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Chester </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_recruits_Edmund_A._Chester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zenith_of_network_radio_(1940s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zenith_of_network_radio_(1940s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Zenith of network radio (1940s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zenith_of_network_radio_(1940s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primetime_radio_gives_way_to_television_(1950s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primetime_radio_gives_way_to_television_(1950s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Primetime radio gives way to television (1950s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primetime_radio_gives_way_to_television_(1950s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS's_radio_programming_after_1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS's_radio_programming_after_1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 CBS's radio programming after 1972 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS's_radio_programming_after_1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_years:_Expansion_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_years:_Expansion_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Television years: Expansion and growth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Television_years:_Expansion_and_growth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Television years: Expansion and growth subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Television_years:_Expansion_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1945–1970:_Dominance_and_broad_appeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1970:_Dominance_and_broad_appeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 1945–1970: Dominance and broad appeal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1970:_Dominance_and_broad_appeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971–1986:_"Rural_purge"_and_ratings_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–1986:_"Rural_purge"_and_ratings_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1971–1986: "Rural purge" and ratings success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–1986:_"Rural_purge"_and_ratings_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986–2002:_Tiffany_Network_in_distress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986–2002:_Tiffany_Network_in_distress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1986–2002: Tiffany Network in distress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986–2002:_Tiffany_Network_in_distress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002–present:_Return_to_first_and_Fox_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002–present:_Return_to_first_and_Fox_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 2002–present: Return to first and Fox rivalry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002–present:_Return_to_first_and_Fox_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS_television_news_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS_television_news_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 CBS television news operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_television_news_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_technology_(1953–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_technology_(1953–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Color technology (1953–1967) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_technology_(1953–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conglomerate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conglomerate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Conglomerate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conglomerate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conglomerate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conglomerate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Columbia_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columbia_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Columbia Records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columbia_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS_Musical_Instruments_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS_Musical_Instruments_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 CBS Musical Instruments division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_Musical_Instruments_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Film production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Home video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS_Toys_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS_Toys_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 CBS Toys Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_Toys_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_owners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_owners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 New owners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_owners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.1 Westinghouse Electric Corporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viacom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viacom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.2 Viacom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viacom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CBS_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CBS_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.3 CBS Corporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CBS_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paramount_Global_and_CBS_Studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramount_Global_and_CBS_Studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7.4 Paramount Global and CBS Studios </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramount_Global_and_CBS_Studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox collapsible"><caption class="infobox-title">The evolution of Paramount</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paramount_Global_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Paramount_Global_Logo.svg/200px-Paramount_Global_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Paramount_Global_Logo.svg/300px-Paramount_Global_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Paramount_Global_Logo.svg/400px-Paramount_Global_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="139" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1886</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> is founded as Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1912</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Famous_Players_Film_Company" title="Famous Players Film Company">Famous Players Film Company</a> is founded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1913</th><td class="infobox-data">Lasky Feature Play Company is founded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1914</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> is founded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1916</th><td class="infobox-data">Famous Players and Lasky merge as <a href="/wiki/Famous_Players%E2%80%93Lasky" title="Famous Players–Lasky">Famous Players–Lasky</a> and acquire