Fracture Toughness of Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Methods

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="pageKey" content="d_flagship3_web_collaborative_article"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large, noarchive"> <meta name="bingbot" content="nocache">  <meta name="locale" content="en_US"> <meta id="config" data-app-version="0.0.4247" data-call-tree-id="AAYnlrpYk19JTCGCMrryvA==" data-multiproduct-name="article-ssr-frontend" data-service-name="article-ssr-frontend" data-browser-id="5f35bb83-ae49-496b-8bb3-0b06f61fa4c0" data-enable-page-view-heartbeat-tracking data-page-instance="urn:li:page:d_web_collaborative_article;lnwlsVqKT/CdhxpqKKEeig==" data-theme="light" data-disable-jsbeacon-pagekey-suffix="true" data-member-id="0" data-logout-url="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/logout?session_full_logout=true&csrfToken=ajax%3A3747644066622719741" data-should-use-full-url-in-pve-path="true" data-dna-member-lix-treatment="control" data-human-member-lix-treatment="control" data-dfp-member-lix-treatment="control"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="https://pt.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials?lang=pt"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://fr.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials?lang=fr"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://es.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials?lang=es"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://de.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials?lang=de"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials">    <link rel="manifest" href="/homepage-guest/manifest.json" crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="icon" href="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca"> <script> function getDfd() {let yFn,nFn;const p=new Promise(function(y, n){yFn=y;nFn=n;});p.resolve=yFn;p.reject=nFn;return p;} window.lazyloader = getDfd(); window.tracking = getDfd(); window.impressionTracking = getDfd(); window.ingraphTracking = getDfd(); window.appDetection = getDfd(); window.pemTracking = getDfd(); </script>  <title>Fracture Toughness of Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Methods</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/225z03rnycxvt10egggdnk1ei"> <meta name="description" content="Learn how to measure fracture toughness of biomaterials using different testing methods and factors in laboratory and living settings."> <meta property="og:title" content="How do you measure fracture toughness of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo?"> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn how to measure fracture toughness of biomaterials using different testing methods and factors in laboratory and living settings."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQEZ3jhB7LEX4A/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1674658835378?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=0txNwKUiR3zT4y0Iuqv4btNaB4ZZMIYK-IlXJk7UUto"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@LinkedInEditors"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="How do you measure fracture toughness of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo?"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Learn how to measure fracture toughness of biomaterials using different testing methods and factors in laboratory and living settings."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQEZ3jhB7LEX4A/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1674658835378?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=0txNwKUiR3zT4y0Iuqv4btNaB4ZZMIYK-IlXJk7UUto"> <meta name="appId"> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by"> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Mechanical Testing">  <meta name="clientSideIngraphs" content="1" data-gauge-metric-endpoint="/advice/api/ingraphs/gauge" data-counter-metric-endpoint="/advice/api/ingraphs/counter"> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Learn how to measure fracture toughness of biomaterials using different testing methods and factors in laboratory and living settings.","url":"https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials","publisher":"www.linkedin.com","name":"How do you measure fracture toughness of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo?","commentCount":1,"interactionStatistic":[{"interactionType":"http://schema.org/LikeAction","userInteractionCount":1,"@type":"InteractionCounter"},{"interactionType":"http://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":1,"@type":"InteractionCounter"}],"datePublished":"2023-04-05T17:06:27.000+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials","isAccessibleForFree":true,"image":{"url":"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5612AQEZ3jhB7LEX4A/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/article-cover_image-shrink_720_1280/0/1674658835378?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=0txNwKUiR3zT4y0Iuqv4btNaB4ZZMIYK-IlXJk7UUto","@type":"ImageObject"},"sourceOrganization":"www.linkedin.com"} </script>  </head> <body dir="ltr">  <div class="guest-upsells"> <form class="google-auth base-google-auth" action="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login-submit" method="post"> <input name="loginCsrfParam" value="5f35bb83-ae49-496b-8bb3-0b06f61fa4c0" type="hidden"> <input name="session_redirect" value="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials" type="hidden"> <input name="trk" value="pulse-article_google-one-tap-submit" type="hidden"> <code id="termsAndConditionsRendered" style="display: none"></code> <div class="google-one-tap__module hidden fixed flex flex-col items-center top-[20px] right-[20px] z-[9999]"> <div class="relative top-2 bg-color-background-container-tint pl-2 pr-1 pt-2 pb-3 w-[375px] rounded-md shadow-2xl"> <p class="text-md font-bold text-color-text"> Agree & Join LinkedIn </p> <p class="linkedin-tc__text text-color-text-low-emphasis text-xs pb-2 !text-sm !text-color-text" data-impression-id="pulse-article_one-tap-skip-tc-text"> By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s <a href="/legal/user-agreement?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_user-agreement" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_user-agreement" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">User Agreement</a>, <a href="/legal/privacy-policy?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_privacy-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_privacy-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Privacy Policy</a>, and <a href="/legal/cookie-policy?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_cookie-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_cookie-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Cookie Policy</a>. </p> </div> <div data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_google-one-tap" id="google-one-tap__container"></div> </div> <div class="loader loader--full-screen"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--large fill-currentColor h-[60px] min-h-[60px] w-[60px] min-w-[60px]"></icon> </div> </div> </form> <script data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/29rdkxlvag0d3cpj96fiilbju" data-module-id="google-gsi-lib"></script> <code id="isLinkedInAppWebView" style="display: none"></code> <code id="shouldRemoveUndefinedValues" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isItpSupportEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isFedCMEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contextual-sign-in-modal base-contextual-sign-in-modal" data-impression-id="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal" data-cool-off-enabled data-show-on-page-load>  <div class>  <div id="base-contextual-sign-in-modal" class="modal modal--contextual-sign-in" data-outlet="base-contextual-sign-in-modal">  <div class="modal__overlay flex items-center bg-color-background-scrim justify-center fixed bottom-0 left-0 right-0 top-0 opacity-0 invisible pointer-events-none z-[1000] transition-[opacity] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.17s] py-4 " aria-hidden="true"> <section aria-modal="true" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="base-contextual-sign-in-modal-modal-header" tabindex="-1" class="max-h-full modal__wrapper overflow-auto p-0 bg-color-surface max-w-[1128px] min-h-[160px] relative scale-[0.25] shadow-sm shadow-color-border-faint transition-[transform] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.33s] focus:outline-0 w-[1128px] mamabear:w-[744px] babybear:w-[360px] rounded-md"> <button class="modal__dismiss btn-tertiary h-[40px] w-[40px] p-0 rounded-full indent-0 contextual-sign-in-modal__modal-dismiss absolute right-0 m-[20px] cursor-pointer" aria-label="Dismiss" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_modal_dismiss"> <icon class="contextual-sign-in-modal__modal-dismiss-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/gs508lg3t2o81tq7pmcgn6m2"></icon> </button> <div class="modal__main w-full"> <div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__screen contextual-sign-in-modal__context-screen flex flex-col my-4 mx-3"> <img class="inline-block relative w-16 h-16 contextual-sign-in-modal__img m-auto" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/5k9cgtx8rhoyqkcxfoncu1svl" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9l8dv1r8a09nem281grvopn9l" alt> <h2 class="contextual-sign-in-modal__context-screen-title font-sans text-xl text-color-text my-2 mx-4 text-center" id="base-contextual-sign-in-modal-modal-header"> Sign in to view more content </h2> <p class="contextual-sign-in-modal__subtitle mb-2 mx-12 babybear:mx-0 text-center font-sans text-md text-color-text"> Create your free account or sign in to continue your search </p>  <div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__btn-container m-auto w-[320px] babybear:w-full">  <div class="w-full max-w-[400px] mx-auto"> <div class="google-auth-button">  <div class="google-auth-button__placeholder google-auth-button__placeholder--black-border" data-theme="outline" data-logo-alignment="center"></div>  </div> </div> <div class="sign-in-modal" data-impression-id="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal"> <button class="sign-in-modal__outlet-btn cursor-pointer btn-md btn-primary" data-tracking-client-ingraph data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_outlet-button" data-modal="base-sign-in-modal">  Sign in </button> <div class>  <div id="base-sign-in-modal" class="modal modal--sign-in" data-outlet="base-sign-in-modal">  <div class="modal__overlay flex items-center bg-color-background-scrim justify-center fixed bottom-0 left-0 right-0 top-0 opacity-0 invisible pointer-events-none z-[1000] transition-[opacity] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.17s] py-4 " aria-hidden="true"> <section aria-modal="true" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="base-sign-in-modal-modal-header" tabindex="-1" class="max-h-full modal__wrapper overflow-auto p-0 bg-color-surface max-w-[1128px] min-h-[160px] relative scale-[0.25] shadow-sm shadow-color-border-faint transition-[transform] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.33s] focus:outline-0 w-[1128px] mamabear:w-[744px] babybear:w-[360px] rounded-md"> <button class="modal__dismiss btn-tertiary h-[40px] w-[40px] p-0 rounded-full indent-0 sign-in-modal__dismiss absolute right-0 cursor-pointer m-[20px]" aria-label="Dismiss" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_dismiss"> <icon class="sign-in-modal__dismiss-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/gs508lg3t2o81tq7pmcgn6m2"></icon> </button> <div class="modal__main w-full"> <div class="sign-in-modal__screen flex flex-col py-4 w-[513px] babybear:w-full px-3"> <h2 class="sign-in-modal__header font-sans