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<li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment and consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Liberal_Reich_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Liberal_Reich_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>National Liberal Reich Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Liberal_Reich_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downturn_and_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downturn_and_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Downturn and end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downturn_and_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_foundations_and_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_foundations_and_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ideological foundations and program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_foundations_and_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_and_representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_and_representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Members and representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_and_representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voter_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voter_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voter base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voter_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_elections_(Reichstag)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_elections_(Reichstag)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Federal elections (<i>Reichstag</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_elections_(Reichstag)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prussia_State_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prussia_State_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Prussia State elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prussia_State_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_in_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_in_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Support in the press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_in_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_founding_parties_in_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_founding_parties_in_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Involvement in founding parties in 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_founding_parties_in_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_Milli_Xalq_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Alman Milli Xalq Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman Milli Xalq Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нямецкая народная партыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нямецкая народная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германска народна партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германска народна партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_lidov%C3%A1_strana_(N%C4%9Bmecko)" title="Německá lidová strana (Německo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německá lidová strana (Německo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Volkspartei" title="Deutsche Volkspartei – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Volkspartei" title="Deutsche Volkspartei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Popular_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Partido Popular Alemán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Popular Alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Volkspartei" title="Deutsche Volkspartei – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Deutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_populaire_allemand_(R%C3%A9publique_de_Weimar)" title="Parti populaire allemand (République de Weimar) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti populaire allemand (République de Weimar)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Popular_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Partido Popular Alemán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Popular Alemán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EB%8B%B9" title="독일 인민당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일 인민당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Rakyat_Jerman" title="Partai Rakyat Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Rakyat Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Popolare_Tedesco" title="Partito Popolare Tedesco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Popolare Tedesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מפלגת העם הגרמנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת העם הגרמנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_popularis_Germanica" title="Factio popularis Germanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio popularis Germanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="حزب الشعب الالمانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب الشعب الالمانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Rakyat_Jerman" title="Parti Rakyat Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Rakyat Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Volkspartei" title="Deutsche Volkspartei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" title="ドイツ人民党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ人民党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Volkspartei" title="Deutsche Volkspartei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemiecka_Partia_Ludowa" title="Niemiecka Partia Ludowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemiecka Partia Ludowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Popular_Alem%C3%A3o" title="Partido Popular Alemão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Popular Alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Немецкая народная партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Немецкая народная партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kansanpuolue" title="Saksan kansanpuolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kansanpuolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Volkspartei" title="Deutsche Volkspartei – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_Halk_Partisi" title="Alman Halk Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alman Halk Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Німецька народна партія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька народна партія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%9A" title="德国人民党 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国人民党" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316533#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German People's Party which existed between 1918 and 1933. For other parties with same name, see <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="German People's Party (disambiguation)">German People's Party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #D3B454; border-bottom:2px solid #D3B454; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">German