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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>An evaluation of the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V processed thermodynamically by PM-EDM criteria | The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="An evaluation of the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V processed thermodynamically by PM-EDM criteria"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology - An electro-thermally re-solidified layer formed by powder mixed-electrical discharge machining (PM-EDM) on the surface of titanium..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-022-09093-4/MediaObjects/170_2022_9093_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="170"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="An evaluation of the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V processed thermodynamically by PM-EDM criteria"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2022 120:7"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2022-03-26"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="An electro-thermally re-solidified layer formed by powder mixed-electrical discharge machining (PM-EDM) on the surface of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4&nbsp;V has different properties than the original material. In our research, we studied the mechanical properties and surface integrity of the re-solidified layer based on the characteristics of the heat source distribution. For this purpose, we used Thermo-Calc software to predict the phase transition of Ti-6Al-4&nbsp;V material properties based on thermography and surface topography data. In our work, we investigated the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4&nbsp;V and considered the changes in primary and secondary phases. We observed the formation of TiOx in our experiment, which enhanced the surface’s corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and bio-functionality of Ti-6Al-4&nbsp;V. Our finding demonstrates that TiOx can be used in surgical equipment and odontological implants."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1433-3015"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2022-03-26"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="120"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="7"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="5117"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="5129"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Int J Adv Manuf Technol"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer London"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1433-3015"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="An evaluation of the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V processed thermodynamically by PM-EDM criteria"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="120"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="7"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2022/06"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2022/03/26"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="5117"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="5129"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="ORIGINAL ARTICLE"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4"/> <meta name="size" content="101310"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="An electro-thermally re-solidified layer formed by powder mixed-electrical discharge machining (PM-EDM) on the surface of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4&nbsp;"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ilani, Mohsen Asghari"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Khoshnevisan, Mohammad"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Industrial and Production Engineering"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Media Management"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Mechanical Engineering"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Mach Tools Manuf; citation_title=Machining induced surface integrity in titanium and nickel alloys: a review; citation_author=D Ulutan, T Ozel; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=250-280; citation_doi=10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2010.11.003; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Multiscale and Multidisciplinary Modeling, Experiments and Design; citation_title=Powder mixed-electrical discharge machining (EDM) with the electrode is made by fused deposition modeling (FDM) at Ti-6Al-4V machining procedure; citation_author=MA Ilani, M Khoshnevisan; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=1-14; citation_doi=10.1007/s41939-020-00070-6; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mahdavinejad RA, Ilani MA (2019) Superior advance research in the electro-discharge machining of Ti alloys: review. 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Springer US, pp 533–576"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering; citation_title=Modeling of kerf width and surface roughness in wire cut electric discharge machining of Ti-6Al-4V; citation_author=KV Rao, LR Raju, CK Kumar; citation_volume=234; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=533-542; citation_doi=10.1177/0954408920932369; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ilani, Mohsen Asghari"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Automation Research Laboratory, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, USA"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Khoshnevisan, Mohammad"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="m.khoshnevisan@northeastern.edu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="College of Science, Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, USA"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2022/06/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="An evaluation of the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V processed thermodynamically by PM-EDM criteria - The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="An electro-thermally re-solidified layer formed by powder mixed-electrical discharge machining (PM-EDM) on the surface of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4 V has different properties than the original material. In our research, we studied the mechanical properties and surface integrity of the re-solidified layer based on the characteristics of the heat source distribution. For this purpose, we used Thermo-Calc software to predict the phase transition of Ti-6Al-4 V material properties based on thermography and surface topography data. In our work, we investigated the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V and considered the changes in primary and secondary phases. We observed the formation of TiOx in our experiment, which enhanced the surface’s corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and bio-functionality of Ti-6Al-4 V. Our finding demonstrates that TiOx can be used in surgical equipment and odontological implants."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-022-09093-4/MediaObjects/170_2022_9093_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6">   <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" 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In our research, we studied the mechanical properties and surface integrity of the re-solidified layer based on the characteristics of the heat source distribution. For this purpose, we used Thermo-Calc software to predict the phase transition of Ti-6Al-4 V material properties based on thermography and surface topography data. In our work, we investigated the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V and considered the changes in primary and secondary phases. We observed the formation of TiOx in our experiment, which enhanced the surface’s corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and bio-functionality of Ti-6Al-4 V. 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c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/170" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/170?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</span> </a> <a href="https://springer.com/journal/170/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/jamt/default.aspx" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mohsen_Asghari-Ilani-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Mohsen_Asghari-Ilani-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Ilani, Mohsen Asghari">Mohsen Asghari Ilani</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0189-6956"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-0189-6956</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mohammad-Khoshnevisan-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Mohammad-Khoshnevisan-Aff3" data-author-search="Khoshnevisan, Mohammad" data-corresp-id="c1">Mohammad Khoshnevisan<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>422 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>20 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> <div class="u-mb-8 c-status-message c-status-message--boxed c-status-message--info"> <svg class="c-status-message__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> <p class="u-mt-0">A <a href="/article/10.1007/s00170-022-09165-5" class="relation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view linked article" data-track-label="link">Correction</a> to this article was published on 14 April 2022</p> </div> <div class="u-mb-8 c-status-message c-status-message--boxed c-status-message--info"> <svg class="c-status-message__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> <p class="u-mt-0">This article has been <a href="#change-history">updated</a></p> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>An electro-thermally re-solidified layer formed by powder mixed-electrical discharge machining (PM-EDM) on the surface of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4 V has different properties than the original material. In our research, we studied the mechanical properties and surface integrity of the re-solidified layer based on the characteristics of the heat source distribution. For this purpose, we used Thermo-Calc software to predict the phase transition of Ti-6Al-4 V material properties based on thermography and surface topography data. In our work, we investigated the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V and considered the changes in primary and secondary phases. We observed the formation of TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> in our experiment, which enhanced the surface’s corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and bio-functionality of Ti-6Al-4 V. Our finding demonstrates that TiO<sub><i>x</i></sub> can be used in surgical equipment and odontological implants.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00170-022-09093-4%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Deb50cf6e-3b4c-44fa-bfee-b0a1e4fd70b5" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" 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src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-022-09093-4/MediaObjects/170_2022_9093_Fig16_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="106"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-17"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig17" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 17</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-022-09093-4/MediaObjects/170_2022_9093_Fig17_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00170-022-09093-4/MediaObjects/170_2022_9093_Fig17_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="109"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div 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</script> <section data-title="Change history"><div class="c-article-section" id="change-history-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="change-history">Change history</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="change-history-content"><ul class="c-article-change-list"><li class="c-article-change-list__item u-mb-24" id="chg1"><ins datetime="2022-04-14"><h3 class="c-article-change-list__heading u-h3 u-pr-8 u-display-inline">14 April 2022</h3><div class="c-article-change-list__details"><p>A Correction to this paper has been published: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09165-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09165-5</a></p></div></ins></li></ul></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" 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An evaluation of the surface integrity and corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V processed thermodynamically by PM-EDM criteria. <i>Int J Adv Manuf Technol</i> <b>120</b>, 5117–5129 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00170-022-09093-4?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-01-19">19 January 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-03-21">21 March 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-03-26">26 March 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-06">June 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span 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integrity</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Surgical%20equipment&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Surgical equipment</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Corrosion%20behavior&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Corrosion behavior</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Odontological%20Implants&facet-discipline="Engineering"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Odontological Implants</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" 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