CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91358e1b8b3281aa',cH: 'LLXMOmUizwNwVXBEH5Pt0ftiiwzANExkA4Vol_15n3g-1739792977-1.2.1.1-Bwq1N8dNp6TjAEX1F86FIM4GhGgZPkyrdRbDB3k2iB5Vf2Fucj1dXhrPmSDZAI.q',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=ball-on-disc&__cf_chl_tk=3RweZz2W.MVpNKsg.ISwPTCmVy0RNa.xwhofWzX5h3Q-1739792977-1.0.1.1-KoIpvRA2RMq7hwrXX0It0xN5wSMQPUV1I36wwmEFT64",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792977',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=ball-on-disc&__cf_chl_f_tk=3RweZz2W.MVpNKsg.ISwPTCmVy0RNa.xwhofWzX5h3Q-1739792977-1.0.1.1-KoIpvRA2RMq7hwrXX0It0xN5wSMQPUV1I36wwmEFT64",md: "csbNrrcMIiBVd4KCMHZQwPnu1_fCzKMgym6DgIb9OvU-1739792977-1.2.1.1-0flVNZzT.WDk2Fm.F1tsCFpiGuatRG6RJrgigQl0R749AM1llYyQIEJT1eqe0.dxJI0CdqdGSMsRKqCLcO4y.1cPhKDZjEcs6646RAWTopb5NKGMQhIi3SWj1Xsbyr4SnxDNMN6dEfUQSe8gubBHOSqsGH9S6wWXEv39MPAOilBYAlvRoBlKQaQuKjlUR0tf_Ie1UwV2Biyd_Uj8r3ntm9GCP_DJUg9qI0_LrfSzSMJwmVb_maY9sd7lyDx8uld5aSIxjtTtaRd_GCUpBBQE6siDgdD4UtVF7ngujy_GBAovmfKTUhtxMDQeDxtWPdRMUxo5K6LgQpRJ.7sKOH4Eb74M32X3.UTB_ZXR5ksdQF8.3NTtDFwZwXhKwfcF0lAgJVn85hqvn2ilqRR16mqkTggPRNvWSfIPXu3nqK0KU2jbIVgkf9E.oL0dYmNEQoeJ8nncvg8hmvPuLKDyRacNmIydErlKPAZcczg90IPKhaYHIz28X_X6a6rGwVoOlvJIGdNU8awe_iaJ1SIJOi0LnC.Hr61cRTPXz_uUqfATX9P1K9GIjzDN2dT6SmA00UE08qXOkPVZxAV7ErSW2xI19XBjjRkOntI3izeTsINULmhJSYT3oj5CgkBjvJEnmIm2WIdopvOTQoSgkkbcgLDw8Co6pO191CtdoHuUuhWpMF2fq1nGygfzVELj7RqGQf8AyxxphsaFtedZ5m71oGs2xUue61WhtBcBWLtp1ZG29nhXDGFvW0ZXxAlbfGTmPjOfSV.tVmeenm5OmFePYrS_.9h23oStsNBPWYJSqrNyZaAFLzlmWFIa7XTztSJuQSZJJIHyRxLyZ4FdXw7C_CTZP9Pam5xYhbfuIvh8MQWJcVSX6y2DrQKiL66vviI9PG_yZDihhBEiTagZ24JyzrWSnWZ2CaFVr1KNhZwd081TME6ayX.7uHD_lz5atWZ8ejTiXt0zV1OyjLBUV97pMMX4uGWEeEBOa6R_GYz4dEWxKcf81n1OlyBr8v2qEWRK6AJQwbWjpws84hUGVy.enmkt6olO9F6l.vhy9EL5wwXCgwNwcD00IMT4QRYmZCSIY.p_UF9HDG5T8RWNzofR9yL8jxn1aShufRcKW_gA_mNb3aviM3Eilo_lExePW0AZaR253VjxAx56I7dGQ4oRoEEnxxSxYh9Z_jZM_pzPflytuc.0m3qGwn8CeCKNidBf8waZrsj5ltAxibCuOkekpGHu3w45XezNWNw1r14h8SDVpVMxNM.y7v_ZQTpRTuNGFrnCwGMIYLVpqdAKdX5YFRNwql38PRHd2JVPie7SagOHOtO_CgqiP035KWpPRZOf9YmguOu2BWc7DsrVX74CSk7dSrFHRHS1gp2h80ZPx8C0uBx1NzcT6we9pY6hGhC4YciWOUpgLQF7Zl5nxGEHTz_krviYjnlONchCwulD54_t8mD6wp7U5v8oB9IQAxeFra1d5o.mcMxrtPCvsDOz8BdV7mMxcmHAQQXMghd4Nqr_JR6kEQPglpM6NMkhlpqnpl62c8q2NAAJpbeN3cND5j6raGa5oDwP9LnH8ySYhq7uKoKlHItVH_fW26O4vw0GvwssMqkjiShF7fJInAG8lcnzK_AzevjMyChPnWutyLHe8q3SxId5_iSoNumRYLhzpnTivD4SEgtcZgVl.HIJ4WrRh3n8Zb3eg1jecPnBpFAndzDoQdp.OUHdgxVoji5rQRljarD9jMZpSnoOqtkNNuBpy74ME4R31JrZ3oNL2XEf5r90jg2_E5YSgfje7QAOEOUhlD7kQffXPe92fUAwQs_jC8krW7nLQ_AHJZxMe1gzb175LgkB.7sep0tDTqRrl4iyoj1IxdspC91ZHMufyfjwNbKXbfvoSyjpb8HI72BOHn5_Wh8frq8KmbFp_ZFu0rQS1J69lFqvu36EmcJt5TUFjQ",mdrd: "uXKQcesb_xPc_su.6qc2K8RYAOSUhVxHxnKfJ1yfqok-1739792977-1.2.1.1-Ox.Eltl7E4hf1h19oO9KZGu1_z_5oKTb4xvDJxgPmIFgaF2ftzQvhnsE73POVCuEmtbx.RBcAGfd92dM0EyYzUpRjiO3FH5X1mMPuGX5goHh0uANB.3xDeaKgXqEH3Z_OLkcTTTqpAQbItCWi63pAVvdOnMquv_.0XmrtEpYZ3sxGsVY.Ei5Wl5QtHshMrHENZPydsH38YaeNrySpqxV.M8HS6WBEZwbrMY0aa3mDbVPI6EdEikgLlEHlshrwLptBqr.fZEwzgCIA5kqqbnmbt1_iDiFbSrrmfcMVkPaM6_g50C9ilnQZdbnIYT6qSVZJ3Qfg8guPkgYys5GoUg5TnnPGTH8hGPOhYcS5gLo6OCqP3xmgNjaaTCsL7owMGDrlFbe9r4LHXszbjJ9Ez2YGud_TuzwUteSqlP0KgzBtRh4eN2VL5GRNv8yNecz4xJIZC64QilSdFESIXERgzFAvct6lWO4G3qhlmzdzMmBzI.ynlra4j5cXaCO76bF5lALQYWHhMQtsFA.hHSHzPByIAUZrzu2Pbxh6nmkkMVylpgGHgNX0ApbD6coYUlM6FIaqrJNRr2kVJ2nAk38SbS4sNz1.7ejJiXmypQQOaoCmjTiIJe74q1c0Lfe_oANz6kujJ5zbqu._lDmOgNxrDLG7eqIAIyb6TJ6hReVW6dp2gdqFCp8dZX0GqJh_oxtF86tptbY5RQRFnwJAPC7edGkRAsvudFmHlGxR6ciGLNv3MZckR6YpsgTcf8r2zdm61Spa9YD_HtI6s.VMCXBU80x6asCew7Otj20GqMmz99z33juYoMeGKtsCrVUSkP.zbXPtgQfnaxciEu9O2fRGL0fqryHWTsDEo1OulaKV7bpn1PIDuseGY6mLJpJOomUhIndV.aS98Aa6wouFbmXZ1vPSgQkfI7ev6gndRaLv8plqRWruQwGsoVT8cw3dRYO8EExaQBC53gUI54FWC20KX1NR_3NAXYTfrMwgBrcqlSacAFv.e0ywFEyR4Gvr5vKE5872niUqgNdx8Bkg34Zpxt7LfdTGZ240wwmJBh7f_.KThXyycnC8VbasmZjTYi8614JW4eR_hkJT9pT7h8.LojO5Qouzhx3kpIPlLMmMatU6yw2vksA5GOuKLiSgc0ekdEEcy2Kqv4jNLxxiYELBe6wuGIbzGDSh2nzs_IR.Xn9Y4fCTMNTdUa1z3plFMdpogt2gIdV2sApS.NEVELpfUa9LDW2UwVkR2sHJrhjjx2MuSDL58eHw5kSrI50IOBBjtiVPhREESxYx8t9ii4S4PRCyxnYzfDC6CBqzHaItCrCidTRzqE3riNLo3wh6msxcNSeVccWtd6fyf7A87bqrqZcZuEr5bAMbn3QzqeSLqTK4SOuXYGJdMD7ddfbpt07Bfu68QQcpCr2akbB2GbV04fZ_uNEdendaNTKOQDXOrak8i2HhT9WeDShKEk9QNXsM02XReacKkUCk94FIz62xmRF4Tqng8OzaplLSXO_RnqXZNh4dXrFpKM7TO8KOMcyhV2ycjUjkpL5kfwp4fbxNBnP3OT.jTWUa_0sNr9qmGsB2KGoMv1yOY4dsllMV.pOiIy9cYrmNnoBFdPfw6H7hS3k6_NKoCfKe3JbCMNGcmpripWu0mn7HoDxRihLVxaPJz_.3NW6tVDSx6f3UOGsLGu1lUEWpkQNvdLRB30OlmRmAvKq6VzHTCZK2zqDFe0CF79gRVqLwcZ1WmxMrBVP_QM3JCG1IVyXSA9mSwNcSUxtSpubDuxA8WON19s2rndgSQEZCfMQCN0Wt9kyqg6tsXb0Yf9fa8xsqCXvsutYDkxpgP2bUDT.CmFFdzSdxFUL3Zk7TB6ou9QjWVB9UmlFZJuAPjFYbWKdINawziJqWV31Jcn2xfBnn5Pbl8gNHdVsioY4cLwRpa3NYYgjlVBENtk4smn2DHPt0Kueul4ymmGDFiPs4gQvm0l_8KIFS_P7DHhylGPgt7kVt2BB2pbPgS9K7g"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91358e1b8b3281aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=ball-on-disc&__cf_chl_rt_tk=3RweZz2W.MVpNKsg.ISwPTCmVy0RNa.xwhofWzX5h3Q-1739792977-1.0.1.1-KoIpvRA2RMq7hwrXX0It0xN5wSMQPUV1I36wwmEFT64" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>