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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Belgian_and_Dutch_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical Belgian and Dutch influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Belgian_and_Dutch_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional_landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional_landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Institutional landscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Institutional_landscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Institutional landscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Institutional_landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_Duke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Duke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Grand Duke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Duke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chamber_of_Deputies_(Parliament)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chamber_of_Deputies_(Parliament)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chamber of Deputies (Parliament)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chamber_of_Deputies_(Parliament)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Council of State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts_and_Tribunals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts_and_Tribunals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Courts and Tribunals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts_and_Tribunals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Constitutional Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_and_liberties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_liberties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rights and liberties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_liberties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_the_law_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_the_law_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>How the law works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_the_law_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Constitutional amendments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Constitutional_amendments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Constitutional amendments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1919_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1919_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>1919 Amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1919_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>1948 Amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1956_Amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1956_Amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>1956 Amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1956_Amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendments_since_1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendments_since_1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Amendments since 1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amendments_since_1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status_of_the_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status_of_the_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current status of the constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status_of_the_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3_de_Luxemburg" title="Constitució de Luxemburg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constitució de Luxemburg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucembursk%C3%A1_%C3%BAstava" title="Lucemburská ústava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lucemburská ústava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgische_Verfassung" title="Luxemburgische Verfassung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luxemburgische Verfassung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Σύνταγμα του Λουξεμβούργου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταγμα του Λουξεμβούργου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_Luxemburgo" title="Constitución de Luxemburgo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución de Luxemburgo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="قانون اساسی لوکزامبورگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی لوکزامبورگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_du_Luxembourg" title="Constitution du Luxembourg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution du Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_del_Lussemburgo" title="Costituzione del Lussemburgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione del Lussemburgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92" title="חוקת לוקסמבורג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת לוקסמבורג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABtzebuerger_Constitutioun" title="Lëtzebuerger Constitutioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lëtzebuerger Constitutioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxemburgse_Grondwet" title="Luxemburgse Grondwet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Luxemburgse Grondwet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Luksemburga" title="Konstytucja Luksemburga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Luksemburga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bia_Luxemburgului" title="Constituția Luxemburgului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constituția Luxemburgului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Конституция Люксембурга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Люксембурга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Конституція Люксембургу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституція Люксембургу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Luxembourg" title="Hiến pháp Luxembourg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiến pháp Luxembourg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Supreme law of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Parts of this article (those related to the 23 October 2008 amendment(s), published December 2008) need to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Law of October 17, 1868 revising the Constitution of November 27, 1856</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_GD_Luxembourg_revis%C3%A9e_1868-10-17_Excerpt_Title_and_Article_1.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Constitution_GD_Luxembourg_revis%C3%A9e_1868-10-17_Excerpt_Title_and_Article_1.tiff/lossless-page1-220px-Constitution_GD_Luxembourg_revis%C3%A9e_1868-10-17_Excerpt_Title_and_Article_1.tiff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Constitution_GD_Luxembourg_revis%C3%A9e_1868-10-17_Excerpt_Title_and_Article_1.tiff/lossless-page1-330px-Constitution_GD_Luxembourg_revis%C3%A9e_1868-10-17_Excerpt_Title_and_Article_1.tiff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Constitution_GD_Luxembourg_revis%C3%A9e_1868-10-17_Excerpt_Title_and_Article_1.tiff/lossless-page1-440px-Constitution_GD_Luxembourg_revis%C3%A9e_1868-10-17_Excerpt_Title_and_Article_1.tiff.png 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Loi du 17 octobre 1868 portant révision de la Constitution du 27 novembre 1856</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 October 1868<span class="noprint">; 156 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1868-10-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Parliamentary Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Three (executive, legislature and judiciary)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg">Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duke</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Government_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of Government of Luxembourg">Government</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Luxembourg">Prime minister</a> as head of government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Constitutional Court</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">First legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1868</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Servais_Ministry" title="Servais Ministry">Servais Ministry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data">2020</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">Mémorial A n° 23 de 1868</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Archives nationales de Luxembourg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data">Gustave d'Olimart, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Servais" title="Emmanuel Servais">Emmanuel Servais</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thilges" title="Édouard Thilges">Édouard Thilges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Vann%C3%A9rus" title="Henri Vannérus">Henri Vannérus</a>, Alexandre de Colnet-d'Huart, and <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III of the Netherlands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data">1856 Constitution of Luxembourg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Constitution_du_Grand-Duch%C3%A9_de_Luxembourg_de_1868" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Constitution du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg de 1868">Loi du 17 octobre 1868 portant révision de la Constitution du 27 novembre 1856</a></i></span></i> at French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Politics of