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gauge</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: rain gauge"> <meta name="keywords" content="rain gauge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="rain gauge"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 544</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: rain gauge</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">544</span> Evaluation of Satellite and Radar Rainfall Product over Seyhan Plain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaz%C4%B1m%20Kaba">Kazım Kaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdem%20Erdi"> Erdem Erdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Akif%20Erdo%C4%9Fan"> M. Akif Erdoğan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mustafa%20Kand%C4%B1rmaz"> H. Mustafa Kandırmaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rainfall is crucial data source for very different discipline such as agriculture, hydrology and climate. Therefore rain rate should be known well both spatial and temporal for any area. Rainfall is measured by using rain-gauge at meteorological ground stations traditionally for many years. At the present time, rainfall products are acquired from radar and satellite images with a temporal and spatial continuity. In this study, we investigated the accuracy of these rainfall data according to rain-gauge data. For this purpose, we used Adana-Hatay radar hourly total precipitation product (RN1) and Meteosat convective rainfall rate (CRR) product over Seyhan plain. We calculated daily rainfall values from RN1 and CRR hourly precipitation products. We used the data of rainy days of four stations located within range of the radar from October 2013 to November 2015. In the study, we examined two rainfall data over Seyhan plain and the correlation between the rain-gauge data and two raster rainfall data was observed lowly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meteosat" title="meteosat">meteosat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radar" title=" radar"> radar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain-gauge" title=" rain-gauge"> rain-gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61709/evaluation-of-satellite-and-radar-rainfall-product-over-seyhan-plain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61709.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">543</span> Evaluation of IMERG Performance at Estimating the Rainfall Properties through Convective and Stratiform Rain Events in a Semi-Arid Region of Mexico</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Mu%C3%B1oz%20de%20la%20Torre">Eric Muñoz de la Torre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juli%C3%A1n%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Trinidad"> Julián González Trinidad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Efr%C3%A9n%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Ram%C3%ADrez"> Efrén González Ramírez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rain varies greatly in its duration, intensity, and spatial coverage, it is important to have sub-daily rainfall data for various applications, including risk prevention. However, the ground measurements are limited by the low and irregular density of rain gauges. An alternative to this problem are the Satellite Precipitation Products (SPPs) that use passive microwave and infrared sensors to estimate rainfall, as IMERG, however, these SPPs have to be validated before their application. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the IMERG: Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurament final run V06B SPP in a semi-arid region of Mexico, using 4 automatic rain gauges (pluviographs) sub-daily data of October 2019 and June to September 2021, using the Minimum inter-event Time (MIT) criterion to separate unique rain events with a dry period of 10 hrs. for the purpose of evaluating the rainfall properties (depth, duration and intensity). Point to pixel analysis, continuous, categorical, and volumetric statistical metrics were used. Results show that IMERG is capable to estimate the rainfall depth with a slight overestimation but is unable to identify the real duration and intensity of the rain events, showing large overestimations and underestimations, respectively. The study zone presented 80 to 85 % of convective rain events, the rest were stratiform rain events, classified by the depth magnitude variation of IMERG pixels and pluviographs. IMERG showed poorer performance at detecting the first ones but had a good performance at estimating stratiform rain events that are originated by Cold Fronts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMERG" title="IMERG">IMERG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20gauge" title=" rain gauge"> rain gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20evaluation" title=" statistical evaluation"> statistical evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176595/evaluation-of-imerg-performance-at-estimating-the-rainfall-properties-through-convective-and-stratiform-rain-events-in-a-semi-arid-region-of-mexico" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">542</span> Rain Gauges Network Optimization in Southern Peninsular Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Khairul%20Bazli%20Mohd%20Aziz">Mohd Khairul Bazli Mohd Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fadhilah%20Yusof"> Fadhilah Yusof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zulkifli%20Yusop"> Zulkifli Yusop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zalina%20Mohd%20Daud"> Zalina Mohd Daud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Afif%20Kasno"> Mohammad Afif Kasno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent developed rainfall network design techniques have been discussed and compared by many researchers worldwide due to the demand of acquiring higher levels of accuracy from collected data. In many studies, rain-gauge networks are designed to provide good estimation for areal rainfall and for flood modelling and prediction. In a certain study, even using lumped models for flood forecasting, a proper gauge network can significantly improve the results. Therefore existing rainfall network in Johor must be optimized and redesigned in order to meet the required level of accuracy preset by rainfall data users. The well-known geostatistics method (variance-reduction method) that is combined with simulated annealing was used as an algorithm of optimization in this study to obtain the optimal number and locations of the rain gauges. Rain gauge network structure is not only dependent on the station density; station location also plays an important role in determining whether information is acquired accurately. The existing network of 84 rain gauges in Johor is optimized and redesigned by using rainfall, humidity, solar radiation, temperature and wind speed data during monsoon season (November – February) for the period of 1975 – 2008. Three different semivariogram models which are Spherical, Gaussian and Exponential were used and their performances were also compared in this study. Cross validation technique was applied to compute the errors and the result showed that exponential model is the best semivariogram. It was found that the proposed method was satisfied by a network of 64 rain gauges with the minimum estimated variance and 20 of the existing ones were removed and relocated. An existing network may consist of redundant stations that may make little or no contribution to the network performance for providing quality data. Therefore, two different cases were considered in this study. The first case considered the removed stations that were optimally relocated into new locations to investigate their influence in the calculated estimated variance and the second case explored the possibility to relocate all 84 existing stations into new locations to determine the optimal position. The relocations of the stations in both cases have shown that the new optimal locations have managed to reduce the estimated variance and it has proven that locations played an important role in determining the optimal network. