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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> <p>In the field of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International relations">international relations</a>, a <b>client state</b>, is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_(polity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State (polity)">state</a> that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful <b>controlling state</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative terms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> for a <i>client state</i> are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated state">associated state</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominion">dominion</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Condominium (international law)">condominium</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Self-governing_colony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neocolonialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neocolonialism">neo-colony</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protectorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vassal_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puppet_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tributary_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Controlling_states_in_history"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Controlling states in history</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Persia,_Greece,_Ancient_China_and_Rome"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ottoman_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ottoman Empire</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#19th_and_20th_centuries"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">19th and 20th centuries</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Russian_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Russian Empire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#First_French_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">First French Empire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#France_after_decolonisation"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">France after decolonisation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#British_Empire"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">British Empire</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_War_I"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">World War I</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#World_War_II"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperial_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Imperial Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet Union</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Controlling_states_in_history">Controlling states in history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Controlling states in history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Persia,_Greece,_Ancient_China_and_Rome"><span id="Persia.2C_Greece.2C_Ancient_China_and_Rome"></span>Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Persia, Greece, Ancient China and Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Roman_client_rulers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Roman client rulers">List of Roman client rulers</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_kingdoms_in_ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Client kingdoms in ancient Rome">Client kingdoms in ancient Rome</a> </div> <p>Ancient states such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Iran">Persia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek city-states</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> sometimes created client states by making the leaders of that state subservient, having to provide <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribute">tribute</a> and soldiers. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Athens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a>, for example, forced weaker states into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delian_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> and in some cases imposed democratic governments on them. Later, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> similarly imposed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/League_of_Corinth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>. One of the most prolific users of client states was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Republican Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, instead of conquering and then absorbing into an empire, chose to make client states out of those it defeated (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a>), a policy which was continued up until the 1st century BCE when it became the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Sometimes the client was not a former enemy but a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pretender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pretender">pretender</a> whom Rome helped, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herod_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> being a well-known example. The use of client states continued through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feudalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> began to take hold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1590.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/OttomanEmpire1590.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1590.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2581"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/OttomanEmpire1590.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1590.png" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/OttomanEmpire1590.png/330px-OttomanEmpire1590.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/OttomanEmpire1590.png/440px-OttomanEmpire1590.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Vassal and tributary states of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1590 </figcaption> </figure> <p>The number of tributary or vassal states varied over time but most notable were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crimean_Khanate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crimean Khanate">Khanate of Crimea</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wallachia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moldavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aceh Sultanate">Sultanate of Aceh</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Client state">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Russian Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Russia–Serbia relations</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria-Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> tried to make <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> a client state in order to form a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christianity">Christian</a> opposition to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, but after the 1903 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May Coup</a>, Serbia came under the influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, which was forming a pan-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> opposition to the Latin Christianity represented by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In 1914, Russia repeatedly warned Austria-Hungary against attacking Serbia. When it did attack, Russia mobilised its army.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia also wanted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as client states.</p> <p>At the time, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> and Austria-Hungary both considered Serbia as a client state controlled by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="First_French_Empire">First French Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: First French Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_French_client_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of French client states">List of French client states</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Europe_1812_map_en.