People's Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Volkspartei</i></span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:German_People%27s_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/German_People%27s_Party.svg/180px-German_People%27s_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/German_People%27s_Party.svg/270px-German_People%27s_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/German_People%27s_Party.svg/360px-German_People%27s_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">15 December 1918<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">15 December 1918</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4 July 1933<span class="noprint">; 91 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">4 July 1933</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <small>(moderate elements)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a><br /><small>(not legal successor)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Berlin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1920)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">800,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Payne1996_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1996-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchism</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><b>Before 1929:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nazis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CentreRight_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CentreRight-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>After 1929:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-Right_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Right-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> Red (<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_(1867–1918)" title="Flag of Germany">imperial colors</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #D3B454;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>German People's Party</b> (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Volkspartei</i></span>, <b>DVP</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative-liberal</a> political party during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> that was the successor to the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Along with the left-liberal <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP), it represented political liberalism in Germany between 1918 and 1933. </p><p>The party's best known politician was its founding chairman and later <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a>. With the exception of two short-lived cabinets in 1921 and 1922, the DVP was represented in all Weimar governments from 1920 to 1931. In the late 1920s it turned more to the right politically but could not compete with other nationalist parties. By 1932 the DVP's share of the vote had shrunk to barely over one percent, and it disbanded shortly after the Nazi seizure of power in 1933. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the end of World War I and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, the party system in Germany remained largely in place because the groups with a common religion, social status, culture, etc. had for the most part survived.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the political center, there were strong efforts in both the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Progressive People's Party (Germany)">Progressive People's Party</a> (FVP) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a> (NLP) to overcome the historical split between "democrats" (more left-liberal, as the FVP) and "liberals" (more to the right, as the NLP) and to form a large middle class democratic party. Economist and banker <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, economist and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Alfred Weber</a> and journalist and editor <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Wolff" title="Theodor Wolff">Theodor Wolff</a> were the driving forces. </p><p>At the beginning of the 1918 <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">November Revolution</a> that brought down the German Empire, party leaders <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> (National Liberals) and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fischbeck" title="Otto Fischbeck">Otto Fischbeck</a> (Progressive Liberals) also discussed such possibilities. Negotiations between the two parties began on 15 November 1918, and on the same day they agreed on a program that required significant concessions from the National Liberals, including a commitment to a republic as the future form of government. On 16 November representatives of both parties issued an <i>Appeal for the Formation of a German Democratic Party</i>. For the first time it seemed possible to unite the middle class non-sectarian forces in Germany. When Stresemann asked Alfred Weber whether he could be admitted to the executive committee of the new party, the latter expressed reservations because during World War I Stresemann had become known as an annexationist, i.e., someone who favored increasing Germany's power by annexing land either in Europe or as overseas colonies. Weber did not, however, object to collaboration with Stresemann or to his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">Weimar National Assembly</a>. </p><p>Further negotiations on the merger on 18 and 19 November ultimately failed because the majority of National Liberal board members were not prepared to lose their political head and most gifted speaker. As a result, on 20 November Stresemann and three other leading National Liberals drew up an appeal for the formation of the German People's Party. It was founded provisionally on 22 November 1918 and permanently on 15 December 1918 by a resolution of the central executive committee of the former National Liberal Party. They stressed the importance of members viewing the action not as the foundation of a new party but rather as a reorganization of the old National Liberal Party. The executive committee's resolution was approved only narrowly, by a vote of 33 to 28. </p><p>Most of the National Liberal Party's center and right wing joined the DVP. Between 22 November and 15 December there were additional attempts to reach an agreement with the new <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP), which had been formed out of the Progressive People's Party and the more left-leaning members of the National Liberal Party, but these failed. Stresemann remained chairman of the DVP until his death in 1929. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_and_consolidation">Establishment and consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment and consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the DVP initially rejected the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>, it participated in almost all Reich governments from 1920 to 1931. This was primarily due to Stresemann. Although he was at heart a monarchist, he recognized that a return to monarchy could only be achieved through a coup followed by civil war, a path he firmly rejected. At the party congress in Jena on 13 April 1919, he said: "We must not proceed from one bloodbath to another. ... The path to domestic peace can only be on the basis of a republican form of government. That is why we are working for it."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00886,_Berlin,_Propaganda_zur_Reichstagswahl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00886%2C_Berlin%2C_Propaganda_zur_Reichstagswahl.jpg/269px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00886%2C_Berlin%2C_Propaganda_zur_Reichstagswahl.