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geostatistics" title="geostatistics">geostatistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulated%20annealing" title=" simulated annealing"> simulated annealing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semivariogram" title=" semivariogram"> semivariogram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42002/rain-gauges-network-optimization-in-southern-peninsular-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">541</span> Participatory Approach of Flood Disaster Risk Reduction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laxman%20Budhathoki">Laxman Budhathoki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lal%20Bahadur%20Shrestha"> Lal Bahadur Shrestha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20Laxman"> K. C. Laxman </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hundreds of people are being lost their life by flood disaster in Nepal every year. Community-based disaster management committee has formed to formulate the disaster management plan including the component of EWS like EWS tower, rain gauge station, flood gauge station, culverts, boats, ropes, life jackets, a communication mechanism, emergency shelter, Spur, dykes, dam, evacuation route, emergency dry food management etc. Now EWS become a successful tool to decrease the human casualty from 13 to 0 every year in Rapti River of Chitwan District. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20risk%20reduction" title="disaster risk reduction">disaster risk reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20warning%20system" title=" early warning system"> early warning system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood" title=" flood"> flood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participatory%20approach" title=" participatory approach"> participatory approach</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45429/participatory-approach-of-flood-disaster-risk-reduction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45429.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">354</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">540</span> Rain Dropsize Distribution from Individual Storms and Variability in Nigeria Topical Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinyemi%20Tomiwa">Akinyemi Tomiwa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The microstructure of rainfall is important for predicting and modeling various environmental processes, such as rainfall interception by vegetation, soil erosion, and radar signals in rainfall. This rain microstructure was studied with a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR) located at a tropical location in Akure South West Nigeria (7o 15’ N, 5o 15’ E). This research utilizes two years of data (2018 and 2019), and the data obtained comprises rainfall parameters such as Rain rates, radar reflectivity, liquid water content, fall velocity and Drop Size Distribution (DSD) based on vertical profiles. The measurement and variations of rain microstructure of these parameters with heights for different rain types were presented from ground level up to the height of 4800 m at 160 m range gates. It has been found that the convective, stratiform and mixed, which are the three major rain types, have different rain microstructures at different heights and were evaluated in this research. The correlation coefficient and the regression line equation were computed for each rain event. The highest rain rate and liquid water content were observed within the height range of 160-4800. It was found that a good correlation exists between the measured parameters. Hence it shows that specific liquid water content increases with increasing rain rate for both stratiform and convective rain types in this part of the world. The results can be very useful for a better understanding of rain structure over tropical regions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20microstructure" title="rain microstructure">rain microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20size%20distribution" title=" drop size distribution"> drop size distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20rates" title=" rain rates"> rain rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratiform" title=" stratiform"> stratiform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective." title=" convective."> convective.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187435/rain-dropsize-distribution-from-individual-storms-and-variability-in-nigeria-topical-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">539</span> Zamzam Water as Corrosion Inhibitor for Steel Rebar in Rainwater and Simulated Acid Rain </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Elshami">Ahmed A. Elshami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephanie%20Bonnet"> Stephanie Bonnet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhafid%20Khelidj"> Abdelhafid Khelidj </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corrosion inhibitors are widely used in concrete industry to reduce the corrosion rate of steel rebar which is present in contact with aggressive environments. The present work aims to using Zamzam water from well located within the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia 20 m (66 ft) east of the Kaaba, the holiest place in Islam as corrosion inhibitor for steel in rain water and simulated acid rain. The effect of Zamzam water was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization techniques in Department of Civil Engineering - IUT Saint-Nazaire, Nantes University, France. Zamzam water is considered to be one of the most important steel corrosion inhibitor which is frequently used in different industrial applications. Results showed that zamzam water gave a very good inhibition for steel corrosion in rain water and simulated acid rain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zamzam%20water" title="Zamzam water">Zamzam water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion%20inhibitor" title=" corrosion inhibitor"> corrosion inhibitor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20water" title=" rain water"> rain water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulated%20acid%20rain" title=" simulated acid rain"> simulated acid rain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14797/zamzam-water-as-corrosion-inhibitor-for-steel-rebar-in-rainwater-and-simulated-acid-rain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">538</span> Empirical Prediction of the Effect of Rain Drops on Dbs System Operating in Ku-Band (Case Study of Abuja)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tonga%20Agadi%20Danladi">Tonga Agadi Danladi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajao%20Wasiu%20Bamidele"> Ajao Wasiu Bamidele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terdue%20Dyeko"> Terdue Dyeko</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent advancement in microwave communications technologies especially in telecommunications and broadcasting have resulted in congestion on the frequencies below 10GHz. This has forced microwave designers to look for high frequencies. Unfortunately for frequencies greater than 10GHz rain becomes one of the main factors of attenuation in signal strength. At frequencies from 10GHz upwards, rain drop sizes leads to outages that compromises the availability and quality of service this making it a critical factor in satellite link budget design. Rain rate and rain attenuation predictions are vital steps to be considered when designing microwave satellite communication link operating at Ku-band frequencies (112-18GHz). Unreliable rain rates data in the tropical regions of the world like Nigeria from radio communication group of the international Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) makes it difficult for microwave engineers to determine a realistic rain margin that needs to be accommodated in satellite link budget design in such region. This work presents an empirical tool for predicting the amount of signal due to rain on DBS signal operating at the Ku-band. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation" title="attenuation">attenuation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ku-Band" title=" Ku-Band"> Ku-Band</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave%20communication" title=" microwave communication"> microwave communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20rates" title=" rain rates"> rain rates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28730/empirical-prediction-of-the-effect-of-rain-drops-on-dbs-system-operating-in-ku-band-case-study-of-abuja" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">537</span> Classification of Precipitation Types Detected in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Badron">K. Badron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20F.%20Ismail"> A. F. Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20L.%20Asnawi"> A. L. Asnawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20F.%20A.%20Malik"> N. F. A. Malik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Z.