm w-100" /> <p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Notre-Dame de Paris</p> <button class="super-gallery-btn btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white" aria-label="Zoom in"> <em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="gallery col-100 col-md-33 mb-35 mb-md-20 super-galleries-item-5" data-href="/media/24/6584"> <div class="position-relative super-gallery-item"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/50/200850-131-C6C9F46E/Woman-airplane-factory-women-World-War-I-1918.jpg" alt="Woman worker at an airplane factory in America. (World War I, aeroplanes, women)" class="border rounded-sm w-100" /> <p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Women of World War I</p> <button class="super-gallery-btn btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white" aria-label="Zoom in"> <em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="gallery col-100 col-md-33 mb-35 mb-md-20 super-galleries-item-6" data-href="/media/24/4075"> <div class="position-relative super-gallery-item"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/98/94398-131-B12D32E0/Skyscrapers-Singapore.jpg" alt="Skyscrapers in Singapore" class="border rounded-sm w-100" /> <p class="position-absolute rounded-sm p-15 m-0 bottom-0 text-white w-100 font-weight-bold">Skyscrapers</p> <button class="super-gallery-btn btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white" aria-label="Zoom in"> <em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em> </button> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="mt-20">Featured Categories</h2> <div class="grid mb-20 super-featured-categories"> <div class="col-100 col-md-33"> <h3>War</h3> <ul class="p-0"> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-1-item-1" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/list/7-deadliest-weapons-in-history"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/28/60728-131-36BD65EF/infantrymen-German-Maxim-World-War-I-machine.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Figure 13: A Maxim machine gun, belt-fed and water-cooled, operated by German infantrymen, World War I." width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/list/7-deadliest-weapons-in-history" >7 Deadliest Weapons in History</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">From rocks to rockets.</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-1-item-2" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/The-War-of-a-Thousand-Days"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.130.14" class="default " height="150" width="200"/> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/The-War-of-a-Thousand-Days" >The War of a Thousand Days</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">The War of a Thousand Days, (1899–1903), Colombian civil war between Liberals and Conservatives that resulted in between 60,000 and 130,000 deaths, extensive property damage, and national economic ruin. The Liberal Party represented coffee plantation owners and import-export merchants who favoured</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-1-item-3" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/list/9-questions-about-the-american-civil-war-answered"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/53/184753-131-8376A7BD/Battle-of-Antietam-Kurz-Allison-1888.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Battle of Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862, lithograph by Kurz and Allison, circa 1888." width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/list/9-questions-about-the-american-civil-war-answered" >9 Questions About the American Civil War Answered</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Important questions asked and answered, briefly.</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-1-item-4" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/story/did-trench-warfare-end-with-world-war-i"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/33/188333-131-49FB4C74/troops-British-front-line-trench-France-1917.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="World War I - British troops in a front line trench in France, 1917. Trench warfare. Trenches western front soldiers infantry" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/story/did-trench-warfare-end-with-world-war-i" >Does Trench Warfare Still Exist?</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Tanks and planes made the trenches obsolete—or did they?</div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> <div class="col-100 col-md-33"> <h3>History's Mysteries</h3> <ul class="p-0"> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-2-item-1" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Nazca-Lines"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/40/153440-050-700F6869/view-Nazca-Lines-Peru.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Nazca Lines" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Nazca-Lines" >Nazca Lines</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Nazca Lines, groups of geoglyphs, large line drawings that appear, from a distance, to be etched into Earth’s surface on the arid Pampa Colorada (“Coloured Plain” or “Red Plain”), northwest of the city of Nazca in southern Peru. They extend over an area of nearly 190 square miles (500 square km).</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-2-item-2" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/list/9-mysterious-disappearances-of-people-other-than-amelia-earhart"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/97/174797-131-DEA521EE/Solomon-Northup-Portrait-slavery-memoir-Twelve-Years-1853.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Engraving of Solomon Northup, c. 1853. (Twelve Years a Slave, 12 Years a Slave, slavery, African-American, Black History)" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/list/9-mysterious-disappearances-of-people-other-than-amelia-earhart" >9 Mysterious Disappearances of People Other Than Amelia Earhart</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">People other than Amelia Earhart have disappeared without a trace. Really!