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00886%2C_Berlin%2C_Propaganda_zur_Reichstagswahl.jpg/404px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00886%2C_Berlin%2C_Propaganda_zur_Reichstagswahl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00886%2C_Berlin%2C_Propaganda_zur_Reichstagswahl.jpg/538px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00886%2C_Berlin%2C_Propaganda_zur_Reichstagswahl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>DVP campaign for the Reichstag election of December 1924.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, this balancing act – cooperation in forming the new state despite rejection of the Republic – was successful. The party criticized the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and the enormous burdens associated with it as well as the tax policy of Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a> of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, which especially affected the middle class. Unlike the nationalist-conservative <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP), the DVP was not directed destructively against the Weimar Republic but combined its criticisms with proposals for reform that stayed within the system. During the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>, however, the party, like its chairman Stresemann, played a role that was less than friendly to the Republic. At first they openly tolerated the putsch, which attempted to overthrow the Republic and set up an autocratic state in its place, although they opposed the use of violence. Only when the failure of the putsch was obvious did they attempt to mediate between the putschists and the Reich government. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920 German federal election</a>, the DVP was able to improve its percentage of the vote by almost ten points, to 13.9%. The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition">Weimar coalition</a> made up of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD), Centre Party and DDP lost the overwhelming majority it had from the 1919 election, falling from 76% to 44%. At the time of the election, the DVP had about 800,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1920, the German People's Party for the first time participated in a Reich government, the <a href="/wiki/Fehrenbach_cabinet" title="Fehrenbach cabinet">Fehrenbach cabinet</a>. The SPD, the leading party in founding the Republic, had suffered significant losses in the election and withdrew into opposition even though it was still the strongest force in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> at 22% (down from 38%). Its previous coalition partners, the Centre Party and the left-liberal DDP, which had also lost a considerable number of votes to right-wing parties, formed a minority government with the DVP. The SPD decided to accept it on the condition that the DVP protect the Republic. There were three DVP members in the new cabinet: Rudolf Heinze as justice minister and vice chancellor, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Scholz" title="Ernst Scholz">Ernst Scholz</a> as economics minister, and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Raumer" title="Hans von Raumer">Hans von Raumer</a> as treasury minister. In May 1921 the DVP left the Reich government when the Fehrenbach cabinet fell, but in the Reichstag it supported on a case-by-case basis the government of Centre Party politician <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wirth" title="Joseph Wirth">Joseph Wirth</a>, under whom the Weimar coalition had been revived. When the "Cabinet of the Economy" was formed under the nonpartisan <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno">Wilhelm Cuno</a> in November 1922, the DVP again participated in the government, with Rudolf Heinze as minister of justice and Johann Becker the economics minister. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-040-27,_Gustav_Stresemann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-040-27%2C_Gustav_Stresemann.jpg/196px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-040-27%2C_Gustav_Stresemann.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-040-27%2C_Gustav_Stresemann.jpg/294px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-040-27%2C_Gustav_Stresemann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-040-27%2C_Gustav_Stresemann.jpg/391px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-040-27%2C_Gustav_Stresemann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Gustav Stresemann</figcaption></figure> <p>The minority government – the parties represented in the government held only 172 of the 459 Reichstag seats – was from the outset under strong pressure from the right and the left, especially since the political situation – the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupation of the Ruhr</a> by France and Belgium in January 1923 and the <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a> which peaked in November 1923 – made it difficult for it to govern. After Cuno's government broke up under the strain of the Ruhr occupation, Stresemann and the DVP, together with the SPD, Centre Party and DDP, formed their first grand coalition on 13 August 1923. It was the only Reich government led by the German People's Party. This basic constellation of the four parties made up the majority of the governments during the short-lived Republic. Although Stresemann was only able to lead the government for three months, since he also was voted out of office due to the Ruhr crisis, the first steps toward consolidating the Weimar Republic were taken during the short period. In spite of fierce attacks from the opposition DNVP, passive resistance to the Ruhr occupation was abandoned and the inflation of 1914 to 1923 was fought successfully with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Rentenmark" title="Rentenmark">Rentenmark</a> on 15 November 1923. </p><p>Although the DVP was unable to maintain its 1920 results of 13.9% of the total votes, it received between 8.7 and 10.1 percent in the three Reichstag elections between 1924 and 1928. Despite Stresemann's brief time in office, the German People's Party had become fully a part of the Weimar Republic and went on to be one of it mainstays. Stresemann was foreign minister in all subsequent cabinets until his death in October 1929. He made a sustained effort to end Germany's foreign policy isolation and to revise the Treaty of Versailles by peaceful means. His involvement was central to the realization of both the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a>, which resolved the issue of German payment of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">war reparations</a> for the short term, and the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> of 1925 which contributed to Germany's admission to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1926. Stresemann, along with his French counterpart <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for their work on the Locarno Treaties. </p><p>While the initial cabinets that the DVP participated in were middle class cabinets in which, in addition to the DVP, the Centre, DDP and Bavarian People's Party, the DNVP was also sometimes represented, the German People's Party also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Second_M%C3%BCller_cabinet" title="Second Müller cabinet">second cabinet</a> of the Social Democrat <a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a> from 1928 to 1930. In foreign policy the DVP was in favor of an understanding with the Western powers and thus of a typically republican foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Stresemann's death in October 1929, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Julius Curtius</a>, the previous economics minister, succeeded him in the foreign office and took a more demanding stance. Stresemann's approach, which had been directed towards rapprochement, gave way, according to historian Andreas Rödder, to one of negotiation that nevertheless still pursued its goals peacefully.