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Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidialrepublik" title="Präsidialrepublik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Präsidialrepublik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D2%B3%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BD%D2%AD%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Апрезиденттә ҳәынҭқарра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Апрезиденттә ҳәынҭқарра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="نظام رئاسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام رئاسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_presidencialista" title="Sistema presidencialista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema presidencialista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mburuvicharape" title="Mburuvicharape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mburuvicharape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident_respublikas%C4%B1" title="Prezident respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Prezident respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="রাষ্ট্রপতিশাসিত শাসনব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্রপতিশাসিত শাসনব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прэзідэнцкая рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прэзідэнцкая рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Прэзыдэнцкая рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прэзыдэнцкая рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Президентска република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Президентска република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentiells_Regiarungssysdem" title="Präsidentiells Regiarungssysdem – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Präsidentiells Regiarungssysdem" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencialisme" title="Presidencialisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Presidencialisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidentsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Prezidentská republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prezidentská republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_presidenziale" title="Republica presidenziale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Republica presidenziale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6sidentialisme" title="Præsidentialisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præsidentialisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sidentielles_Regierungssystem" title="Präsidentielles Regierungssystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsidentielles Regierungssystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%A9_%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ރިޔާސީ ނިޒާމު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރިޔާސީ ނިޒާމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentaalne_vabariik" title="Presidentaalne vabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Presidentaalne vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Προεδρική δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προεδρική δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Presidential system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencialismo" title="Presidencialismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidencialismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidenta_respubliko" title="Prezidenta respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prezidenta respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentzialismo" title="Presidentzialismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Presidentzialismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نظام ریاستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظام ریاستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_pr%C3%A9sidentiel" title="Régime présidentiel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Régime présidentiel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencialismo" title="Presidencialismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidencialismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9%EC%A0%9C" title="대통령제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대통령제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Նախագահական համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նախագահական համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="अध्यक्षीय प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अध्यक्षीय प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjedni%C4%8Dki_sustav" title="Predsjednički sustav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predsjednički sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidantala_republiko" title="Prezidantala republiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Prezidantala republiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidensial_a_sistema" title="Presidensial a sistema – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Presidensial a sistema" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem presidensial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsetar%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Forsetaræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forsetaræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_presidenziale" title="Repubblica presidenziale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica presidenziale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="משטר נשיאותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משטר נשיאותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საპრეზიდენტო რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საპრეზიდენტო რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Президенттік республика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Президенттік республика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikali_ya_kiraisi" title="Serikali ya kiraisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Serikali ya kiraisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_serokatiy%C3%AA" title="Pergala serokatiyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pergala serokatiyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Президенттик башкаруу тутуму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Президенттик башкаруу тутуму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublica_praesidentialis" title="Respublica praesidentialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Respublica praesidentialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezident%C4%81lisms" title="Prezidentālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prezidentālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidentinis_valdymas" title="Prezidentinis valdymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prezidentinis valdymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republ%C3%ADki_ya_pelezid%C3%A1" title="Republíki ya pelezidá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Republíki ya pelezidá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_presidenziala" title="Republega presidenziala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega presidenziala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eln%C3%B6ki_rendszer" title="Elnöki rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elnöki rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Претседателски систем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседателски систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საპრეზიდენტო რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საპრეზიდენტო რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="نظام رئاسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نظام رئاسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_berpresiden" title="Sistem berpresiden – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem berpresiden" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Президентонь республикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Президентонь республикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ерөнхийлөгчийн засаглалын систем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ерөнхийлөгчийн засаглалын систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="သမ္မတစနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမ္မတစနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentieel_systeem" title="Presidentieel systeem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Presidentieel systeem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="राष्ट्रपतीय प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राष्ट्रपतीय प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98%E5%88%B6" title="大統領制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大統領制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentsystem" title="Presidentsystem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Presidentsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentialisme" title="Presidentialisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Presidentialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_presidencial" title="Sistèma presidencial – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma presidencial" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidentlik_respublika" title="Prezidentlik respublika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Prezidentlik respublika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰਪਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="صدارتی نظام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صدارتی نظام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_prezydencki" title="System prezydencki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System prezydencki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencialismo" title="Presidencialismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Presidencialismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%C4%83_preziden%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Republică prezidențială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republică prezidențială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Президентская республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президентская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="صدارتی نظام – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="صدارتی نظام" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_presidencial" title="Sistemi presidencial – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi presidencial" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="صدارتي نظام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صدارتي نظام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezidentsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Prezidentská republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prezidentská republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsedni%C5%A1ki_sistem" title="Predsedniški sistem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Predsedniški sistem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Предсједнички систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Предсједнички систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predsjedni%C4%8Dki_sistem" title="Predsjednički sistem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predsjednički sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_pr%C3%A9sid%C3%A9nsial" title="Sistim présidénsial – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sistim présidénsial" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidenttijohtoinen_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Presidenttijohtoinen järjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Presidenttijohtoinen järjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidentialism" title="Presidentialism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Presidentialism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemang_pampanguluhan" title="Sistemang pampanguluhan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sistemang pampanguluhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="தலைவர் ஆளும் அரசு முறைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தலைவர் ஆளும் அரசு முறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D2%97%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Президент җөмһүрияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Президент җөмһүрияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ระบบประธานาธิบดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบประธานาธิบดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Ҷумҳурии президентӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии президентӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1k_sistemi" title="Başkanlık sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Başkanlık sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Президентська республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Президентська республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="صدارتی نظام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدارتی نظام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_Presidensia%C5%82e" title="Repùblega Presidensiałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega Presidensiałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forms_of_government.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/350px-Forms_of_government.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/525px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Forms_of_government.svg/700px-Forms_of_government.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <div class="mw-collapsible" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div>World's states colored by <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; list-style: none none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7263850">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#3355dd; color:white;"> </span> Full presidential republics </div></li></ul> </div> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>presidential system</b>, or <b>single executive system</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, with the title of <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" class="mw-redirect" title="President (government title)">president</a>, is in charge of an <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> that is separate from the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a> in systems that use <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. This head of government is in most cases also the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. </p><p>The first true presidential system was created during the United States <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundquist_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundquist-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_system&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidential_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sundquist-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sundquist_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSundquist1997" class="citation book cs1">Sundquist, James L. (1997). "The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World". In Baaklini, Abdo I.; Desfosses, Helen (eds.). <i>Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 53–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765600528" title="Special:BookSources/0765600528"><bdi>0765600528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Presidential+System+as+a+Model+for+the+World&rft.btitle=Designs+for+Democratic+Stability%3A+Studies+in+Viable+Constitutionalism&rft.pages=53-72&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0765600528&rft.aulast=Sundquist&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APresidential+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/35px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/53px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/70px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span> <i>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> about <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_stubs" title="Category:Politics stubs">politics</a> can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia by <a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidential_system&action=edit">adding to it</a></i>.</div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_and_government&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" class="mw-redirect" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central government (not yet started)">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_unity_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National unity government (not yet started)">National unity government</a></li> <li><i>Levels:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County government (not yet started)">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" class="mw-redirect" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_forms_of_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of forms of government (not yet started)">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_system_of_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of countries by system of government (not yet started)">Countries by system</a></li> <li><i>Systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electocracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electocracy (not yet started)">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergatocracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergatocracy (not yet started)">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cellular_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellular democracy (not yet started)">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_e-democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collaborative e-democracy (not yet started)">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consensus_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consensus democracy (not yet started)">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative democracy (not yet started)">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmopolitan democracy (not yet started)">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Direct_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Direct Democracy (not yet started)">Direct Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (not yet started)">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communalism_(Bookchin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communalism (Bookchin) (not yet started)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communitarianism (not yet started)">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distributism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distributism (not yet started)">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Familialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Familialism (not yet started)">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanaticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanaticism (not yet started)">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_insurance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social insurance (not yet started)">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_benefits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment benefits (not yet started)">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_healthcare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National healthcare (not yet started)">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public education (not yet started)">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><i>Regulation:</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental regulation (not yet started)">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banking regulation (not yet started)">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Food_inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Food inspection (not yet started)">Food inspection</a></li> <li><i>Municipal:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Street_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Street cleaning (not yet started)">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Documents</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter (not yet started)">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uncodified_constitution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uncodified constitution (not yet started)">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" class="mw-redirect" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><i>Bodies:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" class="mw-disambig" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Assembly (not yet started)">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legislative_council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legislative council (not yet started)">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Process:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><i>Outcomes:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political campaign (not yet started)">Campaigns</a></li> <li><i>Groups:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advocacy_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advocacy groups (not yet started)">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><i>Issues:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_the_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political history of the world (not yet started)">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_political_thought&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of political thought (not yet started)">History of political thought</a></li> <li><i>Reforms</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><i>Documents:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>World:</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Government (not yet started)">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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