Luxembourg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesser_CoA_luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lesser_CoA_luxembourg.svg/100px-Lesser_CoA_luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lesser_CoA_luxembourg.svg/150px-Lesser_CoA_luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lesser_CoA_luxembourg.svg/200px-Lesser_CoA_luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Luxembourg" title="Law of Luxembourg">Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Monarchy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Grand Duke (<a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Luxembourg" title="List of monarchs of Luxembourg">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_throne_of_Luxembourg" title="List of heirs to the throne of Luxembourg">Hereditary Grand Duke</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Guillaume,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Guillaume, Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Prince Guillaume</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Luxembourg#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Luxembourg">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Government_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of Government of Luxembourg">Government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frieden-Bettel_Government" title="Frieden-Bettel Government">Frieden-Bettel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Prime Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luc_Frieden" title="Luc Frieden">Luc Frieden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Deputy_Prime_Ministers_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Deputy Prime Ministers of Luxembourg">Deputy Prime Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bettel" title="Xavier Bettel">Xavier Bettel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Wiseler" title="Claude Wiseler">Claude Wiseler</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg">Current members</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_circonscriptions_(Luxembourg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative circonscriptions (Luxembourg)">Chamber circonscriptions</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2013_Luxembourg_general_election" title="2013 Luxembourg general election">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Luxembourg_general_election" title="2018 Luxembourg general election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Luxembourg_general_election" title="2023 Luxembourg general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>European: <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Luxembourg" title="2014 European Parliament election in Luxembourg">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Luxembourg" title="2019 European Parliament election in Luxembourg">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Luxembourg" title="2024 European Parliament election in Luxembourg"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Communal: <a href="/wiki/2005_Luxembourg_communal_elections" title="2005 Luxembourg communal elections">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Luxembourg_communal_elections" title="2011 Luxembourg communal elections">2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Luxembourg_communal_elections" title="2017 Luxembourg communal elections">2017</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Luxembourg" title="List of political parties in Luxembourg">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Luxembourg" title="Administrative divisions of Luxembourg">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">Cantons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Luxembourg" title="Communes of Luxembourg">Communes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Luxembourg">Cities</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Luxembourg)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Bettel" title="Xavier Bettel">Xavier Bettel</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Luxembourg" title="List of diplomatic missions of Luxembourg">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Luxembourg" title="List of diplomatic missions in Luxembourg">in Luxembourg</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_nationality_law" title="Luxembourg nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_passport" title="Luxembourgish passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Luxembourgish_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa requirements for Luxembourgish citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/16px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/24px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/32px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg" title="Portal:Luxembourg">Luxembourg portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Template:Politics of Luxembourg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Template talk:Politics of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Luxembourg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Luxembourg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of Luxembourg</b> (<a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: <i lang="lb">Lëtzebuerger Constitutioun/Verfassung</i>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Constitution du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>Luxemburgische Verfassung</i>) is the supreme law of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> was adopted on 17 October 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whilst the constitution of 1868 marked a radical change in Luxembourg's constitutional settlement, it was technically an <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">amendment</a> of the original constitution. That original constitution was <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> on 12 October 1841,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">came into effect</a> on 1 January 1842,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was acutely amended on 20 March 1848,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again on 27 November 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luxembourg first emerged as a legitimate <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lived under successive Burgundian, Spanish, French, Austrian sovereignty, until 1815 when the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> erected it into a <a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">grand duchy</a> and assigned it to <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a>, King of the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands"><i>Kingdom</i> of the Netherlands</a>; instead, it formed a personal union within the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> created by the Congress of Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> led to the dissolution of the German Confederation, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1867)" title="Treaty of London (1867)">Treaty of London</a> (11 May 1867), which was drawn up in the resolution of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, established the independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the political instability from 1815 to 1868, Luxembourg was governed by five different constitutional documents.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recognition of Luxembourg as an independent state in 1868 called for yet another revision of the fifth Constitution of 1856. <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a> agreed to grant a more liberal constitution which went on to constitute the modern 1868 Constitution which is in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Constitution confirmed the principle of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and the international status of Luxembourg, declaring it to be an "independent, indivisible, inalienable and eternally neutral" state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was first adopted on 17 October 1868, the Constitution has since been amended many times in order to adapt with the evolving times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_of_the_Constitution">Nature of the Constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nature of the Constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Luxembourg, the Constitution is considered the supreme legal rule of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The written constitution is considered to be "evolutionary" in nature, and has continued to develop concurrently to historical and political events in Luxembourg over the last 200 years, instead of serving as a normative force.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the 1868 Constitution is a living constitution and has been amended many times since its inception, most recently in 2019. It comprises 121 Articles, divided into 13 chapters, dedicated to describing the role of the Grand Duke, the rights and liberties of citizens and the power separation in the State.