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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>20th century to date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_to_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racecourses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racecourses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Racecourses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racecourses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_races_and_meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_races_and_meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Important races and meetings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Important_races_and_meetings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Racehorse_statue_at_Newmarket_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25663.jpg/330px-Racehorse_statue_at_Newmarket_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25663.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Racehorse_statue_at_Newmarket_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25663.jpg/440px-Racehorse_statue_at_Newmarket_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25663.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Racehorse statue at <a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Suffolk" title="Newmarket, Suffolk">Newmarket</a>, the home of British horse racing</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Horse racing</b> is the second largest <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Armytage_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armytage-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the longest established, with a history dating back many centuries. According to a report by the British Horseracing Authority it generates £3.39 billion total direct and indirect expenditure in the British <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, of which £1.05 billion is from core racing industry expenditure,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the major horse racing events such as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ascot">Royal Ascot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a> are important dates in the British and international sporting and society calendar. </p><p>The sport has taken place in the country since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times and many of the sport's traditions and rules originated there. The <a href="/wiki/Jockey_Club" title="Jockey Club">Jockey Club</a>, established in 1750, codified the <i>Rules of Racing</i> and one of its members, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Rous">Admiral Rous</a> laid the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Handicapping" title="Handicapping">handicapping</a> system for <a href="/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)" title="Handicap (horse racing)">horse racing</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Weight-for-age" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight-for-age">weight-for-age</a> scale. Britain is also home to racecourses including <a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse" title="Newmarket Racecourse">Newmarket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse" title="Ascot Racecourse">Ascot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">Cheltenham</a> and races including <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a> at <a href="/wiki/Epsom" title="Epsom">Epsom</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_National" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grand National">The Grand National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup" title="Cheltenham Gold Cup">Cheltenham Gold Cup</a>. Great Britain has also produced some of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Jockey" title="Jockey">jockeys</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fred_Archer_(jockey)" title="Fred Archer (jockey)">Fred Archer</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Richards_(jockey)" title="Gordon Richards (jockey)">Gordon Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lester_Piggott" title="Lester Piggott">Lester Piggott</a>. </p><p>Britain has also historically been a hugely important centre for <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> racehorse breeding. In fact all racehorses are called English Thoroughbred, the breed having been created in England. All modern thoroughbred racehorses can trace a line back to three foundation <a href="/wiki/Sire" title="Sire">sires</a> which were imported to Britain in the late 17th/early 18th centuries<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman-p._71_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-p._71-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Stud_Book" title="General Stud Book">General Stud Book</a> first published by <a href="/wiki/James_Weatherby" class="mw-redirect" title="James Weatherby">James Weatherby</a> still records details of every horse in the breed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a> on horseraces has been one of the cornerstones of the British betting industry and the relationship between the two has historically been one of mutual dependence. The betting industry is an important funder of horse racing in Great Britain, through the betting levy administered by the <a href="/wiki/Horserace_Betting_Levy_Board" title="Horserace Betting Levy Board">Horserace Betting Levy Board</a> and through media rights negotiated by racecourses and betting shops. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocright"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_racing">Types of racing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main forms of horse racing in Great Britain. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">Flat racing</a></b>, which is run over distances between 5 <a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlongs</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">miles</a> 5 furlongs 159 <a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yards</a> on courses without obstacles</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/National_Hunt_racing" title="National Hunt racing">National Hunt racing</a></b>, races run over distances between 2 miles and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> miles, where horses usually jump either <a href="/wiki/Hurdling_(horse_race)" title="Hurdling (horse race)">hurdles</a> or fences (races known as <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechases</a>). There is also a category of National Hunt races known as <a href="/wiki/National_Hunt_flat_race" title="National Hunt flat race">National Hunt flat races</a>, which are run under National Hunt rules, but where no obstacles are jumped.</li></ul> <p>Collectively, the above racing is often referred to as racing <b>"under rules"</b>, since there is another form of racing which is run on an altogether more informal and <i>ad hoc</i> basis, known as <a href="/wiki/Point_to_point_(steeplechase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point to point (steeplechase)">point-to-point racing</a>. Point-to-point is a form of <a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">steeplechasing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> riders. </p><p>All the above forms of the sport are run under the auspices of the governing and regulatory body for horse racing in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Horseracing_Authority" title="British Horseracing Authority">British Horseracing Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of point-to-pointing which is administered by the Point-to-Point Authority with the BHA taking on regulatory functions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a limited amount of <a href="/wiki/Harness_racing" title="Harness racing">harness racing</a> which takes place under the auspices of the British Harness Racing Society and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian</a> racing which takes place under the auspices of the Arabian Racing Organisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era_to_Middle_Ages">Roman era to Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman era to Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horses were used as beasts of burden in pre-Roman times, but it is thought that the first horse races to take place in Britain were organised by soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> around 200 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although whether the Romans actually introduced the sport is a matter of conjecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Romans at the encampment at <a href="/wiki/Wetherby" title="Wetherby">Wetherby</a> matched horses against Arabian horses brought to England by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of racecourses dating to the Roman occupation exist, but records are scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Bede" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Bede">Venerable Bede</a> reports that the English began to saddle their horses about the year 631. <sup id="cite_ref-SpMag179210_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpMag179210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest written mention of "running-horses" is a record of Hugh, from the French <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a>, gifting some as a present to <a href="/wiki/King_Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="King Athelstan">King Athelstan</a> of England in the 9th/10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Athelstan's reign a ban was placed on the export of English horses, such was supposed to be their superiority to continental ones. Continental ones were still permitted for import, and many were brought to England by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Montgomerie,_1st_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury">Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury</a> introduced Spanish stallions to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-SpMag179210_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpMag179210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded race meetings were during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_London" title="Smithfield, London">Smithfield, London</a>, during the annual St Bartholomew's <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">horse fair</a>. The event is attested by <a href="/wiki/William_Fitzstephen" title="William Fitzstephen">William Fitzstephen</a> writing at some time after 1174 and the poet <a href="/wiki/Michael_Drayton" title="Michael Drayton">Drayton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, horse-breeding improved and horseback contests were popular, but in the form of tournaments, rather than races.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> established a stud at <a href="/wiki/Eltham" title="Eltham">Eltham</a>, Kent<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> romance <a href="/wiki/Beves_of_Hamtoun_(poem)" title="Beves of Hamtoun (poem)">Sir Bevis of Hampton</a> has couplets which refer to races taking place in the time of <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184021–22_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184021–22-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next three centuries there are numerous records of Kings of England keeping 'running horses'. <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> bought horses at £13 6s 8d each, and was also gifted two by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Navarre">King of Navarre</a>. The royal stud continued to grow throughout the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiplingcotes_Junction,_South_Dalton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183331.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kiplingcotes_Junction%2C_South_Dalton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183331.jpg/220px-Kiplingcotes_Junction%2C_South_Dalton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183331.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kiplingcotes_Junction%2C_South_Dalton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183331.jpg/330px-Kiplingcotes_Junction%2C_South_Dalton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183331.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kiplingcotes_Junction%2C_South_Dalton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183331.jpg/440px-Kiplingcotes_Junction%2C_South_Dalton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_183331.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kiplingcotes" title="Kiplingcotes">Kiplingcotes</a>, Yorkshire, home of the world's oldest horse race</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_Century">16th Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 16th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Records become more substantial during the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. He passed a number of laws relating to the breeding of horses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022–26_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022–26-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imported</a> a large number of <a href="/wiki/Stallion_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stallion (horse)">stallions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mare_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mare (horse)">mares</a> for <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeding</a> from Spain, Italy and the East. He kept a training establishment at <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a> and the stud at <a href="/wiki/Eltham" title="Eltham">Eltham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman-p._71_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-p._71-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded the Royal Paddock at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Court">Hampton Court</a>, where he kept mares and a "Barb worth his weight in silver", which has been given to him by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Mantua">Marquis of Mantua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formal race meetings began to be instigated too. It is believed that the first occurrence of a <a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">trophy</a> being presented to the winner of a race was in 1512 by organisers of a fair in <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a small wooden ball decorated with <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>. Meanwhile, the oldest horse race still in existence, the <a href="/wiki/Kiplingcotes_Derby" title="Kiplingcotes Derby">Kiplingcotes Derby</a> was first run in 1519. The <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Bell" title="Carlisle Bell">Carlisle Bells</a>, reputedly the oldest sporting trophy in the world, were first competed for in the 16th century, in a race that still bears their name. One of the bells is inscribed "The sweftes horse thes bel tak" ("The swiftest horse takes this bell").