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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تثبيط مناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تثبيط مناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Імунасупрэсія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імунасупрэсія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Имуносупресия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Имуносупресия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunosupresija" title="Imunosupresija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Imunosupresija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosupressi%C3%B3" title="Immunosupressió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Immunosupressió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthimiwnedd" title="Gwrthimiwnedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthimiwnedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunsuppression" title="Immunsuppression – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Immunsuppression" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosupressioon" title="Immunosupressioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Immunosupressioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Ανοσοκαταστολή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοσοκαταστολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmunosupresi%C3%B3n" title="Inmunosupresión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inmunosupresión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سرکوب سیستم ایمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرکوب سیستم ایمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Immunosuppression" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochtadh_imdh%C3%ADonachta" title="Sochtadh imdhíonachta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sochtadh imdhíonachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmunosupresi%C3%B3n" title="Inmunosupresión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inmunosupresión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%B4%EC%97%AD%EC%96%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="면역억제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="면역억제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्रतिरक्षादमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिरक्षादमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunosupresi" title="Imunosupresi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imunosupresi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodepressione" title="Immunodepressione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immunodepressione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="דיכוי מערכת החיסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיכוי מערכת החיסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunosupresija" title="Imunosupresija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Imunosupresija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengimunotindasan" title="Pengimunotindasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengimunotindasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6" title="免疫抑制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="免疫抑制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunsuppresjon" title="Immunsuppresjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Immunsuppresjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosupresja" title="Immunosupresja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Immunosupresja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunossupress%C3%A3o" title="Imunossupressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imunossupressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иммуносупрессия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иммуносупрессия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Immunosuppression" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunosupresija" title="Imunosupresija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Imunosupresija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imunosupresija" title="Imunosupresija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imunosupresija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunsuppression" title="Immunsuppression – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Immunsuppression" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="การกดภูมิคุ้มกัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกดภูมิคุ้มกัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mm%C3%BCnosupresyon" title="İmmünosupresyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İmmünosupresyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Імуносупресія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імуносупресія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A8c_ch%E1%BA%BF_mi%E1%BB%85n_d%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Ức chế miễn dịch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ức chế miễn dịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Immunosuppression</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyomavirus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Polyomavirus.jpg/280px-Polyomavirus.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Polyomavirus.jpg/420px-Polyomavirus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Polyomavirus.jpg/560px-Polyomavirus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2419" data-file-height="1738" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> showing an opportunistic infection due to immunosuppression - large (blue) cell below-center-left infected with a <a href="/wiki/Polyomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyomavirus">polyomavirus</a>. Urine cytology specimen.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-10_Procedure_Coding_System" title="ICD-10 Procedure Coding System">ICD-10-PCS</a></th><td class="infobox-data">D89.9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D007165">D007165</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455316" class="extiw" title="d:Q1455316">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Immunosuppression</b> is a reduction of the activation or <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>. Some portions of the immune system itself have immunosuppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-2nih_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nih-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, deliberately induced immunosuppression is performed to prevent the body from <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">rejecting</a> an <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emed1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emed1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it is used for treating <a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">graft-versus-host disease</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow transplant">bone marrow transplant</a>, or for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Auto-immune_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-immune disease">auto-immune diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">systemic lupus erythematosus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>. This is typically done using medications, but may involve surgery (<a href="/wiki/Splenectomy" title="Splenectomy">splenectomy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">plasmapheresis</a>, or radiation. A person who is undergoing immunosuppression, or whose immune system is weak for some other reasons (such as <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> or <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>), is said to be <i><a href="/wiki/Immunocompromised" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromised">immunocompromised</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deliberately_induced">Deliberately induced</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunosuppression&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Deliberately induced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drug</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azathioprine3Dan.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Azathioprine3Dan.gif/120px-Azathioprine3Dan.