%20Abidin"> S. Z. Abidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Dzulkifly"> S. Dzulkifly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The occurrences of precipitation, also commonly referred as rain, in the form of "convective" and "stratiform" have been identified to exist worldwide. In this study, the radar return echoes or known as reflectivity values acquired from radar scans have been exploited in the process of classifying the type of rain endured. The investigation use radar data from Malaysian Meteorology Department (MMD). It is possible to discriminate the types of rain experienced in tropical region by observing the vertical characteristics of the rain structure. .Heavy rain in tropical region profoundly affects radiowave signals, causing transmission interference and signal fading. Required wireless system fade margin depends on the type of rain. Information relating to the two mentioned types of rain is critical for the system engineers and researchers in their endeavour to improve the reliability of communication links. This paper highlights the quantification of percentage occurrences over one year period in 2009. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratiform" title="stratiform">stratiform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective" title=" convective"> convective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tropical%20region" title=" tropical region"> tropical region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attenuation%20radar%20reflectivity" title=" attenuation radar reflectivity"> attenuation radar reflectivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11600/classification-of-precipitation-types-detected-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11600.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">536</span> Causality, Special Relativity and Non-existence of Material Particles of Zero Rest Mass</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Saleem">Mohammad Saleem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mujahid%20Kamran"> Mujahid Kamran</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is shown that causality, the principle that cause must precede effect, leads inter alia, to highly significant result that the velocity of a material particle cannot be even equal to that of light. Consequently, combined with special relativity, it leads to the conclusion that material particles of zero rest mass cannot exist in nature. Thus, causality, a principle without which nature would be incomprehensible, combined with special relativity, forbids the existence of material particles of zero rest mass. For instance, the neutrinos, as is now known, are material particles of non-zero rest mass. The situation changes when we consider the gauge particles. In fact, when the principle of causality was proposed, the concept of gauge particles had not yet been introduced. Now we know that photon, a gauge particle with zero rest mass does exist in nature. Therefore, principle of causality, as generally stated, is valid only for material particles. For gauge particles, in order to make the statement of causality consistent with experiment, it has to be modified: The cause should either precede or be simultaneous with the effect. Combined with special relativity, it allows gauge particles of zero rest mass. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=causality" title="causality">causality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gauge%20particles" title=" gauge particles"> gauge particles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20particles" title=" material particles"> material particles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20relativity" title=" special relativity"> special relativity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31503/causality-special-relativity-and-non-existence-of-material-particles-of-zero-rest-mass" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31503.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">501</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">535</span> Numerical Modeling on the Vehicle Interior Noise Produced by Rain-the-Roof Excitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zilong%20Peng">Zilong Peng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Fan"> Jun Fan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the improvement of the living standards, the requirement on the acoustic comfort of the vehicle interior environment is becoming higher. The rain-the-roof producing interior noise is a common phenomenon for the vehicle, which usually discourages the conversation, especially for the heavy rain. This paper presents some numerical results about the rain-the-roof noise. The impact of each water drop is modeled as a short pulse, and the excitation locations on the roof are generated randomly. The vehicle body is simplified to a box closed with some certain-thickness shells. According to the main frequency components of the rain excitation, the analyzing frequency range is divided as low, high and middle frequency domains, which makes the vehicle body are modeled using finite element method (FEM), statistical energy analysis (SEA) and hybrid FE-SEA method, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of spatial distribution density and size of the rain on the sound pressure level are also discussed. These results may provide a guide for designing a more silent vehicle in the special weather. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain-the-roof%20noise" title="rain-the-roof noise">rain-the-roof noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle" title=" vehicle"> vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20energy%20analysis" title=" statistical energy analysis"> statistical energy analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90695/numerical-modeling-on-the-vehicle-interior-noise-produced-by-rain-the-roof-excitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90695.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">534</span> Design and Development of a Mechanical Force Gauge for the Square Watermelon Mold</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morteza%20Malek%20Yarand">Morteza Malek Yarand</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadi%20Saebi%20Monfared"> Hadi Saebi Monfared</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aimed at designing and developing a mechanical force gauge for the square watermelon mold for the first time. It also tried to introduce the square watermelon characteristics and its production limitations. The mechanical force gauge performance and the product itself were also described. There are three main designable gauge models: a. hydraulic gauge, b. strain gauge, and c. mechanical gauge. The advantage of the hydraulic model is that it instantly displays the pressure and thus the force exerted by the melon. However, considering the inability to measure forces at all directions, complicated development, high cost, possible hydraulic fluid leak into the fruit chamber and the possible influence of increased ambient temperature on the fluid pressure, the development of this gauge was overruled. The second choice was to calculate pressure using the direct force a strain gauge. The main advantage of these strain gauges over spring types is their high precision in measurements; but with regard to the lack of conformity of strain gauge working range with water melon growth, calculations were faced with problems. Finally the mechanical pressure gauge has advantages, including the ability to measured forces and pressures on the mold surface during melon growth; the ability to display the peak forces; the ability to produce melon growth graph thanks to its continuous force measurements; the conformity of its manufacturing materials with the required physical conditions of melon growth; high air conditioning capability; the ability to permit sunlight reaches the melon rind (no yellowish skin and quality loss); fast and straightforward calibration; no damages to the product during assembling and disassembling; visual check capability of the product within the mold; applicable to all growth environments (field, greenhouses, etc.); simple process; low costs and so forth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20force%20gauge" title="mechanical force gauge">mechanical force gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mold" title=" mold"> mold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reshaped%20fruit" title=" reshaped fruit"> reshaped fruit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=square%20watermelon" title=" square watermelon"> square watermelon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13342/design-and-development-of-a-mechanical-force-gauge-for-the-square-watermelon-mold" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13342.