text-display-md text-color-text "> Welcome back </h2> <code id="i18n_sign_in_form_show_text" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_sign_in_form_show_label" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_sign_in_form_hide_text" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_sign_in_form_hide_label" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_username_error_empty" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_username_error_too_long" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_username_error_too_short" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_password_error_empty" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_password_error_too_short" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_password_error_too_long" style="display: none"></code>  <form data-id="sign-in-form" action="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login-submit" method="post" novalidate class="mt-1.5 mb-2"> <input name="loginCsrfParam" value="5f35bb83-ae49-496b-8bb3-0b06f61fa4c0" type="hidden"> <div class="flex flex-col"> <div class="mt-1.5" data-js-module-id="guest-input"> <div class="flex flex-col"> <label class="input-label mb-1" for="base-sign-in-modal_session_key"> Email or phone </label> <div class="text-input flex"> <input class="text-color-text font-sans text-md outline-0 bg-color-transparent grow" autocomplete="username" id="base-sign-in-modal_session_key" name="session_key" required data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_sign-in-session-key" data-tracking-client-ingraph type="text"> </div> </div> <p class="input-helper mt-1.5" for="base-sign-in-modal_session_key" role="alert" data-js-module-id="guest-input__message"></p> </div> <div class="mt-1.5" data-js-module-id="guest-input"> <div class="flex flex-col"> <label class="input-label mb-1" for="base-sign-in-modal_session_password"> Password </label> <div class="text-input flex"> <input class="text-color-text font-sans text-md outline-0 bg-color-transparent grow" autocomplete="current-password" id="base-sign-in-modal_session_password" name="session_password" required data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_sign-in-password" data-tracking-client-ingraph type="password"> <button aria-live="assertive" aria-relevant="text" data-id="sign-in-form__password-visibility-toggle" class="font-sans text-md font-bold text-color-action z-10 ml-[12px] hover:cursor-pointer" aria-label="Show your LinkedIn password" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_sign-in-password-visibility-toggle-btn" type="button">Show</button> </div> </div> <p class="input-helper mt-1.5" for="base-sign-in-modal_session_password" role="alert" data-js-module-id="guest-input__message"></p> </div> <input name="session_redirect" value="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials" type="hidden">  </div> <div data-id="sign-in-form__footer" class="flex justify-between sign-in-form__footer--full-width"> <a data-id="sign-in-form__forgot-password" class="font-sans text-md font-bold link leading-regular sign-in-form__forgot-password--full-width" href="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/request-password-reset?trk=pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_forgot_password" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_forgot_password" data-tracking-will-navigate>Forgot password?</a>  <input name="trk" value="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_sign-in-submit" type="hidden"> <button class="btn-md btn-primary flex-shrink-0 cursor-pointer sign-in-form__submit-btn--full-width" data-id="sign-in-form__submit-btn" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_sign-in-submit-btn" data-tracking-client-ingraph data-tracking-litms type="submit"> Sign in </button> </div> <div class="sign-in-form__divider left-right-divider pt-2 pb-3"> <p class="sign-in-form__divider-text font-sans text-sm text-color-text px-2"> or </p> </div> </form> <div class="w-full max-w-[400px] mx-auto"> <div class="google-auth-button" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_google-auth-button" data-tracking-client-ingraph> <code id="isTermsAndConditionsSkipEnabledAuthButton" style="display: none"></code> <p class="linkedin-tc__text text-color-text-low-emphasis text-xs pb-2" data-impression-id="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal__button-skip-tc-text"> By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s <a href="/legal/user-agreement?trk=pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_auth-button_user-agreement" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_auth-button_user-agreement" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">User Agreement</a>, <a href="/legal/privacy-policy?trk=pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_auth-button_privacy-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_auth-button_privacy-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Privacy Policy</a>, and <a href="/legal/cookie-policy?trk=pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_auth-button_cookie-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_auth-button_cookie-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Cookie Policy</a>. </p> <div class="google-auth-button__placeholder google-auth-button__placeholder--black-border" data-theme="outline" data-logo-alignment="center"></div>  </div> </div>  <p class="sign-in-modal__join-now m-auto font-sans text-md text-color-text mt-2"> New to LinkedIn? <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_join-link" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_sign-in-modal_join-link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" class="sign-in-modal__join-link">Join now</a> </p> </div> </div>  </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="contextual-sign-in-modal__divider left-right-divider"> <p class="contextual-sign-in-modal__divider-text font-sans text-sm text-color-text px-2"> or </p> </div> </div> <p class="contextual-sign-in-modal__join-now m-auto font-sans text-md text-color-text my-1"> New to LinkedIn? <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_join-link" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_contextual-sign-in-modal_join-link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" class="contextual-sign-in-modal__join-link">Join now</a> </p> <p class="linkedin-tc__text text-color-text-low-emphasis text-xs pb-2 contextual-sign-in-modal__terms-and-conditions m-auto w-[320px] pt-2 babybear:w-full" data-impression-id="linkedin-tc__button-skip-tc-text"> By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s <a href="/legal/user-agreement?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_user-agreement" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_user-agreement" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">User Agreement</a>, <a href="/legal/privacy-policy?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_privacy-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_privacy-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Privacy Policy</a>, and <a href="/legal/cookie-policy?trk=linkedin-tc_auth-button_cookie-policy" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="linkedin-tc_auth-button_cookie-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate="true">Cookie Policy</a>. </p> </div> </div>  </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cta-modal overflow-hidden container-raised z-10 fixed bottom-3 right-3 min-h-[56px] p-2 babybear:hidden windows-app-upsell windows-app-upsell--msft flex flex-col p-2 w-[359px] !bg-[#F1F8FA] opacity-90 backdrop-blur-[2px] z-1" data-impression-id="pulse-article_windows-app-upsell_cta-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="cta-modal-header" aria-describedby="cta-modal-subheader"> <div class="windows-app-upsell__linkedin-title-container pt-[6px] mb-1.5 flex align-center"> <icon class="windows-app-upsell__linkedin-bug-icon block w-[21px] h-[21px]" data-svg-class-name="windows-app-upsell__linkedin-bug-icon-svg w-[21px] h-[21px]" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/euqjj7tf5wvr33frd3x1jj9s"></icon> <p class="windows-app-upsell__linkedin-title uppercase text-xs text-color-text-secondary leading-[21px] ml-1"> LinkedIn </p> </div> <p class="windows-app-upsell__title font-sans text-md text-color-text-accent-4-hover font-semibold leading-regular mb-1"> LinkedIn is better on the app </p> <p class="windows-app-upsell__body font-sans text-sm text-color-text-secondary leading-regular"> Don’t have the app? Get it in the Microsoft Store. </p> <a class="windows-app-upsell__cta btn-sm btn-secondary-emphasis mt-2 mb-[6px] w-fit" href="ms-windows-store://pdp/?ProductId=9WZDNCRFJ4Q7&mode=mini&cid=guest_desktop_upsell" data-tracking-client-ingraph data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_windows-app-upsell_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate> Open the app </a> <button class="cta-modal__dismiss-btn absolute h-4 w-4 p-1 top-2 right-2 hover:cursor-pointer focus:outline focus:outline-2 focus:outline-color-action" data-tracking-control-name="pulse-article_windows-app-upsell_dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss"> <icon class="cta-modal__dismiss-icon block h-2 w-2 onload" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/adzjokfylbe8pvjr9h8iv96mw"></icon> </button> </div> </div> <code id="disableOneTapOnInit" style="display: none"></code> <div class="main-container-desktop bg-color-canvas-tint text-color-text"> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isLite" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isMobile" style="display: none"></code> <code id="articleViewEventData" style="display: none"></code> <code id="articleUrn" style="display: none"></code> <code id="legacyArticleUrn" style="display: none"></code> <div class="base-template bg-color-background-container flex flex-col min-h-[100vh] advice redesign x-article-base-page"> <a href="#base-template__workspace" class="skip-link btn-md btn-primary absolute z-11 -top-[100vh] focus:top-0"> Skip to main content </a> <header class="base-template__nav-container bg-color-background-container global-alert-offset sticky-header "> <nav class="nav pt-1.5 pb-2 flex items-center justify-between relative flex-nowrap babymamabear:py-1.5 nav--minified-mobile babybear:flex-wrap max-w-screen-content-max-w mx-auto babybear:px-mobile-container-padding" aria-label="Primary"> <a href="/?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-logo" class="nav__logo-link link-no-visited-state z-1 mr-auto min-h-[52px] flex items-center babybear:z-0 hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline babymamabear:mr-3" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-logo" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> <icon class="nav-logo--inbug flex text-color-brand papabear:hidden mamabear:hidden" data-svg-class-name="h-[34px] w-[34px] babybear:h-[26px] babybear:w-[26px]" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/4zqr0f9jf98vi2nkijyc3bex2"></icon> <icon class="block text-color-brand w-[102px] h-[26px] babybear:hidden" data-test-id="nav-logo" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/8fkga714vy9b2wk5auqo5reeb"></icon> </a>  <ul class="top-nav-menu flex items-center babybear:w-full babybear:justify-between babybear:pt-1 justify-start w-max pt-0 overflow-x-auto nav__menu babybear:order-last order-3 ml-auto"> <li class> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/home/?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_articles" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_articles" data-tracking-will-navigate class="top-nav-link flex justify-center items-center min-h-[52px] hover:text-color-text visited:hover:text-color-text hover:no-underline w-8 flex-col mx-1 babybear:mx-0 text-color-text-secondary visited:text-color-text-secondary"> <icon class="top-nav-link__icon flex h-3 w-3 flex-shrink-0 justify-center " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6ulnj3n2ijcmhej768y6oj1hr"> </icon> <span class="top-nav-link__label-text font-sans text-xs leading-regular text-center font-regular"> Articles </span> </a> </li> <li class> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pub/dir/+/+?