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1812_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1812_map_en.png" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/330px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png/440px-Europe_1812_map_en.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_French_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> and its satellite states in 1812 </figcaption> </figure> <p>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleonic_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic eras</a> (1789–1815), France conquered most of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a> and established several client states.</p> <p>At first, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, these states were erected as "<i>Républiques soeurs</i>" ("<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sister_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sister republic">sister republics</a>"). They were established in Italy (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parthenopean_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parthenopean Republic">Parthenopean Republic</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>), Greece (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands_(1797%E2%80%931799)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)"><i>Îles Ioniennes</i></a>), Switzerland (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helvetic_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valais_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valais Republic">Rhodanic Republic</a>), and Belgium and the Netherlands (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batavian_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batavian Republic">Batavian Republic</a>).</p> <p>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_French_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Imperial_Army_(1804%E2%80%931815)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Imperial Army (1804–1815)">French Army</a> occupied much of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europe">Europe</a>, such states changed, and several new states were formed. The Italian republics were transformed into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> under Napoleon's direct rule in the north, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples_(Napoleonic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Naples</a> in the south, first under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> and later under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marshal of the Empire">Marshal</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joachim_Murat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a>. A third state was created in the Italian Peninsula, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a>. The Batavian Republic was replaced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Holland">Kingdom of Holland</a>, ruled by Napoleon's third brother, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a>.</p> <p>A total of 35 German states, all of them allies of France, seceded from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> to create the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, a client state created to provide a buffer between France and its two largest enemies to the east, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. Two of those states were Napoleonic creations: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>, which was controlled by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>, the Emperor's youngest brother; and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrzburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Würzburg">Grand Duchy of Würzburg</a> as was Poland, then the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a>.</p> <p>During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peninsular_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peninsular War">French invasion of the Iberian Peninsula</a>, Napoleon attempted to subjugate Portugal and Spain into a client <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Kingdom of Spain</a>, but the French were eventually driven out of Iberia in a costly war.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="France_after_decolonisation">France after decolonisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: France after decolonisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the 20th century, France exercised a sphere of influence, or <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></i> over its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_African_colonies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="French African colonies">former African colonies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to some degree former Belgian colonies in Africa (which were also French-speaking). The term is sometimes used pejoratively, to characterise the relationship with France as neocolonial. The former colonies provide oil and minerals important to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of France">French economy</a>, and in some, French companies have commercial interests.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: British Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/220px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/220px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/330px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/440px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Map of British territories in the Indian subcontinent in 1909 with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princely_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princely state">princely states</a> in yellow </figcaption> </figure> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Princely_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Princely state">Indian princely states</a> were nominally sovereign entities in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and in 1947, were given a choice to either accede to independent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominion_of_India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominion of India">India</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> or get independence (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a> did opt for independence but his kingdom was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">annexed</a> by Indian forces in 1948). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">Egyptian independence</a> in 1922 ended its brief status as a British protectorate and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> was made a kingdom in 1932. But in both cases, the economic and military reality did not amount to full independence, but a status where the local rulers were British clients. Other instances include Africa (e.g. Northern Nigeria under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Lord Lugard</a>), and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated Malay States</a>; the policy of <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indirect_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a></i>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Powers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#German_client_states" title="Central Powers">Central Powers § German client states</a> </div> <ul> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland"> <noscript> <img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1917–1918)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Kingdom of Lithuania</a> (1918)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%281917%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1918)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1918)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/29px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1918)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vichy_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> (1940–1944)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)"> <noscript> <img alt="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" data-alt="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German occupation of Albania"> <noscript> <img alt="German occupation of Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png" data-alt="German occupation of Albania" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Albania_%281943%E2%80%931944%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German occupation of Albania">Albanian Kingdom</a> (1943–1944)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg/220px-CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="3223"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg/220px-CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg/330px-CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg/440px-CongressBuilding_SEATO.