<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Racing was firmly established at <a href="/wiki/Chester_Racecourse" title="Chester Racecourse">Chester</a>, the oldest surviving racecourse in England, by 1540.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth</a>, the sport was a "common amusement",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Queen herself is recorded as attending races on <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a> in the 1580s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as keeping up the paddocks at Hampton and founding her own at <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racing in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Galtres" title="Forest of Galtres">Forest of Galtres</a> dates to 1590,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19028_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19028-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leith_Races" title="Leith Races">Leith Races</a> were established by 1591, and at <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse" title="Doncaster Racecourse">Doncaster</a> by 1595.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During Elizabeth's reign, interest in horse racing appears to have waned, for reasons unrecorded,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184029_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184029-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this changed when in 1605, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> discovered the little village of <a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Suffolk" title="Newmarket, Suffolk">Newmarket</a> whilst out <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">hawking</a> or riding. He began to spend time there racing horses, and from then on it has been known as the home of horse racing in England. In fact, James spent so much time there that the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> petitioned him to concentrate more of his time on running the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The region has had a long association with horses going back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first recorded race there was a match for £100 between horses owned by <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Marquess of Buckingham</a> in 1622, and the racecourse was founded in 1636.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chester continued to be a centre of the sport and by 1609 there are records of the St George's race being run five time round the "Roody" for a prize of silver bells and a sum of money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rules of Racing (page does not exist)">Rules of Racing</a> date from <a href="/wiki/Kiplingcotes" title="Kiplingcotes">Kiplingcotes</a> in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Race meetings began to spring up elsewhere in the country. Races were run for silver bells at Gatherley, near <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a> in Yorkshire, <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theobalds" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobalds">Theobalds</a> on <a href="/wiki/Enfield_Chase" title="Enfield Chase">Enfield Chase</a>. Jockey weights began to be measured and rigorously enforced,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184031_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184031-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and formal training of horses took place, paying attention to food and exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod190110_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod190110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> encouraged the sport. Some of the Spanish horses that ended up in <a href="/wiki/Galloway" title="Galloway">Galloway</a> after the wrecking of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> were kept by local people and raced against the King's own horses when he was in Ireland. They proved better than the King's and were bought for the royal stables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King supported several meetings, even acting as <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk of the Course">Clerk of the Course</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Racecourse" title="Lincoln Racecourse">Lincoln</a> in 1607 and built a house at Newmarket as a hunting lodge and so he could enjoy the racing there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private match races between gentlemen, riding their own horses, rather than using hired jockeys as became the norm later, became commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod190110_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod190110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the time that <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> came to the <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a>, Spring and Autumn race meetings were introduced to Newmarket and in 1634 the first Gold Cup event was held. Charles gave a 100 guinea silver cup to be raced for at <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>, and instituted a silver plate at Newmarket. Meetings at <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire" title="Stamford, Lincolnshire">Stamford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom Racecourse">Epsom</a> were now well established. </p><p>All horse racing was then banned in 1654 by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>, and many horses were requisitioned by the state. Despite this Cromwell himself kept a stud running of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184036_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184036-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">restoration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> racing flourished and he instituted the <a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Town_Plate" title="Newmarket Town Plate">Newmarket Town Plate</a> in 1664, writing the rules himself: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>Articles ordered by His Majestie to be observed by all persons that put in horses to ride for the Plate, the new round heat at Newmarket set out on the first day of October, 1664, in the 16th year of our Sovereign Lord King Charles II, which Plate is to be rid for yearly, the second Thursday in October for ever</i> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">King Charles II, Rules of the Newmarket Town Plate</cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> founded a riding academy and gave plates to be ridden for in many parts of the country. Between 1695 and 1702, he ran his own horses at Newmarket, including in a 2000 guinea match against the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Somerset" title="Duke of Somerset">Duke of Somerset</a>. The influential <a href="/wiki/Tregonwell_Frampton" title="Tregonwell Frampton">Tregonwell Frampton</a>, known as the "Father of the Turf" was keeper of William's horses, and performed the same task for <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> and possibly Charles II and James II. He did much to improve the breed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19027_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19027-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three foundation sires of the modern thoroughbred, the <a href="/wiki/Byerley_Turk" title="Byerley Turk">Byerley Turk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darley_Arabian" title="Darley Arabian">Darley Arabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godolphin_Barb" class="mw-redirect" title="Godolphin Barb">Godolphin Barb</a> were imported to England in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and founded the lines which can be traced down to every modern thoroughbred racehorse.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterman-p._71_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterman-p._71-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, they weren't the only influential sires. Others, including the grey Barb donated by the King to a Mr Hutton, and known as Hutton's Grey Barb contributed importantly to the breed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jockey-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Jockey-.jpg/220px-Jockey-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Jockey-.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Jockey, Edwardian painting by the famous Irish artist <a href="/wiki/William_Orpen" title="William Orpen">William Orpen</a></figcaption></figure><p> The improvement of the breed was not purely for sporting purposes though. Warfare and conquest were also factors. As Whyte noted, "to the excellence of the British horse... may be ascribed much of our superiority over other nations, both in commerce and in war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840vii_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840vii-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> kept a large string of horses and was instrumental in the founding of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ascot">Royal Ascot</a> where the opening race each year is still called the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_Stakes" title="Queen Anne Stakes">Queen Anne Stakes</a>. The first published account of race results was John Cheney's <i>Historical list of all the Horse Matches run, and all plates and prizes run for in England and Wales</i> which dates to 1727.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840385_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840385-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Weatherbys" title="Weatherbys">Weatherby family</a> succeeded Cheney as the keepers of the most complete set of racing records,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840386_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840386-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a later work which came into their possession, published in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in 1748, the result is recorded of a race run in September 1709 on Clifton and Rawcliffe Ings, near York, for a gold cup of £50.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840387_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840387-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1740, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> introduced an act "to restrain and to prevent the excessive increase in horse racing"; this was largely ignored and in the 1750 the <a href="/wiki/Jockey_Club" title="Jockey Club">Jockey Club</a> was formed to create and apply the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_Racing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rules of Racing (page does not exist)">Rules of Racing</a>. However, until the 1760s, individual horses seldom ran more than five or six times, due to the scarcity of prizes on offer, but this began to change with major race meetings expanding the prizes on offer. Newmarket and York led the way in this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840400_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840400-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Races were still generally for mature horses, and were typically run in matches, or in best-of-three heats over long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three-year-old races were first run in 1731 and two-year-olds raced for the first time at Newmarket in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19959_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19959-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1791, Cash became the first <a href="/wiki/Yearling_(horse)" title="Yearling (horse)">yearling</a> to race, and beat a three-year-old in a match at Newmarket, in receipt of 3 stones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett199510_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett199510-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Newmarket itself continued to grow as a centre of racing and many of the racecourse's historic meetings (with persist to this day) were established in the 1760s and 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190210_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190210-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the century the <a href="/wiki/12th_Earl_of_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Earl of Derby">12th Earl of Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Bunbury,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Bunbury, 6th Baronet">Sir Charles Bunbury</a> were key influencers in the sport. Under their auspices the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Oaks" title="Epsom Oaks">Oaks</a> were established at <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom Racecourse">Epsom</a>, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/St_Leger" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leger">St Leger</a> and the growing popularity of shorter races, for younger horses. These races, along with the Leger and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guineas_(horse_races)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guineas (horse races) (page does not exist)">Guineas</a> at Newmarket (which were established early in the 19th century) became known as the <a href="/wiki/British_Classic_Races" title="British Classic Races">Classics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At around the same time, jockeys began to earn a reputation in their own right, with early pioneers including <a href="/wiki/Frank_Buckle" title="Frank Buckle">Frank Buckle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Chifney_Sr" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Chifney Sr">Sam Chifney Sr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jem_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem Robinson">Jem Robinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interest in the sport was at a high throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. As Whyte's History of the English Turf noted in 1840, "For nearly a century and a half, the "Turf" has formed a favourite amusement of "Kings, Lords and Commons".