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">533</span> Formal Group Laws and Toposes in Gauge Theory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrascu%20Andrei%20Tudor">Patrascu Andrei Tudor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the main problems in high energy physics is the fact that we do not have a complete understanding of the interaction between local and global effects in gauge theory. This has an increasing impact on our ability to access the non-perturbative regime of most of our theories. Our theories, while being based on gauge groups considered to be simple or semi-simple and connected, are expected to be described by their simple local linear approximation, namely the Lie algebras. However, higher homotopy properties resulting in gauge anomalies appear frequently in theories of physical interest. Our assumption that the groups we deal with are simple and simply connected is probably not suitable, and ways to go beyond such assumptions, particularly in gauge theories, where the Lie algebra linear approximation is prevalent, are not known. We approach this problem from two directions: on one side we are explaining the potential role of formal group laws in describing certain higher homotopical properties and interferences with local or perturbative effects, and on the other side, we employ a categorical approach leading to synthetic theory and a way of looking at gauge theories. The topos approach is based on a geometry where the fundamental logic is intuitionistic logic, and hence the ‘tertium non datur’ principle is abandoned. This has a remarkable impact on understanding conformal symmetry and its anomalies in string theory in various dimensions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gauge%20theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formal%20group%20laws" title=" formal group laws"> formal group laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Topos%20theory" title=" Topos theory"> Topos theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conformal%20symmetry" title=" conformal symmetry"> conformal symmetry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188259/formal-group-laws-and-toposes-in-gauge-theory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188259.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">36</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">532</span> Optimization of the Rain Harvest Using Multi-Purpose Valley Tanks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Hashad">Ahmad Hashad </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Valley tanks are a kind of rain harvest which is used as ground water storage to overcome drought seasons in some countries. This research displays the rain harvest evolution and introduces some ideas to develop the valley tanks to be more than water storage. These ideas developed the current valley tanks design to become an integrated renaissance project. The suggested design has some changes making it different than the traditional design of valley tanks. These changes allow for the new design to be more flexible for adding additional capacity, water purification units and water pumping units. The suggested valley tanks project will be designed based on studying the rainfall and evaporation rates, as well as land topography and designed agricultural map linked to seasons of rain and drought. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=valley%20tanks" title="valley tanks">valley tanks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20harvest" title=" rain harvest"> rain harvest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volatile%20nature" title=" volatile nature"> volatile nature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20renaissance%20project" title=" integrated renaissance project"> integrated renaissance project</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14152/optimization-of-the-rain-harvest-using-multi-purpose-valley-tanks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">531</span> Mobile Based Long Range Weather Prediction System for the Farmers of Rural Areas of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeeshan%20Muzammal">Zeeshan Muzammal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usama%20Latif"> Usama Latif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fouzia%20Younas"> Fouzia Younas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Muhammad%20Hassan"> Syed Muhammad Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samia%20Razaq"> Samia Razaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unexpected rainfall has always been an issue in the lifetime of crops and brings destruction for the farmers who harvest them. Unfortunately, Pakistan is one of the countries in which untimely rain impacts badly on crops like wash out of seeds and pesticides etc. Pakistan’s GDP is related to agriculture, especially in rural areas farmers sometimes quit farming because leverage of huge loss to their crops. Through our surveys and research, we came to know that farmers in the rural areas of Pakistan need rain information to avoid damages to their crops from rain. We developed a prototype using ICTs to inform the farmers about rain one week in advance. Our proposed solution has two ways of informing the farmers. In first we send daily messages about weekly prediction and also designed a helpline where they can call us to ask about possibility of rain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ICTD" title="ICTD">ICTD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farmers" title=" farmers"> farmers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20based" title=" mobile based"> mobile based</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20areas" title=" rural areas"> rural areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weather%20prediction" title=" weather prediction "> weather prediction </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60473/mobile-based-long-range-weather-prediction-system-for-the-farmers-of-rural-areas-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">572</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">530</span> Fuzzy Gauge Capability (Cg and Cgk) through Buckley Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Habib%20A.%20Rahmati">Seyed Habib A. Rahmati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Sadegh%20Amalnick"> Mohsen Sadegh Amalnick </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Different terms of the statistical process control (SPC) has sketch in the fuzzy environment. However, measurement system analysis (MSA), as a main branch of the SPC, is rarely investigated in fuzzy area. This procedure assesses the suitability of the data to be used in later stages or decisions of the SPC. Therefore, this research focuses on some important measures of MSA and through a new method introduces the measures in fuzzy environment. In this method, which works based on Buckley approach, imprecision and vagueness nature of the real world measurement are considered simultaneously. To do so, fuzzy version of the gauge capability (Cg and Cgk) are introduced. The method is also explained through example clearly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title="measurement">measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPC" title=" SPC"> SPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSA" title=" MSA"> MSA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gauge%20capability%20%28Cg%20and%20Cgk%29" title=" gauge capability (Cg and Cgk)"> gauge capability (Cg and Cgk)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33559/fuzzy-gauge-capability-cg-and-cgk-through-buckley-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">650</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">529</span> Chaotic Analysis of Acid Rains with Times Series of pH Degree, Nitrate and Sulphate Concentration on Wet Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysegul%20Sener">Aysegul Sener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gonca%20Tuncel%20Memis"> Gonca Tuncel Memis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirac%20Kamislioglu"> Mirac Kamislioglu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chaos theory is one of the new paradigms of science since the last century. After determining chaos in the weather systems by Edward Lorenz the popularity of the theory was increased. Chaos is observed in many natural systems and studies continue to defect chaos to other natural systems. Acid rain is one of the environmental problems that have negative effects on environment and acid rains values are monitored continuously. In this study, we aim that analyze the chaotic behavior of acid rains in Turkey with the chaotic defecting approaches. The data of pH degree of rain waters, concentration of sulfate and nitrate data of wet rain water samples in the rain collecting stations which are located in different regions of Turkey are provided by Turkish State Meteorology Service. Lyapunov exponents, reconstruction of the phase space, power spectrums are used in this study to determine and predict the chaotic behaviors of acid rains. As a result of the analysis it is found that acid rain time series have positive Lyapunov exponents and wide power spectrums and chaotic behavior is observed in the acid rain time series. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acid%20rains" title="acid rains">acid rains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaos" title=" chaos"> chaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaotic%20analysis" title=" chaotic analysis"> chaotic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lypapunov%20exponents" title=" Lypapunov exponents"> Lypapunov exponents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105814/chaotic-analysis-of-acid-rains-with-times-series-of-ph-degree-nitrate-and-sulphate-concentration-on-wet-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">528</span> Understanding the Classification of Rain Microstructure and Estimation of Z-R Relationship using a Micro Rain Radar in Tropical Region</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomiwa">Tomiwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akinyemi%20Clement"> Akinyemi Clement</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tropical regions experience diverse and complex precipitation patterns, posing significant challenges for accurate rainfall estimation and forecasting. This study addresses the problem of effectively classifying tropical rain types and refining the Z-R (Reflectivity-Rain Rate) relationship to enhance rainfall estimation accuracy. Through a combination of remote sensing, meteorological analysis, and machine learning, the research aims to develop an advanced classification framework capable of distinguishing between different types of tropical rain based on their unique characteristics. This involves utilizing high-resolution satellite imagery, radar data, and atmospheric parameters to categorize precipitation events into distinct classes, providing a comprehensive understanding of tropical rain systems. Additionally, the study seeks to improve the Z-R relationship, a crucial aspect of rainfall estimation. One year of rainfall data was analyzed using a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) located at The Federal University of Technology Akure, Nigeria, measuring rainfall parameters from ground level to a height of 4.8 km with a vertical resolution of 0.16 km. Rain rates were classified into low (stratiform) and high (convective) based on various microstructural attributes such as rain rates, liquid water content, Drop Size Distribution (DSD), average fall speed of the drops, and radar reflectivity. By integrating diverse datasets and employing advanced statistical techniques, the study aims to enhance the precision of Z-R models, offering a more reliable means of estimating rainfall rates from radar reflectivity data. This refined Z-R relationship holds significant potential for improving our understanding of tropical rain systems and enhancing forecasting accuracy in regions prone to heavy precipitation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title="remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitation" title=" precipitation"> precipitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drop%20size%20distribution" title=" drop size distribution"> drop size distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro%20rain%20radar" title=" micro rain radar"> micro rain radar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187411/understanding-the-classification-of-rain-microstructure-and-estimation-of-z-r-relationship-using-a-micro-rain-radar-in-tropical-region" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">527</span> Resilience Perspective on Response Strategies for Super-Standard Rain and Flood Disasters: A Case Study of the “Zhengzhou 7.20 Heavy Rain” Event</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luojie%20Tang">Luojie Tang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The article takes the "7.20 Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou" as a starting point, collects relevant disaster data, reproduces the entire process of the disaster, and identifies the main problems exposed by the city in responding to super-standard rain and flood disasters. Based on the review of resilience theory, the article proposes a shift in thinking about the response to super-standard rain and flood disasters from the perspective of resilience, clarifies the differences in the emphasis on resilience at different stages of disasters, and preliminarily constructs a response system for super-standard rain and flood disasters based on the guidance of resilience theory. Finally, combined with the highlighted problems in the 7.20 Heavy Rainstorm in Zhengzhou, the article proposes targeted response strategies from three perspectives: institutional management, technological support, and infrastructure, under the perspective of resilience. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilient%20city" title="resilient city">resilient city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exceedance-based%20stormwater%20management" title=" exceedance-based stormwater management"> exceedance-based stormwater management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20risk%20reduction" title=" disaster risk reduction"> disaster risk reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=megalopolis" title=" megalopolis"> megalopolis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165248/resilience-perspective-on-response-strategies-for-super-standard-rain-and-flood-disasters-a-case-study-of-the-zhengzhou-720-heavy-rain-event" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">526</span> Analysis of Extreme Rainfall Trends in Central Italy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renato%20Morbidelli">Renato Morbidelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carla%20Saltalippi"> Carla Saltalippi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alessia%20Flammini"> Alessia Flammini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marco%20Cifrodelli"> Marco Cifrodelli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corrado%20Corradini"> Corrado Corradini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The trend of magnitude and frequency of extreme rainfalls seems to be different depending on the investigated area of the world. In this work, the impact of climate change on extreme rainfalls in Umbria, an inland region of central Italy, is examined using data recorded during the period 1921-2015 by 10 representative rain gauge stations. The study area is characterized by a complex orography, with altitude ranging from 200 to more than 2000 m asl. The climate is very different from zone to zone, with mean annual rainfall ranging from 650 to 1450 mm and mean annual air temperature from 3.3 to 14.2°C. Over the past 15 years, this region has been affected by four significant droughts as well as by six dangerous flood events, all with very large impact in economic terms. A least-squares linear trend analysis of annual maximums over 60 time series selected considering 6 different durations (1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h) showed about 50% of positive and 50% of negative cases. For the same time series the non-parametrical Mann-Kendall test with a significance level 0.05 evidenced only 3% of cases characterized by a negative trend and no positive case. Further investigations have also demonstrated that the variance and covariance of each time series can be considered almost stationary. Therefore, the analysis on the magnitude of extreme rainfalls supplies the indication that an evident trend in the change of values in the Umbria region does not exist. However, also the frequency of rainfall events, with particularly high rainfall depths values, occurred during a fixed period has also to be considered. For all selected stations the 2-day rainfall events that exceed 50 mm were counted for each year, starting from the first monitored year to the end of 2015. Also, this analysis did not show predominant trends. Specifically, for all selected rain gauge stations the annual number of 2-day rainfall events that exceed the threshold value (50 mm) was slowly decreasing in time, while the annual cumulated rainfall depths corresponding to the same events evidenced trends that were not statistically significant. Overall, by using a wide available dataset and adopting simple methods, the influence of climate change on the heavy rainfalls in the Umbria region is not detected. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20changes" title="climate changes">climate changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall%20extremes" title=" rainfall extremes"> rainfall extremes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall%20magnitude%20and%20frequency" title=" rainfall magnitude and frequency"> rainfall magnitude and frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20Italy" title=" central Italy"> central Italy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50787/analysis-of-extreme-rainfall-trends-in-central-italy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50787.