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> The leaders of some of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a> nations hosted by Philippine President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> on 24 October 1966 </figcaption> </figure> <p>The term has also been applied to states which are extremely economically dependent on a more powerful nation. The three Pacific Ocean countries associated with the United States under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marshall_Islands?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palau">Palau</a>) have been called client states.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li><span data-sort-value="China"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></span> (1945–1949) → <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (1949–1979)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Khmer_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khmer_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> (1970–1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">1965–1986</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> (1954–1975)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thailand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (1949–1976)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Imperial_Japan">Imperial Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Imperial Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchukuo_map_1939.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manchukuo_map_1939.svg/220px-Manchukuo_map_1939.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="387"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manchukuo_map_1939.svg/220px-Manchukuo_map_1939.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manchukuo_map_1939.svg/330px-Manchukuo_map_1939.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Manchukuo_map_1939.svg/440px-Manchukuo_map_1939.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Location of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchukuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (red) within <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Imperial Japan's sphere of influence</a> in 1939 </figcaption> </figure> <p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> gradually reduced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseon">Joseon Korea</a>'s status to that of a client state. In the early 20th century, this was converted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korea under Japanese rule">direct rule</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchukuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, in contrast, remained a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of World War II puppet states">puppet state</a> throughout World War II.</p> <ul> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azad_Hind?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_Burma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a> (1945)</li> <li>China (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Way_Government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Way Government">Great Way Government</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a> (1937–1940)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganised National Government of the Republic of China</a> (1940–1945)</li> </ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg/21px-Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg/41px-Flag_of_Korea_%281893%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> (After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Korea_%281899%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Korean_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. blog (September 2024)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> (1905–1910)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_%281707-1893%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Phrabang</a> (1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchukuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1932–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mengjiang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Soviet Union" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a> </div> <p>Soviet proxy, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post-World_War_II" title="Satellite state">"satellite"</a>, or client states included much of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warsaw_Pact?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> member states whose policies were heavily influenced by Soviet military power and economic aid. Other nations with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> governments were routinely criticised as being Soviet proxies as well, among them <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuban_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Korea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DPRK_23-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DPRK-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Yemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Republic of Angola">People's Republic of Angola</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a>. Within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soviet_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> itself, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>, had seats at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, but were actually proper Soviet territory.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banana_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banana republic">Banana republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Condominium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Condominium">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neo-colony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-colony">Neo-colony</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protectorate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puppet_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Satellite_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Self-governing_colony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strategic_autonomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strategic autonomy">Strategic autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suzerainty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tributary_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tributary_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tributary state">Tributary</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vassal_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Client_state&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Graham Fry, Erik Goldstein, Richard Langhorne. <i>Guide to International Relations and Diplomacy</i>. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Continuum International Publishing, 2002. Pp. 9.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRocca2008" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DzmmBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dclient%2Bking"><i>Herod's Judaea</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161497179?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9783161497179"><bdi>9783161497179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod%27s+Judaea&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783161497179&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmmBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dclient%2Bking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collected studies: Alexander and his successors in Macedonia, by Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond,1994, page 257,"to Demetrius of Pharos, whom she set up as a client king</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian Foreign Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a> warned Austria in 1914 that Russia "Would respond militarily to any action against the client state." Christopher Clark, <i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</i> (2012) p 481.