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840i_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840i-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or as Rice's History reported in 1879, "for some two hundred years the pursuit of Horse-racing has been attractive to more of our countrymen than any other out-door pastime"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other traditional rural sports, including hawking, shooting and hare-hunting, had much diminished by this period, due to <a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> and "gradual refinement of manners"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod19015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and racing was at its "acme".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod19017_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19017-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)" title="Handicap (horse racing)">Handicap</a> races, in which horses are assigned weights to carry in proportion to their ability, became popular from the turn of the 19th century onwards. The first had been run at <a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse" title="Ascot Racecourse">Ascot</a> in 1791<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett199510_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett199510-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others followed. Many have persisted to this day including the Chester Cup (from 1824), Northumberland Plate (1833), <a href="/wiki/Cesarewitch_Handicap" title="Cesarewitch Handicap">Cesarewitch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_Handicap" title="Cambridgeshire Handicap">Cambridgeshire Handicaps</a> at Newmarket (both 1839), Goodwood's <a href="/wiki/Stewards%27_Cup_(Great_Britain)" title="Stewards' Cup (Great Britain)">Stewards' Cup</a> (1839), the <a href="/wiki/Ebor_Handicap" title="Ebor Handicap">Ebor</a> at York (1843), the <a href="/wiki/City_and_Suburban_Handicap" title="City and Suburban Handicap">City and Suburban Handicap</a> at <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom Racecourse">Epsom</a> (1851) and the traditional opener for the flat racing season, the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Handicap" title="Lincoln Handicap">Lincoln</a> (1853).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190211_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190211-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(horse_racing)" title="Steeplechase (horse racing)">Steeplechasing</a> first became organised by Tom Colman at <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a> in the early 1830s. By the end of that decade, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National" title="Grand National">Grand National</a> had been established at <a href="/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse" title="Aintree Racecourse">Aintree</a> by William Lynn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, <a href="/wiki/Sandown_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandown Park">Sandown Park</a> became the first racecourse to open a separate members' enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlumptre198511_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumptre198511-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the turn of the 20th century, it was said that "time has only strengthened and confirmed the national passion for the sport."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190213_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190213-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns over its moral effects were prevalent though. An interest in horse racing and the attendant gambling was described as the "offspring of a passion we should wish to disown", with a warning that "the modern turf is fast becoming the very manor of the worst".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod19016_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_date">20th century to date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century to date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947 <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Park_Racecourse" title="Hamilton Park Racecourse">Hamilton</a> hosted the first evening race meeting in Great Britain. Now <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_Racecourse" title="Wolverhampton Racecourse">Wolverhampton Racecourse</a> holds the most evening meetings, with nearly 50 a year. </p><p>The Jockey Club governed the sport until its governance role was handed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Horseracing_Board" title="British Horseracing Board">British Horseracing Board</a>, (formed in June 1993) and while the BHB became responsible for strategic planning, finance, politics, race planning, training and marketing, the Jockey Club continued to regulate the sport. In 2006 it formed the Horseracing Regulatory Authority to carry out the regulatory process whilst it focused on owning 13 racecourses and the gallops in Newmarket and Lambourn. In July 2007 the HRA merged with the BHB to form the <a href="/wiki/British_Horseracing_Authority" title="British Horseracing Authority">British Horseracing Authority</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racecourses">Racecourses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Racecourses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_racecourses" title="List of British racecourses">List of British racecourses</a></div> <p>There are 60 licensed racecourses in Great Britain, with a further two in Northern Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Down_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Down Royal">Down Royal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downpatrick" title="Downpatrick">Downpatrick</a>). Apart from <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_City_Racecourse" title="Chelmsford City Racecourse">Chelmsford City</a> and Ffos Las (which opened in 2009), all the courses date back to 1927 or earlier. The oldest is <a href="/wiki/Chester_Racecourse" title="Chester Racecourse">Chester Racecourse</a>, which dates to the early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike some other countries, which include the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, racing in Britain usually takes place on turf. However, there are six courses which have all-weather tracks – <a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park_Racecourse" title="Kempton Park Racecourse">Kempton Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingfield_Park_Racecourse" title="Lingfield Park Racecourse">Lingfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwell_Racecourse" title="Southwell Racecourse">Southwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_Racecourse" title="Wolverhampton Racecourse">Wolverhampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_City_Racecourse" title="Chelmsford City Racecourse">Chelmsford City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Racecourse" title="Newcastle Racecourse">Newcastle</a>. Southwell's <a href="/wiki/Track_surface" title="Track surface">surface</a> is <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_racetrack_surfaces_for_horse_racing#Fibresand" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic racetrack surfaces for horse racing">Fibresand</a>. Wolverhampton installed a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_racetrack_surfaces_for_horse_racing#Tapeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic racetrack surfaces for horse racing">Tapeta</a> surface in August 2014, replacing the existing Polytrack; Newcastle converted its Gosforth Park flat racing turf track to a Tapeta course with the addition of a floodlit all-weather straight mile in May 2016. All flat racing at Newcastle now takes place on the Tapeta surface with a turf course retained solely for a winter programme of jumps racing. The other three British all-weather tracks are all <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_racetrack_surfaces_for_horse_racing#Polytrack" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic racetrack surfaces for horse racing">Polytrack</a>. Ireland has a single all-weather Polytrack course at <a href="/wiki/Dundalk_Stadium" title="Dundalk Stadium">Dundalk</a>. Courses also vary wildly in layout. There are very few which are regular ovals, as is the typical layout of other countries like the United States. Each course has its own idiosyncrasies, and horses are known to be more suited to some tracks than others, hence the <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiom</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/horses_for_courses" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/horses for courses">horses for courses</a>." </p><p>There are two main operating groups of British racecourses – <a href="/wiki/Jockey_Club_Racecourses" class="mw-redirect" title="Jockey Club Racecourses">Jockey Club Racecourses</a>, which runs fifteen courses, and <a href="/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company" title="Arena Racing Company">Arena Racing Company</a>, which runs sixteen courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_races_and_meetings">Important races and meetings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Important races and meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flat">Flat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_flat_horse_races" title="List of British flat horse races">List of British flat horse races</a></div> <p>Britain is home to some of the world's most important flat races and race meetings. While ancient horse races like the <a href="/wiki/Kiplingcotes_Derby" title="Kiplingcotes Derby">Kiplingcotes Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Town_Plate" title="Newmarket Town Plate">Newmarket Town Plate</a> are now mainly curiosities, there are many older races which retain modern relevance. The five <a href="/wiki/British_Classic_Races" title="British Classic Races">British Classics</a> – the <a href="/wiki/1,000_Guineas" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000 Guineas">1,000 Guineas</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,000_Guineas" class="mw-redirect" title="2,000 Guineas">2,000 Guineas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Oaks" title="Epsom Oaks">The Oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">The Derby</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Leger Stakes">St. Leger</a> – were founded in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and still represent the pinnacle of achievement for each generation of horses. The structure and distances of these races, if not the exact names, have been adopted by many other European horse racing authorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_Classic_Races" title="Irish Classic Races">Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ascot">Royal Ascot</a> is the major flat racing festival in Europe and attracts horses from all over the world. The modern flat season in Britain now also climaxes with <a href="/wiki/British_Champions_Day" title="British Champions Day">British Champions Day</a>, a festival of championship races, also held at <a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse" title="Ascot Racecourse">Ascot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Hunt">National Hunt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National Hunt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_National_Hunt_races" title="List of British National Hunt races">List of British National Hunt races</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/National_Hunt_racing" title="National Hunt racing">National Hunt racing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a> is the foremost jump racing festival in the world, and is an annual target for both British and Irish trainers. The festival hosts races such as the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Gold_Cup" title="Cheltenham Gold Cup">Cheltenham Gold Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champion_Hurdle" title="Champion Hurdle">Champion Hurdle</a>, which are seen as the peak of their disciplines and over the years have been won by horses whose appeal has transcended the sport, including <a href="/wiki/Kauto_Star" title="Kauto Star">Kauto Star</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desert_Orchid" title="Desert Orchid">Desert Orchid</a>. More widely known still is the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National" title="Grand National">Grand National</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse" title="Aintree Racecourse">Aintree</a>, which despite being a very long and difficult race that is historically contested by a lower grade of horses than races at Cheltenham, has produced some of the sports equine superstars, like <a href="/wiki/Red_Rum" title="Red Rum">Red Rum</a>. It has an estimated global audience of 600 million viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_festivals">Major festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Major festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><i>March</i> <ul><li>Cheltenham – The <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a></li> <li>Lingfield Park – Blue Square <a