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Governments with DVP Participation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chancellor </th> <th>Parties </th> <th>Start Date </th> <th>End Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Constantin Fehrenbach</a> </td> <td>Z–DDP–<b>DVP</b> </td> <td>25 June 1920 </td> <td>4 May 1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno">Wilhelm Cuno</a> (Ind) </td> <td>Ind–<b>DVP</b>–DDP–Z–BVP </td> <td>22 November 1922 </td> <td>12 August 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a> </td> <td><b>DVP</b>–SPD–Z–DDP </td> <td>13 August 1923 </td> <td>30 November 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a> </td> <td>Z–<b>DVP</b>–BVP–DDP <p>Z–<b>DVP</b>–DDP </p> </td> <td>30 November 1923 </td> <td>15 January 1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a> (Ind) </td> <td>Ind–<b>DVP</b>–DNVP–Z–DDP–BVP <p>Ind–<b>DVP</b>–Z–DDP–BVP </p> </td> <td>15 January 1925 </td> <td>12 May 1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wilhelm Marx </td> <td>Z–<b>DVP</b>–DDP–BVP <p>Z–DNVP–<b>DVP</b>–BVP </p> </td> <td>17 May 1926 </td> <td>12 June 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a> </td> <td>SPD–<b>DVP</b>–DDP–Z–BVP </td> <td>28 June 1928 </td> <td>27 March 1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a> </td> <td>Z–DDP–<b>DVP</b>–WF–BVP–KVP <p>Z–DSP–BVP–KVP–CLV </p> </td> <td>30 March 1930 </td> <td>30 May 1932 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Z=Centre Party BVP=Bavarian People's Party WF=Economic Party KVP=Conservative People's Party </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Liberal_Reich_Party">National Liberal Reich Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National Liberal Reich Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Stinnes_ca1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hugo_Stinnes_ca1890.jpg/220px-Hugo_Stinnes_ca1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hugo_Stinnes_ca1890.jpg/330px-Hugo_Stinnes_ca1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hugo_Stinnes_ca1890.jpg/440px-Hugo_Stinnes_ca1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Hugo Stinnes</figcaption></figure> <p>The DVP's more conservative members never really trusted Stresemann, especially when he became more supportive of the Republic. Even in the early 1920s there was internal opposition to Stresemann, centered especially around the industrial magnate and DVP member <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Stinnes" title="Hugo Stinnes">Hugo Stinnes</a>. This element sought much closer cooperation with the DNVP but was initially unable to achieve it because of the close ties between the DVP and the Republic. In 1924 former Reich Minister of Economics <a href="/wiki/Johann_Becker_(politician)" title="Johann Becker (politician)">Johann Becker</a>, together with other representatives of the right wing such as the entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Albert_V%C3%B6gler" title="Albert Vögler">Albert Vögler</a>, left the DVP and founded the National Liberal Reich Party, which joined the DNVP in 1925. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downturn_and_end">Downturn and end</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Downturn and end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Stresemann's death in October 1929, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Scholz" title="Ernst Scholz">Ernst Scholz</a> became party chairman, and the DVP tended more to the right. In <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, for example, it participated in the Baum-Frick government, the first state government with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP) participation. Although the DVP was represented in <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning's</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Br%C3%BCning_cabinet" title="First Brüning cabinet">first cabinet</a>, its downturn had begun. The <a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">Reichstag election of 14 September 1930</a> sent the DVP back to the low level of 1919, with just 4.5% of the votes and a loss of 15 seats. The moderate party leader Scholz, who was in poor health, had to resign, making way in November 1930 for Eduard Dingeldey. As a representative of the younger generation, he tried to mediate between the party's wings in order to make a political comeback with a united DVP. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">elections of 1932</a> showed that the DVP was unable to compete with the DNVP and the NSDAP when it came to the national consciousness they emphasized. It sank to insignificance, with just 1.2% of the vote and 7 seats in the Reichstag. It joined lists with the DNVP for the <a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">Reichstag elections in November</a> and gained four seats. But many representatives of the liberal wing left the party, as did a large number of the members of the German National Association of Commercial Employees (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband</i></span>) who had chosen the DVP because of their dislike of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a> of the DNVP. </p><p>In the spring of 1933 Otto Hugo, the deputy chairman of the DVP, demanded that the party be completely merged into the NSDAP, but Dingeldey refused. Only after the National Socialists threatened him with personal consequences, did the National Executive Committee (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsvorstand</i></span>) disband the party on 27 June. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideological_foundations_and_program">Ideological foundations and program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideological foundations and program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/German_People%27s_Party" title="Special:EditPage/German People's Party">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. 