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the present Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Duchy_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duchy</a> is a democratic, free, independent and indivisible state headed by a constitutional monarch and governed by a system of parliamentary democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It specifically outlines the roles of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of Luxembourg's system of government, as well as the <i>Conseil d'Etat,</i> which is responsible for moderating parliamentary procedure with respect to the Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Belgian_and_Dutch_influences">Historical Belgian and Dutch influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical Belgian and Dutch influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it has since been revised many times, Luxembourg's 1868 Constitution is one of Europe's oldest written constitutions remaining in force,<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with many of its provisions even dating back to the first Constitution of the country, granted by <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">William II of the Netherlands</a> in 1841. The 1841 Chartered Constitution therefore greatly resembled the Dutch Constitution, the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Grondwet</a></i> of 1815, vesting all powers within the grand duke and creating legislative, executive and judicial bodies with very limited powers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authoritarian regime prescribed by the 1841 Charter was not well received in Luxembourg society, prompting William II to succumb to demands for a revised, more liberal Constitution in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 1848 Constitution, a majority of the new constitutional provisions were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgian Constitution</a> of 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because a part of Luxembourg had been governed under the 1831 Belgian Constitution in the previous decade as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a>. The influence of the Belgian Constitution is still evident in the present, revised 1868 Constitution of Luxembourg. For instance, Article 87 provides for a Superior Court of Justice in Luxembourg. This is inspired by Article 147 of the Belgian Constitution which provides for a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Belgium)" title="Court of Cassation (Belgium)">Court of Cassation</a> to oversee uniformity and the legality of justice for the whole of Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, given its historical connections to <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Luxembourg's constitutional tradition has been strongly influenced by the constitutional traditions of these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutional_landscape">Institutional landscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Institutional landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The present Constitution of Luxembourg attributes the separation of powers as follows: executive power is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke</a> and the Government while legislative power is conferred upon the unicameral parliament (Chamber of Deputies) and the joint action of Government and the Council of State. Judicial power is attributed to courts and tribunals which function independently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Duke">Grand Duke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grand Duke"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution establishes that the sovereign power resides in the Nation. According to Article 32, the Grand Duke, <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Henri Albert Gabriel Félix Marie Guillaume</a> (2000 – <i>present</i>), exercises this sovereign power, conforming to this Constitution and to the laws of the country. He has only those powers that the Constitution and laws expressly confer upon him. Both within and outside the borders of Luxembourg, the Grand Duke is meant to express the identity of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He symbolises its independence, the unity of the territory and the permanence of the state. </p><p>The Constitution places the Grand Duke in a unique position outside common law. Article 1 of the Constitution provides that the person of the Grand Duke is inviolable. In other words, he cannot be tried by any court and he cannot be asked to be held accountable for his actions at all, from a penal or political standpoint. The Grand Duke's inviolability and unaccountability ensure the stability of the monarchical institution and his impartiality with respect to the political world.<sup id="cite_ref-auto12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through Article 34, he is also tasked with making the regulations and decisions necessary for the execution of the laws. Through a process of "enactment", the Grand Duke can make the law enforceable. The law is published in the Official Journal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Subsequent to his legislative powers, the Grand Duke's regulatory power consists in making the regulations and administrative orders required for the enforcement of laws and treaties. In some cases he may delegate this power to the members of his government. </p><p>Hence, while the Grand Duke directly participates in legislative power, he exercises executive power only through his government, who he appoints on the advice of the elected Prime Minister. </p><p>The Grand Duke was originally vested with considerable <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>. However, from 1890 onward, most monarchs have limited themselves to a mostly representative role, a convention which was codified by constitutional amendment in 1919. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Article 51 of the Constitution places the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</a> under a governmental regime of parliamentary democracy. Hence, while Article 76 provides that the Grand Duke will regulate the organisation of the government, he is bound by the democratic principle in practice. </p><p>The Grand Duke thus has the power to appoint a <i>formateur</i> to charge with building a Government.<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>formateur</i> usually becomes <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime Minister</a> and introduces the members of the Government to the Grand Duke, who appoints and swears them in.<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 76 provides that the government must have at least three members, whom the Grand Duke has the power to appoint and dismiss (this power to dismiss has yet to be exercised in 2021). However, in practice, the ministers he appoints must have the confidence of the voting majority.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customarily, therefore, the Grand Duke only appoints a Prime Minister on the basis of the results of the election. </p><p>Article 78 of the Constitution provides that members of the Government ('ministers') are responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, for an act issued by the Grand Duke to come into force, it must be countersigned by a member of the government who assumes full responsibility for it (Article 45).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies of the State, which has the power to withdraw its confidence in the ministers, obliging them to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chamber_of_Deputies_(Parliament)"><span id="Chamber_of_Deputies_.28Parliament.29"></span>Chamber of Deputies (Parliament)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chamber of Deputies (Parliament)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxembourg's parliament, known as the Chambre des Députés (<a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a>) represents the country and primarily exercises legislative power. According to Chapter IV of the Constitution, the law of the land regulates the organization of the Chamber. The Chamber is composed of 60 Deputies, elected through a direct election conducted in the four circumscriptions of the country. Article 51 provides that the Deputies are elected on the basis of universal suffrage, on [a party] list ballot, following the rules of proportional representation, conforming to the principle of the smallest electoral quotient and following the rules to be determined by the law.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chamber meets each year in ordinary session at the time specified by its regulations. The sittings of the Chamber, which require majority presence, are public (Article 61) and every resolution is taken with the absolute majority of votes (Article 62). According to Article 66, the Chamber has the right to amend and divide the articles and amendments proposed. </p><p>The Chamber of Deputies also acts as a check back mechanism against the ministerial actions of the government. If the Chamber disapproves of the policy of one or several ministers or of the entire government, it has the power to express its disagreement, either via a negative vote on a specific agenda proposed by the government, or by rejecting a government bill presented by the ministers. In the worst case, when the Chamber of Deputies withdraws its confidence (motion of censure) in the ministers, the political responsibility of ministers obliges them to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_State">Council of State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Council of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a> originates from the preliminary Constitution of 1856 – its organization and obligations are both regulated by the law. Article 83 of the Constitution establishes that the Council of State is called to give its opinion on the bills and proposals of law and amendments, which have been and are proposed, as well as on all other questions which have been referred to it by the Government or by the laws. The Conseil d'Etat acts as the primary advisory organ and the 'guardian of the Constitution' and exercising a moderating function within the parliamentary procedure similar to that of a second chamber. </p><p>Until 1996, the Council of State also acted as the administrative court, but this function was transferred to the newly established Administrative Tribunal and Administrative Court in order for matters to be heard by an independent court.