Paramount</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1927</th><td class="infobox-data">Famous Players–Lasky renamed to Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation; <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> is founded with investment from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1929</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount acquires 49% of CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1930</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation renamed to Paramount Publix Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1932</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount sells back its shares of CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1934</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries" title="Gulf and Western Industries">Gulf+Western</a> is founded as the Michigan Bumper Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1935</th><td class="infobox-data">Paramount Publix Corporation renamed to Paramount Pictures</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1936</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Amusements" title="National Amusements">National Amusements</a> is founded as Northeast Theater Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1938</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS acquires Columbia Records</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1950</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Desilu" title="Desilu">Desilu</a> is founded and CBS distributes its television programs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1952</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS creates the CBS Television Film Sales division</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1958</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Television Film Sales renamed to CBS Films</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1966</th><td class="infobox-data">Gulf+Western acquires Paramount</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1967</th><td class="infobox-data">Gulf+Western acquires Desilu and renames it <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television" title="Paramount Television">Paramount Television</a> (now <a href="/wiki/CBS_Studios" title="CBS Studios">CBS Studios</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1968</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Films renamed to CBS Enterprises</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1970</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Enterprises renamed to <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)" title="Viacom (1952–2005)">Viacom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1971</th><td class="infobox-data">Viacom is spun off from CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1987</th><td class="infobox-data">National Amusements acquires Viacom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1988</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS sells Columbia Records to <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1989</th><td class="infobox-data">Gulf+Western renamed to <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramount Communications">Paramount Communications</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1994</th><td class="infobox-data">Viacom acquires Paramount Communications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1995</th><td class="infobox-data">Westinghouse acquires CBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">1997</th><td class="infobox-data">Westinghouse renamed to <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation_(1997%E2%80%932000)" title="CBS Corporation (1997–2000)">CBS Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2000</th><td class="infobox-data">Viacom acquires <a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a> and CBS Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2005</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Split_of_CBS_Corporation_and_Viacom" title="Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom">Viacom splits</a> into second <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2006</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Corporation shuts down UPN and replaces it with <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2017</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Corporation sells <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> to Entercom (now <a href="/wiki/Audacy" title="Audacy">Audacy</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2019</th><td class="infobox-data">CBS Corporation and Viacom <a href="/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom" title="2019 merger of CBS and Viacom">re-merge</a> as ViacomCBS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2022</th><td class="infobox-data">ViacomCBS renamed to <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="min-width: 3.5em; text-align: center">2024</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skydance_Media" title="Skydance Media">Skydance Media</a> and Paramount Global <a href="/wiki/Proposed_merger_of_Skydance_Media_and_Paramount_Global" title="Proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global">agree to merge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style 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(<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>; originally the Columbia Broadcasting System) is an <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">American</a> English-language <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">broadcast television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">radio network</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a> through the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Entertainment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Entertainment Group">CBS Entertainment Group</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and NBC, CBS is one of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(television_networks)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three (television networks)">"Big Three"</a> American television networks. CBS was founded as a radio network in 1927 and then expanded to television in the 1940s. Although it primarily remained an independent, publicly-traded company (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: CBS) throughout most of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> temporarily held a 49 percent ownership stake from 1929 to 1932. However, in 1995 the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> acquired the company, becoming <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a> (after selling certain assets). In 2000, CBS sold again to <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (1952–2006)">the original incarnation of Viacom</a> (formed as a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">spin-off</a> of CBS in 1971, which acquired Paramount Pictures in 1994). In 2005, Viacom split itself into two separate companies and re-established CBS Corporation. However, <a href="/wiki/National_Amusements" title="National Amusements">National Amusements</a> controlled both CBS and <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">the second incarnation of Viacom</a> until 2019, when both companies <a href="/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom" title="2019 merger of CBS and Viacom">agreed to re-merge</a> to become ViacomCBS. