CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"59cd16ad-5608-4a0e-bdad-baa8e436ff5f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II","wgTitle":"Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II","wgCurRevisionId":1240240045,"wgRevisionId":1240240045,"wgArticleId":7405901,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","History of Stuttgart","World War II strategic bombing of Germany","1943 in Germany","Conflicts in 1943","1945 in Germany", "20th century in Württemberg","Germany–United Kingdom military relations","Germany–United States military relations"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II","wgRelevantArticleId":7405901,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q963357","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II rootpage-Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stuttgart's_defenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuttgart's_defenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Stuttgart's defenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuttgart's_defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Raids</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Raids-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Raids subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Online references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftangriffe_auf_Stuttgart" title="Luftangriffe auf Stuttgart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftangriffe auf Stuttgart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardeo_de_Stuttgart" title="Bombardeo de Stuttgart – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bombardeo de Stuttgart" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бомбардировка Штутгарта во время Второй мировой войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бомбардировка Штутгарта во время Второй мировой войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q963357#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&oldid=1240240045" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&id=1240240045&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q963357" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Stuttgart" title="Category:History of Stuttgart">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stuttgart" title="History of Stuttgart">History of <span class="fn org label">Stuttgart</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Stuttgart_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the City of Stuttgart"><img alt="Coat of arms of the City of Stuttgart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/DEU_Stuttgart_COA.svg/90px-DEU_Stuttgart_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/DEU_Stuttgart_COA.svg/135px-DEU_Stuttgart_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/DEU_Stuttgart_COA.svg/180px-DEU_Stuttgart_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="545" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(950-1250)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/County_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="County of Württemberg">County of Württemberg</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1251–1495)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Duchy of Württemberg">Duchy of Württemberg</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1496–1806)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Electorate of Württemberg">Electorate of Württemberg</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1803–1806)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1806-1918)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Year_without_Summer" class="mw-redirect" title="Year without Summer">Year without Summer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1871–1918)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Free_People%27s_State_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Free People's State of Württemberg">Free People's State of Württemberg</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1918–45)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1919-33)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1933–45)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1945–90)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a> & <a href="/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration on European Union</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="nobold">(1990-present)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a> & <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Horticultural_Exposition" title="1993 World Horticultural Exposition">1993 World Horticultural Exposition</a> & <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px #fafafa solid;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Stuttgart" title="Timeline of Stuttgart">Timeline of Stuttgart</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Stuttgart" title="Template:History of Stuttgart"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Stuttgart" title="Template talk:History of Stuttgart"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Stuttgart" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Stuttgart"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>bombing of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> in World War II</b> was a series of 53 air raids that formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic air offensive of the Allies against Germany</a>. The first bombing (by 20 aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>) occurred on August 25, 1940, and resulted in the destruction of 17 buildings. The city was repeatedly attacked over the next four and one-half years by both the RAF and the <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Air Force">8th Air Force</a> as it had significant industrial capacity (including the <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> automotive factories) and several military bases, and was also a center of rail transportation in southwestern Germany. Stuttgart endured 18 large-scale attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) during the war (the first and last of which were on 5 March 1942 and 13 February 1945 respectively),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2013332_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2013332-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which 21,016 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a> (21,353 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) of bombs were dropped on the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_9_August_1945_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_9_August_1945-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the RAF concluded that its attacks against Stuttgart were not as effective as they could have been:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Stuttgart's experience was not as severe as other German cities. Its location, spread out in a series of deep valleys, had consistently frustrated the <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a> and the shelters dug into the sides of the surrounding hills had saved many lives.</p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Stuttgart" title="History of Stuttgart">History of Stuttgart</a></div> <p>Even before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in 1916, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> had been a potential target for air raids because of its short distance from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_27_September_1916_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_27_September_1916-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next two years, the city would be attacked by Allied aviators on several occasions throughout 1917 and 1918, the Daimler plant in Stuttgart being of special interest to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_1_October_1917_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_1_October_1917-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_10_March_1918_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_10_March_1918-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_15_September_1918_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_15_September_1918-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bomber_Command_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomber Command RAF">Bomber Command</a> began its strategic bombing command during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, it initially targeted airstrips in <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a> and U-boat pens in northern France, but soon added civilian targets, such as Stuttgart, to its target list in March 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Diary,_January–April_1941_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Diary,_January–April_1941-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as May of that year, the RAF attempts to bomb targets in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, of which there were two among the mostly rural region: Stuttgart and <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a>. Nicknamed the "German <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>," Stuttgart was an important rail hub and a center of industry, home to the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a>, and the SKF <a href="/wiki/Ball_bearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball bearings">ball bearings</a> factories. However, actually reaching these targets was difficult because of their great distance from Britain and because of Württemberg's topography of hills and valleys, which befouled the accuracy of British bomb crews. The workaround was to attack in force, starting in 1942–43, but these raids sometimes struck false targets and were costly in life and material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006156–57_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006156–57-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 February 1942, the Royal Air Force lifted all constraints from <a href="/wiki/Bomber_Command" title="Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a>, and Stuttgart was on Bomber Command's list of "Alternative Industrial Areas" with <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings201395_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings201395-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuttgart's_defenses"><span id="Stuttgart.27s_defenses"></span>Stuttgart's defenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stuttgart's defenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preparations to protect <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>'s citizens from British air raids, though they were downplayed, were made in September 1939 with the establishment of twenty first aid stations. The 31 May 1940 issue of the local Nazi Party newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuttgarter_Neues_Tagblatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuttgarter Neues Tagblatt (page does not exist)"><i>NS-Kurier</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgarter_Neues_Tagblatt" class="extiw" title="de:Stuttgarter Neues Tagblatt">de</a>]</span> boasted that the <a href="/wiki/Reichsluftschutzbund" title="Reichsluftschutzbund">Reichsluftschutzbund</a> had taken advantage of Stuttgart's "<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Stuttgart" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Stuttgart">natural physical conditions</a>," and that no civilian fatalities were expected. In the first air raid on the city of the war on the night of 25 August 1940, four were killed and five injured. The next two raids resulted in no fatalities. As a result, Stuttgart was deemed safe enough to receive evacuees from cities already heavily damaged by British bombings such as <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuttgart was defended at the outset of the war by I./<a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_52" title="Jagdgeschwader 52">Jagdgeschwader 52</a> based at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6blingen" title="Böblingen">Böblingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller201429_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller201429-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1944, Stuttgart was defended by 11 heavy (88 mm) and 38 light (20 mm to 40 mm) anti-aircraft gun batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Flakstellungen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Flakstellungen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> fighter base south of the city at <a href="/wiki/Echterdingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Echterdingen">Echterdingen</a>. The landmark <a href="/wiki/Observation_Tower_Burgholzhof" title="Observation Tower Burgholzhof">Observation Tower Burgholzhof</a> was used by anti-aircraft spotters during raids.