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_people" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_people" data-tracking-will-navigate class="top-nav-link flex justify-center items-center min-h-[52px] hover:text-color-text visited:hover:text-color-text hover:no-underline w-8 flex-col mx-1 babybear:mx-0 text-color-text-secondary visited:text-color-text-secondary"> <icon class="top-nav-link__icon flex h-3 w-3 flex-shrink-0 justify-center " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/7kb6sn3tm4cx918cx9a5jlb0"> </icon> <span class="top-nav-link__label-text font-sans text-xs leading-regular text-center font-regular"> People </span> </a> </li> <li class> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/learning/search?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_learning" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_learning" data-tracking-will-navigate class="top-nav-link flex justify-center items-center min-h-[52px] hover:text-color-text visited:hover:text-color-text hover:no-underline w-8 flex-col mx-1 babybear:mx-0 text-color-text-secondary visited:text-color-text-secondary"> <icon class="top-nav-link__icon flex h-3 w-3 flex-shrink-0 justify-center " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/8wykgzgbqy0t3fnkgborvz54u"> </icon> <span class="top-nav-link__label-text font-sans text-xs leading-regular text-center font-regular"> Learning </span> </a> </li> <li class> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/jobs/search?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_jobs" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_jobs" data-tracking-will-navigate class="top-nav-link flex justify-center items-center min-h-[52px] hover:text-color-text visited:hover:text-color-text hover:no-underline w-8 flex-col mx-1 babybear:mx-0 text-color-text-secondary visited:text-color-text-secondary"> <icon class="top-nav-link__icon flex h-3 w-3 flex-shrink-0 justify-center " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/92eb1xekc34eklevj0io6x4ki"> </icon> <span class="top-nav-link__label-text font-sans text-xs leading-regular text-center font-regular"> Jobs </span> </a> </li> <li class> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/games?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_games" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_games" data-tracking-will-navigate class="top-nav-link flex justify-center items-center min-h-[52px] hover:text-color-text visited:hover:text-color-text hover:no-underline w-8 flex-col mx-1 babybear:mx-0 text-color-text-secondary visited:text-color-text-secondary"> <icon class="top-nav-link__icon flex h-3 w-3 flex-shrink-0 justify-center " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/29h8hsjuomfp50lam5ipnc3uh"> </icon> <span class="top-nav-link__label-text font-sans text-xs leading-regular text-center font-regular"> Games </span> </a> </li> <li class> <a href="ms-windows-store://pdp/?ProductId=9WZDNCRFJ4Q7&mode=mini&cid=guest_nav_upsell&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_windows" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_guest_nav_menu_windows" data-tracking-will-navigate class="top-nav-link flex justify-center items-center min-h-[52px] hover:text-color-text visited:hover:text-color-text hover:no-underline w-[96px] px-1 border-solid border-l-1 border-r-1 babybear:border-r-0 border-color-border-faint flex-col mx-1 babybear:mx-0 text-color-text-secondary visited:text-color-text-secondary"> <icon class="top-nav-link__icon flex h-3 w-3 flex-shrink-0 justify-center " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/admayac2rnonsqhz9v3rzwcyu"> </icon> <span class="top-nav-link__label-text font-sans text-xs leading-regular text-center font-regular"> Get the app </span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="nav__cta-container order-3 flex gap-x-1 justify-end min-w-[100px] flex-nowrap flex-shrink-0 babybear:flex-wrap flex-2 babymamabear:min-w-[50px] ">  <a class="nav__button-tertiary btn-md btn-tertiary" href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-join" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-join" data-test-live-nav-primary-cta data-tracking-will-navigate> Join now </a> <a class="nav__button-secondary btn-secondary-emphasis btn-md" href="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&fromSignIn=true&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-signin" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-signin" data-tracking-will-navigate> Sign in </a> <a aria-label="Sign in" class="nav__link-person papabear:hidden mamabear:hidden" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-signin" data-tracking-will-navigate href="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&fromSignIn=true&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_nav-header-signin"> <img class="inline-block relative rounded-[50%] w-4 h-4 bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9c8pery4andzj6ohjkjp54ma2" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9c8pery4andzj6ohjkjp54ma2" alt> </a> </div>   </nav> </header>  <div class="base-template__wrapper h-full w-full papabear:w-content-max-w papabear:flex papabear:mx-auto papamamabear:pt-desktop-content-top-margin babymamabear:px-mobile-container-padding grow "> <main id="base-template__workspace" class="base-template__workspace w-full "> <div class="absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex">  <div class="hidden bg-color-surface-tint md:block md:w-[calc(50%-40px)] lg:w-[calc(50%-32px)]"></div> <div class="bg-color-surface"></div> </div> <div class="max-w-[1128px] py-2 md:py-4 mx-auto">  <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="memberUrn" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isNbaRecommendedArticlesDeeplinkEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isDynamicTextareaEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <article class="article-main relative flex-grow">  <section class="core-section-container my-3 relative">    <div class="core-section-container__content break-words">  <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex article-content-row-reduced"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div> <div class="article-segment-content-container ">  <section class="mb-2"> <ol itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumbs "> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb inline-block mr-0.5 font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs text-color-text after:content-['/'] after:text-color-text-low-emphasis after:ml-0.5 after:no-underline last:mr-0 last:after:hidden"> <a itemprop="item" class="breadcrumb__link inline-block link-no-visited-state !text-color-text-low-emphasis" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/home/" data-tracking-control-name="breadcrumb" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="font-normal" itemprop="name">All</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb inline-block mr-0.5 font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs text-color-text after:content-['/'] after:text-color-text-low-emphasis after:ml-0.5 after:no-underline last:mr-0 last:after:hidden"> <a aria-current="page" itemprop="item" class="breadcrumb__link inline-block link-no-visited-state !text-color-text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/mechanical-testing-s8493/" data-tracking-control-name="breadcrumb" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="font-semibold" itemprop="name">Mechanical Testing</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"> </li> </ol> </section> <h1 class="pulse-title text-display-md text-color-text lg:text-display-lg font-bold w-11/12 ">How do you measure fracture toughness of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo?</h1>  <div class="powered-by-ai py-3 text-sm text-color-text-secondary">Powered by AI and the LinkedIn community</div> <section class="table-of-content pb-6"> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="in-vitro-methods"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">1</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#in-vitro-methods" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">In vitro methods </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="in-vivo-methods"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">2</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#in-vivo-methods" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">In vivo methods </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="material-factors"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">3</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#material-factors" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Material factors </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="biological-factors"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">4</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#biological-factors" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Biological factors </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="testing-challenges"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">5</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#testing-challenges" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Testing challenges </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="here’s-what-else-to-consider"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">6</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#here’s-what-else-to-consider" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Here’s what else to consider </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> </section> <div class="x-article-introduction"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Fracture toughness is a measure of how resistant a material is to crack propagation under stress. It is an important property for biomaterials, which are materials that interact with biological systems, such as implants, scaffolds, or sensors. In this article, you will learn how to measure fracture toughness of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo, and what factors affect it.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:w-1/2"> <code id="shouldExpandContributionBox" style="display: none"></code> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__wrapper flex h-full flex-1 flex-col"> <div class="x-featured-expert-section h-full"> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__article-experts"> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__title mt-2 pb-0.5 text-xl font-bold text-color-text"> Find expert answers in this collaborative article </div> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__subtitle pb-3 text-sm text-color-text-secondary"> Selected by the community from 1 contribution. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/a1652832" target="_blank" aria-label="Learn more about collaborative articles" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__featured-expert-learn-more-link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" class="text-color-text-secondary active:no-underline hover:no-underline visited:text-color-text-secondary hover:text-color-text-secondary">Learn more</a> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__get-started pt-3 "> <div class="x-featured-section__get-started-ctn relative pt-2 md:pt-0"> <div class="x-featured-section__get-started-button-content flex"> <div class="face-pile flex !no-underline inline"> <div class="face-pile__images-container self-start flex-shrink-0 mr-1 leading-[1]"> <img class="inline-block relative rounded-[50%] w-4 h-4 face-pile__image border-1 border-solid border-color-transparent -ml-2 first:ml-0" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/aknc0tlv27rvexgsrvndtcui2" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9c8pery4andzj6ohjkjp54ma2" alt> <img class="inline-block relative rounded-[50%] w-4 h-4 face-pile__image border-1 border-solid border-color-transparent -ml-2 first:ml-0" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/869o6d2o2qd7c3q7n4vqr7j7e" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9c8pery4andzj6ohjkjp54ma2" alt> <img class="inline-block relative rounded-[50%] w-4 h-4 face-pile__image border-1 border-solid border-color-transparent -ml-2 first:ml-0" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/b0d8dulikeg7a1iqa78rno640" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9c8pery4andzj6ohjkjp54ma2" alt> </div>  </div> <button class="x-featured-section__get-started-button btn-sm btn-tertiary py-0.5 px-2" aria-label="Click to scroll to the first segment in this collaborative article" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" data-tracking-control-name="featured_start_contribution_section" data-feed-action-category="view" data-feed-action-type="viewContribution"> <div class="x-featured-section__get-started-button-content__text-icon inline-flex items-center"> <div class="x-featured-section__get-started-copy inline-block pr-1">See what others are saying</div> <icon class="relative ml-0 inline-block text-color-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/4w63b6j0lft0iau5gbn0984ev" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2"></icon> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077380337664)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077380337664_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="in-vitro-methods" href="#in-vitro-methods" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">1</span> <span class>In vitro methods</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>In vitro methods are performed in laboratory settings, using standardized specimens and testing machines. The most common method is the single-edge notched bending (SENB) test, which involves applying a bending load to a beam with a pre-existing notch. The load-displacement curve is recorded, and the fracture toughness is calculated from the critical load and the notch geometry. Other methods include the compact tension (CT) test, the double cantilever beam (DCB) test, and the chevron notched short rod (CNSR) test, which use different specimen shapes and loading modes.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077380337664)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077380337664_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077380337664)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077380337664)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077380337664)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077388759040)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="1" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 "> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077388759040_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="in-vivo-methods" href="#in-vivo-methods" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">2</span> <span class>In vivo methods</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>In vivo methods are performed on living organisms, such as animals or humans. They are more challenging and less standardized than in vitro methods, but they provide more realistic and relevant information. The most common method is the in vivo fracture test, which involves creating a controlled defect in a bone or an implant, and then applying a cyclic or static load until failure. The load-displacement curve is recorded, and the fracture toughness is calculated from the failure load and the defect geometry. Other methods include the microindentation test, the acoustic emission test, and the ultrasound test, which use different techniques to detect and characterize cracks.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077388759040)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077388759040_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077388759040)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077388759040)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077388759040)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul> <div class="article-segment__cta-container mt-0"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_more_comments" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="btn-md btn-tertiary inline-block relative right-[14px] load-more__cta load-more__cta--guest" data-contributions-count="1" data-feed-control="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_more_comments" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandMoreContributions" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077388759040)" data-is-reply="false" data-test-load-more-contributions> <span> Load more contributions </span> </a> <div class="loader load-more__loader m-2 grow " data-test-id="load-more-loader" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077388759040)"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--small fill-currentColor h-[30px] min-h-[30px] w-[30px] min-w-[30px]"></icon> </div> </div> <code id="loadMoreErrorText" style="display: none"></code> <code id="loadMoreErrorButton" style="display: none"></code> </div> </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077397106688)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077397106688_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="material-factors" href="#material-factors" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">3</span> <span class>Material factors</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The fracture toughness of biomaterials depends on several material factors, such as composition, structure, porosity, and surface properties. For example, metals tend to have higher fracture toughness than ceramics or polymers, because they can deform plastically and blunt cracks. However, metals may also corrode or release ions in biological environments, which can reduce their fracture toughness. Ceramics and polymers have lower fracture toughness, but they can be reinforced with fibers, particles, or nanostructures to improve it. Porosity can also affect fracture toughness, as it can reduce the effective cross-sectional area and introduce stress concentrations. Surface properties, such as roughness, coating, or functionalization, can influence the adhesion and friction between the biomaterial and the surrounding tissue, which can affect the crack initiation and propagation.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077397106688)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077397106688_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077397106688)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077397106688)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077397106688)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077405515776)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077405515776_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="biological-factors" href="#biological-factors" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">4</span> <span class>Biological factors</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The fracture toughness of biomaterials also depends on several biological factors, such as tissue response, remodeling, and aging. For example, tissue response can affect the fracture toughness of biomaterials by inducing inflammation, infection, or foreign body reaction, which can alter the mechanical and chemical environment around the biomaterial. Remodeling can affect the fracture toughness of biomaterials by changing the structure and composition of the tissue-biomaterial interface, which can enhance or impair the interfacial strength and toughness. Aging can affect the fracture toughness of biomaterials by causing degradation, wear, or fatigue, which can reduce the resistance to crack growth.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077405515776)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077405515776_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077405515776)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077405515776)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077405515776)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077439086592)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077439086592_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="testing-challenges" href="#testing-challenges" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">5</span> <span class>Testing challenges</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Measuring fracture toughness of biomaterials in vitro and in vivo poses several challenges, such as specimen preparation, loading conditions, measurement accuracy, and data interpretation. For example, specimen preparation requires careful selection, cutting, polishing, and notching of the biomaterials, which can introduce variability and artifacts. Loading conditions require appropriate control, alignment, and monitoring of the applied force and displacement, which can affect the stress distribution and crack propagation. Measurement accuracy requires precise calibration, resolution, and synchronization of the testing instruments, which can affect the quality and reliability of the data. Data interpretation requires appropriate analysis, modeling, and comparison of the fracture toughness values, which can depend on the testing method, the material properties, and the biological factors.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077439086592)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077439086592_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077439086592)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077439086592)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077439086592)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077451665408)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077451665408_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="here’s-what-else-to-consider" href="#here’s-what-else-to-consider" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">6</span> <span class>Here’s what else to consider</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. What else would you like to add?</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077451665408)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7049427073676800000_7049427077451665408_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077451665408)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077451665408)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000,7049427077451665408)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div>  <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div class="base-card relative w-full hover:no-underline focus:no-underline base-card--link base-main-card flex flex-wrap py-2 pr-2 babybear:pr-0 base-main-card--link publisher-author-card mb-4"> <a class="base-card__full-link absolute top-0 right-0 bottom-0 left-0 p-0 z-[2]" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/skills-mechanical-testing/" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_publisher-author-card" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="sr-only"> Mechanical Testing </span> </a> <img class="inline-block relative w-6 h-6 " data-delayed-url="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/C4E0BAQGVs-K_3ExkZA/company-logo_100_100/company-logo_100_100/0/1674601407333?