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/ViacomCBS" class="mw-redirect" title="ViacomCBS">ViacomCBS</a> changed its name to Paramount Global after Paramount Pictures. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_radio_years">Early radio years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early radio years">edit</a>]</div> The origins of CBS date back to January 27, 1927, with the creation of the United Independent Broadcasters network in Chicago by New York City <a href="/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent">talent agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Judson" title="Arthur Judson">Arthur Judson</a>. The fledgling network soon needed additional investors, and the Columbia Phonograph Company, manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, rescued it in April 1927. Now the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, the network went to air under its new name on May 18, 1927, with a presentation by the Howard L. Barlow Orchestra<a href="#cite_note-bartow-1">[1]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)" title="Flagship (broadcasting)">flagship station</a> <a href="/wiki/WOR-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="WOR-AM">WOR</a> in Newark, and fifteen affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> for use of its landlines, and by the end of 1927, Columbia Phonograph wanted out.<a href="#cite_note-bartow223-3">[3]</a> In early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the network's Philadelphia affiliate <a href="/wiki/WPHT" title="WPHT">WCAU</a>, and their partner Jerome Louchheim. None of the three were interested in assuming day-to-day management of the network, so they installed wealthy 26-year-old <a href="/wiki/William_S._Paley" title="William S. Paley">William S. Paley</a>, son of a Philadelphia cigar family and in-law of the Levys, as president. With the record company out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia Broadcasting System".<a href="#cite_note-bartow223-3">[3]</a> He believed in the power of radio advertising since his family's <a href="/wiki/La_Palina" title="La Palina">La Palina</a> cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio.<a href="#cite_note-bartow224-4">[4]</a> By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchheim share of CBS and became its majority owner with 51% of the business.<a href="#cite_note-berg-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turnaround:_Paley's_first_year">Turnaround: Paley's first year</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Turnaround: Paley's first year">edit</a>]</div> During Louchheim's brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Grebe" title="Alfred H. Grebe">Alfred H. Grebe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Broadcasting Corporation">Atlantic Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ABC) for the small Brooklyn station <a href="/wiki/WHSQ" title="WHSQ">WABC</a> (no relation to the current <a href="/wiki/WABC_(AM)" title="WABC (AM)">WABC</a>), which would become the network's flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the signal relocated to 860 kHz.<a href="#cite_note-berg56-6">[6]</a> The physical plant was also relocated to <a href="/wiki/Steinway_Hall_(57th_Street)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steinway Hall (57th Street)">Steinway Hall</a> on West 57th Street in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, where much of CBS's programming would originate. By the turn of 1929, the network had 47 affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-berg-5">[5]</a> Paley moved right away to put his network on a firmer financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered into talks with <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, who planned to move into radio in response to <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>'s forays into motion pictures with the advent of talkies.<a href="#cite_note-berg61-7">[7]</a> The deal came to fruition in September 1929; Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time.<a href="#cite_note-bartow224-4">[4]</a> The agreement specified that Paramount would buy that same stock back for a flat $5 million by March 1, 1932, provided that CBS had earned $2 million during 1931 and 1932.<a href="#cite_note-berg61-7">[7]</a> For a brief time, there was talk that the network might be renamed "Paramount Radio", but it only lasted a month as the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">1929 stock market crash</a> sent all stock value tumbling. It galvanized Paley and his troops, who had no alternative but to "turn the network around and earn the $2,000,000 in two years... This is the atmosphere in which the CBS of today was born."<a href="#cite_note-berg61-7">[7]</a> The near-bankrupt film studio sold its CBS shares back to the network in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-bartow251-8">[8]</a> In the first year of Paley's watch, CBS's gross earnings more than tripled, going from $1.4 million to $4.7 million.<a href="#cite_note-halfirst-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WmSPaley1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/WmSPaley1939.jpg/220px-WmSPaley1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/WmSPaley1939.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade.</figcaption></figure> Much of the increase was a result of Paley's effort to improve affiliate relations. There were two types of program at the time: sponsored and sustaining, i.e., unsponsored. Rival network <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> paid affiliates for every sponsored show they carried, and charged them for every sustaining show they ran.<a href="#cite_note-bargoldfirst-10">[10]</a> It was onerous for small and medium stations, and resulted in both unhappy affiliates and limited carriage of sustaining programs. Paley had a different idea, designed to get CBS programs emanating from as many radio sets as possible:<a href="#cite_note-halfirst-9">[9]</a> he would give the sustaining programs away for free, provided the station would run every sponsored show, and accept CBS's check for doing so.<a href="#cite_note-bargoldfirst-10">[10]</a> CBS soon had more affiliates than either <a href="/wiki/NBC_Red_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Red Network">NBC Red</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blue_Network" title="Blue Network">NBC Blue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Paley valued style and taste,<a href="#cite_note-hal26-12">[12]</a> and in 1929, once he had his affiliates happy and his company's creditworthiness on the mend, he relocated his company to the sleek, new 485 <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a>, the "heart of the advertising community, right where Paley wanted his company to be",<a href="#cite_note-berg60-13">[13]</a> and where it would stay until its move to its own <a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Eero Saarinen</a>-designed headquarters, the CBS Building, in 1965. When his new landlords expressed skepticism about the network and its fly-by-night reputation, Paley overcame their qualms by inking a lease for $1.