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pragstattel <a href="/wiki/Flakturm" class="mw-redirect" title="Flakturm">Flakturm</a> stands just north of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Center" title="Stuttgart-Center">central Stuttgart</a> along a busy highway, decorated with signage,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_23_January_2018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_23_January_2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bullet-shaped Winkel Towers built around the city also remain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raids">Raids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttgart,_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command,_1942-1945._CL3437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stuttgart%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3437.jpg/250px-Stuttgart%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3437.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stuttgart%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3437.jpg/375px-Stuttgart%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Stuttgart%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3437.jpg/500px-Stuttgart%2C_Royal_Air_Force_Bomber_Command%2C_1942-1945._CL3437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>World War II RAF photograph of the devastated Stuttgart city center.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of 4–5 May 1942, Stuttgart endured its first large-scale attack, as 121 RAF bombers conducted a strategic bombing of the city to destroy the Bosch factory, which produced components for the Luftwaffe. Extremely dense cloud coverage of the city foiled the raid, and the flotilla's bombs were scattered over the city, though a decoy site at <a href="/wiki/Lauffen_am_Neckar" title="Lauffen am Neckar">Lauffen am Neckar</a> was hit. Not a single bomb struck the Bosch factory but 13 civilians were killed and 37 more were injured. One <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirling</a> was lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next night, another 77 bombers marshaled against Stuttgart but again were troubled by poor visibility, as the city was obscured by haze. The closest bombs came was the Kräherwald to the west of the city, and three <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellingtons</a> and another Stirling were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19425/6_May_1942_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19425/6_May_1942-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another raid was launched on the night of 6–7 May containing 97 aircraft, but the crews again couldn't identify Stuttgart and instead attacked the Lauffen decoy, which may have led the flotilla to <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, 20 miles (32 km) away, where seven civilians were killed and more than 150 buildings were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19426/7_May_1942_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19426/7_May_1942-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 22–23 November 1942, 222 bombers made for Stuttgart, but the city was obscured by clouds and the <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a> could not identify the city center. The southern districts of the city, namely Rohr, in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Vaihingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart-Vaihingen">Vaihingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plieningen" title="Plieningen">Plieningen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6hringen_(Stuttgart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Möhringen (Stuttgart)">Möhringen</a> were heavily bombed; 88 houses were destroyed and another 334 severely damaged, and 28 people were killed and another 71 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194222/23_November_1942_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194222/23_November_1942-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, thirty tonnes of bombs had been dropped on the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_3_December_1942_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_3_December_1942-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several months later on 11 March 1943, a massive fleet of 314 RAF bombers arrived at Stuttgart. Pathfinder units claimed to have spotted the city, but most of the bombs dropped that night fell in open country and on dummy <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Equipment" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinder indicators</a>, the first use thereof by the Germans, but still 112 died and 386 were injured when <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Vaihingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart-Vaihingen">Vaihingen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart-South&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuttgart-South (page does not exist)">Kaltental</a> were hit, resulting in the destruction of 118 houses. Six Halifaxes, three Stirlings, and two Lancasters, 3.5% of the total force, were lost during the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194311/12_March_1943_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194311/12_March_1943-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month, 462 bombers marshaled against Stuttgart and again the Pathfinders claimed to have accurately identified Stuttgart, but the actual bombardment occurred to the northeast of the city. This mission proved a costly failure, as eight Stirlings and Wellingtons, four Halifaxes, and three Lancasters were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_194314/15_April_1943_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_194314/15_April_1943-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That October, the RAF changed gears and sent a force of 343 Lancasters for a nighttime attack with the <a href="/wiki/No._101_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 101 Squadron RAF">101st Squadron</a> equipped with the "<a href="/wiki/Airborne_Cigar" title="Airborne Cigar">Airborne Cigar</a>" jamming device and supplemented with several diversionary flights, all together ensuring that only four Luftwaffe night fighters made their way to Stuttgart by the end of the raid. For a loss of only four Lancasters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_19437/8_October_1943_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_19437/8_October_1943-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the raid was a massive success, killing 104 civilians and injuring 300 more. A further 31 deaths and 156 injuries were sustained the next month on 26 November 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a diversionary force of 178 bombers conducted a scattered raid on Stuttgart to draw night fighters away from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> for a cost of six Halifaxes lost to the Luftwaffe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194326/27_November_1943_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194326/27_November_1943-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neues_Schloss_Stuttgart_(1956).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Neues_Schloss_Stuttgart_%281956%29.jpg/250px-Neues_Schloss_Stuttgart_%281956%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Neues_Schloss_Stuttgart_%281956%29.jpg/375px-Neues_Schloss_Stuttgart_%281956%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Neues_Schloss_Stuttgart_%281956%29.jpg/500px-Neues_Schloss_Stuttgart_%281956%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption>1956 photo of the <a href="/wiki/New_Palace_(Stuttgart)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palace (Stuttgart)">New Palace</a>, destroyed during the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of 6 September 1943, 388 <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortresses</a> gathered over southern England and the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, bound for Stuttgart to destroy its industrial sector, where American intelligence in 1943 estimated 90% of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Magnetos" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetos">magnetos</a> and fuel injection nozzles were being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek201183–84,_114,_116_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek201183–84,_114,_116-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fifth of this flotilla aborted because of the weather or mechanical failure, leaving the remainder of the formation to carry on into France,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstor2015163_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstor2015163-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it began splitting into different diversionary flights to draw away the <i><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Luftwaffe_(1933%E2%80%9345)#Staffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Luftwaffe (1933–45)">staffeln</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_2" title="Jagdgeschwader 2">Jagdgeschwader 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek201192–98_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek201192–98-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first daylight attack on Stuttgart, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a>'s first attack on Stuttgart, and the eleventh raid on the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 262 B-17s that made it to Stuttgart, 45 were lost. Two airmen were killed on the operation while a further 333 went <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010180_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammel2010180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the bombers flew over <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, a number of Luftwaffe fighters attacked the formation and exchanged blows with its escorting P-47 Thunderbolts before ceasing their action at 8:44 AM. At this time, the escorting P-47s signaled that they were running low on fuel and had to return to base, meaning that the bombers would be on their own until they returned to current Allied fighter range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a short period of calm,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102–03_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102–03-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luftwaffe fighter aircraft of every make and unit (even some <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Ju 87 Stuka</a> <a href="/wiki/Dive_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive bombers">dive bombers</a>) descended upon the force,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inflicting high casualties for some losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103–108_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103–108-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attacks abruptly ceased when the bomber flotilla arrived over Stuttgart, where the city's anti-air <a href="/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41" title="8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41">Flak</a> cannons