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=xBDuABFqmRE6yMXkYkmv57brwnmoRDwEK8X7yAUjjig" data-ghost-classes="bg-color-entity-ghost-background" data-ghost-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/cs8pjfgyw96g44ln9r7tct85f" alt="Mechanical Testing"> <div class="base-main-card__info self-center ml-1 flex-1 relative break-words papabear:min-w-0 mamabear:min-w-0 babybear:w-full ">  <h3 class="base-main-card__title font-sans text-[18px] font-bold text-color-text overflow-hidden "> Mechanical Testing </h3>   <div class="body-text text-color-text-low-emphasis base-main-card__metadata">  </div>  </div> <div class="base-main-card__ctas z-[3] self-center ml-3 babybear:ml-1 babybear:self-start"> <a class="base-main-card__cta btn-sm btn-secondary" href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_publisher-author-card" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_publisher-author-card" data-tracking-will-navigate> + Follow </a> </div> </div>    <div class="x-article-survey x-article-feedback-entry mb-2 rounded-md bg-color-surface py-2"> <div class="x-article-survey-entry"> <div class="md:flex items-center"> <div class="flex-grow pr-2"> <h2 class="pb-0.5 text-md font-bold text-color-text">Rate this article</h2> <div class="text-sm text-color-text-secondary">We created this article with the help of AI. What do you think of it?</div> </div> <div class="flex-shrink-0 pb-1 pt-1.5 md:pt-1 "> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_great" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="x-article-survey-cta-good btn-sm btn-secondary mr-1 " data-content-urn="urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000" data-feed-action-category="SHARE_QUALITY_FEEDBACK" data-feed-action-type="feedback_article_is_great" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_great"> It’s great </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_not_great" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="x-article-survey-cta-not-good btn-sm btn-secondary " data-content-urn="urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000" data-feed-action-category="SHARE_QUALITY_FEEDBACK" data-feed-action-type="feedback_article_is_not_great" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_not_great" data-modal="x-article-feedback-outlet"> It’s not so great </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="x-article-survey-confirmation hidden"> <h2 class="pb-0.5 text-md font-bold text-color-text">Thanks for your feedback</h2> <div class="x-article-survey-confirmation-body text-sm text-color-text-secondary">Your feedback is private. Like or react to bring the conversation to your network.</div> </div> </div> <code id="embed_x_article_feedback_title_initial" style="display: none"></code> <code id="embed_x_article_feedback_title_confirmation" style="display: none"></code> <code id="embed_x_content_urn" style="display: none"></code> <div class="x-article-feedback-modal-wrapper">  <div class>  <div id="x-article-feedback-modal" class="modal " data-outlet="x-article-feedback-outlet">  <div class="modal__overlay flex items-center bg-color-background-scrim justify-center fixed bottom-0 left-0 right-0 top-0 opacity-0 invisible pointer-events-none z-[1000] transition-[opacity] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.17s] py-4 " aria-hidden="true"> <section aria-modal="true" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="x-article-feedback-modal-modal-header" tabindex="-1" class="max-h-full modal__wrapper overflow-auto p-0 bg-color-surface max-w-[1128px] min-h-[160px] relative scale-[0.25] shadow-sm shadow-color-border-faint transition-[transform] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.33s] focus:outline-0 modal__wrapper--with-footer flex flex-col w-[1128px] mamabear:w-[744px] babybear:w-[360px] rounded-md"> <header class="modal__header flex items-center justify-between py-1.5 px-3 "> <h2 id="x-article-feedback-modal-modal-header" class="modal__title font-normal leading-open text-color-text text-lg">Tell us more</h2> <button class="modal__dismiss modal__dismiss--with-icon btn-tertiary h-[40px] w-[40px] p-0 rounded-full indent-0 " aria-label="Dismiss" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_modal_dismiss" type="button"> <icon class="modal__dismiss-icon relative top-[2px]" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/gs508lg3t2o81tq7pmcgn6m2"></icon> </button>  </header> <div class="modal__main w-full flex-1"> <div class="x-article-feedback__content mx-3 mb-2 text-color-text"></div> <template id="x-article-feedback-content-initial-template"> <div class="x-article-feedback__content p-3"> <div class="mb-2 text-color-text">Tell us why you didn’t like this article.</div> <ul class="x-article-feedback-modal-options mb-3"> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_not_professional_topic" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_not_professional_topic" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">It’s not on a professional topic</span> </div> </label> </li> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_inaccuracies" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_inaccuracies" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">It contains inaccuracies</span> </div> </label> </li> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_offensive_language" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_offensive_language" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">It has offensive language</span> </div> </label> </li> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_harmful_advice" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_harmful_advice" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">It has harmful advice</span> </div> </label> </li> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_stereotypes_or_bias" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_stereotypes_or_bias" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">It contains stereotypes or bias</span> </div> </label> </li> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_redundant_or_unclear" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_redundant_or_unclear" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">It’s redundant and unclear</span> </div> </label> </li> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_poorly_written" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_poorly_written_en" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">Translation quality is poor</span> </div> </label> </li> <li class="py-1" data-x-article-feedback-item="action"> <label> <div class="flex"> <input class="scale-150" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_select_option" name="x-article-feedback-action" value="feedback_not_relevant" data-x-article-feedback-input="feedback_not_relevant_en" type="radio"> <span class="ml-1 inline-block text-md text-color-text" data-attr="title">It’s not relevant in my country, region or culture</span> </div> </label> </li> </ul> <div class="rounded-md bg-color-surface-tint p-2 text-sm"> <div class="mb-1 text-color-text">If you think something in this article goes against our <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/professional-community-policies" target="_blank" class="link-no-visited-state" data-feed-action-category="VIEW" data-feed-action-type="feedback_pcp_link" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_pcp_link" data-tracking-will-navigate="" data-x-article-feedback-action="policy" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_pcp_link">Professional Community Policies</a>, please let us know.</div> <a href="/uas/login?trk=article_quality_feedback-sign-in-redirect&guestReportContentType=AUTO_GENERATED_SKILL_ARTICLE&_f=guest-reporting" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_report_article" data-tracking-will-navigate data-item-type="semaphore" data-semaphore-content-type="AUTO_GENERATED_SKILL_ARTICLE" data-semaphore-content-urn="urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000" data-semaphore-tracking-prefix="article_quality_feedback" data-is-logged-in="false" data-modal="semaphore__toggle" class="semaphore__toggle visited:text-color-text-secondary link-no-visited-state" data-content-urn="urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000" data-x-article-feedback-action="report_article" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_report_article" data-feed-action-category="REPORT" data-feed-action-type="feedback_report_offramp">  <span>Report this article</span> </a>  </div> </div> </template> <template id="x-article-feedback-content-confirmation-template"> <div class="x-article-feedback__content p-3"> <div class="mb-2 text-color-text">We appreciate you letting us know. Though we’re unable to respond directly, your feedback helps us improve this experience for everyone.</div> <div class="rounded-md bg-color-surface-tint p-2 text-sm"> <div class="x-article-feedback-modal-confirmation-body2 mb-1 text-color-text">If you think this goes against our <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/professional-community-policies" target="_blank" class="link-no-visited-state" data-feed-action-category="VIEW" data-feed-action-type="feedback_confirmation_pcp_link" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_confirmation_pcp_link" data-tracking-will-navigate="" data-x-article-feedback-action="policy_confirmation" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_confirmation_pcp_link">Professional Community Policies</a>, please let us know.</div> <a href="/uas/login?trk=article_quality_feedback-sign-in-redirect&guestReportContentType=AUTO_GENERATED_SKILL_ARTICLE&_f=guest-reporting" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_confirmation_screen_report_article" data-tracking-will-navigate data-item-type="semaphore" data-semaphore-content-type="AUTO_GENERATED_SKILL_ARTICLE" data-semaphore-content-urn="urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000" data-semaphore-tracking-prefix="article_quality_feedback" data-is-logged-in="false" data-modal="semaphore__toggle" class="semaphore__toggle visited:text-color-text-secondary link-no-visited-state" data-x-article-feedback-action="report_article_confirmation" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_confirmation_screen_report_article" data-feed-action-category="REPORT" data-feed-action-type="feedback_confirmation_report_offramp">  <span>Report this article</span> </a>  </div> </div> </template> </div> <footer class="modal__footer flex justify-end py-1.5 px-3 border-t-1 border-solid border-color-border-faint"> <button class="btn-md btn-secondary" data-x-article-feedback-action="cancel" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_cancel_option" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_cancel_option" data-feed-action-category="DISMISS" data-feed-action-type="feedback_cancel_option">Cancel</button> <button class="btn-md btn-primary ml-1" data-x-article-feedback-action="submit" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_submit_option" data-feed-control="article_quality_feedback_submit_option" data-feed-action-category="SHARE_QUALITY_FEEDBACK" disabled="true">Submit</button> <button class="btn-md btn-primary ml-1 hidden" data-x-article-feedback-action="done" data-tracking-control-name="article_quality_feedback_done">Done</button> </footer> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/uas/login?session_redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article-sign-in-redirect&guestReportContentType=AUTO_GENERATED_SKILL_ARTICLE&_f=guest-reporting" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article-sign-in-redirect" data-tracking-will-navigate data-item-type="semaphore" data-semaphore-content-type="AUTO_GENERATED_SKILL_ARTICLE" data-semaphore-content-urn="urn:li:linkedInArticle:7049427073676800000" data-semaphore-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" data-is-logged-in="false" data-modal="semaphore__toggle" class="semaphore__toggle visited:text-color-text-secondary mb-4 block pb-2 pr-2 text-md font-bold text-color-text visited:text-color-text-secondary text-right">  <span>Report this article</span> </a>   <section class="slide-list relative more-articles__slide-list px-0 md:w-[452px]"> <header class="slide-list__header mb-1.5"> <h2 class="slide-list__heading font-bold mb-0.5 text-color-text text-lg">More articles on Mechanical Testing</h2>  </header> <div class="slide-list__nav"> <div class="slide-list__nav-wrap absolute flex h-full items-center top-0 z-1 slide-list__nav-wrap--prev left-[-20px]"> <div class="previous-slide-list__a11y-notification sr-only hidden" role="alert"> No more previous content </div> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_slide_list_prev_button" class="slide-list__nav-button btn-sm btn-overlay cursor-pointer disabled:hidden" aria-label="Previous Slide" data-direction="prev" disabled> <icon class="slide-list__nav-icon flex items-center justify-center pointer-events-none h-3 rtl:-scale-x-100 rtl:translate-x-[7px]" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e5ka7p8s9n5r0z9p6kpmm3hig"></icon> </button> </div> </div> <div class="relative overflow-hidden "> <ul class="slide-list__list items-stretch flex list-none transition-all duration-slow ease-standard "> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-do-you-use-elastic-modulus-data-optimize" aria-label="How do you use elastic modulus data to optimize material selection and design? 