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution also provides that the Council of State will have a true right of suspensive veto for legislative matters.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts_and_Tribunals">Courts and Tribunals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Courts and Tribunals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 49 of the Constitution provides that justice is rendered in the name of the Grand Duke by the courts and the tribunals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution grants courts and tribunals independence of function. Luxembourg has two <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Luxembourg" title="Judiciary of Luxembourg">jurisdictions</a>, including an <b>ordinary</b> judicial branch which deals with civil disputes, disputes of a penal nature and disputes regarding political rights, and an <b>administrative</b> branch which rules on disputes with the authorities (Articles 84, 85). By establishing two systems, the constituent assembly has tried to avoid the ordinary courts' trespassing on the territory of the executive and thus infringing the principle of the separation of powers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization of the courts is governed by Article 86 which provides that "no court may be established except by virtue of a law" – hence, the creation of courts is an exclusive power of the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, while justice is delivered on behalf of the Grand Duke, he has no means of interfering in the exercise of judicial power.<sup id="cite_ref-auto15_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto15-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 90 of the Constitution provides that the justices of the courts and tribunals are directly appointed by the Grand Duke. Their appointment is permanent as accorded by Article 91. </p><p>The law also provides for the organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_court_of_justice_(Luxembourg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior court of justice (Luxembourg)">Superior Court of Justice</a>, whose justices of the peace, judges of the tribunals of the districts and the councillors of the Superior Court are irremovable (Article 91). The Superior Court of Justice settles the disputes of attribution following the mode determined by the law (Article 95). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Court">Constitutional Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Constitutional Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, an additional constitutional court with limited powers was established in Luxembourg. Article 95 of the Constitution establishes that the Constitutional Court decides, by means of opinion, on the constitutionality of laws passed by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, with the exception of the laws concerning the approval of treaties, which falls under the jurisdiction of the Grand Duke. However, it does not have the power to invalidate legislative acts, which can only be submitted to it by ordinary courts through a preliminary ruling procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is composed of nine members<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are selected from the judges of the ordinary and administrative courts and continue to serve within those roles as well.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They therefore sit as "part time" constitutional judges and cannot be removed from office.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Article 95 of the Constitution, the court is composed of the President of the Superior Court of Justice, the President of the Administrative Court, two councillors of the Court of Cassation and of five magistrates appointed by the Grand Duke, on the joint advice of the Superior Court of Justice and of the Administrative Court. </p><p>It is not possible to appeal a decision of the Constitutional Court.<sup id="cite_ref-auto13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the impact of a decision taken by the Constitutional Court's is strictly limited to the case which gave rise to the preliminary question. The legislature has full discretion whether to take the decision forward and amend or annul a law the court has declared to be inconsistent with the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large majority of cases heard by the court are related to the principle of equality enshrined in Article 10 of the 1868 Constitution (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://juricaf.org/arret/LUXEMBOURG-COURCONSTITUTIONNELLE-20110504-6411"><i>employment of elderly persons case (2010)</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most recently, on 22 January 2021, Luxembourg's Constitutional Court issued a decision on the value of the legal certainty principle in tax legislation (Decision No. 152).<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legal certainty principle, which requires that laws be made public, be definite with enough clarity, not have retroactive effect, and protect legitimate interests and expectations, though recognised by the Luxembourg administrative courts, had never been considered in the Constitutional Court.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court's decision found that the principles of legal certainty, legitimate expectations, and non-retroactivity are to be seen as fundamental principles inherent in Luxembourg law,<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus reaffirming the constitutionality of the legal certainty principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_and_liberties">Rights and liberties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rights and liberties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution of Luxembourg is knowing for having a relatively short and fragmented chapter on fundamental rights, with some widely recognised principles missing.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter II of the Constitution on public freedoms and fundamental rights provides that the State owes its citizens certain rights and liberties. These include a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a>, a right to medical and social assistance, a right against censorship and more. Importantly, pursuant to Article 10, Luxembourgers are equal before the law.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 11 describes other important rights-based themes including <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, employment rights, marriage and public life and political rights. </p><p>Notably, widely recognised principles such as a general prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> or a general requirement of <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">fair trial</a> are missing.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_the_law_works">How the law works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: How the law works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A law may be initiated either by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> (Parliament) or the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Luxembourg">Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former is a known as a <i>proposition de loi</i> while the latter is known as a <i>projet de loi</i>. While a <i>proposition de loi</i> constitutes a Parliament bill, the latter are government bills.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government bills are submitted to the Parliament for adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A law may only be modified by another law. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a> may draw the government's attention to the opportunity for new laws or new regulations or modifications to be introduced into existing laws and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Grand Duke</a> had two legislative powers -- the right of initiative, which permits him to authorise the government to submit bills to Parliament, and the right of assent, which, following the parliamentary adoption of a draft law, gives him the right to convert the draft into a real law.