began to open fire on the bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011109_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011109-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for the Americans, the <a href="/wiki/Stratus_clouds" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratus clouds">Stratus clouds</a> covering the city that day were impossible for the men operating their respective <a href="/wiki/Norden_bombsight" title="Norden bombsight">Norden bombsights</a> to spot through,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–111,_115–117_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–111,_115–117-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing the various bomber groups, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Travis" title="Robert F. Travis">Robert F. Travis</a>, to circle over the city three times with their bomb bay doors open, slowly using up fuel and being subjected to the German anti-aircraft guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–112,_116–120_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–112,_116–120-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the fourth run, the 96th and 388th Bomb Groups began leaving to attack the secondary objective of Strasburg, but again failed to spot it and instead deposited their bombs into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Forest" title="Black Forest">Black Forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011126_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011126-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moments later, Luftwaffe fighters returned to engage the bombers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011127_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011127-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would continue to harry them until they returned to fighter range. 45 bombers were lost during the mission, and the American doctrine of daylight precision bombing would die after the second raid on Schweinfurt later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011240_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011240-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Stuttgart, 108 had been killed and 165 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Out of 21 crews from the 388th crew to embark on the mission, dubbed by the unit as "Black Monday," 13 returned.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 November 1943, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur Harris</a> listed Stuttgart among 19 cities he claimed had been "seriously damaged" in a report of Bomber Command's activities to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2013184_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2013184-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944">1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most devastating year of the war for Stuttgart opened with a massive British attack against the city on 21 February 1944 by 598 bombers, losing only seven Lancasters and a single Halifax to German action thanks to two diversionary flights over the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> two hours prior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194420/21_February_1944_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194420/21_February_1944-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next two nights, a total of 27 Mosquito night fighters made flights to Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194421/22_February,_22/23_February_1944_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194421/22_February,_22/23_February_1944-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 February 1944, in the final mission of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Week" title="Big Week">Big Week</a>, 268 B-17 Flying Fortresses of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Bombardment_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Bombardment Division">1st Bombardment Division</a> were launched to attack <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. 50 bombers of that formation struck the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010253_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammel2010253-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuttgart's luck ran out with three raids in five nights in mid-July 1944. 514 RAF bombers appeared over the city center on 25 July and caused immense damage for the loss of 21 planes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194424/25_July_1944_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194424/25_July_1944-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF returned the next night with 550 bombers and annihilated the city center in the most successful attack against Stuttgart of the war. 12 planes were lost during the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194425/26_July_1944_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194425/26_July_1944-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reconnaissance flight of 30 <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquitoes</a> passed over the city on 28 July without loss,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194427/28_July_1944_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194427/28_July_1944-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were followed by the third and final July 1944 attack. On 28–29 July, 494 Lancasters and two Mosquitoes, from RAF Groups Nos. <a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">5</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">8</a>, took off to attack Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of cloud cover left the bomber stream exposed to elements of <a href="/wiki/Nachtjagdgeschwader_2" title="Nachtjagdgeschwader 2"><i>Nachtjagdgeschwader</i> 2</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201581,_85_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201581,_85-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who intercepted and shot down 39 Lancasters – 19% of the force total.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the July raids had been devastating; nearly 1000 people had been killed and over 100,000 displaced. Among the dozens of buildings destroyed was the Nazi Party headquarters in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158–59_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158–59-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 12–13 September, 204 Lancasters and 13 Mosquitoes from Groups Nos. 1 and 5 attacked Stuttgart. For the cost of 4 Lancasters, a <a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">firestorm</a> was effected in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_194412/13_September_1944_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_194412/13_September_1944-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four Mosquitoes flew over Stuttgart on 13–14 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194413/14_October_1944_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194413/14_October_1944-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the month, on 565 Lancasters and 18 Mosquitoes from Groups Nos. 1, 3, 6, and 8 attacked Stuttgart in two forces on the night of 19–20 October. Six Lancasters were lost while immense damage was dealt to the central and eastern sections of the city. Among the buildings hit was the Bosch works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194419/20_October_1944_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194419/20_October_1944-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next month, 65 Mosquitoes attacked Stuttgart in two waves on 5–6 November,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_19445/6_November_1944_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_19445/6_November_1944-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by another 29 Mosquitoes on 21–22 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194421/22_November_1944_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194421/22_November_1944-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine more Mosquitoes visited the city on 25–26 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194425/26_November_1944_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194425/26_November_1944-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No planes were lost from any of these raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945">1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stuttgart was attacked twice on the night of 28–29 January 1945 by a force of 602 aircraft. In the first attack, 226 planes bombed the railyards of <a href="/wiki/Kornwestheim" title="Kornwestheim">Kornwestheim</a>, north of the city. Three hours later, the second force appeared over <a href="/wiki/Zuffenhausen" title="Zuffenhausen">Zuffenhausen</a> to destroy what had been identified as the <a href="/wiki/Hirth" title="Hirth">Hirth</a> aircraft engine factory. The target was obscured by clouds and as a result the actual bombing was scattered. Bombs fell across northern, exploding in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Feuerbach" title="Stuttgart-Feuerbach">Feuerbach</a>, where the Bosch plant was hit, and <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Weilimdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart-Weilimdorf">Weilimdorf</a>. 11 aircraft were lost in the RAF's last major attack against Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuttgart_1945_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Walter_Kittel_Zeichnung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawn map of the ruins of Stuttgart's city center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stuttgart_1945_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Walter_Kittel_Zeichnung.jpg/300px-Stuttgart_1945_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Walter_Kittel_Zeichnung.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stuttgart_1945_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Walter_Kittel_Zeichnung.jpg/450px-Stuttgart_1945_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Walter_Kittel_Zeichnung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stuttgart_1945_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Walter_Kittel_Zeichnung.jpg/600px-Stuttgart_1945_Zerst%C3%B6rung_Walter_Kittel_Zeichnung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>A sketch of the destruction in the city center by Walter Kittel, dated 1950.</figcaption></figure> <p>In totality, 53 air raids were launched against Stuttgart by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. The latter conducted <a href="/wiki/Carpet_bombing" title="Carpet bombing">carpet bombing</a> of civilian targets in Stuttgart according to the <a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a> of 14 February 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich200870,_293_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich200870,_293-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4562 German citizens were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were 770 foreigners, most of whom were <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced laborers</a>. An estimated 300 aircraft and 2400 Allied personnel were lost.