href="/wiki/Winter_Derby" title="Winter Derby">Winter Derby</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>April</i> <ul><li>Aintree – <a href="/wiki/Aintree_Grand_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Aintree Grand National">Aintree Grand National</a></li> <li>Ayr – <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Grand_National" title="Scottish Grand National">Scottish Grand National</a></li> <li>Newmarket – Craven Meeting</li> <li>Sandown Park – Bet365 Gold Cup Celebration</li></ul></li> <li><i>May</i> <ul><li>Newmarket – <a href="/wiki/2,000_Guineas_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="2,000 Guineas Stakes">Guineas Meeting</a></li> <li>Chester – Chester's May Festival</li> <li>York – Dante Meeting</li></ul></li> <li><i>June</i> <ul><li>Epsom Downs – <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">Epsom Derby</a> Meeting</li> <li>Ascot – <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ascot" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Ascot">Royal Ascot</a></li> <li>Newcastle – <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Plate" title="Northumberland Plate">Northumberland Plate</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>July</i> <ul><li>Sandown Park – Coral-Eclipse Meeting</li> <li>Newmarket – Newmarket's July Meeting</li> <li>Ascot – King George Day</li> <li>Goodwood – Glorious Goodwood</li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><i>August</i> <ul><li>York – Ebor Festival</li></ul></li> <li><i>September</i> <ul><li>Haydock Park – William Hill Sprint Cup</li> <li>Doncaster – <a href="/wiki/St._Leger_Stakes" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Leger Stakes">St. Leger Meeting</a></li> <li>Ayr – Western Meeting</li> <li>Ascot – Ascot's September Festival</li></ul></li> <li><i>October</i> <ul><li>Newmarket – Totesport Cambridgeshire Meeting</li> <li>Newmarket – Newmarket's October Meeting</li> <li>Ascot – <a href="/wiki/British_Champions_Day" title="British Champions Day">Champions Day</a></li> <li>Doncaster – <a href="/wiki/Racing_Post_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing Post Trophy">Racing Post Trophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>November</i> <ul><li>Cheltenham – The Paddy Power Open</li> <li>Haydock & Aintree – North West Masters</li> <li>Newbury – Hennessy Meeting</li></ul></li> <li><i>December</i> <ul><li>Sandown Park – Tingle Creek Meeting</li> <li>Kempton Park – Stan James Christmas Festival</li> <li>Chepstow – Coral <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh National">Welsh National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Media coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British horse racing is served by a daily, national newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Racing_Post" title="Racing Post">Racing Post</a></i>, founded in 1986. This publication carries industry news, race cards for all British and Irish race meetings, <a href="/wiki/Tipster" title="Tipster">tipping columns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betting" class="mw-redirect" title="Betting">betting</a> information, as well as smaller sections on <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>. There are also dedicated weekly publications including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Racing_Plus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Racing Plus (page does not exist)">Racing Plus</a></i> and monthly magazines such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoroughbred_Owner_%26_Breeder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thoroughbred Owner & Breeder (page does not exist)">Thoroughbred Owner & Breeder</a></i>. In addition, there is a limited amount of racing coverage in broader equestrian magazines, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Horse_%26_Hound" title="Horse & Hound">Horse & Hound</a></i>. Many national dailies also carry racing news and information in their sports pages. </p><p>At various times in history, there has been more than one racing daily, and fierce rivalries have existed between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the 20th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Life_(British_newspaper)" title="Sporting Life (British newspaper)">Sporting Life</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Chronicle" title="Sporting Chronicle">Sporting Chronicle</a></i> were the two competing papers, before the <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>-based <i>Chronicle</i> closed in 1983 due to debts and falling circulation. The <i>Racing Post</i> was founded in 1986 to fill the gap and challenge the <i>Sporting Life</i> monopoly that resulted and these two were rivals throughout the 80s and 90s. Ultimately, only the <i>Post</i> survived as the owners of the <i>Sporting Life</i>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a>, closed the <i>Life</i> and took over the <i>Racing Post</i> trademark. </p><p>In the Victorian era, there was a wide range of sporting newspapers that carried racing news to a greater or lesser extent. These include <i><a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_Life_in_London" title="Bell's Life in London">Bell's Life in London</a></i> (forerunner to the Sporting Life), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Times" title="The Sporting Times">The Sporting Times</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sportsman_(1865_newspaper)" title="The Sportsman (1865 newspaper)">The Sportsman</a></i> (not to be confused with the short-lived <a href="/wiki/The_Sportsman_(2006_newspaper)" title="The Sportsman (2006 newspaper)">2006 newspaper</a> of the same name). In 1840, <i>Bell's Life</i> is reported to compete with the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times">Sunday Times</a></i> as the two weekly turf newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840xiii_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840xiii-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also four monthly magazines at that time – the <i>Old Sporting Magazine</i> (founded 1792), the <i>New Sporting Magazine</i> (founded 1824), the <i>Sporting Review</i> (founded 1837) and the <i>Sportsman</i> (stated to have originated in 1829, so not the same as the <i>Sportsman</i> above which was founded in 1865).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840xiii_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840xiii-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, coverage of horse racing in newspapers is believed to date as far back as the <i>Evening English Chronicle</i> in 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders1863269_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders1863269-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCririck_headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_McCririck_headshot.jpg/220px-John_McCririck_headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_McCririck_headshot.jpg/330px-John_McCririck_headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_McCririck_headshot.jpg/440px-John_McCririck_headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>TV presenter, John McCririck</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two dedicated horse racing channels on British <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Racing" title="Sky Sports Racing">Sky Sports Racing</a> (free to air) and <a href="/wiki/Racing_TV" title="Racing TV">Racing TV</a> (subscription only). Daily broadcasts of British race meetings are split between the two according to contracts arranged by racecourses and racecourse owning groups. Saturday racing and key midweek festival meetings are also broadcast on terrestrial television by <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. The channel broadcasts a Saturday afternoon programme of live racing, usually between 13:30 and 16:00, and an hour-long weekly magazine show on Saturday mornings. The coverage is presented by <a href="/wiki/Ed_Chamberlin" title="Ed Chamberlin">Ed Chamberlin</a> and Oli Bell with <a href="/wiki/AP_McCoy" class="mw-redirect" title="AP McCoy">AP McCoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Plunkett" title="Alice Plunkett">Alice Plunkett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Fitzgerald" title="Mick Fitzgerald">Mick Fitzgerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Cumani" title="Francesca Cumani">Francesca Cumani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60 days of racing are shown on <a href="/wiki/ITV4" title="ITV4">ITV4</a>, and 40 days of racing are shown on <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> had previously shown horse racing since its first weeks on air in 1955, and in the 1970s it provided an alternative to <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> coverage with the <a href="/wiki/ITV_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV Seven">ITV Seven</a> which featured as part of the channel's <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Sport_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="World of Sport (UK TV series)">World of Sport</a></i> programme. This lasted until the early 1980s, when coverage was gradually transferred to Channel 4. Prior to 2017, ITV had not shown any horse racing since 1988. </p><p>For many years, racing was also broadcast on the BBC, who pioneered coverage of the sport in the 1950s. The network retained the rights to key race meetings, such as the Grand National, Royal Ascot and the Derby until 2012 when it was outbid for the rights by Channel 4.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC190312_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC190312-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBC broadcast some of the key moments in the history of British horse racing, such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Rum" title="Red Rum">Red Rum</a> winning his third <a href="/wiki/Grand_National" title="Grand National">Grand National</a> and the 1967 victory of <a href="/wiki/Foinavon" title="Foinavon">Foinavon</a> in the same race after most of the field fell at the same fence. </p><p>Channel 4's covered the sport for more than thirty years. Initially it showed the midweek events which were previously shown on ITV but from late 1985 it covered all of the racing previously shown by ITV. Between 2013 and 2016, Channel 4 was the exclusive home of horse racing on terrestrial television.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last day of <i><a href="/wiki/Channel_4_Racing" title="Channel 4 Racing">Channel 4 Racing</a></i> was on 27 December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other sports, many of the people who have presented racing on television through the years have become inseparably linked with racing in the public consciousness. Foremost among these for many years was the BBC's <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Sullevan" title="Peter O'Sullevan">Peter O'Sullevan</a>, known as "the voice of racing", who commentated on fifty Grand Nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC260313_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC260313-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Channel 4's most recognisable racing figure was <a href="/wiki/John_McCririck" title="John McCririck">John McCririck</a>, famed for his eccentric dress sense and use of the <a href="/wiki/Bookmaker" title="Bookmaker">bookmakers</a>' sign language "<a href="/wiki/Tic-tac_(horse_racing)" title="Tic-tac (horse racing)">tic-tac</a>". Other notable presenters of Channel 4's coverage included <a href="/wiki/Derek_Thompson_(sports_commentator)" title="Derek Thompson (sports commentator)">Derek Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Francome" title="John Francome">John Francome</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Oaksey" title="John Oaksey">John Oaksey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brough_Scott" title="Brough Scott">Brough Scott</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clare_Balding" title="Clare Balding">Clare Balding</a> transferred from the BBC in 2013 to become lead presenter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Betting">Betting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Betting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bookmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookmaking">Bookmaking</a></div> <p>Wagering money on horse races is as old as the sport itself, but in the United Kingdom the links between horse racing and nationwide wagering are very strong. Betting shops are common sights in most towns, tending to be sited wherever a significant number of people with disposable cash can be expected. At one point in the 1970s it was said that the ideal location was "close to a pub, the Labour Exchange and the Post Office",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2013)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> the first being a source of customers in a good mood, the other two being sources of ready cash in the form of "<a href="/wiki/The_Dole" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dole">the dole</a>" and state pension money, which was dispensed through <a href="/wiki/Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Post Office">Post Offices</a> at the time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Done_Bookmakers_-_The_Bonus_King_-_geograph.org.uk_-_141669.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Done_Bookmakers_-_The_Bonus_King_-_geograph.org.uk_-_141669.jpg/220px-Done_Bookmakers_-_The_Bonus_King_-_geograph.org.uk_-_141669.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Done_Bookmakers_-_The_Bonus_King_-_geograph.org.uk_-_141669.jpg/330px-Done_Bookmakers_-_The_Bonus_King_-_geograph.org.uk_-_141669.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Done_Bookmakers_-_The_Bonus_King_-_geograph.org.uk_-_141669.jpg/440px-Done_Bookmakers_-_The_Bonus_King_-_geograph.org.uk_-_141669.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Betting shop in <a href="/wiki/Brigg" title="Brigg">Brigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As early as 1938, £500,000,000 was being gambled on horse racing in England according to the Christian Social Council Committee on Gambling.