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">525</span> Effects of Convective Momentum Transport on the Cyclones Intensity: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Davi%20Oliveira%20De%20Moura">José Davi Oliveira De Moura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chou%20Sin%20Chan"> Chou Sin Chan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effect of convective momentum transport (CMT) on the life of cyclone systems and their organization is analyzed. A case of strong precipitation, in the southeast of Brazil, was simulated using Eta model with two kinds of convective parameterization: Kain-Fritsch without CMT and Kain-fritsch with CMT. Reanalysis data from CFSR were used to compare Eta model simulations. The Wind, mean sea level pressure, rain and temperature are included in analysis. The rain was evaluated by Equitable Threat Score (ETS) and Bias Index; the simulations were compared among themselves to detect the influence of CMT displacement on the systems. The result shows that CMT process decreases the intensity of meso cyclones (higher pressure values on nuclei) and change the positions and production of rain. The decrease of intensity in meso cyclones should be caused by the dissolution of momentum from lower levels from up levels. The rain production and rain distribution were altered because the displacement of the larger systems scales was changed. In addition, the inclusion of CMT process is very important to improve the simulation of life time of meteorological systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convection" title="convection">convection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kain-Fritsch" title=" Kain-Fritsch"> Kain-Fritsch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=momentum" title=" momentum"> momentum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameterization" title=" parameterization"> parameterization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63535/effects-of-convective-momentum-transport-on-the-cyclones-intensity-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63535.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">325</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">524</span> The Dressing Field Method of Gauge Symmetries Reduction: Presentation and Examples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeremy%20Attard">Jeremy Attard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jordan%20Fran%C3%A7ois"> Jordan François</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serge%20Lazzarini"> Serge Lazzarini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thierry%20Masson"> Thierry Masson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gauge theories are the natural background for describing geometrically fundamental interactions using principal and associated fiber bundles as dynamical entities. The central notion of these theories is their local gauge symmetry implemented by the local action of a Lie group H. There exist several methods used to reduce the symmetry of a gauge theory, like gauge fixing, bundle reduction theorem or spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism (SSBM). This paper is a presentation of another method of gauge symmetry reduction, distinct from those three. Given a symmetry group H acting on a fiber bundle and its naturally associated fields (Ehresmann (or Cartan) connection, curvature, matter fields, etc.) there sometimes exists a way to erase (in whole or in part) the H-action by just reconfiguring these fields, i.e. by making a mere change of field variables in order to get new (‘composite‘) fields on which H (in whole or in part) does not act anymore. Two examples: the re-interpretation of the BEHGHK (Higgs) mechanism, on the one hand, and the top-down construction of Tractor and Penrose's Twistor spaces and connections in the framework of conformal Cartan geometry, one the other, will be discussed. They have, of course, nothing to do with each other but the dressing field method can be applied on both to get a new insight. In the first example, it turns out, indeed, that generation of masses in the Standard Model can be separated from the symmetry breaking, the latter being a mere change of field variables, i.e. a dressing. This offers an interpretation in opposition with the one usually found in textbooks. In the second case, the dressing field method applied to the conformal Cartan geometry offer a way of understanding the deep geometric nature of the so-called Tractors and Twistors. The dressing field method, distinct from a gauge transformation (even if it can have apparently the same form), is a systematic way of finding and erasing artificial symmetries of a theory, by a mere change of field variables which redistributes the degrees of freedom of the theories. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BEHGHK%20%28Higgs%29%20mechanism" title="BEHGHK (Higgs) mechanism">BEHGHK (Higgs) mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conformal%20gravity" title=" conformal gravity"> conformal gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gauge%20theory" title=" gauge theory"> gauge theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spontaneous%20symmetry%20breaking" title=" spontaneous symmetry breaking"> spontaneous symmetry breaking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symmetry%20reduction" title=" symmetry reduction"> symmetry reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=twistors%20and%20tractors" title=" twistors and tractors"> twistors and tractors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74557/the-dressing-field-method-of-gauge-symmetries-reduction-presentation-and-examples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74557.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">523</span> 3D Model of Rain-Wind Induced Vibration of Inclined Cable</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viet-Hung%20Truong">Viet-Hung Truong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Eock%20Kim"> Seung-Eock Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rain–wind induced vibration of inclined cable is a special aerodynamic phenomenon because it is easily influenced by many factors, especially the distribution of rivulet and wind velocity. This paper proposes a new 3D model of inclined cable, based on single degree-of-freedom model. Aerodynamic forces are firstly established and verified with the existing results from a 2D model. The 3D model of inclined cable is developed. The 3D model is then applied to assess the effects of wind velocity distribution and the continuity of rivulets on the cable. Finally, an inclined cable model with small sag is investigated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20model" title="3D model">3D model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20-%20wind%20induced%20vibration" title=" rain - wind induced vibration"> rain - wind induced vibration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rivulet" title=" rivulet"> rivulet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytical%20model" title=" analytical model"> analytical model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24366/3d-model-of-rain-wind-induced-vibration-of-inclined-cable" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">522</span> Harvesting of Kinetic Energy of the Raindrops</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20R.Perera">K. C. R.Perera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20P.%20C%20Dassanayake"> V. P. C Dassanayake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20M.%20Hapuwatte"> B. M. Hapuwatte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20G.%20Smapath"> B. G. Smapath</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a methodology to harvest the kinetic energy of the raindrops using piezoelectric devices. In the study 1m×1m PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) piezoelectric membrane, which is fixed by the four edges, is considered for the numerical simulation on deformation of the membrane due to the impact of the raindrops. Then according to the drop size of the rain, the simulation is performed classifying the rainfall types into three categories as light stratiform rain, moderate stratiform rain and heavy thundershower. The impact force of the raindrop is dependent on the terminal velocity of the raindrop, which is a function of raindrop diameter. The results were then analyzed to calculate the harvestable energy from the deformation of the piezoelectric membrane. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raindrop" title="raindrop">raindrop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoelectricity" title=" piezoelectricity"> piezoelectricity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation" title=" deformation"> deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=terminal%20velocity" title=" terminal velocity"> terminal velocity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4366/harvesting-of-kinetic-energy-of-the-raindrops" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">521</span> The Dynamic Cone Penetration Test: A Review of Its Correlations and Applications </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20M.%20Hamid">Abdulrahman M. Hamid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) is widely used for field quality assessment of soils. Its application to predict the engineering properties of soil is globally promoted by the fact that it is difficult to obtain undisturbed soil samples, especially when loose or submerged sandy soil is encountered. Detailed discussion will be presented on the current development of DCPT correlations with resilient modulus, relative density, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength and shear strength that have been developed for different materials in both the laboratory and field, as well as on the usage of DCPT in quality control of compaction of earth fills and performance evaluation of pavement layers. In addition, the relationship of the DCPT with other instruments such as falling weight deflectometer, nuclear gauge, soil stiffens gauge, and plate load test will be reported. Lastely, the application of DCPT in Saudi Arabia in recent years will be addressed in this manuscript. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20cone%20penetration%20test" title="dynamic cone penetration test">dynamic cone penetration test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=falling%20weight%20deflectometer" title=" falling weight deflectometer"> falling weight deflectometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20gauge" title=" nuclear gauge"> nuclear gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20stiffens%20gauge" title=" soil stiffens gauge"> soil stiffens gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plate%20load%20test" title=" plate load test"> plate load test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20dynamic%20cone%20penetration" title=" automated dynamic cone penetration"> automated dynamic cone penetration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30274/the-dynamic-cone-penetration-test-a-review-of-its-correlations-and-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">520</span> Multivariate Rainfall Disaggregation Using MuDRain Model: Malaysia Experience </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Suliman%20Hanaish">Ibrahim Suliman Hanaish</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Disaggregation daily rainfall using stochastic models formulated based on multivariate approach (MuDRain) is discussed in this paper. Seven rain gauge stations are considered in this study for different distances from the referred station starting from 4 km to 160 km in Peninsular Malaysia. The hourly rainfall data used are covered the period from 1973 to 2008 and July and November months are considered as an example of dry and wet periods. The cross-correlation among the rain gauges is considered for the available hourly rainfall information at the neighboring stations or not. This paper discussed the applicability of the MuDRain model for disaggregation daily rainfall to hourly rainfall for both sources of cross-correlation. The goodness of fit of the model was based on the reproduction of fitting statistics like the means, variances, coefficients of skewness, lag zero cross-correlation of coefficients and the lag one auto correlation of coefficients. It is found the correlation coefficients based on extracted correlations that was based on daily are slightly higher than correlations based on available hourly rainfall especially for neighboring stations not more than 28 km. The results showed also the MuDRain model did not reproduce statistics very well. In addition, a bad reproduction of the actual hyetographs comparing to the synthetic hourly rainfall data. Mean while, it is showed a good fit between the distribution function of the historical and synthetic hourly rainfall. These discrepancies are unavoidable because of the lowest cross correlation of hourly rainfall. The overall performance indicated that the MuDRain model would not be appropriate choice for disaggregation daily rainfall. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall%20disaggregation" title="rainfall disaggregation">rainfall disaggregation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20disaggregation%20rainfall%20model" title=" multivariate disaggregation rainfall model"> multivariate disaggregation rainfall model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title=" correlation"> correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stochastic%20model" title=" stochastic model"> stochastic model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20586/multivariate-rainfall-disaggregation-using-mudrain-model-malaysia-experience" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20586.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">516</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">519</span> Analysis and Modeling of Graphene-Based Percolative Strain Sensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heming%20Yao">Heming Yao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Graphene-based percolative strain gauges could find applications in many places such as touch panels, artificial skins or human motion detection because of its advantages over conventional strain gauges such as flexibility and transparency. These strain gauges rely on a novel sensing mechanism that depends on strain-induced morphology changes. Once a compression or tension strain is applied to Graphene-based percolative strain gauges, the overlap area between neighboring flakes becomes smaller or larger, which is reflected by the considerable change of resistance. Tiny strain change on graphene-based percolative strain sensor can act as an important leverage to tremendously increase resistance of strain sensor, which equipped graphene-based percolative strain gauges with higher gauge factor. Despite ongoing research in the underlying sensing mechanism and the limits of sensitivity, neither suitable understanding has been obtained of what intrinsic factors play the key role in adjust gauge factor, nor explanation on how the strain gauge sensitivity can be enhanced, which is undoubtedly considerably meaningful and provides guideline to design novel and easy-produced strain sensor with high gauge factor. We here simulated the strain process by modeling graphene flakes and its percolative networks. We constructed the 3D resistance network by simulating overlapping process of graphene flakes and interconnecting tremendous number of resistance elements which were obtained by fractionizing each piece of graphene. With strain increasing, the overlapping graphenes was dislocated on new stretched simulation graphene flake simulation film and a new simulation resistance network was formed with smaller flake number density. By solving the resistance network, we can get the resistance of simulation film under different strain. Furthermore, by simulation on possible variable parameters, such as out-of-plane resistance, in-plane resistance, flake size, we obtained the changing tendency of gauge factor with all these variable parameters. Compared with the experimental data, we verified the feasibility of our model and analysis. The increase of out-of-plane resistance of graphene flake and the initial resistance of sensor, based on flake network, both improved gauge factor of sensor, while the smaller graphene flake size gave greater gauge factor. This work can not only serve as a guideline to improve the sensitivity and applicability of graphene-based strain sensors in the future, but also provides method to find the limitation of gauge factor for strain sensor based on graphene flake. Besides, our method can be easily transferred to predict gauge factor of strain sensor based on other nano-structured transparent optical conductors, such as nanowire and carbon nanotube, or of their hybrid with graphene flakes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graphene" title="graphene">graphene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gauge%20factor" title=" gauge factor"> gauge factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=percolative%20transport" title=" percolative transport"> percolative transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strain%20sensor" title=" strain sensor"> strain sensor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39164/analysis-and-modeling-of-graphene-based-percolative-strain-sensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39164.