<sup id="cite_ref-auto14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without the latter, a draft could not become a law. However, the Parliament abolished the latter royal right to confirm laws in 2008 when the Grand Duke's position on <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> hindered the passing of a related law on the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">right to die with dignity</a>. Essentially, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg Parliament</a> was to approve a parliamentary initiative that, under certain conditions, would authorize euthanasia and medically assisted suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-auto14_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Grand Duke objected to such a law on moral grounds and, for the first time, refused to assent. The government believed that a decision of Parliament must be respected in all circumstances, so the disagreement between the Grand Duke and his ministers posed a constitutional question regarding who would prevail. Ultimately, with the agreement of the Prime Minister and all members of Parliament, the Constitution was amended to reflect the abolishment of the right of assent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Article 34, the Grand Duke <b>must</b> promulgate laws within a period of three months following the vote of Parliament. Additionally, in February 2008, the Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies adopted the Law on the Right to Die with Dignity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Luxembourg became the second country in the EU to legalise marijuana, after Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_amendments">Constitutional amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Constitutional amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedure">Procedure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of amending the Constitution, Article 114 provides that any revision of the Constitution must be decided upon by the Chamber of Deputies in two successive votes. The Chamber cannot proceed to a vote unless at least three-quarters of its members are present, and no amendment may be adopted unless it is backed by at least two-thirds of the votes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original procedure was quite rigid and comparable to the procedure of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Constitution of Belgium</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Revision_of_the_Constitution" title="Declaration of Revision of the Constitution">Declaration of Revision of the Constitution</a> needs to be adopted, automatically triggering a <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of parliament</a>. The newly elected parliament then decides on the actual revision. This procedure was simplified in the Constitution of Luxembourg in 2003 to the current version. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1919_Amendment">1919 Amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1919 Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a national referendum confirmed the will of the Luxembourg population to remain a constitutional monarchy. Hence, the Constitution was amended to consolidate the parliamentary democracy of the Grand Duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secret treaties were abolished and all <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaties</a> concluded by the grand duke had to be approved by law. Electoral laws were amended to reflect the principle of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. The Constitution also now explicitly stated that voters could express their views by referendum in cases and under conditions determined by law.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_Amendment">1948 Amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1948 Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next official revision of the Constitution only occurred after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time, the goal of the amendment was to bring the constitution up to date with the social and economic changes that had materialised in the country by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rights and freedoms such as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">right to social security</a> and the freedom to form and join <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> were thus included in the revised Constitution, as was the protection of the family and the promotion of education (primary education was made compulsory and free of charge).<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, these revisions to the Constitution cannot be of any legal significance until the legislature specifically implements measures that allow the courts to enforce them.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1956_Amendment">1956 Amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1956 Amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The integration of Luxembourg into the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and its related treaties, posed a few new constitutional questions for Luxembourg since it required the Community to exercise powers that the Constitution had conferred upon Luxembourg's legislature, executive and judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Article 49 was introduced to hold that the exercise of powers reserved to the legislature, executive and judiciary may temporarily be vested by treaty in institutions governed by international law.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amendments_since_1972">Amendments since 1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Amendments since 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been 26 Amendments to the Constitution since 1972 which reflect the evolving nature of the Luxembourg society. For instance, in 1972, the Chamber of Deputies reduced the minimum voting age to 18 years and the minimum age for election to 21 years (Article 52).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, more than twenty years after the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> was abolished by law, an article was inserted into the Constitution providing that the death penalty cannot be reintroduced (Article 18).<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2007, Article 11 was amended in order to strengthen several human rights and to introduce new constitutional objectives such as protection of the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, however, a majority of the articles in the Constitution have never been amended and the contemporary edition still closely resembles the 1868 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status_of_the_constitution">Current status of the constitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Current status of the constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The frequency with which the 1868 Luxembourg Constitution has been amended historically is testament to its evolving nature as a "living"<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constitution, and is probably why it is still in use today. </p><p>However, the Parliamentary Committee on Institutions and Constitutional Revision, under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Meyers" title="Paul-Henri Meyers">Paul-Henri Meyers</a>, proposed a full revision of the 1868 Constitution on 21 April 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, if passed, would effectively replace the 1868 Constitution in the Grand Duchy. This new constitution was expected to redefine the constitutional role of Grand Duke, as well as include reforms of justice, rights of children, animals, more direct democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also intended to update the antiquated language used in the text and reduce the frequency of <i>ad hoc</i> revisions of the laws through amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto11_9-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitutional Revision Committee completed its draft of a new constitution in June 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, there seemed to be a large cross-party consensus on the major reform issues.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the reform proposal stalled in 2018, when the majority party unexpectedly objected in the final phases.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, four separate "new" constitutional reform proposals, which split and repackaged the failed one, resurfaced to be analyzed and debated again.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 October 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg Parliament</a> finally proceeded with a preliminary vote on the first of the four proposals on the constitutional reform of the judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the near future, it appears as though the Constitution of Luxembourg will continue to favour incremental reforms instead of a complete overhaul, retaining its status as a living, evolving Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_amendments">List of amendments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>15 May 1919 – National <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> was transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">monarch</a> to the nation (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">La puissance souveraine réside dans la Nation</i>) (Article 32). The monarch's powers to <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">command</a> the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Luxembourg">armed forces</a> and to sign <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> were reaffirmed, provided that the treaty was not <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty" title="Secret treaty">secret</a> and that the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg">Chamber of Deputies</a> <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a> it (Article 37). All changes to Luxembourg's territory were required to be ratified by law (Article 37).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>28 April 1948 – The Grand Duchy was defined as a 'free, independent, and indivisible state' (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">un État libre, indépendant et indivisible</i>), removing reference to, and therefore ending, its long-standing <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">political neutrality</a> (Article 1).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6 May 1948 – The regulation of language use in legal and judicial affairs became regulated by statute, rather than requiring the equal treatment of French and German (Article 29).