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-berg60-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS_takes_on_the_Red_and_the_Blue_(1930s)">CBS takes on the Red and the Blue (1930s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CBS takes on the Red and the Blue (1930s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kate_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kate_Smith.jpg/220px-Kate_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kate_Smith.jpg/330px-Kate_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kate_Smith.jpg/440px-Kate_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="2621" /></a><figcaption>Wholesome <a href="/wiki/Kate_Smith" title="Kate Smith">Kate Smith</a>, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth.</figcaption></figure> Since NBC was the broadcast arm of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Corporation of America">Radio Corporation of America</a> (RCA), its chief <a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a> approached his decisions as both a broadcaster and as a hardware executive; NBC's affiliates all had the latest RCA broadcasting equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on "<a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">clear channel</a>" frequencies. Yet Sarnoff's affiliates were mistrustful of him. Paley had no such split loyalties: his and his affiliates' success rose and fell with the quality of CBS programming.<a href="#cite_note-halfirst-9">[9]</a> Paley had an innate sense of entertainment. <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a> wrote that he had "a gift of the gods, an ear totally pure",<a href="#cite_note-hal26a-14">[14]</a> and knew "what was good and would sell, what was bad and would sell, and what was good and would not sell, and he never confused one with another."<a href="#cite_note-hal24-15">[15]</a> As the 1930s loomed closer, Paley set about building the CBS talent stable. The network became the home to many popular musical and comedy stars, among them <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a> ("Your <a href="/wiki/Canada_Dry" title="Canada Dry">Canada Dry</a> Humorist"), <a href="/wiki/Al_Jolson" title="Al Jolson">Al Jolson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gracie_Allen" title="Gracie Allen">Gracie Allen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Smith" title="Kate Smith">Kate Smith</a>, whom Paley had personally selected for his family's La Palina Hour as she was not the type of woman to provoke jealousy in American wives.<a href="#cite_note-berg69-16">[16]</a> When Paley heard a phonograph record of <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, then a young unknown crooner, on a mid-ocean voyage, he rushed to the ship's radio room and cabled New York to sign Crosby immediately to a contract for a daily radio show.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> While the CBS primetime lineup featured music, comedy and variety shows, the daytime schedule was a direct conduit into American homes – and into the hearts and minds of American women. For many, it was the bulk of their adult human contact during the course of the day. CBS salesmen recognized early on that this intimate connection could be a bonanza for advertisers of female-interest products.<a href="#cite_note-berg63-18">[18]</a> Starting in 1930, astrologer <a href="/wiki/Evangeline_Adams" title="Evangeline Adams">Evangeline Adams</a> would consult the heavens on behalf of listeners who sent in their birthdays, a description of their problems, and a boxtop from sponsor Forhan's toothpaste.<a href="#cite_note-bartow240-19">[19]</a> The low-key murmuring of smooth-voiced Tony Wons, backed by a tender violin, "made him a soul mate to millions of women"<a href="#cite_note-bartow2401-20">[20]</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/R._J._Reynolds" title="R. J. Reynolds">R. J. Reynolds</a> tobacco company, whose cellophane-wrapped <a href="/wiki/Camel_(cigarette)" title="Camel (cigarette)">Camel</a> cigarettes were "as fresh as the dew that dawn spills on a field of clover".<a href="#cite_note-bartow241-21">[21]</a> The most popular radio-friend of all was <a href="/wiki/M._Sayle_Taylor" title="M. Sayle Taylor">M. Sayle Taylor</a>, the Voice of Experience, though his name was never uttered on air.<a href="#cite_note-bartow241-21">[21]</a> Women mailed descriptions of the most intimate of relationship problems to the Voice in the tens of thousands per week; sponsors Musterole ointment and Haley's M–O laxative enjoyed sales increases of several hundred percent in just the first month of The Voice of Experience's run.<a href="#cite_note-bartow242-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaplin_cbs_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chaplin_cbs_1933.jpg/220px-Chaplin_cbs_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chaplin_cbs_1933.jpg/330px-Chaplin_cbs_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chaplin_cbs_1933.jpg/440px-Chaplin_cbs_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Silent movie star <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> using his voice on CBS</figcaption></figure> As the decade progressed, a new genre joined the daytime lineup: serial drama <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a>, so named for the products that sponsored them. These were usually in quarter-hour episodes and proliferated widely in the mid- and late 1930s. They all had the same basic premise, namely that characters "fell into two categories: 1) those in trouble and 2) those who helped people in trouble. The helping-hand figures were usually older."<a href="#cite_note-bargol96-23">[23]</a> At CBS, <a href="/wiki/Just_Plain_Bill" title="Just Plain Bill">Just Plain Bill</a> brought human insight and <a href="/wiki/Anacin" title="Anacin">Anacin</a> pain reliever into households; <a href="/wiki/Your_Family_and_Mine" title="Your Family and Mine">Your Family and Mine</a> came courtesy of <a href="/wiki/Sealtest_Dairy" title="Sealtest Dairy">Sealtest Dairy</a> products; <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Children" title="Bachelor's Children">Bachelor's Children</a> first hawked Old Dutch Cleanser, then <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Bread" title="Wonder Bread">Wonder Bread</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Jenny%27s_Real_Life_Stories" title="Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories">Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories</a> was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Spry_Vegetable_Shortening" title="Spry Vegetable Shortening">Spry Vegetable Shortening</a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_Gal_Sunday" title="Our Gal Sunday">Our Gal Sunday</a> (Anacin again), <a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_Helen_Trent" title="The Romance of Helen Trent">The Romance of Helen Trent</a> (Angélus cosmetics), <a href="/wiki/Big_Sister_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Sister (radio)">Big Sister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rinso" title="Rinso">Rinso</a> laundry soap), and many others filled the daytime ether.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_radio_hollywood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CBS_radio_hollywood.JPG/220px-CBS_radio_hollywood.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CBS_radio_hollywood.JPG/330px-CBS_radio_hollywood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CBS_radio_hollywood.JPG/440px-CBS_radio_hollywood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The CBS West Coast headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Square">Columbia Square</a> reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent.</figcaption></figure> Thanks to its daytime and primetime schedules, CBS prospered in the 1930s. In 1935, gross sales were $19.3 million, yielding a profit of $2.27 million.<a href="#cite_note-bargol62-25">[25]</a> By 1937, the network took in $28.7 million and had 114 affiliates,<a href="#cite_note-halfirst-9">[9]</a> almost all of which cleared 100% of network-fed programming, thus keeping ratings, and revenue, high. In 1938, CBS acquired the <a href="/wiki/American_Record_Corporation" title="American Record Corporation">American Record Corporation</a>, parent of its one-time investor Columbia Records.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1938, NBC and CBS each opened broadcast studios on <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard" title="Sunset Boulevard">Sunset Boulevard</a> in Hollywood in order to attract the entertainment industry's top talent to their networks.<a href="#cite_note-berg99-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS_launches_an_independent_news_division">CBS launches an independent news division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CBS launches an independent news division">edit</a>]</div> The extraordinary potential of radio news showed itself in 1930, when CBS suddenly found itself with a live telephone connection to a prisoner called "the Deacon", who described, from the inside and in real time, a riot and conflagration at the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Penitentiary_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Penitentiary Fire">Ohio Penitentiary</a>; for CBS, it was "a shocking journalistic coup".<a href="#cite_note-berg105-28">[28]</a> Yet as late as 1934, there was still no regularly scheduled newscast on network radio; "most sponsors did not want network news programming; those that did were inclined to expect veto rights over it."<a href="#cite_note-bargol17-29">[29]</a> There had been a longstanding wariness between radio and the newspapers as well; the papers had rightly concluded that the upstart radio business would compete with them in both advertising dollars and news coverage. By 1933, the newspapers began fighting back, many no longer publishing radio schedules for readers' convenience, or allowing their own news to be read on the air for radio's profit.<a href="#cite_note-bargol18-30">[30]</a> Radio, in turn, pushed back when urban department stores, newspapers' largest advertisers and themselves owners of many radio stations, threatened to withhold their ads from print.<a href="#cite_note-bargol22-31">[31]</a> A short-lived truce in 1933 even saw the papers proposing that radio be forbidden from running news before 9:30 a.m., and then only after 9:00 p.m., and that no news story could air until it was 12 hours old.<a href="#cite_note-bargol21-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBSNewsRemote1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CBSNewsRemote1937.jpg/220px-CBSNewsRemote1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CBSNewsRemote1937.jpg/330px-CBSNewsRemote1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/CBSNewsRemote1937.jpg/440px-CBSNewsRemote1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> engineers prepare a remote: Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>'s 1937 denial of <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> ties.</figcaption></figure> It was in this climate that Paley set out to "enhance the prestige of CBS, to make it seem in the public mind the more advanced, dignified and socially aware network".<a href="#cite_note-berg90-33">[33]</a> He did it by sustaining programming of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Corwin" title="Norman Corwin">Norman Corwin</a>'s drama, and an in-house news division to gather and present news, free of fickle suppliers such as the newspapers or <a href="/wiki/Wire_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire service">wire services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berg90-33">[33]</a> In the fall of 1934, CBS launched an independent news division, shaped in its first years by Paley's vice-president, former <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> columnist Ed Klauber, and news director <a href="/wiki/Paul_White_(journalist)" title="Paul White (journalist)">Paul White</a>. Since there was no blueprint or precedent for real-time news coverage, early efforts of the new division used the shortwave link-up CBS had been using for five years to bring live feeds of European events to its American air.<a href="#cite_note-bartow2456-34">[34]</a> A key early hire was <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> in 1935; his first corporate title was Director of Talks. He was mentored in microphone technique by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trout" title="Robert Trout">Robert Trout</a>, the lone full-time member of the News Division, and quickly found himself in a growing rivalry with his boss White.<a href="#cite_note-berg107-35">[35]</a> Murrow was glad to "leave the hothouse atmosphere of the New York office behind"<a href="#cite_note-berg109-36">[36]</a> when he was dispatched to London as CBS's European Director in 1937, when the growing <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> menace underscored the need for a robust European Bureau. Halberstam described Murrow in London as "the right man in the right place in the right era".<a href="#cite_note-hal38-37">[37]</a> Murrow began assembling the staff of broadcast journalists who would become known as the "<a href="/wiki/Murrow_Boys" title="Murrow Boys">Murrow Boys</a>", including such men as <a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William L. Shirer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Collingwood_(journalist)" title="Charles Collingwood (journalist)">Charles Collingwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Downs" title="Bill Downs">Bill Downs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sevareid" title="Eric Sevareid">Eric Sevareid</a>. They were "in [Murrow's] own image, sartorially impeccable, literate, often liberal, and prima donnas all".<a href="#cite_note-berg110-38">[38]</a> They covered history in the making, and sometimes made it themselves. On March 12, 1938, Hitler boldly <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed nearby Austria</a>, and Murrow and the Boys quickly assembled coverage with Shirer in London, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Ansel_Mowrer" title="Edgar Ansel Mowrer">Edgar Ansel Mowrer</a> in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Huss" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Huss">Pierre Huss</a> in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gervasi" title="Frank Gervasi">Frank Gervasi</a> in Rome, and Trout in New York.<a href="#cite_note-bargol78-39">[39]</a> This bore the now-ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/CBS_World_News_Roundup" title="CBS World News Roundup">News Round-Up</a> format. Murrow's nightly reports from the rooftops during the dark days of the <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London Blitz</a> galvanized American listeners. Even before <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Harbor attack">Pearl Harbor</a>, the conflict became "the story of the survival of Western civilization, the most heroic of all possible wars and stories. He was indeed reporting on the survival of the English-speaking peoples."<a href="#cite_note-hal39-40">[40]</a> With his "manly, tormented voice",<a href="#cite_note-berg112-41">[41]</a> Murrow contained and mastered the panic and danger he felt, thereby communicating it all the more effectively to his audience.