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 68% of Stuttgart's center was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008293_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008293-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of 27,000 tons of bombs fell on Stuttgart; 20,000 high explosive bombs and 1.3 million incendiary devices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008343_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008343-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 12000 bombs remain undetonated in the city limits. On 4 June 2014, a residential area near <a href="/wiki/Degerloch" title="Degerloch">Degerloch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sillenbuch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sillenbuch (page does not exist)">Sillenbuch</a>, was evacuated so that police could disarm two 250 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> (550 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">lb</a>) bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 15,000,000 cubic meters (530,000,000 cu ft) cubic meters of rubble leftover from the war was gathered on the <a href="/wiki/Birkenkopf" title="Birkenkopf">Birkenkopf</a> from 1953 to 1957 to form a <i><a href="/wiki/Schuttberg" title="Schuttberg">Schuttberg</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegion_Stuttgart,_Birkenkopf_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegion_Stuttgart,_Birkenkopf-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 August 2018, a monument to two teenage <i><a href="/wiki/Flakhelfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flakhelfer">Flakhelfer</a></i> was unveiled at the cemetery in Degerloch, a municipality of Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_8_August_2018_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_8_August_2018-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schaefer_(artist)" title="Carl Schaefer (artist)">Carl Schaefer</a>, then a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> as a war artist, depicted <a href="/wiki/No._6_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 6 Squadron RAF">No. 6 Squadron RAF</a> as it prepared to leave to bomb <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> on 7 October 1943. Schaefer used the date in the watercolor painting <i>Marshalling Lancasters Against Stuttgart, 7 October 1943</i>, though he most likely finished the piece later. This piece would become one of five of his works to be put on public exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColes201110,_23_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColes201110,_23-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <caption><b>Bombing of Stuttgart during World War II</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"># </th> <th scope="col">Date and time </th> <th scope="col">Area(s) damaged </th> <th scope="col">Casualties </th> <th scope="col">Force </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>25 August 1940<br />00:16–01:24 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaisburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaisburg (page does not exist)">Gaisburg</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart-East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuttgart-East (page does not exist)">Stuttgart-East</a>; <a href="/wiki/Untert%C3%BCrkheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Untertürkheim">Untertürkheim</a> </td> <td>Four killed, five injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Est. 20 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>8 November 1940<br />21:16–24:00 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Center" title="Stuttgart-Center">Stuttgart-Center</a> </td> <td>None killed, three injured </td> <td>Est. 20 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>10 February 1941<br />00:28–01:43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_Solitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Solitude">Castle Solitude</a> </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>5 May 1942<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />00:33–02:43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuffenhausen" title="Zuffenhausen">Zuffenhausen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bad_Cannstatt" title="Bad Cannstatt">Bad Cannstatt</a> </td> <td>13 killed, 37 injured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>121 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 69 <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellingtons</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampdens</a>, 14 <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancasters</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirlings</a>, 7 <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifaxes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>6 May 1942<br />01:51–01:53 </td> <td>Kräherwald </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>77 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19425/6_May_1942_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19425/6_May_1942-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 49 Wellingtons, 13 Stirlings, 11 Halifaxes, 4 Lancasters </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>29 August 1942<br />01:45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinkelacker" title="Dinkelacker">Dinkelacker</a> brewery, Stuttgart-South </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>22 November 1942<br />21:30–22:45 </td> <td>Rohr, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Vaihingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart-Vaihingen">Vaihingen</a>; <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6hringen_(Stuttgart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Möhringen (Stuttgart)">Möhringen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plieningen" title="Plieningen">Plieningen</a> </td> <td>28 killed, 71 injured </td> <td>222 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194222/23_November_1942_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194222/23_November_1942-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 97 Lancasters, 59 Wellingtons, 39 Halifaxes, 27 Stirlings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>11 March 1943<br />22:46–23:50 </td> <td>Vaihingen; Kaltental, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart-South&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuttgart-South (page does not exist)">Stuttgart-South</a> </td> <td>112 killed, 386 injured </td> <td>314 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194311/12_March_1943_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194311/12_March_1943-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 152 Lancasters, 109 Halifaxes, 53 Stirlings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>15 April 1943<br />00:42–01:52 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnster_am_Neckar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Münster am Neckar (page does not exist)">Münster</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BChlhausen_am_Neckar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mühlhausen am Neckar (page does not exist)">Mühlhausen</a> </td> <td>619 killed, 705 injured; 400 prisoners of war killed in Gaisburg </td> <td>462 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_194314/15_April_1943_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_194314/15_April_1943-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 146 Wellingtons, 135 Halifaxes, 98 Lancasters, 83 Stirlings. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>17 April 1943<br />01:10 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart-West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stuttgart-West (page does not exist)">Stuttgart-West</a> </td> <td>One killed, 58 injured </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> <tr> <td>11<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6 September 1943<br />10:44–11:10 </td> <td>Stuttgart-West; Stuttgart-South </td> <td>107 killed, 165 injured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>262 planes: All <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing B-17">Boeing B-17s</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010180_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammel2010180-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>8 October 1943<br />00:02–00:53 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karlsh%C3%B6he_(Stuttgart)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karlshöhe (Stuttgart) (page does not exist)">Karlshöhe</a>, Stuttgart-South </td> <td>104 killed, 300 injured </td> <td>343 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_19437/8_October_1943_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_19437/8_October_1943-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Lancasters </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>26 November 1943<br />20:25–21:12 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; Untertürkheim; Daimler plant </td> <td>31 killed, 156 injured </td> <td>178 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194326/27_November_1943_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194326/27_November_1943-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 157 Halifaxes, 21 Lancasters. </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>21 February 1944<br />03:57–05:09 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Feuerbach" title="Stuttgart-Feuerbach">Feuerbach</a> </td> <td>160 killed, 977 injured </td> <td>598 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194420/21_February_1944_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194420/21_February_1944-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 460 Lancasters, 126 Halifaxes, 12 <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquitoes</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>25 February 1944<br />14:25–15:00 </td> <td>Feuerbach; Bad Cannstatt; </td> <td>10 killed, 56 injured </td> <td>50 planes: All B-17s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010253_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammel2010253-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>2 March 1944<br />02:51–04:01 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; the <a href="/wiki/New_Palace_(Stuttgart)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palace (Stuttgart)">New Palace</a> </td> <td>125 killed, 510 injured </td> <td>557 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_19441/2_March_1944_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_19441/2_March_1944-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 415 Lancasters, 129 Halifaxes, 13 Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>15 March 1944<br />23:10–00:13 </td> <td>Vaihingen, Möhringen </td> <td>86 killed, 203 injured </td> <td>863 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194415/16_March_1944_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194415/16_March_1944-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 617 Lancasters, 230 Halifaxes, 16 Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>28 April 1944<br />01:50–02:20 </td> <td>Stuttgart-Center; Feuerbach; Bad Cannstatt </td> <td>None killed, 9 injured </td> <td>13 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>16 July 1944<br />10:09–10:25 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winterhalde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winterhalde (page does not exist)">Winterhalde</a> </td> <td>42 killed, 94 injured </td> <td>Est. 100 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>21 July 1944<br />11:04–11:12 </td> <td>Zuffenhausen </td> <td>31 killed, 29 injured </td> <td>25 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>25 July 1944<br />01:35–02:10 </td> <td>Stuttgart-Center </td> <td>884 killed, 1916 injured, 14 missing during the period of July 25 to July 29 <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>614 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194424/25_July_1944_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194424/25_July_1944-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 461 Lancasters, 153 Halifaxes </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>26 July 1944<br />01:38–02:35 </td> <td>Stuttgart-Center </td> <td>see 25 July </td> <td>550 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194425/26_July_1944_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194425/26_July_1944-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 412 Lancasters, 138 Halifaxes </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>28 July 1944<br />01:22–01:50 </td> <td>Surrounding area; <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-North" title="Stuttgart-North">Stuttgart-North</a> </td> <td>see 25 July </td> <td>30 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194427/28_July_1944_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194427/28_July_1944-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>29 July 1944<br />01:48–02:30 </td> <td>Feuerbach; <a href="/wiki/Botnang" title="Botnang">Botnang</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostheim_(Stuttgart)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostheim (Stuttgart) (page does not exist)">Ostheim</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gablenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gablenberg (page does not exist)">Gablenberg</a>, Stuttgart-East </td> <td>see 25 July </td> <td>496 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 494 Lancasters, 2 Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>5 September 1944<br />11:15–11:54 </td> <td>Untertürkheim; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangen-Stuttgart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangen-Stuttgart (page does not exist)">Wangen</a> </td> <td>37 killed, 70 injured </td> <td>Est. 200 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>10 September 1944<br />11:21–11:40 </td> <td>Zuffenhausen; Feuerbach; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stammheim-Stuttgart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stammheim-Stuttgart (page does not exist)">Stammheim</a> </td> <td>28 killed, 113 injured </td> <td>Est. 200 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>12 September 1944<br />22:59–23:30 </td> <td>Stuttgart-West </td> <td>957 killed, 1600 injured </td> <td>217 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_194412/13_September_1944_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_194412/13_September_1944-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 204 Lancasters, 13 Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>3 October 1944<br />22:01 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart-Weilimdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart-Weilimdorf">Weilimdorf</a> </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>14 October 1944<br />04:35–04:56 </td> <td>Zuffenhausen </td> <td>Two killed, 40 injured </td> <td>Four planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194413/14_October_1944_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194413/14_October_1944-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>30<sup id="cite_ref-19October1944_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19October1944-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>19 October 1944<br />20:25–21:10 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; Feuerbach; Gaisburg </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>31<sup id="cite_ref-19October1944_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19October1944-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>19 October 1944<br />00:55–01:38 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; Feuerbach; Gaisburg </td> <td>338 killed, 872 injured </td> <td>583 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194419/20_October_1944_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194419/20_October_1944-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 565 Lancasters and 18 Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td>5 November 1944<br />20:00–20:30 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; Münster </td> <td>24 killed 46 injured </td> <td>132 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td>5 November 1944<br />23:32–23:48 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; Münster </td> <td>See last entry </td> <td>65 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_19445/6_November_1944_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_19445/6_November_1944-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td>21 November 1944<br />19:10–19:16 </td> <td>Stuttgart-South </td> <td>One killed, one injured </td> <td>29 planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194421/22_November_1944_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194421/22_November_1944-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td>26 November 1944<br />01:57–02:00 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt </td> <td>None killed, 10 injured </td> <td>Nine planes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194425/26_November_1944_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194425/26_November_1944-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Mosquitoes </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td>4 December 1944<br />14:48 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hofen_(Stuttgart)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hofen (Stuttgart) (page does not exist)">Hofen</a>, Mühlhausen </td> <td>One killed, two injured </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td>9 December 1944<br />12:25–13:15 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt </td> <td>24 killed, 55 injured </td> <td>Est. 350 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td>11 December 1944<br />11:51–11:52 </td> <td>Untertürkheim </td> <td>Three killed, 11 injured </td> <td>Four planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td>7 January 1945<br />21:49 </td> <td>Feuerbach </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>20 January 1945<br />11:50–12:05 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt </td> <td>One killed, 12 injured </td> <td>Est. 30 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td>21 January 1945<br />12:58–13:00 </td> <td>Münster; Hofen </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>12 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>42<sup id="cite_ref-29January1945_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29January1945-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>28 January 1945<br />20:35–20:54 </td> <td>Feuerbach; Weilimdorf; Botnang </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>226 planes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43<sup id="cite_ref-29January1945_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29January1945-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>28 January 1945<br />23:30–23:48 </td> <td>Feuerbach; Weilimdorf; Botnang </td> <td>123 killed, 78 injured </td> <td>376 planes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td>1 February 1945<br />19:47 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt </td> <td>None killed, 13 injured </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td>12 February 1945<br />19:30–19:46 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt </td> <td>68 killed, 139 injured </td> <td>Est. 30 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td>3 March 1945<br />14:32–14:42 </td> <td>Stuttgart-North </td> <td>One killed, one injured </td> <td>Est. Eight planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td>4 March 1945<br />10:20–10:28 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt; Stuttgart-West </td> <td>50 killed, 135 injured </td> <td>Est. 40 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td>9 March 1945<br />15:02–15:03 </td> <td>Bad Cannstatt </td> <td>None killed, four injured </td> <td>Est. 150 planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td>12 March 1945<br />21:02 </td> <td>Feuerbach </td> <td>Six killed, 11 injured </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td>25 March 1945<br />07:55 </td> <td>Weilimdorf </td> <td>No casualties </td> <td>Two planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td>25 March 1945<br />13:35–13:37 </td> <td>Stammheim; Zuffenhausen </td> <td>None killed, four injured </td> <td>Eight planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td>1 April 1945<br />07:17–09:45 </td> <td>Weilimdorf </td> <td>Two killed, 16 injured </td> <td>Eight planes </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td>19 April 1945<br />22:12 </td> <td>Stuttgart-North </td> <td>One killed, seven injured </td> <td>One plane </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Friedrich_(author)" title="Jörg Friedrich (author)">Jörg Friedrich</a> specifies in <i>The Fire</i> that 4,477 of those citizens were residents of the city of <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008293_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008293-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">5 May 1942 was the first large-scale air raid launched against Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a>'s first day-time attack on Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19October1944-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-19October1944_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-19October1944_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">19 October 1944 was the first double attack on Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29January1945-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-29January1945_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-29January1945_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The raids of 28–29 January 1945 were the final large-scale RAF attack on Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2013332-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2013332_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings2013">Hastings 2013</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_9_August_1945-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_9_August_1945_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlightglobal,_9_August_1945">Flightglobal, 9 August 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_194528/29_January_1945_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_1945">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, January 1945</a>, 28/29 January 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_27_September_1916-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_27_September_1916_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_27_September_1916">The <i>New York Times</i>, 27 September 1916</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_1_October_1917-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_1_October_1917_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_1_October_1917">The <i>New York Times</i>, 1 October 1917</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_10_March_1918-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_10_March_1918_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_10_March_1918">The <i>New York Times</i>, 10 March 1918</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_15_September_1918-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_''New_York_Times'',_15_September_1918_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_15_September_1918">The <i>New York Times</i>, 15 September 1918</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Diary,_January–April_1941-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Diary,_January–April_1941_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Diary,_January–April_1941">Bomber Command Diary, January–April 1941</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006156–57-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006156–57_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2006">Stephenson 2006</a>, pp. 156–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings201395-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings201395_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings2013">Hastings 2013</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2006">Stephenson 2006</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller201429-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller201429_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaldwellMuller2014">Caldwell & Muller 2014</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Flakstellungen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Flakstellungen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Flakstellungen">Schutzbauten Stuttgart, Flakstellungen</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aussichtsturm_Burgholzhof-03-Infotafel.jpg">"Der Burgholzhofturn"</a> (in German). City of Stuttgart. 