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>15 May 1948 – <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> was restricted to Luxembourgers living in Luxembourg, aged over 21 and in possession of their full political rights, whereas candidates were required to be 25 years old (Article 52).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 May 1948 -<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 July 1956 -<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 October 1956 -<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 January 1972 -<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13 June 1979 -<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>25 November 1983 -<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>20 December 1988 -<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>31 March 1989 -<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>20 April 1989 -<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13 June 1989 -<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>16 June 1989 -<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 June 1989 -<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>23 December 1994 -<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 July 1996 -<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 January 1998 -<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>29 April 1999 -<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 June 1999 -<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>8 August 2000 -<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18 February 2003 -<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 December 2003 -<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>26 May 2004 -<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>19 November 2004 -<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 June 2005 -<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 June 2006 -<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13 July 2006 -<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>29 March 2007 -<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>24 October 2007 -<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>31 March 2008 -<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>23 October 2008 -<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12 March 2009 – Sovereign only promulgates, not approves / authorises, laws<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18 October 2016 -<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French and German)</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927031841/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1868/0232210/0232210.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1868, No. 25"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1868/0232210/0232210.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1868%2C+No.+25&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1868%2F0232210%2F0232210.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French and German)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133241/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1841/0051/a051.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1841, No. 51"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1841/0511011/0511011.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1841%2C+No.+51&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1841%2F0511011%2F0511011.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French and German)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133241/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1841/0051/a051.pdf#page=25">"Mémorial A, 1841, No. 51"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1841/0511011/0511011.pdf#page=25">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1841%2C+No.+51&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1841%2F0511011%2F0511011.pdf%23page%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French and German)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133336/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1848/0023/a023.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1848, No. 23"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1848/0232803/0232803.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1848%2C+No.+23&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1848%2F0232803%2F0232803.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French and German)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133417/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1856/0028/a028.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1856, No. 28"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1856/0283011/0283011.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1856%2C+No.+28&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1856%2F0283011%2F0283011.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoe2017" class="citation web cs1">Doe, John (9 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/historical-development-46_en">"Historical development"</a>. <i>Eurydice – European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurydice+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Historical+development&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.aulast=Doe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feacea.ec.europa.eu%2Fnational-policies%2Feurydice%2Fcontent%2Fhistorical-development-46_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/binding-effect-upon-the-german-empire-of-the-treaty-of-london-of-1867-neutralizing-luxemburg/F0F1FFB90F8E998409832911529C147B">"The Binding Effect Upon the German Empire of the Treaty of London of 1867 Neutralizing Luxemburg"</a>. <i>American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>9</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">948–</span>958. October 1915. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2187007">10.2307/2187007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300">0002-9300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2187007">2187007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246007480">246007480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Binding+Effect+Upon+the+German+Empire+of+the+Treaty+of+London+of+1867+Neutralizing+Luxemburg&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E948-%3C%2Fspan%3E958&rft.date=1915-10&rft.issn=0002-9300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246007480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2187007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2187007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Famerican-journal-of-international-law%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fbinding-effect-upon-the-german-empire-of-the-treaty-of-london-of-1867-neutralizing-luxemburg%2FF0F1FFB90F8E998409832911529C147B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1830, Belgium revolted against its union with the Netherlands causing Luxembourg to be divided between Belgium and Holland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto11_9-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean.2004" class="citation book cs1">Jean., Thill (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/773788534"><i>Constitutional Law of 15 EU Member States : the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg</i></a>. Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773788534">773788534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+of+15+EU+Member+States+%3A+the+Grand+Duchy+of+Luxembourg&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773788534&rft.aulast=Jean.&rft.aufirst=Thill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F773788534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gouvernement.lu/en/systeme-politique.html">"Political system"</a>. <i>gouvernement.lu</i>. 1 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gouvernement.lu&rft.atitle=Political+system&rft.date=2018-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgouvernement.lu%2Fen%2Fsysteme-politique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerkrath2019" class="citation cs2">Gerkrath, Jörg (2019), "The Constitution of Luxembourg in the Context of EU and International Law as 'Higher Law'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>National Constitutions in European and Global Governance: Democracy, Rights, the Rule of Law</i>, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>267, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-6265-273-6_6">10.1007/978-94-6265-273-6_6</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6265-272-9"><bdi>978-94-6265-272-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152440749">152440749</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Constitutions+in+European+and+Global+Governance%3A+Democracy%2C+Rights%2C+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+Luxembourg+in+the+Context+of+EU+and+International+Law+as+%27Higher+Law%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E267&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152440749%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-6265-273-6_6&rft.isbn=978-94-6265-272-9&rft.aulast=Gerkrath&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009?lang=en">"Luxembourg 1868 (rev. 2009) Constitution – Constitute"</a>. <i>constituteproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Luxembourg+Legalizes+Cannabis+For+Personal+Use&rft.aulast=Sabaghi&rft.aufirst=Dario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdariosabaghi%2F2023%2F06%2F29%2Fluxembourg-legalizes-cannabis-for-personal-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Luxembourg_2009?lang=en">"Luxembourg 1868 (rev. 2009) Constitution – Constitute"</a>. <i>constituteproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Luxembourg+1868+%28rev.