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_F._X._Noble2010" class="citation book cs1">Thomas F. X. Noble; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Db1PTCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA692"><i>Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume C: Since 1789</i></a>. Cengage. p. 692. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1424069606?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1424069606"><bdi>978-1424069606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Beyond+Boundaries%2C+Volume+C%3A+Since+1789&rft.pages=692&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1424069606&rft.au=Thomas+F.+X.+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1PTCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Lyons2016" class="citation book cs1">Michael J. Lyons (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLYqTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3"><i>World War II: A Short History</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 3–4. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315509440?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781315509440"><bdi>9781315509440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781315509440&rft.au=Michael+J.+Lyons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYqTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Jelavich2004" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Jelavich (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DclLtuNxa1cgC%26pg%3DPA288"><i>Russia and the Formation of the Romanian National State, 1821–1878</i></a>. Cambridge UP. p. 288. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521522519?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780521522519"><bdi>9780521522519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Formation+of+the+Romanian+National+State%2C+1821%E2%80%931878&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780521522519&rft.au=Barbara+Jelavich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclLtuNxa1cgC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive_Ponting2002" class="citation book cs1">Clive Ponting (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Da9BmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Thirteen Days: The Road to the First World War</i></a>. Chatto & Windus. p. 60. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780701172930?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780701172930"><bdi>9780701172930</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen+Days%3A+The+Road+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780701172930&rft.au=Clive+Ponting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da9BmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Cowper1990" class="citation book cs1">Henry Cowper (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dl9VmAAAAMAAJ"><i>World War One and Its Consequences</i></a>. Open University Press. p. 209. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780335093076?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780335093076"><bdi>9780335093076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+One+and+Its+Consequences&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Open+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780335093076&rft.au=Henry+Cowper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl9VmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112013750/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html">"The French African Connection"</a>. Al Jazeera. April 7, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/08/201387113131914906.html">the original</a> on November 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+African+Connection&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2Fspecialseries%2F2013%2F08%2F201387113131914906.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaski2013" class="citation news cs1">Haski, Pierre (July 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/opinion/global/the-return-of-francafrique.html">"The Return of Françafrique"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Fran%C3%A7afrique&rft.date=2013-07-21&rft.aulast=Haski&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fglobal%2Fthe-return-of-francafrique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puppet_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> by Norman Davies in <i>Europe: A history</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjrVW9W9eiYMC%26dq%3D%2522Kingdom%2Bof%2BPoland%2522%2B1916%2Bpuppet%26pg%3DPA910">Google Print, p. 910</a>); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in <i>A Concise History of Poland</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHMylRh-wHWEC%26pg%3DPA218">Google Print, p. 218</a>); by Piotr J. Wroblel in <i>Chronology of Polish History</i> and <i>Nation and History</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlzWHDEE6OqkC%26pg%3DPA454">Google Print, p. 454</a>); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in <i>Poland: Key to Europe</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D-KcfGbrKptoC%26q%3DPoland%2BKey%2Bto%2BEurope">Google Print, p. 68</a>: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kataryna Wolczuk. The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation. p. 37.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin O'Connor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Db3b5nU4bnw4C%26dq">The History of the Baltic States</a>, page 78, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32355-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32355-0">0-313-32355-0</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2012" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2012). <i>Edge of empires: a history of Georgia</i>. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 326–331. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-030-6"><bdi>978-1-78023-030-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+empires%3A+a+history+of+Georgia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=326-331&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-030-6&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanlon2018" class="citation book cs1">Hanlon, David L. (2018). "A Different Historiography for "A Handful of Chickpeas Flung Over the Sea": Approaching the Federated States of Micronesia's Deeper Past". In Warwick Anderson; Miranda Johnson; Barbara Brookes (eds.). <i>Pacific Futures: Past and Present</i>. University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-7742-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-7742-2"><bdi>978-0-8248-7742-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Different+Historiography+for+%22A+Handful+of+Chickpeas+Flung+Over+the+Sea%22%3A+Approaching+the+Federated+States+of+Micronesia%27s+Deeper+Past&rft.btitle=Pacific+Futures%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-7742-2&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Millie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tuljournals.temple.edu/index.php/mundi/article/view/374">"The Marshall Islands and U.S. Imperial Relations"</a>. <i>Mundi</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Temple University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mundi&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Islands+and+U.S.+Imperial+Relations&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Millie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftuljournals.temple.edu%2Findex.php%2Fmundi%2Farticle%2Fview%2F374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampell2019" class="citation news cs1">Rampell, Ed (8 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://islandtimes.org/george-bush-dirty-tricks-palau/">"George H.W. Bush: Dirty Tricks and Regime Change in Nuclear-Free Palau"</a>. <i>Island Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Island+Times&rft.atitle=George+H.W.