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Burgholzhofturn&rft.pub=City+of+Stuttgart&rft.date=2018-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAussichtsturm_Burgholzhof-03-Infotafel.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_23_January_2018-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_23_January_2018_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_23_January_2018"><i>Stuttgarter Nachrichten</i>, 23 January 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19424/5_May_1942_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_1942">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942</a>, 4/5 May 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19425/6_May_1942-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19425/6_May_1942_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19425/6_May_1942_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_1942">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942</a>, 5/6 May 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19426/7_May_1942-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_19426/7_May_1942_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_1942">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942</a>, 6/7 May 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194222/23_November_1942-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194222/23_November_1942_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194222/23_November_1942_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1942">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1942</a>, 22/23 November 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_3_December_1942-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlightglobal,_3_December_1942_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlightglobal,_3_December_1942">Flightglobal, 3 December 1942</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194311/12_March_1943-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194311/12_March_1943_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194311/12_March_1943_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_1943">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1943</a>, 11/12 March 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_194314/15_April_1943-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_194314/15_April_1943_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_194314/15_April_1943_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_1943">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, April 1943</a>, 14/15 April 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_19437/8_October_1943-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_19437/8_October_1943_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_19437/8_October_1943_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1943">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1943</a>, 7/8 October 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe">Schutzbauten Stuttgart, Luftangriffe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194326/27_November_1943-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194326/27_November_1943_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194326/27_November_1943_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1943">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1943</a>, 26/27 November 1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek201183–84,_114,_116-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek201183–84,_114,_116_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, pp. 83–84, 114, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstor2015163-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstor2015163_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstor2015">Astor 2015</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek201192–98-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek201192–98_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, pp. 92–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammel2010180-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010180_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010180_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammel2010">Hammel 2010</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102–03-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011102–03_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, pp. 102–03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103–108-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011103–108_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, pp. 103–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011109-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011109_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–111,_115–117-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–111,_115–117_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, pp. 110–111, 115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–112,_116–120-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011110–112,_116–120_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, pp. 110–112, 116–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011126-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011126_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011127-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011127_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011240-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrazek2011240_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMrazek2011">Mrazek 2011</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812035445/http://www.388bg.info/Missions.html">"Missions"</a>. <i>38bg.info</i>. 388th Bomb Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.388bg.info/Missions.html">the original</a> on 2017-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=38bg.info&rft.atitle=Missions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.388bg.info%2FMissions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2013184-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings2013184_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings2013">Hastings 2013</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194420/21_February_1944-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194420/21_February_1944_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194420/21_February_1944_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, February 1944</a>, 20/21 February 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194421/22_February,_22/23_February_1944-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_194421/22_February,_22/23_February_1944_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, February 1944</a>, 21/22 February, 22/23 February 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammel2010253-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010253_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammel2010253_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammel2010">Hammel 2010</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194424/25_July_1944-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194424/25_July_1944_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194424/25_July_1944_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, July 1944</a>, 24/25 July 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194425/26_July_1944-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194425/26_July_1944_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194425/26_July_1944_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, July 1944</a>, 25/26 July 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194427/28_July_1944-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194427/28_July_1944_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194427/28_July_1944_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, July 1944</a>, 27/28 July 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_194428/29_July_1944_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, July 1944</a>, 28/29 July 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman201581,_85-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman201581,_85_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman2015">Bowman 2015</a>, pp. 81, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158–59-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson2006158–59_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2006">Stephenson 2006</a>, pp. 158–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_194412/13_September_1944-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_194412/13_September_1944_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_194412/13_September_1944_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, September 1944</a>, 12/13 September 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194413/14_October_1944-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194413/14_October_1944_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194413/14_October_1944_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1944</a>, 13/14 October 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194419/20_October_1944-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194419/20_October_1944_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_194419/20_October_1944_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1944</a>, 19/20 October 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_19445/6_November_1944-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_19445/6_November_1944_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_19445/6_November_1944_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1944</a>, 5/6 November 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194421/22_November_1944-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194421/22_November_1944_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194421/22_November_1944_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1944</a>, 21/22 November 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194425/26_November_1944-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194425/26_November_1944_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_194425/26_November_1944_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1944</a>, 25/26 November 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1944</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich200870,_293-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich200870,_293_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedrich2008">Friedrich 2008</a>, pp. 70, 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_25_July_2014_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_25_July_2014"><i>Stuttgarter Nachrichten</i>, 25 July 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008293-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008293_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008293_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedrich2008">Friedrich 2008</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008343-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedrich2008343_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedrich2008">Friedrich 2008</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERegion_Stuttgart,_Birkenkopf-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegion_Stuttgart,_Birkenkopf_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRegion_Stuttgart,_Birkenkopf">Region Stuttgart, Birkenkopf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_8_August_2018-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Stuttgarter_Nachrichten'',_8_August_2018_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_8_August_2018"><i>Stuttgarter Nachrichten</i>, 8 August 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColes201110,_23-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColes201110,_23_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColes2011">Coles 2011</a>, pp. 10, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_19441/2_March_1944-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_19441/2_March_1944_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1944</a>, 1/2 March 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194415/16_March_1944-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_194415/16_March_1944_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_1944">Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1944</a>, 15/16 March 1944.