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Azathioprine3Dan.gif/180px-Azathioprine3Dan.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Azathioprine3Dan.gif/240px-Azathioprine3Dan.gif 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Azathioprine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_blood_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SEM_blood_cells.jpg/220px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SEM_blood_cells.jpg/330px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SEM_blood_cells.jpg/440px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>White blood cells (and red blood cells)</figcaption></figure> <p>Administration of <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive medications</a> or immunosuppressants is the main method for deliberately inducing immunosuppression; in optimal circumstances, immunosuppressive drugs primarily target hyperactive components of the immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People in remission from cancer who require immunosuppression are not more likely to experience a recurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout its history, <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> has been used to decrease the strength of the immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Joseph Murray of Brigham and Women's Hospital was given the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1990 for work on immunosuppression.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immunosuppressive drugs have the potential to cause <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a>, which can increase susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infection</a> and decrease <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunosurveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer immunosurveillance">cancer immunosurveillance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunosuppressants may be prescribed when a normal immune response is undesirable, such as in <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steroids were the first class of immunosuppressant drugs identified, though side-effects of early compounds limited their use. The more specific<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (March 2021)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Azathioprine" title="Azathioprine">azathioprine</a> was identified in 1960, but it was the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ciclosporin" title="Ciclosporin">ciclosporin</a> in 1980 (together with azathioprine) that allowed significant expansion of <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">transplantation</a> to less well-matched donor-recipient pairs as well as broad application to <a href="/wiki/Lung_transplantation" title="Lung transplantation">lung transplantation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">pancreas transplantation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplantation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emed1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emed1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplantation</a>, the body will nearly always reject the new organ(s) due to differences in <a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">human leukocyte antigen</a> between the donor and recipient. As a result, the immune system detects the new tissue as "foreign", and attempts to remove it by attacking it with <a href="/wiki/Leukocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocytes">white blood cells</a>, resulting in the death of the donated tissue. Immunosuppressants are administered in order to help prevent rejection; however, the body becomes more vulnerable to infections and malignancy during the course of such treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-deliberate_immunosuppression">Non-deliberate immunosuppression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunosuppression&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Non-deliberate immunosuppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg/260px-Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Acute_leukemia-ALL.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Leukemia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></div> <p>Non-deliberate immunosuppression can occur in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">ataxia–telangiectasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complement_deficiency" title="Complement deficiency">complement deficiencies</a>, many types of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, and certain chronic infections such as <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV). The unwanted effect in non-deliberate immunosuppression is <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a> that results in increased susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, such as bacteria and viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-2nih_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nih-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immunodeficiency is also a potential adverse effect of many <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant drug">immunosuppressant drugs</a>, in this sense, the scope of the term <i>immunosuppression</i> in general includes both beneficial and potential adverse effects of decreasing the function of the immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cell</a> deficiency and <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a> deficiency are immune impairment that individuals are born with or are acquired, which in turn can lead to immunodeficiency problems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nezelof_syndrome" title="Nezelof syndrome">Nezelof syndrome</a> is an example of an immunodeficiency of T-cells.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunosuppression&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_mTOR_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery and development of mTOR inhibitors">Discovery and development of mTOR inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BK_virus" title="BK virus">BK virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin-2_immunotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-2 immunotherapy">Interleukin-2 immunotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_cell_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="B cell deficiency">B cell deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_cell_deficiency" title="T cell deficiency">T cell deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection#Rejection_treatment" title="Transplant rejection">Treatment methods for preventing organ rejection</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunosuppression&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2nih-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2nih_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2nih_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000818.htm">"Immunodeficiency disorders: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>medlineplus.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Immunodeficiency+disorders%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000818.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=45727">"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"</a>. <i>National Cancer Institute</i>. 2011-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=NCI+Dictionary+of+Cancer+Terms&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdictionaries%2Fcancer-terms%3Fcdrid%3D45727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emed1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emed1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emed1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/432316-overview">"Immunosuppression: Overview, History, Drugs"</a>. 2017-01-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Immunosuppression%3A+Overview%2C+History%2C+Drugs&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F432316-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms">"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"</a>. <i>National Cancer Institute</i>. 