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border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_New_Year%27s_Eve_sexual_assaults_in_Germany" title="2015–16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany">2015–16 New Year's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Mannheim_stabbing" title="2024 Mannheim stabbing">2024 Mannheim stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The party was generally thought to represent the interests of German industrialists. Its platform stressed Christian family values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsidies, and hostility to socialism (Communists and Social Democrats). </p><p>The liberal concept of the people which shaped political thinking in the DVP was fed off impulses from <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bildungsb%C3%BCrgertum" title="Bildungsbürgertum">Bildungsbürgertum</a>). Like the National Liberal Party of the German Empire, it saw itself primarily as a liberal rather than a democratic party. This was expressed in the fact that in its politics the freedom of the individual from state intervention was more important than the enforcement of majority decisions against the interests of individuals. Its concept of man was shaped by the view that the individual who justifies himself through self-acquired education and property knows better what is important for himself and thus for society as a sum of all its individuals than do the purely quantitative masses. On the other hand, it called on the intellectual and economic elites to have their actions measured against moral standards and to place themselves at the service of society out of a sense of responsibility to it. </p><p>Only from these principles can it be understood why the DVP, which as a supporter of a constitutional monarchy had rejected the Weimar Constitution, sided completely with the Republic after the failure of the Kapp Putsch. Stresemann made this clear in a speech on 25 October 1923, in which, as Chancellor, he explained in the face of hyperinflation and the Ruhr struggle: "In the distress of the present, I call 'national' the man who, when the cart is in the mud, lends a hand to pull it out, but not the man who stands by and says, 'After all, it won't help, and you are not the right men to do it.'" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members_and_representatives">Members and representatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Members and representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The members and representatives of the DVP, who were primarily committed, principled scholars and civil servants, belonged to the middle and upper classes. They represented the wealthy educated middle class which had come together in the National Liberal Party during the Empire. After 1922 there was a party-affiliated student association, the Reich-Committee of University Groups of the German People's Party (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsausschuss der Hochschulgruppen der Deutschen Volkspartei</i></span>), whose influence in the predominantly right-wing student body remained comparatively small. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voter_base">Voter base</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Voter base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DVP had its voter base predominantly in large and mid-sized cities: in the 1920 Reichstag elections, for example, it won an average of 13.2% of the vote in cities with more than 10,000 inhabitants, while it received only 7.2% of the vote in small communities with fewer than 2,000 inhabitants. </p><p>The DVP was also a predominantly Protestant party. In areas with a very high proportion of Catholic voters, the DVP's share of the vote always fell far short of its Reich average. In contrast, the lower the proportion of Catholics, the greater the percentage of DVP votes. </p><p>The DVP's voter structure thus resembled that of the former National Liberal Party in its distribution by denomination and urban versus rural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Election results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_elections_(Reichstag)"><span id="Federal_elections_.28Reichstag.29"></span>Federal elections (<i>Reichstag</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Federal elections (Reichstag)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right;"> <caption>DVP federal election results<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leader </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a> </th> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Heinze" title="Rudolf Heinze">Rudolf Heinze</a></div> </td> <td>1,345,638 </td> <td>4.43 (6th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">19 / 423</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a> </th> <td rowspan="10"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="5">3,919,446 </td> <td rowspan="5">13.90 (4th) </td> <td rowspan="5"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">64 / 459</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 46 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>–DVP <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–1921)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921–1922)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">BVP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922–1923)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">DVP–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>–<a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">BVP</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–1924)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">May 1924</a> </th> <td>2,694,381 </td> <td>9.20 (5th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">45 / 472</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">Dec 1924</a> </th> <td rowspan="3">3,049,064 </td> <td rowspan="3">10.07 (4th) </td> <td rowspan="3"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">51 / 493</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">DNVP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">BVP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924–1926)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">BVP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926–1927)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind.</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">BVP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927–1928)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a> </th> <td>2,679,703 </td> <td>8.71 (5th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">45 / 491</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">BVP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Scholz" title="Ernst Scholz">Ernst Scholz</a></div> </td> <td rowspan="2">1,577,365 </td> <td rowspan="2">4.51 (6th) </td> <td rowspan="2"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">30 / 577</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Z</a>–<a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">DDP</a>–DVP–<a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Germany)" title="Economic Party (Germany)">WP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">BVP</a>–<a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Conservative People's Party (Germany)">KVP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">Jul 1932</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="3"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Dingeldey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Dingeldey (page does not exist)">Eduard Dingeldey</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Dingeldey" class="extiw" title="de:Eduard Dingeldey">de</a>]</span></div> </td> <td>436,002 </td> <td>1.18 (7th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 608</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10 </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">External support </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">Nov 1932</a> </th> <td>660,889 </td> <td>1.86 (7th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">11 / 585</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">External support </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">Mar 1933</a> </th> <td>432,312 </td> <td>1.10 (7th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2 / 647</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">External support </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">Nov 1933</a> </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="6style="background:" class="table-cast"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dissolved. The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> was the sole legal party.