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstor2015" class="citation book cs1">Astor, Gerald (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBHZCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Mighty Eighth: The Air War in Europe as Told by the Men Who Fought It</i></a>. Penguin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425281574" title="Special:BookSources/9780425281574"><bdi>9780425281574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mighty+Eighth%3A+The+Air+War+in+Europe+as+Told+by+the+Men+Who+Fought+It&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780425281574&rft.aulast=Astor&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBHZCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2015" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Martin W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZhICgAAQBAJ"><i>The Night Air War</i></a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783831913" title="Special:BookSources/9781783831913"><bdi>9781783831913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Night+Air+War&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781783831913&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Martin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZhICgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMuller2014" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Don; <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Muller" title="Richard R. Muller">Muller, Richard</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMYCDQAAQBAJ"><i>Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich</i></a>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473896970" title="Special:BookSources/9781473896970"><bdi>9781473896970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+over+Germany%3A+Defense+of+the+Reich&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781473896970&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Muller%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMYCDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Coles, Robert C. (28 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/35950/"><i>For the Record: Memory and the Second World War Paintings of Carl Schaefer, RCAF</i></a> (MD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=For+the+Record%3A+Memory+and+the+Second+World+War+Paintings+of+Carl+Schaefer%2C+RCAF&rft.degree=MD&rft.inst=Concordia+University&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.aulast=Coles&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.library.concordia.ca%2F35950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Friedrich_(author)" title="Jörg Friedrich (author)">Friedrich, Jörg</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NVZLw_RCwsEC"><i>The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231133814" title="Special:BookSources/9780231133814"><bdi>9780231133814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fire%3A+The+Bombing+of+Germany%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780231133814&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNVZLw_RCwsEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammel2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_M._Hammel" title="Eric M. Hammel">Hammel, Eric M.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfGymZ2Jfb8C"><i>Air War Europa: Chronology</i></a>. Pacifica Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781890988098" title="Special:BookSources/9781890988098"><bdi>9781890988098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Europa%3A+Chronology&rft.pub=Pacifica+Military+History&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781890988098&rft.aulast=Hammel&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfGymZ2Jfb8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUMuAAAAQBAJ"><i>Bomber Command</i></a>. MBI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760345207" title="Special:BookSources/9780760345207"><bdi>9780760345207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780760345207&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUMuAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrazek2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">Mrazek, Robert J.</a> (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tokingdomcomeepi00mraz_0"><i>To Kingdom Come: An Epic Saga of Survival in the Air War Over Germany</i></a></span>. NAL Caliber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23227-4"><bdi>978-0-451-23227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Kingdom+Come%3A+An+Epic+Saga+of+Survival+in+the+Air+War+Over+Germany&rft.pub=NAL+Caliber&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-451-23227-4&rft.aulast=Mrazek&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftokingdomcomeepi00mraz_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Jill (2006). <i>Hitler's Home Front: Württemberg under the Nazis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hambledon_Continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hambledon Continuum">Hambledon Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-442-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-442-1"><bdi>1-85285-442-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Home+Front%3A+W%C3%BCrttemberg+under+the+Nazis&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85285-442-1&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <dl><dt>News sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 25em;"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></b></i> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_27_September_1916" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/09/28/100221907.pdf">"British Renew Cry for Air Reprisals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 27 September 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Renew+Cry+for+Air+Reprisals&rft.date=1916-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1916%2F09%2F28%2F100221907.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_1_October_1917" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/10/02/96271465.pdf">"Bombard Stuttgart as Reprisal Measure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1 October 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bombard+Stuttgart+as+Reprisal+Measure&rft.date=1917-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1917%2F10%2F02%2F96271465.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_10_March_1918" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/03/11/118139275.pdf">"British Bomb Daimler Works at Stuttgart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 10 March 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+Bomb+Daimler+Works+at+Stuttgart&rft.date=1918-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F03%2F11%2F118139275.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_15_September_1918" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/09/16/106216061.pdf">"Rain Bombs on Metz and Nearby Cities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 15 September 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rain+Bombs+on+Metz+and+Nearby+Cities&rft.date=1918-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F09%2F16%2F106216061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgarter_Nachrichten" title="Stuttgarter Nachrichten">Stuttgarter Nachrichten</a></b></i> (in German) </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_25_July_2014" class="citation news cs1">Obst, Wolf-Dieter (25 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.luftkrieg-vor-70-jahren-nachts-als-das-alte-stuttgart-unterging.41be7579-6c65-48be-a1c0-d9598132dfca.html">"Nachts, als das alte Stuttgart unterging"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nachts%2C+als+das+alte+Stuttgart+unterging&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft.aulast=Obst&rft.aufirst=Wolf-Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de%2Finhalt.luftkrieg-vor-70-jahren-nachts-als-das-alte-stuttgart-unterging.41be7579-6c65-48be-a1c0-d9598132dfca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_23_January_2018" class="citation news cs1">Plavec, Jan Georg (23 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.virtuelle-begehung-des-bunkers-am-pragsattel-diesen-bunker-kennt-jeder-aber-nicht-von-innen.af8f21ca-7d2a-4f1c-ae59-61fb0c20f2d1.html">"Diesen Bunker kennt jeder – aber nicht von innen"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Diesen+Bunker+kennt+jeder+%E2%80%93+aber+nicht+von+innen&rft.date=2018-01-23&rft.aulast=Plavec&rft.aufirst=Jan+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de%2Finhalt.virtuelle-begehung-des-bunkers-am-pragsattel-diesen-bunker-kennt-jeder-aber-nicht-von-innen.af8f21ca-7d2a-4f1c-ae59-61fb0c20f2d1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_8_August_2018" class="citation news cs1">Recklies, Ralf (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.alter-friedhof-stuttgart-degerloch-denkmale-erinnern-an-getoetete-jugendliche.7514f565-2520-4e26-8c96-d408ba4ddc07.html">"Denkmale erinnern an getötete Jugendliche"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Denkmale+erinnern+an+get%C3%B6tete+Jugendliche&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=Recklies&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de%2Finhalt.alter-friedhof-stuttgart-degerloch-denkmale-erinnern-an-getoetete-jugendliche.7514f565-2520-4e26-8c96-d408ba4ddc07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_references">Online references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Online references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 25em;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706011932/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary"</a>. Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary&rft.series=Royal+Air+Force+Bomber+Command+60th+Anniversary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fdiary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Diary,_January–April_1941" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706124752/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/diary1941_1.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, January–April 1941"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+January%E2%80%93April+1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fdiary1941_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_1942" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706054644/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/may42.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, May 1942"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+May+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fmay42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1942" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706055111/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov42.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1942"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+November+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fnov42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_1943" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706055152/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar43.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1943"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+March+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fmar43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_1943" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706055941/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/apr43.