<sup id="cite_ref-CathHerald_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathHerald-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, betting shops were not legalised until 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-BGA1960_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGA1960-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which time many of the famous British betting shop chains such as <a href="/wiki/William_Hill_(bookmaker)" title="William Hill (bookmaker)">William Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladbrokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladbrokes">Ladbrokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gala_Coral_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Gala Coral Group">Corals</a> were legally established on the high street. Previously betting was either on course, via certain credit betting offices, or illegally conducted often in or around <a href="/wiki/Public_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Public houses">public houses</a>, with "bookies runners" ferrying the bets from bookmaker to client. </p><p>Betting is taxed under the authority of various acts of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Gross_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross profit">gross profit</a> tax is levied on all UK based bookmakers which is payable to the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">exchequer</a>, and a separate sum is agreed and collected by the <a href="/wiki/Horserace_Betting_Levy_Board" title="Horserace Betting Levy Board">Horserace Betting Levy Board</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">non-departmental public body</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a>, who use the funds for race prize money and the improvement of horse racing.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the latest year reported, the levy resulted in £103.5 million being collected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Clement_Freud" title="Clement Freud">Clement Freud</a>, who himself had owned racehorses, alleged in an article published in the 1970s, before his election to Parliament, that horse racing was organised purely to generate taxes. He cited the large number of otherwise non-viable racecourses kept open (to ensure sufficient races being run) even as the financial rewards to the owners and trainers declined to the point where most could barely cover their expenses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 6 October 2001, the Government abolished the turnover-based tax on betting, which had been 9% of the stake or the winnings, the punter having the choice to pay a certain small amount or an uncertain large amount.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The tax, now based on gross profit, is now effectively indirectly levied on the punters, the cost being absorbed in the odds that bookmakers offer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (April 2013)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain" title="Talk:Horse racing in Great Britain">disputed</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The last ten years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> in the UK has seen massive growth in online gambling. Punters are now going online to place their bets<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (April 2013)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>, where technology gives them access to a greater wealth of information and knowledge. Now racing punters exchange information on online forums, tipping sites etc. For example, over 200,000 people are set to participate in the next Cheltenham festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-CheltenhamFestivalUK_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CheltenhamFestivalUK-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_people">Key people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Key people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jockeys">Jockeys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jockeys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_jockeys" title="List of jockeys">List of jockeys</a></div> <p>In the early days of British horse racing, owners tended to ride their own horses in races. This practice died out as racing became more organised and the owners, most of them aristocrats, had grooms ride the horses instead. Jockeys at this time were often scruffy and unkempt and not well-regarded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETannerCranham199215_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETannerCranham199215-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th century racing chronicler, Nimrod, referred to the "costume" of the jockeys of the previous century as "deformity personified".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod19014_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19014-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, several Yorkshire-based jockeys became acclaimed in the mid-to-late 18th century. These included John Mangle, Bill Pierse, <a href="/wiki/John_Shepherd_(jockey)" title="John Shepherd (jockey)">John Shepherd</a>, three different individuals named <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_(disambiguation)#Jockeys" class="mw-disambig" title="John Singleton (disambiguation)">John Singleton</a>, Ben Smith and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clift" title="Bill Clift">Bill Clift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETannerCranham199218–20_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETannerCranham199218–20-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between them they won many of the early runnings of the oldest classic, the St. Leger. Their counterparts in the south became similarly celebrated, and exercised a similar dominance over the Newmarket classics. Amongst their number were <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chifney" title="Samuel Chifney">Sam Chifney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jem_Robinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jem Robinson">Jem Robinson</a>, the Arnull family – <a href="/wiki/John_Arnull" title="John Arnull">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Arnull" title="Sam Arnull">Sam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Arnull" title="Bill Arnull">Bill</a> – and "the first man to bring respectability to the profession" – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Buckle" title="Frank Buckle">Frank Buckle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETannerCranham199221–27_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETannerCranham199221–27-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 19th century was dominated by three jockeys – <a href="/wiki/Nat_Flatman" title="Nat Flatman">Nat Flatman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Fordham" title="George Fordham">George Fordham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Archer_(jockey)" title="Fred Archer (jockey)">Fred Archer</a> – who between them won forty flat jockeys' championships. With the expansion of print media and the growth of interest in horse racing among ordinary people, these jockeys became nationally recognised figures, with a profile enjoyed by the footballers and TV celebrities of today. When Archer died at his own hand, it is said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In London, special editions of the evening papers were issued; crowds thronged Fleet Street to buy them and omnibuses stopped to allow passengers to read the billboards ... In tram or train, Archer's death was the sole topic of conversation. No greater interest could have been aroused had he been Prime Minister or a member of the Royal family. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""> – <i>Tanner & Cranham, pp 78–79</i></cite></p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newmarket1885_VanityFair_30November1885.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Newmarket1885_VanityFair_30November1885.png/220px-Newmarket1885_VanityFair_30November1885.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Newmarket1885_VanityFair_30November1885.png/330px-Newmarket1885_VanityFair_30November1885.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Newmarket1885_VanityFair_30November1885.png/440px-Newmarket1885_VanityFair_30November1885.png 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>"Newmarket 1885", caricature by <a href="/wiki/Liborio_Prosperi" title="Liborio Prosperi">Liborio Prosperi</a> published in <i>Vanity Fair</i> 1885. Persons portrayed include the Prince of Wales (future King Edward VII) and the jockey <a href="/wiki/Fred_Archer_(jockey)" title="Fred Archer (jockey)">Fred Archer</a>, with assorted dukes, duchesses, earls and other prominent figures in racing</figcaption></figure> <p>The high profile of jockeys at this time is illustrated (literally) by the number of caricatures of jockeys that feature in Victorian society magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures" title="List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures">Vanity Fair</a></i>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs), <a href="/wiki/Aristocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocrats">aristocrats</a> and other national figures. </p><p>Three figures dominate the flat racing scene of the 20th century too – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Donoghue" title="Steve Donoghue">Steve Donoghue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Richards_(jockey)" title="Gordon Richards (jockey)">Gordon Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lester_Piggott" title="Lester Piggott">Lester Piggott</a>. Richards is often regarded as the greatest jockey ever<sup id="cite_ref-Randall_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randall-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set many records which still stand, including most flat race victories and most flat jockey championships. Piggott is descended from the great <a href="/wiki/List_of_significant_families_in_British_horse_racing" title="List of significant families in British horse racing">racing families</a> of the 19th century, the Days and the Cannons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the modern day, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Dettori" title="Frankie Dettori">Frankie Dettori</a> is the jockey with the widest public profile beyond racing, appearing on <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Big_Brother_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Celebrity Big Brother 11">Celebrity Big Brother</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and launching his own food range.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also gained public attention for his feats on the racetrack, including his 'Magnificent Seven' wins at Ascot in 1997<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three jockeys' championships. <a href="/wiki/Kieren_Fallon" title="Kieren Fallon">Kieren Fallon</a> was a regular champion around the turn of the century, and younger jockeys to have won multiple championships include <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Moore_(jockey)" title="Ryan Moore (jockey)">Ryan Moore</a> and current champion <a href="/wiki/Oisin_Murphy" title="Oisin Murphy">Oisin Murphy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Turner" title="Hayley Turner">Hayley Turner</a> came to prominence as the first British woman to win a <a href="/wiki/Group_1_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 races">Group 1 race</a> outright<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as <a href="/wiki/British_flat_racing_Champion_Apprentice" title="British flat racing Champion Apprentice">Champion Apprentice</a> in 2005, and more recently <a href="/wiki/Hollie_Doyle" title="Hollie Doyle">Hollie Doyle</a> has broken several of Turner's records<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and been nominated for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year" title="BBC Sports Personality of the Year">BBC Sports Personality of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, jumps jockeys have not had the same profile as their flat counterparts, but this changed to some extent in the 20th century. The large television audience enjoyed by the Grand National has helped in this regard. Previously unknown jockeys like 2013 winner <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Mania" title="Ryan Mania">Ryan Mania</a> have received their first nationwide coverage as a result of the race.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most-celebrated jumps jockey of all-time is the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Irish">Northern Irishman</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_McCoy" title="Tony McCoy">Tony McCoy</a>, winner of every <a href="/wiki/British_jump_racing_Champion_Jockey" title="British jump racing Champion Jockey">Jumps Jockeys' Championship</a> from 1995/96 until 2014/15 and the only horse racing figure to ever win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He broke Gordon Richards' record for most winners in a season in 2001/02 and his total number of career wins by the time he retired was 4,358, well eclipsing the numbers set by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Scudamore" title="Peter Scudamore">Peter Scudamore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dunwoody" title="Richard Dunwoody">Richard Dunwoody</a> who between them were the leading jumps jockeys of the 1980s and early 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(jockey)" title="Richard Johnson (jockey)">Richard Johnson</a>, who has been second to McCoy in nearly all of his championships has the second most wins jockey of all time, and gained <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> fame in the late 1990s for his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Zara_Philips" class="mw-redirect" title="Zara Philips">Zara Philips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former champion jump jockeys <a href="/wiki/Dick_Francis" title="Dick Francis">Dick Francis</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Francome" title="John Francome">John Francome</a> have become known to a wider public after enjoying second careers as writers of racing-based fiction,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Francome (until the end of 2012) and <a href="/wiki/Mick_Fitzgerald" title="Mick Fitzgerald">Mick Fitzgerald</a> are known as horse racing TV pundits. </p><p>As of November 2017, there are around 450 professional jockeys licensed in the United Kingdom, along with around 300 amateur riders.