<a href="#cite_note-berg112-41">[41]</a> Using his trademark self-reference "this reporter", he did not so much report news as interpret it, combining simplicity of expression with subtlety of nuance.<a href="#cite_note-bargol140-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-berg112-41">[41]</a> Murrow himself said he tried to "describe things in terms that make sense to the truck driver without insulting the intelligence of the professor".<a href="#cite_note-berg112-41">[41]</a> When he returned home for a visit late in 1941, Paley threw an "extraordinarily elaborate reception"<a href="#cite_note-berg114-43">[43]</a> for Murrow at the <a href="/wiki/Waldorf-Astoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf-Astoria">Waldorf-Astoria</a>. This reception also served as an announcement to the world that Paley's network was finally more than just a pipeline carrying other people's programming and had now become a cultural force in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-berg1145-44">[44]</a> When the war was over and Murrow returned for good, it was as "a superstar with prestige and freedom and respect within his profession and within his company".<a href="#cite_note-hal40-45">[45]</a> He possessed enormous capital within that company, and as the unknown form of television news loomed large, he would spend it freely, first in radio news, then in television, first taking on Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, then eventually – and unsuccessfully – William S. Paley himself.<a href="#cite_note-bargol276-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic:_The_War_of_the_Worlds_radio_broadcast">Panic: The War of the Worlds radio broadcast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Panic: The War of the Worlds radio broadcast">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orson_Welles_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orson_Welles_1937.jpg/220px-Orson_Welles_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orson_Welles_1937.jpg/330px-Orson_Welles_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orson_Welles_1937.jpg/440px-Orson_Welles_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2853" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption>Enfant terrible Orson Welles's "Halloween joke" spooked the country and snared a sponsor.</figcaption></figure> On October 30, 1938, CBS Radio gained a taste of infamy when <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_Theatre_on_the_Air" title="The Mercury Theatre on the Air">The Mercury Theatre on the Air</a> broadcast a radio adaptation of <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">The War of the Worlds</a>, performed and directed by 23-year-old <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>. Its unique format, a contemporary version of the story in the form of faux news broadcasts, allegedly told listeners that invaders from Mars were actually invading and devastating <a href="/wiki/Grover%27s_Mill,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Grover's Mill, New Jersey">Grover's Mill, New Jersey</a>, despite three disclaimers during the broadcast stating that it was a work of fiction. The flood of publicity after the broadcast had two effects: a 1992 FCC law banning faux news bulletins within dramatic programming, and sponsorship for The Mercury Theatre on the Air, becoming <a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">The Campbell Playhouse</a> to sell soup.<a href="#cite_note-bargol88-47">[47]</a> Welles, for his part, summarized the episode as "the Mercury Theatre's own radio version of dressing up in a sheet and jumping out of a bush and saying Boo!"<a href="#cite_note-berg96-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CBS_recruits_Edmund_A._Chester">CBS recruits Edmund A. Chester</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: CBS recruits Edmund A. Chester">edit</a>]</div> Before the United States joined <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in 1940, CBS recruited <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Albert_Chester,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Albert Chester, Sr.">Edmund A. Chester</a> from his position as Bureau Chief for Latin America at the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> to serve as Director of Latin American Relations and Director of Short Wave Broadcasts for the CBS radio network. In this capacity, Chester coordinated the development of the Network of the Americas (La Cadena de las Americas) with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" title="Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Office for Inter-American Affairs</a> (chaired by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> as part of President Roosevelt's support for <a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a> during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> This network provided vital news and cultural programming throughout South America and Central America during the crucial World War II era, and fostered diplomatic relations between the United States and the other nations. It featured such popular radio broadcasts as <a href="/wiki/Viva_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Viva América">Viva América</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> which showcased leading musical talent from both North and South America, including <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a>, as accompanied by the CBS Pan American Orchestra under the musical direction of <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Antonini" title="Alfredo Antonini">Alfredo Antonini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The post-war era also marked the beginning of CBS's dominance in the field of radio.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zenith_of_network_radio_(1940s)">Zenith of network radio (1940s)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zenith of network radio (1940s)">edit</a>]</div> As 1939 wound down, Paley announced that 1940 would be "the greatest year in the history of radio in the United States".<a href="#cite_note-bargol139-55">[55]</a> Indeed, the 1940s would turn out to be the apogee of network radio by every metric. Nearly 100% of the advertisers who made sponsorship deals in 1939 renewed their contracts for 1940; manufacturers of farm tractors made radios standard equipment on their machines;<a href="#cite_note-bargol138-56">[56]</a> wartime rationing of paper limited the size of newspapers and thus print advertisements, causing a shift toward radio sponsorship.<a href="#cite_note-bargol165-57">[57]</a> A 1942 act by Congress made advertising expenses a tax benefit,<a href="#cite_note-bargol165-57">[57]</a> which sent even automobile and tire manufacturers – who had no products to sell since they had been converted to war production – scurrying to sponsor symphony orchestras and serious drama on radio.<a href="#cite_note-bargol166-58">[58]</a> In 1940, only one-third of radio programs were sponsored, while two-thirds were sustaining; by the middle of the decade, the statistics had swapped.