+2009%29+Constitution+%E2%80%93+Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FLuxembourg_2009%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This age was later lowered to 18 in an article introduced through amendment in 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutionnet.org/news/government-coalition-proposes-new-constitution-luxembourg">"Government coalition proposes new constitution for Luxembourg"</a>. <i>ConstitutionNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=Government+coalition+proposes+new+constitution+for+Luxembourg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fnews%2Fgovernment-coalition-proposes-new-constitution-luxembourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/luxembourg/freedom-world/2019">"Luxembourg: Freedom in the World 2019 Country Report"</a>. <i>Freedom House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Luxembourg%3A+Freedom+in+the+World+2019+Country+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fluxembourg%2Ffreedom-world%2F2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutionnet.org/news/luxembourgs-constitutional-crescendo-will-incremental-reforms-succeed-where-overhaul-failed">"Luxembourg's constitutional crescendo: will incremental reforms succeed where overhaul failed?"</a>. <i>ConstitutionNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=Luxembourg%27s+constitutional+crescendo%3A+will+incremental+reforms+succeed+where+overhaul+failed%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fnews%2Fluxembourgs-constitutional-crescendo-will-incremental-reforms-succeed-where-overhaul-failed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French and German)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133500/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1919/0033/a033.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1919, No. 33"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1919/0331605/0331605.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1919%2C+No.+33&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1919%2F0331605%2F0331605.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041925/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0282804/0282804.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1948, No. 28"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0282804/0282804.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1948%2C+No.+28&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1948%2F0282804%2F0282804.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050224100254/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0301005/0301005.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1948, No. 30"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0301005/0301005.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1948%2C+No.+30&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1948%2F0301005%2F0301005.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050428091415/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0321905/0321905.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1948, No. 32"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0321905/0321905.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1948%2C+No.+32&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1948%2F0321905%2F0321905.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050225225015/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0352905/0352905.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1948, No. 35"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1948/0352905/0352905.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1948%2C+No.+35&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1948%2F0352905%2F0352905.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133553/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1956/0041/a041.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1956, No. 41"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1956/0412008/0412008.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1956%2C+No.+41&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1956%2F0412008%2F0412008.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133606/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1956/0052/a052.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1956, No. 52"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1956/0520311/0520311.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1956%2C+No.+52&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1956%2F0520311%2F0520311.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050219162356/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0052801/0052801.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 1972, No. 5"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0052801/0052801.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1972%2C+No.+5&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1972%2F0052801%2F0052801.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133644/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1979/0055/a055.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 1979, No. 55"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1979/0550907/0550907.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1979%2C+No.+55&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1979%2F0550907%2F0550907.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050311205302/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1983/1000112/1000112.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1983, No. 100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1983/1000112/1000112.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1983%2C+No.+100&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1983%2F1000112%2F1000112.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041122125232/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1988/0672112/0672112.pdf#page=19">"Mémorial A, 1988, No. 67"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1988/0672112/0672112.pdf#page=19">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1988%2C+No.+67&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1988%2F0672112%2F0672112.pdf%23page%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041130025206/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0211404/0211404.pdf#page=3">"Mémorial A, 1989, No. 21"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0211404/0211404.pdf#page=3">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1989%2C+No.+21&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1989%2F0211404%2F0211404.pdf%23page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133822/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0027/a027.pdf#page=3">"Mémorial A, 1989, No. 27"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0271105/0271105.pdf#page=3">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1989%2C+No.+27&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1989%2F0271105%2F0271105.pdf%23page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133840/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0046/a046.pdf#page=3">"Mémorial A, 1989, No. 46"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0461007/0461007.pdf#page=3">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1989%2C+No.+46&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1989%2F0461007%2F0461007.pdf%23page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133840/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0046/a046.pdf#page=6">"Mémorial A, 1989, No. 46"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0461007/0461007.pdf#page=6">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1989%2C+No.+46&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1989%2F0461007%2F0461007.pdf%23page%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133840/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0046/a046.pdf#page=7">"Mémorial A, 1989, No. 46"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1989/0461007/0461007.pdf#page=7">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1989%2C+No.+46&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1989%2F0461007%2F0461007.pdf%23page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060114233011/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1994/1162412/1162412.pdf#page=12">"Mémorial A, 1994, No. 116"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1994/1162412/1162412.pdf#page=12">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1994%2C+No.+116&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1994%2F1162412%2F1162412.pdf%23page%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133916/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1996/0045/a045.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 1996, No. 45"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1996/0451207/0451207.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1996%2C+No.+45&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1996%2F0451207%2F0451207.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041028215553/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1998/0022001/0022001.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 1998, No. 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1998/0022001/0022001.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1998%2C+No.+2&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1998%2F0022001%2F0022001.