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trainers">Trainers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Trainers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_race_horse_trainers" title="List of race horse trainers">List of race horse trainers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Formal training of racehorses began to be common in the reign of James I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod190110_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod190110-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two dominant forces in modern-day flat training in Britain in the modern era are Irish-based trainer <a href="/wiki/Aidan_O%27Brien" title="Aidan O'Brien">Aidan O'Brien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godolphin_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Godolphin Racing">Godolphin</a>, through their trainers <a href="/wiki/Saeed_Bin_Suroor" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeed Bin Suroor">Saeed Bin Suroor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Appleby_(racehorse_trainer)" title="Charlie Appleby (racehorse trainer)">Charlie Appleby</a>. They largely concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Group_races" title="Group races">Group races</a>. Operating in much larger numbers of runners, but with a greater spread of quality, are trainers such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Johnston_(racehorse_trainer)" title="Mark Johnston (racehorse trainer)">Mark Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hannon_Jr." title="Richard Hannon Jr.">Richard Hannon Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fahey" title="Richard Fahey">Richard Fahey</a>. </p><p>In the jumps sphere, <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Henderson" title="Nicky Henderson">Nicky Henderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nicholls_(horse_racing)" title="Paul Nicholls (horse racing)">Paul Nicholls</a> dominate, along with the likes of <a href="/wiki/David_Pipe_(racehorse_trainer)" title="David Pipe (racehorse trainer)">David Pipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hobbs" title="Philip Hobbs">Philip Hobbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonjo_O%27Neill_(jockey)" title="Jonjo O'Neill (jockey)">Jonjo O'Neill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Skelton" title="Dan Skelton">Dan Skelton</a>. In recent years, the Irish trainer <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mullins" title="Willie Mullins">Willie Mullins</a> has enjoyed huge success in Britain, coming close to taking the Trainers Championship in 2015/16. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Owners">Owners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Owners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aristocratic families have always owned horses in Britain and the list of Classic winners features names such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_of_Grafton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earl of Grafton (page does not exist)">Earl of Grafton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Grosvenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Grosvenor">Earl Grosvenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Egremont" title="Earl of Egremont">Earl of Egremont</a> from early days. In the modern era, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> retained a stable of horses trained by the likes of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stoute" title="Michael Stoute">Michael Stoute</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">The Queen Mother</a> was famously keen on horse racing and a race at the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Festival" title="Cheltenham Festival">Cheltenham Festival</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Champion_Chase" title="Queen Mother Champion Chase">Queen Mother Champion Chase</a>, is named in her honour. The current <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Queen</a> continue to own horses, although a number of them were sold after the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two most prominent flat owners of the current era are Sheikh Mohammed, under the <a href="/wiki/Godolphin_Racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Godolphin Racing">Godolphin</a> banner and the team of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tabor" title="Michael Tabor">Michael Tabor</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Magnier" title="John Magnier">John Magnier</a> and others, based in Ireland. </p><p>Prominent jumps owners include <a href="/wiki/JP_McManus" class="mw-redirect" title="JP McManus">JP McManus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graham_Wylie" title="Graham Wylie">Graham Wylie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hemmings" title="Trevor Hemmings">Trevor Hemmings</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrators">Administrators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern-day racing originated in Britain, so many figures from British racing have shaped the sport. <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Rous">Admiral Rous</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Handicapping" title="Handicapping">handicapping</a> process for <a href="/wiki/Handicap_(horse_racing)" title="Handicap (horse racing)">horse racing</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Weight-for-age" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight-for-age">weight-for-age</a> scale, while in the 20th century, form expert and sometime administrator of the sport, <a href="/wiki/Phil_Bull" title="Phil Bull">Phil Bull</a> established <a href="/wiki/Timeform" title="Timeform">Timeform</a> whose ratings are often used to assess the all-time great horses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_data">Key data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Key data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Key data for 2004, 2005 and 2010 extracted from the British Horseracing Board's annual reports for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204014725/http://www.britishhorseracing.com/images/inside_horseracing/media/2004_Annual_Report.pdf">2004</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060725001910/http://www.britishhorseracing.com/inside_horseracing/about/BHB_AnnualReport_2005.pdf">2005</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025717/http://www.britishhorseracing.com/annual-review/BHA_Annual_Report_2010.pdf">2010</a> annual reportfrom its successor organisation, the British Horseracing Authority and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121064752/http://britishhorseracing.com/resources/media/publications_and_reports/Fact_Book_2011_12.pdf">2011/12</a> British Horseracing Fact Book </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Fixtures </th> <td>1,299</td> <td>1,300</td> <td>1,392</td> <td>1,469 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Races </th> <td>8,757</td> <td>8,588</td> <td>9,566</td> <td>10,147 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Runners </th> <td>92,761</td> <td>94,659</td> <td>92,025</td> <td>94,376 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Prize Money (Total) </th> <td>£101.3 million</td> <td>99.3 million</td> <td>99.1 million</td> <td>93.9 million </td></tr> <tr> <th>Prize Money (Flat) </th> <td>£65.4 million</td> <td>63.9 million</td> <td>67.6 million</td> <td>62.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <th>Prize Money (Jump) </th> <td>£35.9 million</td> <td>35.4 million</td> <td>31.5 million</td> <td>31.5 million </td></tr> <tr> <th>Racegoers (Total) </th> <td>6,048,517</td> <td>5,896,922</td> <td>5,769,382</td> <td>6,151,282 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Racegoers (Flat) </th> <td>3,873,508</td> <td>3,704,567</td> <td>3,854,863</td> <td>3,917,510 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Racegoers (Jump) </th> <td>2,175,009</td> <td>2,192,435</td> <td>1,914,518</td> <td>2,233,772 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Monthly average horses in training </th> <td>13,914</td> <td>14,388</td> <td>14,340</td> <td>14,056 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Monthly average owners with horses in training </th> <td>9,266</td> <td>9,403</td> <td>8,774</td> <td>8,425 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Chief Executive of the BHB stated in the 2005 annual report that "Success was achieved in an environment of great uncertainty." The sport is adapting to the loss of income from pre-race data following court ruling prohibiting the practice of charging for such in 2004 and 2005, to which the BHB attributes the fall in prize money in 2005. The data charges were themselves designed to replace income lost when a statutory levy was abolished. In 2004 attendances exceeded 6 million for the first time since the 1950s (2004 annual report). The decrease in 2005 is attributable to the closure of <a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse" title="Ascot Racecourse">Ascot Racecourse</a> for redevelopment for the entire year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racehorse_welfare">Racehorse welfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Racehorse welfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2006 investigation by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i> found that each year 6–10,000 horses are slaughtered for consumption abroad, a significant proportion of which are horses bred for racing. <sup id="cite_ref-Observer061001_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer061001-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry produces approximately 5,000 foals, whilst 4–5,000 racehorses are retired each year, 90 being taken into care by the industries charity <a href="/wiki/Retraining_of_Racehorses" title="Retraining of Racehorses">Retraining of Racehorses</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Observer061001_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer061001-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research conducted by the Equine Fertility Unit found that 66% of thoroughbred foals were never entered for a race, and more than 80% were no longer in training after four years. <sup id="cite_ref-Observer061001_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer061001-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foal production has increased threefold since 1966. <sup id="cite_ref-Observer061001_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer061001-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racehorses are capable of living for more than 30 years. <sup id="cite_ref-Observer061001_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Observer061001-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Ireland" title="Horse racing in Ireland">Horse racing in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Scotland" title="Horse racing in Scotland">Horse racing in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Wales" title="Horse racing in Wales">Horse racing in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_significant_families_in_British_horse_racing" title="List of significant families in British horse racing">List of significant families in British horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_flat_racing_Champion_Jockey" title="British flat racing Champion Jockey">British flat racing Champion Jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_jump_racing_Champion_Jockey" title="British jump racing Champion Jockey">British jump racing Champion Jockey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Armytage-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armytage_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmytage,_Marcus2010" class="citation news cs1">Armytage, Marcus (14 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/6990498/Racing-is-the-second-biggest-spectator-sport-Horse-Racing.html">"Racing is the second most popular spectator sport"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Racing+is+the+second+most+popular+spectator+sport&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft.au=Armytage%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fhorseracing%2F6990498%2FRacing-is-the-second-biggest-spectator-sport-Horse-Racing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504034954/http://britishhorseracing.com/resources/media/publications_and_reports/Economic_Impact_of_British_Racing_2009.pdf">Economic Impact of British Horseracing 2009</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/British_Horseracing_Authority" title="British Horseracing Authority">British Horseracing Authority</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhorseracing.com/resources/media/publications_and_reports/Economic_Impact_of_British_Racing_2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Economic+Impact+of+British+Horseracing+2009&rft.pub=British+Horseracing+Authority&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishhorseracing.com%2Fresources%2Fmedia%2Fpublications_and_reports%2FEconomic_Impact_of_British_Racing_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterman-p._71-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waterman-p._71_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waterman-p._71_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waterman-p._71_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterman1999" class="citation book cs1">Waterman, Jack (1999). <i>The Punter's Friend</i>. Harpenden, Herts, UK: Queen Anne Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1852916001" title="Special:BookSources/1852916001"><bdi>1852916001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punter%27s+Friend&rft.place=Harpenden%2C+Herts%2C+UK&rft.pub=Queen+Anne+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1852916001&rft.aulast=Waterman&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhorseracing.com/inside_horseracing/about/">"What we do – The British Horseracing Authority"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+we+do+%E2%80%93+The+British+Horseracing+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishhorseracing.com%2Finside_horseracing%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404115947/http://britishhorseracing.com/inside_horseracing/about/whatwedo/point_to_point/contacts.asp">"Point-to-Point: Contacts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhorseracing.com/inside_horseracing/about/whatwedo/point_to_point/contacts.asp">the original</a> on 4 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Point-to-Point%3A+Contacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishhorseracing.com%2Finside_horseracing%2Fabout%2Fwhatwedo%2Fpoint_to_point%2Fcontacts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184019_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19022_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19958_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1995">Barrett 1995</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpMag179210-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpMag179210_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpMag179210_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Origin and Progress of Horses and Horse-racing in this island". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Magazine" title="The Sporting Magazine">The Sporting Magazine</a>; Or Monthly Calendar of the transactions of the Turf, the Chace, And every other Diversion Interesting to The Man of Pleasure and Enterprize</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. October 1792.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sporting+Magazine%3B+Or+Monthly+Calendar+of+the+transactions+of+the+Turf%2C+the+Chace%2C+And+every+other+Diversion+Interesting+to+The+Man+of+Pleasure+and+Enterprize&rft.atitle=Origin+and+Progress+of+Horses+and+Horse-racing+in+this+island&rft.date=1792-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184021–22-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184021–22_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022–26-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184022–26_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, pp. 22–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19023_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130425003448/http://www.carlisle-races.co.uk/bellplateday.asp">"Bell and Plate Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Racecourse" title="Carlisle Racecourse">Carlisle Racecourse</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlisle-races.co.uk/bellplateday.asp">the original</a> on 25 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bell+and+Plate+Day&rft.pub=Carlisle+Racecourse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlisle-races.co.uk%2Fbellplateday.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19028-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19028_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184029-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184029_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19024_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184031-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184031_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod190110-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod190110_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod190110_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod190110_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimrod1901">Nimrod 1901</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte184036-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte184036_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19027-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod19027_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840vii-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840vii_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840385-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840385_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840386-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840386_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840387-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840387_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840400-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840400_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19956_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1995">Barrett 1995</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett19959-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett19959_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1995">Barrett 1995</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett199510-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett199510_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett199510_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1995">Barrett 1995</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190210-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190210_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840i-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyte1840i_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhyte1840">Whyte 1840</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1879" class="citation book cs1">Rice, James (1879). <i>History of the British turf </i>from the earliest times to the present day<i>, Volume I</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23752704M">23752704M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+British+turf+from+the+earliest+times+to+the+present+day%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston%2C+Searle%2C+and+Rivington&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23752704M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19015-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod19015_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimrod1901">Nimrod 1901</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19017-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod19017_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimrod1901">Nimrod 1901</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190211-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190211_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlumptre198511-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlumptre198511_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlumptre1985">Plumptre 1985</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190213-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawthorneHerod190213_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902">Cawthorne & Herod 1902</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimrod19016-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimrod19016_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimrod1901">Nimrod 1901</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Armytage2008" class="citation news cs1">Marcus Armytage (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2008/05/06/shdiar106.xml">"Chester racecourse moves with the times"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sports+Personality+of+the+Year+2020%3A+Lewis+Hamilton+crowned+winner&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fsports-personality%2F55336369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolat" class="citation news cs1">Bolat, Anton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://betzillion.com/news/epsom-derby-2024-a-premier-horse-racing-event/">"Epsom Derby 2024"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Epsom+Derby+2024&rft.aulast=Bolat&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbetzillion.com%2Fnews%2Fepsom-derby-2024-a-premier-horse-racing-event%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2013" class="citation news cs1">Hudson, Elizabeth (11 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/22091692">"Grand National win offers no guarantees for jockey Ryan Mania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grand+National+win+offers+no+guarantees+for+jockey+Ryan+Mania&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2F0%2Fhorse-racing%2F22091692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/9302012.stm">"Jockey Tony McCoy wins Sports Personality of the Year"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a>. 19 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jockey+Tony+McCoy+wins+Sports+Personality+of+the+Year&rft.date=2010-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ffront_page%2F9302012.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher,_Damien2005" class="citation news cs1">Fletcher, Damien (17 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/the-taming-of-zara-phillips-557799">"The Taming of Zara Philips"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=The+Taming+of+Zara+Philips&rft.date=2005-09-17&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fthe-taming-of-zara-phillips-557799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrace,_John2010" class="citation news cs1">Crace, John (15 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/15/dick-francis-books-thrillers">"How Dick Francis helped me through adolescence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Dick+Francis+helped+me+through+adolescence&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft.au=Crace%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F15%2Fdick-francis-books-thrillers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhorseracing.com/racing/participants/jockeys/">"Jockeys"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Horseracing_Authority" title="British Horseracing Authority">British Horseracing Authority</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jockeys&rft.pub=British+Horseracing+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishhorseracing.com%2Fracing%2Fparticipants%2Fjockeys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/king-charles-iii-selling-14-racehorses-left-to-him-by-late-mother-the-queen-12729044">"King Charles III selling 14 racehorses left to him by late mother The Queen"</a>. <i>Sky News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=King+Charles+III+selling+14+racehorses+left+to+him+by+late+mother+The+Queen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fking-charles-iii-selling-14-racehorses-left-to-him-by-late-mother-the-queen-12729044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Observer061001-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Observer061001_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer061001_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer061001_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer061001_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Observer061001_71-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett,_Anthony2006" class="citation news cs1">Barnett, Anthony (1 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/01/horseracing.sport">"The slaughtered horses that shame our racing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+slaughtered+horses+that+shame+our+racing&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.au=Barnett%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2006%2Foct%2F01%2Fhorseracing.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1995" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Norman, ed. (1995). <i>The Daily Telegraph Chronicle of Horse Racing</i>. Enfield, Middlesex: Guinness Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Daily+Telegraph+Chronicle+of+Horse+Racing&rft.place=Enfield%2C+Middlesex&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorneHerod1902" class="citation book cs1">Cawthorne, George James; Herod, Richard S. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/Royal%20Ascot%20-%20its%20history%20and%20its%20associations%20(1902).pdf"><i>Royal Ascot, Its History & Its Associations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: A Treherne & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785519295192" title="Special:BookSources/9785519295192"><bdi>9785519295192</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Ascot%2C+Its+History+%26+Its+Associations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A+Treherne+%26+Co&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=9785519295192&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=George+James&rft.au=Herod%2C+Richard+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public-library.uk%2Fdailyebook%2FRoyal%2520Ascot%2520-%2520its%2520history%2520and%2520its%2520associations%2520%281902%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1863" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7IUAAAAYAAJ&q=horse+racing"><i>Horse-Racing: Its History and Early Records of the Principal and other Race Meetings with Anecdotes etc</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Saunders, Otley & Co. 1863<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horse-Racing%3A+Its+History+and+Early+Records+of+the+Principal+and+other+Race+Meetings+with+Anecdotes+etc.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Saunders%2C+Otley+%26+Co.&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7IUAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dhorse%2Bracing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimrod1901" class="citation book cs1">Nimrod (1901). <i>The Turf</i>. London: Gay and Bird.