</span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While not a part of the non-partisan "<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Barons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Barons">Cabinet of Barons</a>" under Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>, the DVP was one of the only parties which did not vote against the government in a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. This became moot as Papen would convince President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> to dissolve the Reichstag 3 days after the election and rule via Hindenburg's presidential decrees instead.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election year </th> <th rowspan="2">Candidate </th> <th colspan="3">1st round </th> <th colspan="3">2nd round </th> <th rowspan="2">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Rank </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election" title="1919 German presidential election">1919</a> </th> <td colspan="8" align="center"><i>did not participate</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jarres" title="Karl Jarres">Karl Jarres</a> </td> <td>10,416,658 </td> <td>38.77 </td> <td>1st </td> <td colspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Lost </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a> </th> <td colspan="8" align="center"><i>did not participate</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite holding a plurality in the first round, DVP candidate <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jarres" title="Karl Jarres">Karl Jarres</a>, backed by the DVP, <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">DNVP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Germany)" title="Economic Party (Germany)">Economic Party</a>, did not run in the second round. As such, in the second ballot, the DVP supported <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> against the Centre Party candidate <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marx" title="Wilhelm Marx">Wilhelm Marx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prussia_State_elections">Prussia State elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prussia State elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:right;"> <caption>DVP State election results in the Landtag of Prussia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1919_Prussian_state_election" title="1919 Prussian state election">1919</a> </th> <td>981,665 </td> <td>5.69 (6th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">23 / 401</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1921_Prussian_state_election" title="1921 Prussian state election">1921</a> </th> <td>2,319,281 </td> <td>14.18 (4th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">58 / 428</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 35 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1924_Prussian_state_election" title="1924 Prussian state election">1924</a> </th> <td>1,797,589 </td> <td>9.78 (4th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">45 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_Prussian_state_election" title="1928 Prussian state election">1928</a> </th> <td>1,602,070 </td> <td>8.50 (5th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">40 / 450</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1932_Prussian_state_election" title="1932 Prussian state election">1932</a> </th> <td>330,745 </td> <td>1.50 (6th) </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 423</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #D3B454; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 33 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_in_the_press">Support in the press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Support in the press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to the German Democratic Party, which was openly sponsored by the major liberal papers in Berlin (including the <i><a href="/wiki/Vossische_Zeitung" title="Vossische Zeitung">Vossische Zeitung</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Tageblatt" title="Berliner Tageblatt">Berliner Tageblatt</a></i>), the DVP received support only from the <i>Kölnischen Zeitung</i> (Cologne), the <i>Magdeburg Zeitung</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Tägliche Rundschau</i> from Berlin, and the <i>Königsberger Allgemeine Zeitung</i>. The other major parties of the Weimar Republic were also better positioned in terms of the media. The SPD had its own newspapers, the ideas of the Centre Party were promoted by the Catholic papers and the DNVP had <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a>'s opinion empire behind it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VoglerAlbert_Blitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/VoglerAlbert_Blitz.jpg/160px-VoglerAlbert_Blitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/VoglerAlbert_Blitz.jpg/240px-VoglerAlbert_Blitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/VoglerAlbert_Blitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Albert Vögler</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though the DVP was considered the party of big industrial capital, it always struggled with financial problems. The DDP was able to rely primarily on Berlin and Hamburg businesses, especially in the early days of the Weimar Republic, while the DNVP was mainly supported by Rhenish-Westphalian heavy industry. <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Stinnes" title="Hugo Stinnes">Hugo Stinnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_V%C3%B6gler" title="Albert Vögler">Albert Vögler</a> were the only two business barons who were on the side of the German People's Party. Stinnes' death and Vögler's resignation from the party, both in 1924, considerably reduced the DVP's base of donations. Smaller amounts were contributed by the Kali-Society and the companies of the Hansabund, an anti-monopolistic economic-political interest group led by DVP politician Rießer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_B%C3%BCnger" title="Wilhelm Bünger">Wilhelm Bünger</a> (1870–1937), Saxon Minister President and judge in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Trial" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag Fire Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Curtius" title="Julius Curtius">Julius Curtius</a> (1877–1948), Reich Foreign Minister and Economics Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Heinze" title="Rudolf Heinze">Rudolf Heinze</a> (1865–1928), Reich Minister of Justice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_von_Kanitz" title="Gerhard von Kanitz">Gerhard Graf von Kanitz</a> (1885–1949), Reich Economic Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Oheimb" title="Katharina von Oheimb">Katharina von Kardorff-Oheimb</a> (1879–1962), Reichstag Deputy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Raumer" title="Hans von Raumer">Hans von Raumer</a> (1870–1965), Reich Economic