5 contributions" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you use elastic modulus data to optimize material selection and design? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 5 contributions </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-do-you-use-fracture-mechanics-software-tools" aria-label="How do you use fracture mechanics software and tools to model and simulate crack behavior and failure? 1 contribution" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you use fracture mechanics software and tools to model and simulate crack behavior and failure? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 1 contribution </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-optimize-creep-fatigue-performance" aria-label="How do you optimize the creep-fatigue performance of welded joints and coatings? 2 contributions" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you optimize the creep-fatigue performance of welded joints and coatings? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 2 contributions </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-do-you-calibrate-validate-your-elastic-modulus" aria-label="How do you calibrate and validate your elastic modulus measurements? 2 contributions" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you calibrate and validate your elastic modulus measurements? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 2 contributions </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-convert-yield-strength-units-from" aria-label="How do you convert yield strength units from one system to another without losing accuracy? 1 contribution" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you convert yield strength units from one system to another without losing accuracy? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 1 contribution </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-do-you-deal-environmental-temperature-effects" aria-label="How do you deal with the environmental and temperature effects on impact testing? 1 contribution" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you deal with the environmental and temperature effects on impact testing? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 1 contribution </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-do-you-compare-creep-fatigue-behavior-different" aria-label="How do you compare the creep-fatigue behavior of different materials using life fraction rules? 1 contribution" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you compare the creep-fatigue behavior of different materials using life fraction rules? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 1 contribution </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="slide-list__item mr-2 rtl:ml-2"> <a class="x-more-articles-card__link outline-offset-[-2px] hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-do-you-report-communicate-izod-impact-test" aria-label="How do you report and communicate Izod impact test results to stakeholders? 3 contributions" data-tracking-control-name="recommended_article_card" data-tracking-will-navigate="true"> <div class="x-more-articles-card container-lined flex h-[119px] w-[272px] overflow-hidden hover:container-raised active:container-raised">  <div class="x-more-articles-card__text p-1.5"> <p class="x-more-articles-card__title break-words text-sm font-bold text-color-text line-clamp-3"> How do you report and communicate Izod impact test results to stakeholders? </p> <p class="x-more-articles-card__contributions-count mt-1 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-secondary"> 3 contributions </p> </div> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="slide-list__nav"> <div class="slide-list__nav-wrap absolute flex h-full items-center top-0 z-1 slide-list__nav-wrap--next right-[-20px]"> <div class="next-slide-list__a11y-notification sr-only hidden" role="alert"> No more next content </div> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_slide_list_next_button" class="slide-list__nav-button btn-sm btn-overlay cursor-pointer disabled:hidden" aria-label="Next Slide" data-direction="next"> <icon class="slide-list__nav-icon flex items-center justify-center pointer-events-none h-3 rtl:-scale-x-100 rtl:translate-x-[7px]" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/c9dcz2pyrbwi3sr6xwxigmvlz"></icon> </button> </div> </div> <div class="flex items-center justify-center mt-2">  <a aria-label="See all articles on Mechanical Testing" class="absolute flex gap-1 items-center link-styled right-0 text-sm slide_list__see-all" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_see_all" data-tracking-will-navigate href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/mechanical-testing-s8493/?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article"> <span>See all</span> <icon class="h-2 w-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/588y48bk4e72ybpxav0sjkozs"></icon> </a> </div> <code id="i18n_slide_list_current_slide_aria_label" style="display: none"></code> </section>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:w-1/2"> <section aria-labelledby="articles-side-panel__section" tabindex="-1" class="articles-side-panel "> <main class="main articles-side-panel__main w-full p-0"> <header class="articles-side-panel__header items-center border-b-1 border-solid border-color-divider-solid"> <h2 class="articles-side-panel__header-title py-3 text-lg font-bold text-color-text px-0 "> More relevant reading </h2> </header> <ul class="articles-side-panel__list"> <li class="articles-side-panel__list-item border-b-1 border-solid border-color-border-faint"> <a class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card block hover:bg-color-surface-tint hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-do-you-characterize-biomaterial-properties" aria-label="Recommended article link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" data-tracking-control-name="nba_contribute_recommended_article" data-feed-action-category="view" data-feed-action-type="viewArticle" target="_self"> <div class="py-1.5"> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__tag text-sm font-normal text-color-text-secondary">Materials Science</div> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__title text-base break-words text-md font-normal text-color-text">How do you characterize biomaterial properties for Materials Science?</div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="articles-side-panel__list-item border-b-1 border-solid border-color-border-faint"> <a class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card block hover:bg-color-surface-tint hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/how-can-biomaterials-used-create-innovative-ivo1e" aria-label="Recommended article link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" data-tracking-control-name="nba_contribute_recommended_article" data-feed-action-category="view" data-feed-action-type="viewArticle" target="_self"> <div class="py-1.5"> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__tag text-sm font-normal text-color-text-secondary">Materials Science</div> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__title text-base break-words text-md font-normal text-color-text">How can biomaterials be used to create innovative adhesives?</div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="articles-side-panel__list-item border-b-1 border-solid border-color-border-faint"> <a class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card block hover:bg-color-surface-tint hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/what-best-practices-engineering-biomaterials-specific-0zuef" aria-label="Recommended article link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" data-tracking-control-name="nba_contribute_recommended_article" data-feed-action-category="view" data-feed-action-type="viewArticle" target="_self"> <div class="py-1.5"> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__tag text-sm font-normal text-color-text-secondary">Bioengineering</div> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__title text-base break-words text-md font-normal text-color-text">What are the best practices for engineering biomaterials with specific surface properties?</div> </div> </a> </li> <li class="articles-side-panel__list-item "> <a class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card block hover:bg-color-surface-tint hover:no-underline focus:no-underline active:no-underline" href="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/what-mechanical-safety-efficacy-standards-biomedical" aria-label="Recommended article link" data-tracking-will-navigate="true" data-tracking-control-name="nba_contribute_recommended_article" data-feed-action-category="view" data-feed-action-type="viewArticle" target="_self"> <div class="py-1.5"> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__tag text-sm font-normal text-color-text-secondary">Bioengineering</div> <div class="contribution-queue-recommended-article-card__title text-base break-words text-md font-normal text-color-text">What are the mechanical safety and efficacy standards for biomedical device development?</div> </div> </a> </li> </ul>  </main> </section> </div> </div>  </div> </section> <div class="modal-delete-confirmation-container">  <div id="modal-delete-confirmation" class="modal " data-outlet="default-outlet">  <div class="modal__overlay flex items-center bg-color-background-scrim justify-center fixed bottom-0 left-0 right-0 top-0 opacity-0 invisible pointer-events-none z-[1000] transition-[opacity] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.17s] py-4 " aria-hidden="true"> <section aria-modal="true" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modal-delete-confirmation-modal-header" tabindex="-1" class="max-h-full modal__wrapper overflow-auto p-0 bg-color-surface max-w-[1128px] min-h-[160px] relative scale-[0.25] shadow-sm shadow-color-border-faint transition-[transform] ease-[cubic-bezier(0.25,0.1,0.25,1.0)] duration-[0.33s] focus:outline-0 modal__wrapper--with-footer flex flex-col w-[774px] babybear:w-[360px] delete- rounded-md"> <div class="modal-header mx-3 flex justify-between py-3"> <h2 class="label py-1 text-lg font-medium leading-regular text-color-text" id="delete-modal-heading-label">Are you sure you want to delete your contribution?