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133946/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1999/0049/a049.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 1999, No. 49"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1999/0490505/0490505.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1999%2C+No.+49&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1999%2F0490505%2F0490505.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104024958/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1999/0630806/0630806.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 1999, No. 63"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1999/0630806/0630806.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+1999%2C+No.+63&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F1999%2F0630806%2F0630806.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040924043154/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2000/0832508/0832508.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 2000, No. 83"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2000/0832508/0832508.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2000%2C+No.+83&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2000%2F0832508%2F0832508.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004123933/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/0292102/0292102.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 2003, No. 29"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/0292102/0292102.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2003%2C+No.+29&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2003%2F0292102%2F0292102.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004124808/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/1853112/1853112.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 2003, No. 185"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2003/1853112/1853112.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2003%2C+No.+185&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2003%2F1853112%2F1853112.pdf%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041027220318/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2004/0810706/0810706.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 2004, No. 81"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2004/0810706/0810706.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2004%2C+No.+81&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2004%2F0810706%2F0810706.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229134051/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2004/0186/a186.pdf#page=2">"Mémorial A, 2004, No. 186"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2004/1862511/1862511.pdf#page=2">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2004%2C+No.+186&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2004%2F1862511%2F1862511.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119233312/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2005/0087/2005A16381.html">"Mémorial A, 2005, No. 87"</a> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2005/0087/2005A16381.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2005%2C+No.+87&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2005%2F0087%2F2005A16381.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014859/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2006/0100/a100.pdf">"Mémorial A, 2006, No. 100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2006/0100/a100.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2006%2C+No.+100&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2006%2F0100%2Fa100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119215752/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2006/0124/2006A2140A.html">"Mémorial A, 2006, No. 124"</a> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2006/0124/2006A2140A.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2006%2C+No.+124&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2006%2F0124%2F2006A2140A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830211953/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2007/0048/2007A0842A.html">"Mémorial A, 2007, No. 48"</a> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2007/0048/2007A0842A.html">the original</a> on 30 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2007%2C+No.+48&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2007%2F0048%2F2007A0842A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827211618/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2007/0192/2007A3466A.html">"Mémorial A, 2007, No. 192"</a> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2007/0192/2007A3466A.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2007%2C+No.+192&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2007%2F0192%2F2007A3466A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119225425/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2008/0037/2008A0600A.html">"Mémorial A, 2008, No. 37"</a> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2008/0037/2008A0600A.html">the original</a> on 19 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2008%2C+No.+37&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2008%2F0037%2F2008A0600A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014956/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2008/0213/a213.pdf">"Mémorial A, 2008, No. 213"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2008/0213/a213.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2008%2C+No.+213&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2008%2F0213%2Fa213.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021090052/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2009/0043/a043.pdf">"Mémorial A, 2009, No. 43"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/2009/0043/a043.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2009%2C+No.+43&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Farchives%2F2009%2F0043%2Fa043.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2016/10/18/n1/jo">"Mémorial A, 2016, No. 215"</a> (in French). Service central de législation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+A%2C+2016%2C+No.+215&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegilux.public.lu%2Feli%2Fetat%2Fleg%2Floi%2F2016%2F10%2F18%2Fn1%2Fjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614103918/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/index.php">"Archives of Mémorial A"</a> (in French). Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/index.php">the original</a> on 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archives+of+M%C3%A9morial+A&rft.pub=Service+central+de+l%C3%A9gislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legilux.public.lu%2Fleg%2Fa%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beck, Simone (June 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum.lu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2335_112_Beck.pdf">"Das allgemeine Wahlrecht: Revision des Art. 52 der Verfassung (19.19)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum</i> (in German) (112): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum&rft.atitle=Das+allgemeine+Wahlrecht%3A+Revision+des+Art.+52+der+Verfassung+%2819.19%29&rft.issue=112&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1989-06&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forum.lu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F11%2F2335_112_Beck.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavarani2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ravarani, Georges (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum.lu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/6581_286_Ravarani.pdf">"Les révisions constitutionnelles récentes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum</i> (in French) (286): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum&rft.atitle=Les+r%C3%A9visions+constitutionnelles+r%C3%A9centes&rft.issue=286&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Ravarani&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forum.lu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F11%2F6581_286_Ravarani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Luxembourg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/constitution/1868/10/17/n1/consolide/20200519">"Constitution de Luxembourg"</a>, full text in French, with amendments up to 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria" title="Constitution of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="Constitution of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania" title="Constitution of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malta" title="Constitution of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova" title="Constitution of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Monaco" title="Constitution of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Montenegro" title="Constitution of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Macedonia" title="Constitution of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Poland" title="Constitution of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_San_Marino" title="Constitution of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovakia" title="Constitution of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ukraine" title="Constitution of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Transnistria" title="Constitution of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_%C3%85land" title="Constitution of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Faroe Islands">Faroe 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