Minister</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sack" title="Karl Sack">Karl Sack</a> (1896–1945), Resistance fighter against National Socialism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Georg_von_Stauss" title="Emil Georg von Stauss">Emil Georg von Stauß</a> (1877–1942), Banker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Stinnes" title="Hugo Stinnes">Hugo Stinnes</a> (1870–1924), Industrialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_V%C3%B6gler" title="Albert Vögler">Albert Vögler</a> (1877–1945), Industrialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Zarden" title="Arthur Zarden">Arthur Zarden</a> (1885–1944), State Secretary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Involvement_in_founding_parties_in_1945">Involvement in founding parties in 1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Involvement in founding parties in 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politicians from the DVP participated in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> (DP), <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) after World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_liberal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributions to liberal theory">Contributions to liberal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Free_State_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Free State of Prussia">Elections in the Free State of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism worldwide">Liberalism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of liberal parties">List of liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Adam_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Adam (politician)">Wilhelm Adam</a> (member from 1926 to 1929)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurkhard_Asmuss2011" class="citation web cs1">Burkhard Asmuss (8 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/dvp.html">"Die Deutsche Volkspartei (DVP)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Historisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Historisches Museum">Deutsches Historisches Museum</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Deutsche+Volkspartei+%28DVP%29&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft.date=2011-06-08&rft.au=Burkhard+Asmuss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fweimarer-republik%2Finnenpolitik%2Fdvp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittberner2008" class="citation cs2">Dittberner, Jürgen (2008), <i>Sozialer Liberalismus: Ein Plädoyer</i>, Logos, pp. 55, 58</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sozialer+Liberalismus%3A+Ein+Pl%C3%A4doyer&rft.pages=55%2C+58&rft.pub=Logos&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dittberner&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer2000" class="citation cs2">Neugebauer, Wolfgang, ed. (2000), <i>Handbuch der Preussischen Geschichte</i>, vol. 3, de Gruyter, p. 221</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Preussischen+Geschichte&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_De_Grift2012" class="citation cs2">Van De Grift, Liesbeth (2012), <i>Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944–48</i>, Lexington Books, p. 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+Communist+State%3A+The+Reconstruction+of+Coercive+Institutions+in+the+Soviet+Zone+of+Germany+and+Romania%2C+1944%E2%80%9348&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Van+De+Grift&rft.aufirst=Liesbeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1998" class="citation cs2">Lee, Stephen J. 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University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7"><bdi>978-0-299-14873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14873-7&rft.au=Stanley+G.+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_MeR06xqXAC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1989" class="citation cs2">Mommsen, Hans (1989), <i>The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy</i>, Propyläen Verlag, p. 51</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Weimar+Democracy&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Propyl%C3%A4en+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerstenberg, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalenderblatt.de/index.php?what=thmanu&manu_id=935&tag=27&monat=6&weekd=&weekdnum=&year=2011&dayisset=1&lang=de">"27.6.1933: DVP und DNVP lösen sich auf"</a>. Kalenderblatt, Deutsche Welle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nazis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nazis_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Stibbe2013" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Stibbe, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfJkAgAAQBAJ&dq=centre-right+%22German+People%27s+Party%22&pg=PA212"><i>Germany, 1914-1933: Politics, Society and Culture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317866541" title="Special:BookSources/9781317866541"><bdi>9781317866541</bdi></a>. <q>Deutsche Volkspartei (German People's Party) — centre-right pro-business party, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+1914-1933%3A+Politics%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317866541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfJkAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcentre-right%2B%2522German%2BPeople%2527s%2BParty%2522%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CentreRight-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CentreRight_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadine_RossolNadine_RossolBenjamin_Ziemann2022" class="citation book cs1">Nadine Rossol; Nadine Rossol; Benjamin Ziemann, eds. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fhQEAAAQBAJ&dq=centre-right+%22German+People%27s+Party%22&pg=PA462"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198845775" title="Special:BookSources/9780198845775"><bdi>9780198845775</bdi></a>. <q>The centre-right German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, DVP) and the conservative DNVP were able to benefit, for a while, from the decline of their left-liberal competitor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.pages=462&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780198845775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fhQEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcentre-right%2B%2522German%2BPeople%2527s%2BParty%2522%26pg%3DPA462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Right-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Right_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_Trilogy#The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Third Reich Trilogy">The Coming of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York City: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141009759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141009759"><bdi>978-0141009759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0141009759&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLösche1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lösche, Peter (1993). <i>Kleine Geschichte der deutschen Parteien</i> [<i>Short History of German Parties</i>] (in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3170100367" title="Special:BookSources/978-3170100367"><bdi>978-3170100367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleine+Geschichte+der+deutschen+Parteien&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Kohlhammer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3170100367&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6sche&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchelm-Spangenberg1964" class="citation thesis cs1">Schelm-Spangenberg, Ursula (1964). <i>Braunschweiger Werkstücke, Vol. 30: Die Deutsche Volkspartei im Lande Braunschweig [The German People's Party in Braunschweig]</i> (Thesis). Universität Hamburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Braunschweiger+Werkst%C3%BCcke%2C+Vol.