<a href="#cite_note-berg167-59">[59]</a> One of the more prominent sustaining shows on the network was <a href="/wiki/Wings_Over_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wings Over Jordan">Wings Over Jordan</a>, a half-hour program on Sunday mornings showcasing an African-American <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">spiritual</a> choir of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-WOJCNationalNotice-60">[60]</a> Originating from Cleveland affiliate <a href="/wiki/WHKW" title="WHKW">WGAR</a>, it was directly cited by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> when they bestowed both the station and network with inaugural <a href="/wiki/George_Foster_Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="George Foster Peabody Award">George Foster Peabody Awards</a> in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> CBS in the 1940s was vastly different from that of its early days; many of the old guard veterans had died, retired, or simply left the network.<a href="#cite_note-berg168-62">[62]</a> No change was greater than that in Paley himself, who had become difficult to work for, and had "gradually shifted from leader to despot".<a href="#cite_note-berg168-62">[62]</a> He spent much of his time seeking social connections and in cultural pursuits; his hope was that CBS "could somehow learn to run itself".<a href="#cite_note-berg168-62">[62]</a> His brief to an interior designer remodeling his townhouse included a requirement for closets that would accommodate 300 suits and 100 shirts, and had special racks for 100 neckties.<a href="#cite_note-hal31-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankStantonCBSPrez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FrankStantonCBSPrez.jpg/220px-FrankStantonCBSPrez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FrankStantonCBSPrez.jpg/330px-FrankStantonCBSPrez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FrankStantonCBSPrez.jpg/440px-FrankStantonCBSPrez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Dr. Frank Stanton, second only to Paley in his impact on CBS, president 1946–1971</figcaption></figure> As Paley grew more remote, he installed a series of buffer executives who sequentially assumed more and more power at CBS: first Ed Klauber, then Paul Kesten, and finally <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stanton_(executive)" title="Frank Stanton (executive)">Frank Stanton</a>. Second only to Paley as the author of CBS's style and ambitions in its first half-century, Stanton was "a magnificent mandarin who functioned as company superintendent, spokesman, and image-maker".<a href="#cite_note-berg169-64">[64]</a> He had come to the network in 1933 after sending copies of his Ph.D. thesis "A Critique Of Present Methods and a New Plan for Studying Radio Listening Behavior" to CBS top brass, and they responded with a job offer.<a href="#cite_note-berg170-65">[65]</a> He scored an early hit with his study "Memory for Advertising Copy Presented Visually vs. Orally", which CBS salesmen used to great effect, bringing in new sponsors.<a href="#cite_note-berg170-65">[65]</a> In 1946, Paley appointed Stanton as President of CBS and promoted himself to chairman. Stanton's colorful but impeccable wardrobe – slate-blue pinstripe suit, ecru shirt, robin's egg blue necktie with splashes of saffron – made him, in the mind of one sardonic CBS vice president, "the greatest argument we have for color television".<a href="#cite_note-berg171-66">[66]</a> Despite the influx of advertisers and their money – or perhaps because of them – the 1940s were not without bumps for the radio networks. The biggest challenge came in the form of the FCC's chain broadcasting investigation, often called the "monopoly probe".<a href="#cite_note-bargol168-67">[67]</a> Though it started in 1938, the investigation only gathered steam in 1940 under new-broom chairman <a href="/wiki/James_L._Fly" class="mw-redirect" title="James L. Fly">James L. Fly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bargol1689-68">[68]</a> By the time the smoke had cleared in 1943, NBC had already spun off its Blue Network, which became the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">American Broadcasting Company</a> (ABC). CBS was also hit, though not as severely: Paley's 1928 affiliate contract, which had given CBS first claim on local stations' air during sponsored time – the network option – came under attack as being restrictive to local programming.<a href="#cite_note-bargol171-69">[69]</a> The final compromise permitted the network option for three out of four hours during the daytime, but the new regulations had virtually no practical effect, since most all stations accepted the network feed, especially the sponsored hours that earned them money.<a href="#cite_note-bargol171-69">[69]</a> Fly's panel also forbade networks from owning artists' representation bureaus, so CBS sold its bureau to <a href="/wiki/Music_Corporation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music Corporation of America">Music Corporation of America</a>, and it became Management Corporation of America.<a href="#cite_note-bargol172-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodfreyCBS1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/GodfreyCBS1938.jpg/220px-GodfreyCBS1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/GodfreyCBS1938.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Arthur Godfrey spoke directly to listeners, making him the foremost pitchman in his era.</figcaption></figure> On the air, the war affected almost every show. Variety shows wove patriotism through their comedy and music segments; dramas and soaps had characters join the service and go off to fight. Even before hostilities commenced in Europe, one of the most played songs on radio was <a href="/wiki/Irving_Berlin" title="Irving Berlin">Irving Berlin</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>", popularized by CBS personality Kate Smith.<a href="#cite_note-bargol155-71">[71]</a> Although an Office of Censorship sprang up within days of Pearl Harbor, censorship would be totally voluntary. A few shows submitted scripts for review, but most did not.<a href="#cite_note-bargol156-72">[72]</a> The guidelines that the Office did issue banned weather reports (including announcement of sports rainouts), as well as news about war production or troop, ship, or plane movements, and live man-on-the-street interviews. The ban on ad-libbing caused quizzes, game shows, and amateur hours to wither for the duration.<a href="#cite_note-bargol156-72">[72]</a> Surprising was the "granite permanence" of the shows at the top of the ratings.<a href="#cite_note-bargol284-73">[73]</a> The vaudevillians and musicians who were hugely popular after the war were the same stars who had been huge in the 1930s; Jack Benny, Bing Crosby, <a href="/wiki/Burns_and_Allen" title="Burns and Allen">Burns and Allen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> all had been on the radio almost as long as there had been network radio.<a href="#cite_note-bargol285-74">[74]</a> A notable exception to this was relative newcomer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey" title="Arthur Godfrey">Arthur Godfrey</a>, who was still doing a local morning show in Washington, D.C. as late as 1942.<a href="#cite_note-berg179-75">[75]</a> Godfrey, who had been a cemetery lot salesman and a cab driver, pioneered the style of talking directly to the listener as an individual, with a singular "you" rather than phrases like "Now, folks..." or "Yes, friends...".