</h2> <h2 class="label py-1 text-lg font-medium leading-regular text-color-text hidden" id="delete-modal-reply-heading-label">Are you sure you want to delete your reply?</h2> <button class="modal__dismiss btn-tertiary h-[40px] w-[40px] p-0 rounded-full indent-0 delete-modal-dismiss-btn" aria-label="Close delete modal" data-tracking-control-name="delete_modal_dismiss"> <icon class="delete-modal__dismiss-icon h-3 w-3" data-svg-class-name="h-3 w-3" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/adzjokfylbe8pvjr9h8iv96mw"></icon> </button> </div> <div class="modal__main w-full flex-1"> <div class="delete-modal-content-container m-3 rounded-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 dark:bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1"> <div class="delete-modal-content break-words p-3 font-normal text-color-text md:text-md lg:text-lg"></div> <div class="delete-contribution-author flex items-center overflow-hidden px-3 pb-3"></div> </div> </div> <footer class="modal__footer flex justify-end py-1.5 px-3 border-t-1 border-solid border-color-border-faint"> <div class="delete-modal-cta" id="delete-modal-cta"> <button data-tracking-control-name="comment_cancel_delete" data-action-type="cancel" class="delete-contribution-cta cancel-cta-btn btn-md text-color-text border desktop btn-secondary mr-1 border-solid border-black-a90">Cancel</button> <button data-tracking-control-name="comment_submit_delete" data-action-type="delete" data-feed-control="comment_submit_delete" data-feed-action-category="delete" data-feed-action-type="deleteContribution" class="delete-contribution-cta delete-cta-btn ease-linear duration-300 btn-md transition-all btn-primary"> <div class="loader delete-cta-loader inline"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="delete-cta-text">Delete</span> </button> </div> </footer> </section> </div> </div> </div> <code id="contributionDeleteError" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionDeleteSuccess" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionReplyDeleteError" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionReplyDeleteSuccess" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionDeletePageRefresh" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isMobile" style="display: none"></code> </article> </div>  </main>  </div>  <footer class="li-footer bg-transparent w-full "> <ul class="li-footer__list flex flex-wrap flex-row items-start justify-start w-full h-auto min-h-[50px] my-[0px] mx-auto py-3 px-2 papabear:w-[1128px] papabear:p-0"> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span> <icon class="li-footer__copy-logo text-color-logo-brand-alt inline-block self-center h-[14px] w-[56px] mr-1" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e12h2cd8ac580qen9qdd0qks8"></icon> <span class="li-footer__copy-text flex items-center">© 2024</span> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://about.linkedin.com?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-about" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-about" data-tracking-will-navigate> About </a> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/accessibility?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-accessibility" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-accessibility" data-tracking-will-navigate> Accessibility </a> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/user-agreement?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-user-agreement" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-user-agreement" data-tracking-will-navigate> User Agreement </a> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-policy?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-privacy-policy" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-privacy-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate> Privacy Policy </a> </li>  <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/cookie-policy?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-cookie-policy" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-cookie-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate> Cookie Policy </a> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/copyright-policy?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-copyright-policy" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-copyright-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate> Copyright Policy </a> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://brand.linkedin.com/policies?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-brand-policy" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-brand-policy" data-tracking-will-navigate> Brand Policy </a> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/psettings/guest-controls?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-guest-controls" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-guest-controls" data-tracking-will-navigate> Guest Controls </a> </li> <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <a class="li-footer__item-link flex items-center font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-solid-secondary hover:text-color-link-hover focus:text-color-link-focus" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/professional-community-policies?trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-community-guide" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_footer-community-guide" data-tracking-will-navigate> Community Guidelines </a> </li>  <li class="li-footer__item font-sans text-xs text-color-text-solid-secondary flex flex-shrink-0 justify-start p-1 relative w-50% papabear:justify-center papabear:w-auto"> <div class="collapsible-dropdown collapsible-dropdown--footer collapsible-dropdown--up flex items-center relative hyphens-auto language-selector z-2">  <ul class="collapsible-dropdown__list hidden container-raised absolute w-auto overflow-y-auto flex-col items-stretch z-1 bottom-[100%] top-auto" role="menu" tabindex="-1"> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="العربية (Arabic)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ar_AE" data-locale="ar_AE" role="menuitem" lang="ar_AE"> العربية (Arabic) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="বাংলা (Bangla)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-bn_IN" data-locale="bn_IN" role="menuitem" lang="bn_IN"> বাংলা (Bangla) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Čeština (Czech)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-cs_CZ" data-locale="cs_CZ" role="menuitem" lang="cs_CZ"> Čeština (Czech) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Dansk (Danish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-da_DK" data-locale="da_DK" role="menuitem" lang="da_DK"> Dansk (Danish) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Deutsch (German)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-de_DE" data-locale="de_DE" role="menuitem" lang="de_DE"> Deutsch (German) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Ελληνικά (Greek)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-el_GR" data-locale="el_GR" role="menuitem" lang="el_GR"> Ελληνικά (Greek) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="English (English) selected" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link--selected" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-en_US" data-locale="en_US" role="menuitem" lang="en_US"> <strong>English (English)</strong> </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Español (Spanish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-es_ES" data-locale="es_ES" role="menuitem" lang="es_ES"> Español (Spanish) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="فارسی (Persian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-fa_IR" data-locale="fa_IR" role="menuitem" lang="fa_IR"> فارسی (Persian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Suomi (Finnish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-fi_FI" data-locale="fi_FI" role="menuitem" lang="fi_FI"> Suomi (Finnish) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Français (French)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-fr_FR" data-locale="fr_FR" role="menuitem" lang="fr_FR"> Français (French) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="हिंदी (Hindi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-hi_IN" data-locale="hi_IN" role="menuitem" lang="hi_IN"> हिंदी (Hindi) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Magyar (Hungarian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-hu_HU" data-locale="hu_HU" role="menuitem" lang="hu_HU"> Magyar (Hungarian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-in_ID" data-locale="in_ID" role="menuitem" lang="in_ID"> Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Italiano (Italian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-it_IT" data-locale="it_IT" role="menuitem" lang="it_IT"> Italiano (Italian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="עברית (Hebrew)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-iw_IL" data-locale="iw_IL" role="menuitem" lang="iw_IL"> עברית (Hebrew) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="日本語 (Japanese)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ja_JP" data-locale="ja_JP" role="menuitem" lang="ja_JP"> 日本語 (Japanese) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="한국어 (Korean)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ko_KR" data-locale="ko_KR" role="menuitem" lang="ko_KR"> 한국어 (Korean) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="मराठी (Marathi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-mr_IN" data-locale="mr_IN" role="menuitem" lang="mr_IN"> मराठी (Marathi) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Bahasa Malaysia (Malay)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ms_MY" data-locale="ms_MY" role="menuitem" lang="ms_MY"> Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Nederlands (Dutch)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-nl_NL" data-locale="nl_NL" role="menuitem" lang="nl_NL"> Nederlands (Dutch) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Norsk (Norwegian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-no_NO" data-locale="no_NO" role="menuitem" lang="no_NO"> Norsk (Norwegian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-pa_IN" data-locale="pa_IN" role="menuitem" lang="pa_IN"> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Polski (Polish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-pl_PL" data-locale="pl_PL" role="menuitem" lang="pl_PL"> Polski (Polish) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Português (Portuguese)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-pt_BR" data-locale="pt_BR" role="menuitem" lang="pt_BR"> Português (Portuguese) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Română (Romanian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ro_RO" data-locale="ro_RO" role="menuitem" lang="ro_RO"> Română (Romanian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Русский (Russian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ru_RU" data-locale="ru_RU" role="menuitem" lang="ru_RU"> Русский (Russian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Svenska (Swedish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-sv_SE" data-locale="sv_SE" role="menuitem" lang="sv_SE"> Svenska (Swedish) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="తెలుగు (Telugu)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-te_IN" data-locale="te_IN" role="menuitem" lang="te_IN"> తెలుగు (Telugu) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="ภาษาไทย (Thai)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-th_TH" data-locale="th_TH" role="menuitem" lang="th_TH"> ภาษาไทย (Thai) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Tagalog (Tagalog)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-tl_PH" data-locale="tl_PH" role="menuitem" lang="tl_PH"> Tagalog (Tagalog) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Türkçe (Turkish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-tr_TR" data-locale="tr_TR" role="menuitem" lang="tr_TR"> Türkçe (Turkish) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Українська (Ukrainian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-uk_UA" data-locale="uk_UA" role="menuitem" lang="uk_UA"> Українська (Ukrainian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-vi_VN" data-locale="vi_VN" role="menuitem" lang="vi_VN"> Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified))" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-zh_CN" data-locale="zh_CN" role="menuitem" lang="zh_CN"> 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional))" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-zh_TW" data-locale="zh_TW" role="menuitem" lang="zh_TW"> 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) </button> </li>  </ul> <button class="language-selector__button select-none relative pr-2 font-sans text-xs font-bold text-color-text-low-emphasis hover:text-color-link-hover hover:cursor-pointer focus:text-color-link-focus focus:outline-dotted focus:outline-1" aria-expanded="false" data-tracking-control-name="footer-lang-dropdown_trigger"> <span class="language-selector__label-text mr-0.5 break-words"> Language </span> <icon class="language-selector__label-chevron w-2 h-2 absolute top-0 right-0" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/cyolgscd0imw2ldqppkrb84vo"></icon> </button> </div> </li> </ul>  </footer> </div> <code id="ugcPostUrl" style="display: none"></code> <code id="ugcPost" style="display: none"></code> <code id="disableLinkedinShareRedirectLink" style="display: none"></code> <code id="ugcPostUrn" style="display: none"></code> <code id="signInUrl" style="display: none"></code>  <div class="article-social-activity z-[201] x-social-activity-wrapper xs:sticky bottom-0 flex justify-center border-t-1 border-solid border-color-border-faint bg-color-background-container md:pr-[320px]" data-impression-id="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details">  <div class="x-social-activity social-details x-social-activity-left flex flex-wrap w-full max-w-x-article-width-small justify-between lg:max-w-x-article-width"> <div class="flex x-social-activity-left flex-wrap"> <code id="i18n_reaction_selection_state" style="display: none"></code> <div class="reactions-menu flex flex-row relative items-center justify-center select-none [-webkit-user-select:none] pointer-events-auto" data-feed-control="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta"> <a class="reactions-menu__link text-color-text social-action-bar__button relative h-6 cursor-pointer w-full" href="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_like-cta" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta" data-parent-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7049427073982984192" data-tracking-will-navigate data-feed-control="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta">  <div class="like-button-default flex flex-row items-center "> <icon class="social-action-bar__icon" data-svg-class-name="social-action-bar__icon--svg" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e2cf8dn8tvjcu9gl3qcxhw31q"> </icon> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Like</span> </div> </a> </div> <template id="selected-reaction"> <div> <div class="selected-reaction--LIKE flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Like" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/7ze70iqo2l1rn7hwfoykiwjod"> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Like</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--PRAISE flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Celebrate" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/czva5w81r4b0pjr7sh5r4nbw9"> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Celebrate</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--APPRECIATION flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Support" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/8kvqqk9m1eu5ffqkdlum1ka1m"> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Support</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--EMPATHY flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Love" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/5yukss5d7kh4xrbd5642z6tk0"> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Love</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--INTEREST flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Insightful" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/es4dlamdpym2zbuhglwx2cuz0"> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Insightful</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--ENTERTAINMENT flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Funny" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e0rqrq0h755yqqu59fy047ayt"> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Funny</span> </div> </div> </template>  <code id="i18n_copy_cta_message_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_copy_cta_message_error" style="display: none"></code> <div class="collapsible-dropdown flex items-center relative hyphens-auto social-share inline-block relative select-none x-social-share " data-share-message="Share" data-share-url="https://www.linkedin.com/advice/0/how-do-you-measure-fracture-toughness-biomaterials?utm_source=share&utm_medium=guest_desktop" data-feed-control="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_main_button" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="openShareMenu">  <ul class="collapsible-dropdown__list hidden container-raised absolute w-auto overflow-y-auto flex-col items-stretch z-1 bottom-[100%] top-auto" role="menu" tabindex="-1"> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_copy" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="copy"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/aup4g97pdky3ff73gv9lyhjvx"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Copy</span> </button> </li> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_linkedin" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="linkedin"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/2uoxvguhsfspfnmr6tvfuyw4y" data-svg-class-name="text-color-text"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">LinkedIn</span> </button> </li> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_facebook" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="facebook"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/5xkjpykqkamtr6skk0vodqwd2"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_twitter" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="twitter"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/4bmfmbwr1b97362o29qmjo1zj"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Twitter</span> </button> </li>  </ul> <button aria-expanded="false" class="social-share__button social-share__button-square social-share-button social-action-bar__button social-share-button--square " aria-label data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_main_button"> <icon class="social-share__button-icon " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/852gyy4s01pfis5qf9k99s6d2" data-svg-class-name="social-share-button-icon social-action-bar__icon--svg "></icon> <span class="social-share__button-text-square social-action-bar__button-text "> Share </span> </button> </div> </div> <code id="i18n_reaction_singular" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_reactions_plural" style="display: none"></code> <div class="flex items-center font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs" data-sap-comment-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7049427073982984192"> <div class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis my-1" role="button" aria-label="1 Reaction" data-test-id="social-actions__reactions" data-id="social-actions__reactions" data-num-reactions="1" data-singular="%numReactions%" data-plural="%numReactions%" data-entity-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7049427073982984192" tabindex="0"> <img alt data-reaction-type="LIKE" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9sun4diznbhgyelaeryxy75ur" height="16px" width="16px"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="font-normal ml-0.5" data-test-id="social-actions__reaction-count"> 1 </span> </div> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-APPRECIATION" style="display: none"></code>  <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-EMPATHY" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-ENTERTAINMENT" style="display: none"></code>  <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-INTEREST" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-LIKE" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-MAYBE" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-PRAISE" style="display: none"></code>  <div class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis before:middot my-1" data-test-id="social-actions__comments" data-id="social-actions__comments" data-num-comments="1" data-singular="%numComments% Contribution" data-plural="%numComments% Contributions" data-entity-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7049427073982984192"> 1 Contribution </div>  </div> </div> </div>  <code id="contentUrn" style="display: none"></code> <div id="toasts" class="toasts fixed z-8 babybear:right-4 mamabear:right-4 papabear:min-h-[96px] invisible top:auto bottom-4 left-4 papabear:w-[400px] toasts--bottom" type="bottom"> <template id="toast-template"> <div class="toast container-raised flex toast--bottom transition ease-accelerate duration-xxslow " data-id="toast"> <div class="toast__message flex flex-1 babybear:items-center mamabear:items-center papabear:items-start py-2 px-1.5" data-id="toast__message" role="alert" tabindex="-1"> <div class="toast__message-content-container" data-id="toast__message-content-container"> <p class="toast__message-content font-sans text-sm opacity-90 inline babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start" data-id="toast__message-content"></p> </div> </div> <button class="toast__dismiss-btn cursor-pointer babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start pt-3 pb-2 papabear:py-2 pl-0.5 pr-0" data-id="toast__dismiss-btn" aria-label="Close"> <svg width="24" height="24" class="fill-color-icon"><path d="M13 4.32 9.31 8 13 11.69 11.69 13 8 9.31 4.31 13 3 11.69 6.69 8 3 4.31 4.31 3 8 6.69 11.68 3Z"></path></svg> </button> </div> </template> <template id="toast-icon-caution"> <icon class="text-color-icon-caution toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/u6kgm8vi5s4rhtbgmjlphlp6"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-error"> <icon class="text-color-icon-negative toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/2ffvlzyh9wb65459t9va8w2ph"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-gdpr"> <icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/a0d85elrpgg38lskvq1kvzb3"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-notify"> <icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/de23f5me7dfm17unsj9up4vga"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-success"> <icon class="text-color-icon-positive toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/c44ryoszao52cyd0y87z7s0uf"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-cta"> <a class="toast__cta cta-link font-medium ml-0.5 text-sm text-inherit inline" target="_blank"></a> </template> </div> </div> <script src="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e52nctzocrwiod8oiqb4ks0wi" async></script>  <script src="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/dpjtia3nuvskqc47hb0di7bzo" async defer></script>  </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Fracture Toughness of Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Methods