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, April 1943"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+April+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fapr43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1943" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303235000/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct43.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1943"</a>. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+October+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Foct43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_1944" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706054557/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb44.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, February 1944"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+February+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Ffeb44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_1944" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706054545/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/mar44.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, March 1944"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+March+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fmar44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_1944" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706054449/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jul44.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, July 1944"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+July+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fjul44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_1944" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706054449/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/sep44.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, September 1944"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+September+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fsep44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1944" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706054449/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/oct44.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, October 1944"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+October+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Foct44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706054449/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/nov44.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, November 1944"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+November+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fnov44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_1945" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070706055753/http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/jan45.html">"Bomber Command Campaign Diary, January 1945"</a>. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bomber+Command+Campaign+Diary%2C+January+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fbombercommand%2Fjan45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Flightglobal" class="mw-redirect" title="Flightglobal">Flightglobal</a> archives</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlightglobal,_3_December_1942" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1942/1942%20-%202497.html">"Stuttgart Raided"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stuttgart+Raided&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1942%2F1942%2520-%25202497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlightglobal,_9_August_1945" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%2520-%25201571.html">"Target Analysis – Tonnage of Bombs Dropped and Number of Sea Mines Laid by R.A.F. Bomber Command Monthly, from September , 1939, to May, 1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Target+Analysis+%E2%80%93+Tonnage+of+Bombs+Dropped+and+Number+of+Sea+Mines+Laid+by+R.A.F.+Bomber+Command+Monthly%2C+from+September+%2C+1939%2C+to+May%2C+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1945%2F1945%252520-%2525201571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>City of Stuttgart</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegion_Stuttgart,_Birkenkopf" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuttgart-tourist.de/en/a-birkenkopf-monte-scherbelino-stuttgart">"Birkenkopf – Monte Scherbelino Stuttgart"</a>. <i>stuttgart-tourist.de/en</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stuttgart-tourist.de%2Fen&rft.atitle=Birkenkopf+%E2%80%93+Monte+Scherbelino+Stuttgart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuttgart-tourist.de%2Fen%2Fa-birkenkopf-monte-scherbelino-stuttgart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Schtuzbauten Stuttgart</b> (in German) </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Flakstellungen" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511214645/http://schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/de-de/geschichte2weltkrieg/zahlen,daten,fakten/flakstellungen.aspx">"Flakstellungen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/de-de/geschichte2weltkrieg/zahlen,daten,fakten/flakstellungen.aspx">the original</a> on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flakstellungen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschutzbauten-stuttgart.de%2Fde-de%2Fgeschichte2weltkrieg%2Fzahlen%2Cdaten%2Cfakten%2Fflakstellungen.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schutzbauten-stuttgart.de/Portals/0/Luftangriffe%20Stuttgart3.pdf">"Luftangriffe auf Stuttgart während des zweiten Weltkrieges"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luftangriffe+auf+Stuttgart+w%C3%A4hrend+des+zweiten+Weltkrieges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschutzbauten-stuttgart.de%2FPortals%2F0%2FLuftangriffe%2520Stuttgart3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABombing+of+Stuttgart+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid" title="Aarhus Air Raid">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of<br /> the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bamberg" title="Bombing of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Bombing of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Bombing of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg" title="Bombing of Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stralsund_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stralsund in World War II">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">Kassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Amsterdam" title="Bombing of Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)#Destruction_in_World_War_II" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Stein_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Zürich_and_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Zürich and Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgrade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chiba_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Chiba in World War II">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui in World War II">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kumagaya" title="Bombing of Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya" title="Bombing of Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockpit" title="Operation Cockpit">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and<br />Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chad" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&oldid=1240240045">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&oldid=1240240045</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Stuttgart" title="Category:History of Stuttgart">History of Stuttgart</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_strategic_bombing_of_Germany" title="Category:World War II strategic bombing of Germany">World War II strategic bombing of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_in_Germany" title="Category:1943 in Germany">1943 in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1943" title="Category:Conflicts in 1943">Conflicts in 1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_in_Germany" title="Category:1945 in Germany">1945 in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Category:20th century in Württemberg">20th century in Württemberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_military_relations" title="Category:Germany–United Kingdom military relations">Germany–United Kingdom military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Category:Germany–United States military relations">Germany–United States military relations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 August 2024, at 08:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-kmll9","wgBackendResponseTime":1193,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.935","walltime":"1.055","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9596,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":231842,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14366,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":165338,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 891.740 1 -total"," 30.45% 271.570 101 Template:Sfn"," 17.32% 154.464 21 Template:Cite_web"," 12.82% 114.361 3 Template:Reflist"," 10.85% 96.764 1 Template:History_of_Stuttgart"," 10.48% 93.475 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.52% 67.025 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.16% 45.982 1 Template:WWII_city_bombing"," 4.77% 42.535 1 Template:Military_navigation"," 4.41% 39.289 2 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.570","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10201700,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAstor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_April_1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_February_1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_January_1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_July_1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_March_1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_May_1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_November_1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_October_1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Campaign_Diary,_September_1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBomber_Command_Diary,_January–April_1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwellMuller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlightglobal,_3_December_1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlightglobal,_9_August_1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrich2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMrazek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegion_Stuttgart,_Birkenkopf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Flakstellungen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchutzbauten_Stuttgart,_Luftangriffe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephenson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_23_January_2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_25_July_2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuttgarter_Nachrichten,_8_August_2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_10_March_1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_15_September_1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_1_October_1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times,_27_September_1916\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"History of Stuttgart\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 101,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 25,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"WWII city bombing\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-kmll9","timestamp":"20241128135052","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q963357","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q963357","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-10-12T06:31:20Z","dateModified":"2024-08-14T08:31:34Z","headline":"aerial bombing of Stuttgart, Germany during World War II"}</script> </body> </html>