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">518</span> Effect of Threshold Corrections on Proton Lifetime and Emergence of Topological Defects in Grand Unified Theories</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rinku%20Maji">Rinku Maji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joydeep%20Chakrabortty"> Joydeep Chakrabortty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20F.%20King"> Stephen F. King</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The grand unified theory (GUT) rationales the arbitrariness of the standard model (SM) and explains many enigmas of nature at the outset of a single gauge group. The GUTs predict the proton decay and, the spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of the higher symmetry group may lead to the formation of topological defects, which are indispensable in the context of the cosmological observations. The Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) experiment sets sacrosanct bounds on the partial lifetime (τ) of the proton decay for different channels, e.g., τ(p → e+ π0) > 1.6×10³⁴ years which is the most relevant channel to test the viability of the nonsupersymmetric GUTs. The GUTs based on the gauge groups SO(10) and E(6) are broken to the SM spontaneously through one and two intermediate gauge symmetries with the manifestation of the left-right symmetry at least at a single intermediate stage and the proton lifetime for these breaking chains has been computed. The impact of the threshold corrections, as a consequence of integrating out the heavy fields at the breaking scale alter the running of the gauge couplings, which eventually, are found to keep many GUTs off the Super-K bound. The possible topological defects arising in the course of SSB at different breaking scales for all breaking chains have been studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grand%20unified%20theories" title="grand unified theories">grand unified theories</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton%20decay" title=" proton decay"> proton decay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20correction" title=" threshold correction"> threshold correction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topological%20defects" title=" topological defects"> topological defects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109130/effect-of-threshold-corrections-on-proton-lifetime-and-emergence-of-topological-defects-in-grand-unified-theories" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109130.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">517</span> Comparative Study od Three Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Rain Domain in Precipitation Forecast</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nabilah%20Filzah%20Mohd%20Radzuan">Nabilah Filzah Mohd Radzuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andi%20Putra"> Andi Putra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zalinda%20Othman"> Zalinda Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azuraliza%20Abu%20Bakar"> Azuraliza Abu Bakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Razak%20Hamdan"> Abdul Razak Hamdan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Precipitation forecast is important to avoid natural disaster incident which can cause losses in the involved area. This paper reviews three techniques logistic regression, decision tree, and random forest which are used in making precipitation forecast. These combination techniques through the vector auto-regression (VAR) model help in finding the advantages and strengths of each technique in the forecast process. The data-set contains variables of the rain’s domain. Adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques involved in rain domain enables the forecast process to be easier and systematic for precipitation forecast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=logistic%20regression" title="logistic regression">logistic regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decisions%20tree" title=" decisions tree"> decisions tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20forest" title=" random forest"> random forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VAR%20model" title=" VAR model"> VAR model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1420/comparative-study-od-three-artificial-intelligence-techniques-for-rain-domain-in-precipitation-forecast" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1420.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">516</span> Flexural Behavior of Light-Gauge Steel Box Sections Filled with Normal and Recycled Aggregates Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rola%20%20El-Nimri">Rola El-Nimri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mu%E2%80%99Tasime%20Abdel-Jaber"> Mu’Tasime Abdel-Jaber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasser%20Hunaiti"> Yasser Hunaiti</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The flexural behavior of light-gauge steel box sections filled with recycled concrete was assessed through an experimental program involving 15 composite beams. Recycled concrete was obtained by replacing natural aggregates (NA) with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) with replacement levels of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% by the total weight of NA. In addition, RCA and RAP were incorporated in the same mixes with replacement levels of (1) 20% RCA and 80% RAP; (2) 40% RCA and 60% RAP; (3) 60% RCA and 40% RAP; and (4) 80% RCA and 20% RAP. A comparison between the experimental capacities and the theoretically predicted values according to Eurocode 4 (EC4) was made as well. Results proved that the ultimate capacity of composite beams decreased with the increase of recycled aggregate (RA) percentage and EC4 was conservative in predicting the ultimate capacity of composite beams. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexure" title="flexure">flexure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=light%20gauge" title=" light gauge"> light gauge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20asphalt%20pavement" title=" recycled asphalt pavement"> recycled asphalt pavement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20concrete%20aggregate" title=" recycled concrete aggregate"> recycled concrete aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20tube" title=" steel tube"> steel tube</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125387/flexural-behavior-of-light-gauge-steel-box-sections-filled-with-normal-and-recycled-aggregates-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/125387.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">515</span> The Effect of the Rain Intensity on the Hydrodynamic Behavior of the Low-Floor ChéLiffe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abbas">Ahmed Abbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Land degradation in the Lower Cheliff region leads to loss of their fertility, physical and chemical properties by secondary salinization and film forming surface or surface crust. The main factor related to runoff and soil erosion is their susceptibility to crusting caused by the impact of raindrops, which causes the reduction of the filterability of the soil. The present study aims to investigate the hydrodynamic behavior of five types of soil taken from the plain of low Cheliff under simulated rainfall by using two intensities, one moderate, and others correspond to heavy rains at low kinetic energies. Experimental results demonstrate the influence of chemical and mechanical physical properties of soils on their hydrodynamic behavior and the influence of heavy rain on the modality of the reduction in the filterability and the amount of transported sediment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erosion" title="erosion">erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrodynamic%20behavior" title=" hydrodynamic behavior"> hydrodynamic behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20simulation" title=" rain simulation"> rain simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35337/the-effect-of-the-rain-intensity-on-the-hydrodynamic-behavior-of-the-low-floor-cheliffe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35337.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20gauge&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20gauge&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20gauge&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20gauge&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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