</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-2-item-3" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="/story/the-lost-colony-of-roanoke"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/39/191439-131-59FE0A72/John-White-word-tree-CROATOAN-Roanoke-Island-1590.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="The Lost Colony of Roanoke, North Carolina, where 115 people mysteriously disappeared c. 1590. John White discovers the word Croatoan carved onto a tree upon his return to the deserted Roanoke Colony in 1590" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="/story/the-lost-colony-of-roanoke" >The Lost Colony of Roanoke</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Explore the oldest mystery of colonial America.</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-2-item-4" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Voynich-manuscript"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/65/188365-050-FF98AEBC/illustration-Voynich-manuscript-collection-Yale-University-New.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Voynich manuscript" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Voynich-manuscript" >Voynich manuscript</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Voynich manuscript, illustrated manuscript written in an unknown language and thought to have been created in the 15th or 16th century. It is named after antiquarian bookseller Wilfrid Voynich, who purchased it in 1912. Scholars and scientists have sought to decipher the text since the manuscript</div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> <div class="col-100 col-md-33"> <h3>Ancient Civilizations</h3> <ul class="p-0"> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-3-item-1" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali-historical-empire-Africa"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/61/200261-050-50145B84/Musa-map-throne-Mali-emperor.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Mūsā I of Mali" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali-historical-empire-Africa" >Mali</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Mali, trading empire that flourished in western Africa from the 13th to the 16th century. The Mali empire developed from the state of Kangaba, on the upper Niger River east of the Fouta Djallon, and is said to have been founded before 1000 ce. The Malinke inhabitants of Kangaba acted as middlemen</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-3-item-2" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/99/1599-050-FAD90EA8/sites-Indus-civilization.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Principal sites of the Indus civilization" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indus-civilization" >Indus civilization</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Indus civilization, the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent. The nuclear dates of the civilization appear to be about 2500–1700 bce, though the southern sites may have lasted later into the 2nd millennium bce. Among the world’s three earliest civilizations—the other two are</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-3-item-3" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Druid"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/14/216614-050-A095AB95/Engraving-two-Druids-walk-English-countryside-18th-century.jpg?w=200&h=150&c=crop" alt="Druids in England" width="200" height="150" /> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Druid" >Druid</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Druid, member of the learned class among the ancient Celts. They acted as priests, teachers, and judges. The earliest known records of the Druids come from the 3rd century bce. Their name may have come from a Celtic word meaning “knower of the oak tree.” Very little is known for certain about the</div> </div> </div> <div class="imagelink-with-image-on-the-side card card-horizontal mb-20 super-featured-categories-col-3-item-4" > <div class="position-relative card-media" style="flex: 0;"> <a class="ilf-image position-relative" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Achaemenian-dynasty"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.130.14" class="default " height="150" width="200"/> </a> </div> <div class="card-body ilf-content"> <a class="font-weight-semi-bold d-block mb-5 font-16 ilf-title" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Achaemenian-dynasty" >Achaemenian Dynasty</a> <div class="font-weight-light font-serif font-14 line-clamp clamp-2 ilf-description">Achaemenian Dynasty, (559–330 bce), ancient Iranian dynasty whose kings founded and ruled the Achaemenian Empire. Achaemenes (Persian Hakhamanish), the Achaemenians’ eponymous ancestor, is presumed to have lived early in the 7th century bce, but little is known of his life. From his son Teispes two</div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <footer class="md-footer footer-wrapper hide-on-edit"> <div class="footer-bck"> <DIV class="marketing-FOOTER_NEWSLETTER marketing-content" data-marketing-id="FOOTER_NEWSLETTER"><div class="md-footer-newsletter-form pt-10 mb-30 mx-15 mx-sm-120"> <div class="font-18"> <strong>History at your fingertips –</strong> Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! </div> <div class="p-30"> <div class="newsletter-form-container"> <form class="newsletter-form" method="post" action="/newsletter-subscription/EB_ON_THIS_DAY"> <div class="form-group grid d-flex justify-content-center"> <div class="col-sm-50 col-100"> <label class="sr-only" for="enter-your-email">Enter your email</label> <input id="enter-your-email" type="email" name="email" class="form-control font-18 p-10" placeholder="Enter your email" pattern="[a-z0-9._%+-]+@[a-z0-9.-]+\.[a-z]{2,4}$" required> </div> <div class="col-sm-auto col-100 mt-5 mt-sm-0"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-outline-white" style="width: 100%; height:100%;">Subscribe</button> </div> </div> <div class="text-white pt-30 text-opacity"> By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.<br> Click here to view our <a class="link-white text-decoration-underline" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/privacy-policy2" target="_blank" rel="noopener nofollow">Privacy Notice</a>. 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