2011-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=NCI+Dictionary+of+Cancer+Terms&rft.date=2011-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fpublications%2Fdictionaries%2Fcancer-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wiseman, Alexander C. (2016-02-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741049">"Immunosuppressive Medications"</a>. <i>Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 332–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2215%2FCJN.08570814">10.2215/CJN.08570814</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1555-9041">1555-9041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4741049">4741049</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26170177">26170177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Journal+of+the+American+Society+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Immunosuppressive+Medications&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=332-343&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4741049%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1555-9041&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26170177&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2215%2FCJN.08570814&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Alexander+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4741049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheltonLaharieScottMamtani2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shelton, Edward; Laharie, David; Scott, Frank I.; Mamtani, Ronac; Lewis, James D.; Colombel, Jean-Frederic; Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N. (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4925196">"Cancer Recurrence Following Immune-Suppressive Therapies in Patients With Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>151</b> (1): 97–109.e4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2016.03.037">10.1053/j.gastro.2016.03.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4925196">4925196</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27039969">27039969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Cancer+Recurrence+Following+Immune-Suppressive+Therapies+in+Patients+With+Immune-Mediated+Diseases%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-analysis&rft.volume=151&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-109.e4&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4925196%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27039969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2016.03.037&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Laharie%2C+David&rft.au=Scott%2C+Frank+I.&rft.au=Mamtani%2C+Ronac&rft.au=Lewis%2C+James+D.&rft.au=Colombel%2C+Jean-Frederic&rft.au=Ananthakrishnan%2C+Ashwin+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4925196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadwigAckleyMakic2016" class="citation book cs1">Ladwig, Gail B.; Ackley, Betty J.; Makic, Mary Beth Flynn (2016-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5bBCwAAQBAJ&q=radiation+therapy+decreases+strength+of+immune+system&pg=PA28"><i>Mosby's Guide to Nursing Diagnosis - E-Book</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medlineplus.gov&rft.atitle=Transplant+rejection%3A+MedlinePlus+Medical+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fency%2Farticle%2F000815.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/432209-overview#a7">"Immunology of Transplant Rejection: Overview, History, Types of Grafts"</a>. 2017-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Immunology+of+Transplant+Rejection%3A+Overview%2C+History%2C+Types+of+Grafts&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F432209-overview%23a7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_A_JanewayTraversWalportShlomchik2001" class="citation journal cs1">Charles A Janeway, Jr; Travers, Paul; Walport, Mark; Shlomchik, Mark J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27163/">"Responses to alloantigens and transplant rejection"</a>. Garland Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Responses+to+alloantigens+and+transplant+rejection&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Charles+A+Janeway&rft.aufirst=Jr&rft.au=Travers%2C+Paul&rft.au=Walport%2C+Mark&rft.au=Shlomchik%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK27163%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLallanaFadul2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lallana, Enrico C; Fadul, Camilo E (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151601">"Toxicities of Immunosuppressive Treatment of Autoimmune Neurologic Diseases"</a>. <i>Current Neuropharmacology</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 468–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F157015911796557939">10.2174/157015911796557939</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-159X">1570-159X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151601">3151601</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22379461">22379461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Toxicities+of+Immunosuppressive+Treatment+of+Autoimmune+Neurologic+Diseases&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=468-477&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3151601%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1570-159X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22379461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F157015911796557939&rft.aulast=Lallana&rft.aufirst=Enrico+C&rft.au=Fadul%2C+Camilo+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3151601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/immunodeficiency-primary-and-secondary">"Immunodeficiency (Primary and Secondary). Information"</a>. <i>patient.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=patient.info&rft.atitle=Immunodeficiency+%28Primary+and+Secondary%29.+Information.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatient.info%2Fdoctor%2Fimmunodeficiency-primary-and-secondary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisorders2003" class="citation book cs1">Disorders, National Organization for Rare (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99YPDvFWBB0C&q=Nezelof+syndrome&pg=PA408"><i>NORD Guide to Rare Disorders</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781730631" title="Special:BookSources/9780781730631"><bdi>9780781730631</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NORD+Guide+to+Rare+Disorders&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780781730631&rft.aulast=Disorders&rft.aufirst=National+Organization+for+Rare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99YPDvFWBB0C%26q%3DNezelof%2Bsyndrome%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunosuppression&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoraschiPenton-Rol2016" class="citation book cs1">Boraschi, Diana; Penton-Rol, Giselle (2016-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncwHBgAAQBAJ&q=immunosuppression"><i>Immune Rebalancing: The Future of Immunosuppression</i></a>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128033364" title="Special:BookSources/9780128033364"><bdi>9780128033364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immune+Rebalancing%3A+The+Future+of+Immunosuppression&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft.isbn=9780128033364&rft.aulast=Boraschi&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Penton-Rol%2C+Giselle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncwHBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dimmunosuppression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span>Retrieved 6 May 2017.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, A. W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wXXvCAAAQBAJ&q=immunosuppression&pg=PA301"><i>Therapeutic Immunosuppression</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401007658" title="Special:BookSources/9789401007658"><bdi>9789401007658</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Therapeutic+Immunosuppression&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789401007658&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwXXvCAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dimmunosuppression%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImmunosuppression" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immunosuppression&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/">PubMed</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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