+30%3A+Die+Deutsche+Volkspartei+im+Lande+Braunschweig+%5BThe+German+People%27s+Party+in+Braunschweig%5D&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A4t+Hamburg&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Schelm-Spangenberg&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/dvp.html">"DVP – Die Positionierung in der Parteienlandschaft"</a> [DVP – Positioning in the Party Landscape]. <i>Deutsches Historisches Museum: Lebendiges Museum Online</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum%3A+Lebendiges+Museum+Online&rft.atitle=DVP+%E2%80%93+Die+Positionierung+in+der+Parteienlandschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fkapitel%2Fweimarer-republik%2Finnenpolitik%2Fdvp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedhart2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Niedhart, Gottfried (2006). <i>Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 53: Die Außenpolitik der Weimarer Republik</i> [<i>Encyclopedia of German History 53: Foreign Policy of the Weimar Republic</i>] (in German) (2 ed.). Munich: Oldenbourg. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+deutscher+Geschichte+53%3A+Die+Au%C3%9Fenpolitik+der+Weimarer+Republik&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Niedhart&rft.aufirst=Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonschior2001–2005" class="citation web cs1">Gonschior, Andreas (2001–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008115236/https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Deutschland/Uebersicht_RTW.html">"Das Deutsche Reich Reichstagswahlen 1919–1933"</a>. <i>gonschior.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Deutschland/Uebersicht_RTW.html">the original</a> on 2022-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gonschior.de&rft.atitle=Das+Deutsche+Reich+Reichstagswahlen+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.date=2001%2F2005&rft.aulast=Gonschior&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gonschior.de%2Fweimar%2FDeutschland%2FUebersicht_RTW.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/Blatt2_w6_bsb00000138_00045.html">"Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verhandlungen+des+Deutschen+Reichstags&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reichstagsprotokolle.de%2FBlatt2_w6_bsb00000138_00045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyck, Erich (1962). <i>Geschichte der Weimarer Republik</i>, Vol 1 [History of the Weimar Republic, Vol. 1]. Erlenbach-Zürich: Rentsch. p. 412 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Handbuch des Wissens</i> [<i>Handbook of Knowledge</i>] (in German). Vol. 3. Leipzig: Verlag F. A. Brockhaus. 1933. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Wissens&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Verlag+F.+A.+Brockhaus&rft.date=1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party (Germany)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> German liberal parties </b><br />1918–1933 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Germany">Liberal Democratic Party of Germany</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Democratic Party of Germany">Free Democratic Party of Germany</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Germany_in_the_Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Template:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Template talk:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Germany_in_the_Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_political_parties" title="Weimar political parties">Political parties</a> in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany (KPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers' Party of Germany">Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(Opposition)" title="Communist Party of Germany (Opposition)">Communist Party Opposition (KPO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany">Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Old Social Democratic Party of Germany">Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Workers' Party of Germany">Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_League" title="Agricultural League">Agricultural League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Farmers_and_Farmworkers_Democracy" title="Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy">Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-National_Peasants%27_and_Farmers%27_Party" title="Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party">Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Farmers%27_Party" title="German Farmers' Party">German Farmers' Party (DBP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political catholicism">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party (BVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party (Zentrum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Germany,_1920)" title="Christian People's Party (Germany, 1920)">Christian People's Party (CVP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party (DDP)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German People's Party (DVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_State_Party" title="German State Party">German State Party (DStP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party (DnVp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Germany)" title="Economic Party (Germany)">Economic Party (WP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Germany)" title="People's Justice Party (Germany)">People's Justice Party (VRP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Service" title="Christian Social People's Service">Christian Social People's Service (CSVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Conservative People's Party (Germany)">Conservative People's Party (KVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Hanoverian_Party" title="German-Hanoverian Party">German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkische</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party (DAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Party_(Weimar_Republic)" title="German Social Party (Weimar Republic)">German Social Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Socialist_Party" title="German Socialist Party">German Socialist Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community (GVG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannenbergbund" title="Tannenbergbund">Tannenberg Union (TB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Related topics: <a href="/wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups" title="Weimar paramilitary groups">Weimar paramilitary groups</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316533#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316533#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316533#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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