CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.smithsonianmag.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9138373e1c778f82',cH: 'NxlwraA8lpFzoc5Vt9Vl2UmJP8euHLmA1nZvh0x1ank-1739820876-1.2.1.1-oNtyNxhL_joXpRFqHz1o3.9r7v74lqx5F_nfrxSAqkbQ.ExAAvK5xbREAL0nnqIQ',cUPMDTk: "\/tag\/native-american-history\/?__cf_chl_tk=GuubuqWopujhcDSVJHxFm5sYOC2SZgUzBl_ZeONo_sc-1739820876-1.0.1.1-A7hmTPKv1KalgeZ7leZ7831xFNpQ0KtgYcVn_xmH64M",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739820876',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/tag\/native-american-history\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=GuubuqWopujhcDSVJHxFm5sYOC2SZgUzBl_ZeONo_sc-1739820876-1.0.1.1-A7hmTPKv1KalgeZ7leZ7831xFNpQ0KtgYcVn_xmH64M",md: "efMKPB8CL83Hwj8VxpuhFZkUWnqZDxxYFwzNbGJnAIQ-1739820876-1.2.1.1-mmj41XAUm8TXH4K7Sl6XIl1PBVk85i1EpW1Ti7NDK3ncFL7DaRtlNk5QwTLCZJi4rHMQ0KUEU6bgtyUtqiq9y68EWI1Z75GLgsPLyx3OsCfWfgnSnTaDxsRsfaDTurchFyYZWBeovHjwe88iCxdBIBdqSz3EjeiVWSw6HVH342E6I5zZkUjxPboOfgeDU.U_als9h94NQc.NSMFWUHMyl3w0bKly89qwkUqRRHF5qAmEpymfhQ44OIu3eXIVYT6nZYKZmYxtkHBZmXSAJXp4wBrA95e9Ug6rtfefrenvHuaFThxv.RJMhGt8a_H0HHWJaapwnayJocoapxNduJiTwIqFHqz7TvgP0kypufd5uDxs88wYQZ4pPqaeRLrWnRuc6yCe4pIjvA5NOvrEcD7ULnOwB1Qz7_0OZWswn8WpW.Htir6F_W_oFETWtAwJLRaQiTq41yEEyHn4LLywUhdFYjvNbmMbgyXGqke40zyPfnYdHT47DRhS.XTl9xtMn6I9O2Pzt350QFKxQELdPQ3rZdnWVUPtRyq3iPngT3Nb2WjNmJApHnTnQjaULMQpHPUuvJegC7SvRFRdiCwEylREadOofnD8tYTgEZHHZBY8A.bitJA0ASksRqTXOdw4vLsOZATbpf37.2k1iqS62ZSx5RLVHf3h..fDiPGNK7zkWD.a4CXI2SlcP.JT1LAC.NhvqMd97f9SSVZGkvf4_1Pe2CNzZbbEdPHYcKVYEclTlHpyBeDZTgkdA5RS0I1OqhvbwlhOutg.EpZQnNbFKHeaYaZygWXX7bClaGhPI4AoxgiXulCSbwrSgwc5sfpMqGHYDtP3m2ZePxj1bkeFmHOjOGifT8g2EZS715PoC9Wf9gKhT49H0mK02ku_iOSUKte3BR_ZXccpQGARINJi7hOyZ2OtIiOAz01HGrgHTYUxM9pyjx7mMUe6Iz3J86QeGqisn8Tw0nhLUeeOWSZzsA0MVHT65_pStruevGqZikwAsg2daX1cX3OHCvSfS1MUIRe4SxEUMaFW7MfoRYE8rqYdwKjT2JqPgkGr4_St6tRefcLMKrJqq9RyKnVLHGNbJFwvE6WZQNCWKaXzY_tbQWcVmnfBauP8arLL0FyWv1joNbphykPj7ffJK9r.md02MQVZcTg4dv0KTd8Wk4ogqSODBfh_EcKXjfd2KLpVvbuFVty_4RGq4EOjS2pCCXqHtcspIMafOJMwyVR2R4WTNsAiafeiqEtfJoKTgWk2pT47RWKzbhai7u7Rk6HXZ4eWns6ZkIKlh3uEjaAzn9BW7psfTO8QY1Mmfkm3dDOW1PjVt2DSX2otEiCKWGx_6N2OeSaa13WBckCf6xxXKBOHOhgnGLMFl1JUWBvjgNr3jHf9CrTHws6.SjEXvAAwVCgfmZidwfK7qVha9SD6Ba76vjm8bXQGVmkCjSCy3qeub4z1oRni.tNeqpGSXJTJJKu2Zvt2Os6ESxUfwKPF7g6TzRtQuooGglxWEdrSA5Iz7XEQFGBiqvSvrdeN.9XvZB_U3Jdx4N0Njcfunq7WfAd1YLT8E8AL_TQhpxS_6HstS.Yl9AlDHKcrHbPFRuAvoajiQOpYZAtB6TBKWTiqy_MRj9ubhLd9Q3fQPbpceznrjPYWWARIgJDUt75ZdslyWYdseQo2j7fhCQkRYgQYepOaz0a2A09eNoss56oq6yUINbYeRUWYqK3a2kPWzNxTaiIYFLURrDFZolyRiVNCmZmZ5q7kgWxQ2YAn6yP_1v6fHMbXXpXUVztEGURQh8_3eg5BoQX_AP0dd.4nI0ddbbkL1umsU5qgDAJVLXxRqiAyLx99Bt3U_AgDCaMoKH8wJvIfHT.qwvZyUbGaPdJcoekFgPwq78urYqoiMnfQU7Bo6wORxZKDJTnQpcZjEP_iDaGzbLTKDZdEh5VgsuAr9C8azkPJ.D6e2TtSVQCm.lzcAhZcELGTqEKB0Byru7QYNIPvdM8osGy9vtFHMT0c1WMtjyjXrwpIcor8PM8wBoKFepnS4jGpNAmnaasnhv4ngVvdKo.jTfjaM2nA0Hn8D510_aYmXKS8a0Z99eBOF.i3mO7HsmPScWCJU1nKfbf5dGcIZ.s1i8nt.ljxs__BXjlPM3BXMzan0CCVd2Vb9QQvQvrjhSspo9ssS7BOzKHkiKVm6lpgArAN0oE0MoKGcuAZMSisYG0NLGlV22dRuGm.jYwySWkVt_3MOEtCsoWltoABl9RlDudLAkUGF1ktWVticNmp145EM84e_rpgv982FHfaCo4wwtEnNp9Rwjfl_Sk29eKqtwFJHWnY.THa3oHClviZVh58uAOgePtIe8czPgqtBtVEVjlmUBNRgb5oIgKP8o2Pit7PMfhN8BqtHywQHFbkwHbCMaMuX7dmfkYZwsI0VplHA2QXwhZiKrERvCkJOsK_t3y7xk.E5mVmG1XHCxvbYRojuPzazwVx7vpGXjZWDkb6pifu5IIkY3YACrt77m0SI3r9639tQNwHrVnLv7wBUSa77hP40E5CGt4TPWA1_21PHU2C8obmLQqozrZ3.pSy",mdrd: "dk2_g7FVqoKKEajeRsdc.63pBQRRRXbnP2NBq_.ib0A-1739820876-1.2.1.1-YRO0bpJtUNuJLD2wYAld.L406kATnP_JMGO0Zc8KdJ352VsKsgQrX95kc1Se1sKgad4kLRwnjfOGQ9b50ztaCMMRjqdvneKspiTXVpccjxF1DqaOHezlTWqPWtg3oKkKZt73R0.or03mjbgvXKFRcl_3aK6ZbKmXxcqCIz0PsXJdAD2U0WK3Dy3n42C_P0s1hA3At0qDJN_SgxvGGqmZgHlCiNXs9Fu6ROZuQJzqprAnhIrSCQLDTmnJ8OT8OS.QQRWmp7oN9k4zisxv5IWSUBuLHtBKAiz21UdKgbTEwzWyWui.tLhonZjiHxXnZ4S073NqBrDKZU43z_93G7cHSB_sSoYUpuWwIdAY8Co.UrxXeB3YpD_AXLZUJeCJcQ5GpB5wACEi.UiGlmEB3Zu5Lvw5SzxmWSNy7dBTmo5tfjsq0C2kJirolMf363n5xZJkqeFRLYpUnDEkaD53XD_g2WFuaagEmE8xZPrWAWktPUb1btb0WFnZ85gX.65VZq9S7rwZ1VC0Eel6iSo0MjXJUoLw_Qy_tvKoI9RTwyZ7IjjapoW.vCtqPA_dOTIz.otDlayJWEC7hL7yYSBeq4b7t7o9cOQUfVLsR4cbfB2h6pHnl9nkDdbO4D1qS2PvzxeO5sexs1nig13VATTgc38jcKuBF9RS2uvO1bmhLwPmKEGUtYNbgA85cAbqnsx54gdOCBMUwojcVG4gDKKxen_Dxhg9hI0ieFof1wkoR4c6Nl2RV5DJEtVMarkQELJQCVXwYYk0J9uCoVZ.yOZ9p7E5UgwiLC7axYpmCA0HfPA_idHuLL8oD3hUaFm4T3fl_1UlokUl_2luXmLneJ_VEsFFQ8NokZ5p.DMkurImuweH9G4k_p8nKfCBKN8z_w322K9_FKh0MeJdop7xpl1HvwJr.JCb3E_5VVYqAP_i9nB_R4Tpq6uH_cRFMdzmTWZiHe4AywegW_MH36vUfWkrO8a6l2Wa004bHgqKzQxKCOIhB0UfCsFjt85rzZtlnWt3.zbIey1ItWBniEK_Y_7kyBqxXRoorIavd2dKGpK92cx6Bg9UpoDJUTBFr0IfhD7cJFziCLlRmeTaFB67zYeRRx_AWn7kY4dKGPqPcah8HtgKBwJ5OcvSXkkT7N90_aeP6lr1XfgAVnc_lO7WTu6Jia5aBkYsEt1RPLDIHunznVRW7MhUZABWviXwsZZKjhWNmVP6ZoA7DUNz2AmL3CrDt8FNpZKOYidhaIG5yjyhngpxPi.WdS9CBHdTXknaTUhY.WAVoH4XAVS1_qBwXLZSkgzbQ1jTAV7DWMKomL65EDPkW1gkEXbJBvDWbr1qirUZgTXoE1FbTNtmJP6aa7tvgWONdFH731w6TvS_uo.wbnedhHNlb70GnPUUND8hGkWVq0OKNEOf7elphYLfk1eMdVXlM8lO88obtdw8ZQBlEhggd7uKEN2M9b22EJh4buZzfv8eOz5RtPgvIDHCx2G7.LKrdXPyeoCTdh0nq1l4xEb1Nrgly5PmjAjyPqvKwU6T4daz31ngSx65uL65yc7WSS3LSTz0RXtvNjNahLqEui8lBaFW_HNfQh66.u9u8vg8__cH1qQF0FbJvztsQeSd5Pj9ifrbZR2aNzsorBQ94hHQBdV2KRNjyd2.XVaAkFKBvuM3nx_FEVP_3iNTPjqqkN.X9yaXRm0TsdEJ0oibpNMI0mEQu5tVfzW9iLvzhqNMAZcZ0xhVavWoSPg6OxgudB9O7HygJTnKa24_T_XbKd3Wz6yvs_NfrgVkBGmg5_n8745aUzu.6q.C3UwAmfPpzW.HOi8hEChAYXRndcdhy5qPfdixPuTjLRnCW5rervuHFhemfuqJ9sH72_XzGIpCnqxkiMBhkduXfMLGvUOxaoF10lVVmClJ3kNamTYAJ3372YAho_Bak3uEq0PmbNvO.KlCq8FdAogM1KJQ9WwWORKTEz55eIFtKX6O31Sa3D5JEy0a"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9138373e1c778f82';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/tag\/native-american-history\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=GuubuqWopujhcDSVJHxFm5sYOC2SZgUzBl_ZeONo_sc-1739820876-1.0.1.1-A7hmTPKv1KalgeZ7leZ7831xFNpQ0KtgYcVn_xmH64M" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>