+Bush%3A+Dirty+Tricks+and+Regime+Change+in+Nuclear-Free+Palau&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.aulast=Rampell&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislandtimes.org%2Fgeorge-bush-dirty-tricks-palau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-grapples-with-preserving-reminders-of-Japanese-occupation">"China grapples with preserving reminders of Japanese occupation"</a>. <i>Nikkei Asia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asia&rft.atitle=China+grapples+with+preserving+reminders+of+Japanese+occupation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2FInternational-relations%2FChina-grapples-with-preserving-reminders-of-Japanese-occupation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317192743/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-32/mizutani">"Transimperial Genealogies of Korea as a Protectorate: The Egypt Model in Japan's Politics of Colonial Comparison | Cross-Currents"</a>. <i>cross-currents.berkeley.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-32/mizutani">the original</a> on 2022-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cross-currents.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Transimperial+Genealogies+of+Korea+as+a+Protectorate%3A+The+Egypt+Model+in+Japan%27s+Politics+of+Colonial+Comparison+%7C+Cross-Currents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcross-currents.berkeley.edu%2Fe-journal%2Fissue-32%2Fmizutani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.history.com/.amp/news/japan-colonization-korea">"How Japan Took Control of Korea | HISTORY"</a>. <i>www.history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history.com&rft.atitle=How+Japan+Took+Control+of+Korea+%7C+HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2F.amp%2Fnews%2Fjapan-colonization-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koryogroup.com/blog/japanese-rule-over-korea-a-liberation-day-korea-history">"Japanese Rule Over Korea - A Liberation Day Korea History - Koryo Tours"</a>. <i>koryogroup.com</i>. 15 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=koryogroup.com&rft.atitle=Japanese+Rule+Over+Korea+-+A+Liberation+Day+Korea+History+-+Koryo+Tours&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoryogroup.com%2Fblog%2Fjapanese-rule-over-korea-a-liberation-day-korea-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-DPRK-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DPRK_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMizokami2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Mizokami, Kyle (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://theweek.com/articles/597768/why-north-korea-betting-big-nuclear-weapons">"Why North Korea is betting big on nuclear weapons"</a>. <i>The Week</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Why+North+Korea+is+betting+big+on+nuclear+weapons&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Mizokami&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F597768%2Fwhy-north-korea-betting-big-nuclear-weapons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClient+state" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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data-user-name="2401:D800:330:6DE2:E91E:C211:312B:89DF" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731772958"> <span>Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 16:02</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9" title="دولة عميلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة عميلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B4%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Клиентска държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клиентска държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_client" title="Estat client – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat client" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2595%25CE%25BE%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2584%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25AD%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF_%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25AC%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Εξαρτημένο κράτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξαρτημένο κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_cliente" title="Estado cliente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado cliente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klienta_%25C5%259Dtato" title="Klienta ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klienta ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA_%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C" title="دولت متکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت متکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2589tat_client" title="État client – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État client" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_cliente" title="Estado cliente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado cliente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A2%2585%25EC%2586%258D%25EA%25B5%25AD" title="종속국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종속국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B3%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AD%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4_%25D5%25BA%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Հաճախորդ պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաճախորդ պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_pengekor" title="Negara pengekor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara pengekor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_cliente" title="Stato cliente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato cliente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2594_%25D7%25A7%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="מדינה קליינטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה קליינטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliens_(civitas)" title="Cliens (civitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cliens (civitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavaldi_valstyb%25C4%2597" title="Pavaldi valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pavaldi valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%25BE" title="സാമന്തരാജ്യങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാമന്തരാജ്യങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_pelanggan" title="Negara pelanggan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara pelanggan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%2593%25E5%25B1%259E%25E5%259B%25BD" title="従属国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="従属国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klientstat" title="Klientstat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klientstat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_cliente" title="Estado cliente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado cliente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="Клиентское государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клиентское государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%259A%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%2593_%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="සේවාලාභී රාජ්‍ය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සේවාලාභී රාජ්‍ය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Client state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA" title="تابعدار رياست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تابعدار رياست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klientstat" title="Klientstat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klientstat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%25C4%259F%25C4%25B1ml%25C4%25B1_devlet" title="Bağımlı devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağımlı devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2594%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Клієнтська держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клієнтська держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584_%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA" title="موکل ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موکل ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%25E1%25BB%2591c_gia_ph%25E1%25BB%25A5_thu%25E1%25BB%2599c" title="Quốc gia phụ thuộc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc gia phụ thuộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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