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turf&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gay+and+Bird&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Nimrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumptre1985" class="citation book cs1">Plumptre, George (1985). <i>The Fast Set – The World of Edwardian Racing</i>. London: Andre Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0233977546" title="Special:BookSources/0233977546"><bdi>0233977546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fast+Set+%E2%80%93+The+World+of+Edwardian+Racing&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0233977546&rft.aulast=Plumptre&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTannerCranham1992" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Michael; Cranham, Gerry (1992). <i>Great Jockeys of the Flat</i>. <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">Enfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>: Guinness Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-989-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85112-989-7"><bdi>0-85112-989-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Jockeys+of+the+Flat&rft.place=Enfield%2C+Middlesex&rft.pub=Guinness+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-85112-989-7&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cranham%2C+Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte1840" class="citation book cs1">Whyte, James Christie (1840). <i>History of the British turf </i>from the earliest period to the present day<i>, Volume I</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: H. Colburn. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6544990M">6544990M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+British+turf+from+the+earliest+period+to+the+present+day%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+Colburn&rft.date=1840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6544990M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=James+Christie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+racing+in+Great+Britain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Organisations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishhorseracing.com/home.asp">British Horseracing Authority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118080720/http://www.britishhorseracing.com/home.asp">Archived</a> 18 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/">The Jockey Club</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbys.co.uk/">Weatherbys</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racecourseassociation.co.uk">The Racecourse Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racehorseowners.net/">The Racehorse Owners Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207172119/http://www.jagb.co.uk/">The Jockeys Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amateurjockeys.co.uk/">The Amateur Jockeys Association of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racehorsetrainers.org/homepage/index.asp">National Trainers Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thoroughbredbreedersassociation.co.uk/">Thoroughbred Breeders' Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.RoR.org.uk/">Retraining of Racehorses Website</a></li></ul> <p><b>Media</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/default.stm">BBC horseracing coverage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingpost.co.uk/news/splash.sd">The Racing Post</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060118045250/http://www.racingpost.co.uk/news/splash.sd">Archived</a> 18 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportinglife.com/racing/news/">Sporting Life</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horse racing in Great Britain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horse racing in Great Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Hunt_racing" title="National Hunt racing">National Hunt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse" title="Aintree Racecourse">Aintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor-on-Dee_racecourse" title="Bangor-on-Dee racecourse">Bangor-on-Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartmel_Racecourse" title="Cartmel Racecourse">Cartmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse" title="Cheltenham Racecourse">Cheltenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Racecourse" title="Exeter Racecourse">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakenham_Racecourse" title="Fakenham Racecourse">Fakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontwell_Park_Racecourse" title="Fontwell Park Racecourse">Fontwell Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford_Racecourse" title="Hereford Racecourse">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexham_Racecourse" title="Hexham Racecourse">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_Racecourse" title="Huntingdon Racecourse">Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelso_Racecourse" title="Kelso Racecourse">Kelso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Racecourse" title="Ludlow Racecourse">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Rasen_Racecourse" title="Market Rasen Racecourse">Market Rasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Abbot_Racecourse" title="Newton Abbot Racecourse">Newton Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_Racecourse" title="Perth Racecourse">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumpton_Racecourse" title="Plumpton Racecourse">Plumpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedgefield_Racecourse" title="Sedgefield Racecourse">Sedgefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-on-Avon_Racecourse" title="Stratford-on-Avon Racecourse">Stratford-on-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton_Racecourse" title="Taunton Racecourse">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttoxeter_Racecourse" title="Uttoxeter Racecourse">Uttoxeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Racecourse" title="Warwick Racecourse">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincanton_Racecourse" title="Wincanton Racecourse">Wincanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Racecourse" title="Worcester Racecourse">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flat_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat racing">Flat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Racecourse" title="Bath Racecourse">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Racecourse" title="Beverley Racecourse">Beverley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Racecourse" title="Brighton Racecourse">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsford_City_Racecourse" title="Chelmsford City Racecourse">Chelmsford City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Racecourse" title="Chester Racecourse">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsom_Downs_Racecourse" title="Epsom Downs Racecourse">Epsom Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodwood_Racecourse" title="Goodwood Racecourse">Goodwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth_Racecourse" title="Great Yarmouth Racecourse">Great Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Park_Racecourse" title="Hamilton Park Racecourse">Hamilton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newmarket_Racecourse" title="Newmarket Racecourse">Newmarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Racecourse" title="Nottingham Racecourse">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Racecourse" title="Pontefract Racecourse">Pontefract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_Racecourse" title="Redcar Racecourse">Redcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Racecourse" title="Ripon Racecourse">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Racecourse" title="Salisbury Racecourse">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirsk_Racecourse" title="Thirsk Racecourse">Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_Racecourse" title="Wolverhampton Racecourse">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Racecourse" title="York Racecourse">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse" title="Ascot Racecourse">Ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayr_Racecourse" title="Ayr Racecourse">Ayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Racecourse" title="Carlisle Racecourse">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catterick_Racecourse" title="Catterick Racecourse">Catterick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepstow_Racecourse" title="Chepstow Racecourse">Chepstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse" title="Doncaster Racecourse">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ffos_Las_racecourse" title="Ffos Las racecourse">Ffos Las</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydock_Park_Racecourse" title="Haydock Park Racecourse">Haydock Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempton_Park_Racecourse" title="Kempton Park Racecourse">Kempton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Racecourse" title="Leicester Racecourse">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingfield_Park_Racecourse" title="Lingfield Park Racecourse">Lingfield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musselburgh_Racecourse" title="Musselburgh Racecourse">Musselburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbury_Racecourse" title="Newbury Racecourse">Newbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Racecourse" title="Newcastle Racecourse">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandown_Park_Racecourse" title="Sandown Park Racecourse">Sandown Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwell_Racecourse" title="Southwell Racecourse">Southwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetherby_Racecourse" title="Wetherby Racecourse">Wetherby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Racecourse" title="Windsor Racecourse">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed<br />since 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Racecourse" title="Newport Racecourse">Newport</a> <small>(1948)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colwall_Park_Racecourse" title="Colwall Park Racecourse">Colwall Park</a> <small>(1949)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckfastleigh_Racecourse" title="Buckfastleigh Racecourse">Buckfastleigh</a> <small>(1960)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurst_Park_Racecourse" title="Hurst Park Racecourse">Hurst Park</a> <small>(1962)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Racecourse" title="Manchester Racecourse">Manchester</a> <small>(1963)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woore_Racecourse" title="Woore Racecourse">Woore</a> <small>(1963)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewes_racecourse" title="Lewes racecourse">Lewes</a> <small>(1964)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Racecourse" title="Lincoln Racecourse">Lincoln</a> <small>(1964)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogside_Racecourse" title="Bogside Racecourse">Bogside</a> <small>(1965)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromford_Bridge_Racecourse" title="Bromford Bridge Racecourse">Birmingham</a> <small>(1965)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothbury_Racecourse" title="Rothbury Racecourse">Rothbury</a> <small>(1965)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Park_Racecourse" title="Alexandra Park Racecourse">Alexandra Park</a> <small>(1970)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_Racecourse" title="Wye Racecourse">Wye</a> <small>(1974)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark_Racecourse" title="Lanark Racecourse">Lanark</a> <small>(1977)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_Racecourse" title="Stockton Racecourse">Stockton</a> <small>(1981)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkestone_Racecourse" title="Folkestone Racecourse">Folkestone</a> <small>(2012)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towcester_Racecourse" title="Towcester Racecourse">Towcester</a> <small>(2019)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named races</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_flat_horse_races" title="List of British flat horse races">List of British flat horse races</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Classic_Races" title="British Classic Races">British Classic Races</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_National_Hunt_races" title="List of British National Hunt races">List of British National Hunt races</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Horseracing_Authority" title="British Horseracing Authority">British Horseracing Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Racing_School" title="British Racing School">British Racing School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horserace_Betting_Levy_Board" title="Horserace Betting Levy Board">Horserace Betting Levy Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Racing_Staff" title="National Association of Racing Staff">National Association of Racing Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racehorse_Owners_Association" title="Racehorse Owners Association">Racehorse Owners Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattersalls" title="Tattersalls">Tattersalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Stud" title="The National Stud">The National Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherbys" title="Weatherbys">Weatherbys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Course owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Racing_Company" title="Arena Racing Company">Arena Racing Company</a> (16) <small><i>(Merger of <a href="/wiki/Arena_Leisure" title="Arena Leisure">Arena Leisure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Racing" title="Northern Racing">Northern Racing</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_and_Simon_Reuben" title="David and Simon Reuben">Reuben Brothers</a>)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jockey_Club" title="Jockey Club">Jockey Club Racecourses</a> (14)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television broadcasting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/ITV_Racing" title="ITV Racing">ITV</a> (free-to-air) - <a href="/wiki/Racing_TV" title="Racing TV">Racing TV</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Racing" title="Sky Sports Racing">Sky Sports Racing</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&oldid=1255824423">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain&oldid=1255824423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_racing_in_Great_Britain" title="Category:Horse racing in Great Britain">Horse racing in Great Britain</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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