<a href="#cite_note-berg180-76">[76]</a> His combined shows contributed as much as 12% of all CBS revenues; by 1948, he was making $500,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-berg179-75">[75]</a> In 1947, Paley, still the undisputed "head talent scout" of CBS,<a href="#cite_note-berg169-64">[64]</a> led a much-publicized "talent raid" on NBC. One day, while <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Gosden" title="Freeman Gosden">Freeman Gosden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Correll" title="Charles Correll">Charles Correll</a> were hard at work at NBC writing their venerable <a href="/wiki/Amos_and_Andy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amos and Andy">Amos and Andy</a> series, Paley came to the door with an astonishing offer: "Whatever you are getting now I will give you twice as much."<a href="#cite_note-berg181-77">[77]</a> Capturing NBC's cornerstone show was enough of a coup, but Paley repeated in 1948 with longtime NBC stars Edgar Bergen, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_McCarthy" title="Charlie McCarthy">Charlie McCarthy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a>, as well as former CBS defectors Jack Benny, who was radio's top-rated comedian, and Burns and Allen. Paley achieved this rout with a legal agreement reminiscent of his 1928 contract that caused some NBC radio affiliates to jump ship and join CBS.<a href="#cite_note-berg181-77">[77]</a> CBS would buy the stars' names as a property in exchange for a large lump sum and salary.<a href="#cite_note-bargol245-78">[78]</a> The plan relied on the vastly different tax rates between income and capital gains, so not only would the stars enjoy more than twice their income after taxes, but CBS would preclude any NBC counterattack because CBS owned the performers' names.<a href="#cite_note-berg181-77">[77]</a> As a result of this, CBS finally beat NBC in the ratings in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-berg183-79">[79]</a> but it was not just to one-up rival Sarnoff that Paley led his talent raid; he and all of radio had their eye on the coming force that threw a shadow over radio throughout the 1940s – television. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primetime_radio_gives_way_to_television_(1950s)">Primetime radio gives way to television (1950s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primetime radio gives way to television (1950s)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_Eye_Ad_Dec_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CBS_Eye_Ad_Dec_1951.jpg/220px-CBS_Eye_Ad_Dec_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CBS_Eye_Ad_Dec_1951.jpg/330px-CBS_Eye_Ad_Dec_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CBS_Eye_Ad_Dec_1951.jpg/440px-CBS_Eye_Ad_Dec_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4100" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>A 1951 advertisement for the CBS Television Network introduced the Eye logo.</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 1940, CBS staff engineer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carl_Goldmark" title="Peter Carl Goldmark">Peter Goldmark</a> devised a system for color television that CBS management hoped would leapfrog the network over NBC and its existing black-and-white RCA system.<a href="#cite_note-berg153-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The CBS system "gave brilliant and stable colors", while NBC's was "crude and unstable but 'compatible'".<a href="#cite_note-bargol243-82">[82]</a> Ultimately, the FCC rejected the CBS system because it was incompatible with RCA's, along with the fact that CBS had moved to secure many <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">ultra high frequency</a> (UHF), not <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">very high frequency</a> (VHF), television licenses, leaving them flatfooted in the early television age.<a href="#cite_note-berg1557-83">[83]</a> In 1946, only 6,000 television sets were in operation, most in greater New York City where there were already three stations; by 1949, the number had increased to 3 million sets, and by 1951, had risen to 12 million.<a href="#cite_note-berg1589-84">[84]</a> There were 64 American cities with television stations, though most of them only had one.<a href="#cite_note-bargol295-85">[85]</a> Radio continued to be the backbone of the company in the early 1950s, but it was "a strange, twilight period" where some cities had often multiple television stations which siphoned the audience from radio, while other cities such as Denver and Portland had no television stations at all. In those areas, as well as rural areas and some entire states, network radio remained the sole nationally broadcast service.<a href="#cite_note-bargol285-74">[74]</a> NBC's venerable <a href="/wiki/Fred_Allen" title="Fred Allen">Fred Allen</a> saw his ratings plummet when he was pitted against upstart ABC's game show Stop The Music!; within weeks, he was dropped by longtime sponsor <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> and was shortly gone from the scene.<a href="#cite_note-bargol2878-86">[86]</a> Radio powerhouse <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>'s ratings plunged from a 23.8 share in 1949 to 5.4 in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-bargol288-87">[87]</a> By 1952, "death seemed imminent for network radio" in its familiar form;<a href="#cite_note-bargol290-88">[88]</a> most tellingly, the big sponsors were eager for the switch. Gradually, as the television network took shape, radio stars began to migrate to the new medium. Many programs ran on both media while making the transition. The radio soap opera <a href="/wiki/Guiding_Light" title="Guiding Light">The Guiding Light</a> moved to television in 1952, where it would run for another 57 years; Burns & Allen, back "home" from NBC, made the move in 1950; <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a> a year later; <a href="/wiki/Our_Miss_Brooks" title="Our Miss Brooks">Our Miss Brooks</a> in 1952 (though it continued simultaneously on radio for its full television life). The high-rated <a href="/wiki/The_Jack_Benny_Program" title="The Jack Benny Program">Jack Benny Program</a> ended its radio run in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday night show went off the air a year later. In 1956, CBS announced that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money.<a href="#cite_note-berg230-89">[89]</a> When the soap opera <a href="/wiki/Ma_Perkins" title="Ma Perkins">Ma Perkins</a> went off the air on November 25, 1960, only eight series remained, all relatively minor. Primetime radio ended on September 30, 1962, when <a href="/wiki/Yours_Truly,_Johnny_Dollar" title="Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar">Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspense_(radio_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspense (radio program)">Suspense</a> aired for the final time.<a href="#cite_note-dun742-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS's_radio_programming_after_1972">CBS's radio programming after 1972</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: CBS's radio programming after 1972">edit</a>]</div> The retirement of Arthur Godfrey in April 1972 marked the end of long-form programming on CBS radio; programming thereafter consisted of hourly news summaries and news features, known in the 1970s as Dimension, and commentaries, including the Spectrum series that evolved into the "Point/Counterpoint" feature on the television network's <a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a> and First Line Report, a news and analysis feature delivered by CBS correspondents. The network also continued to offer traditional radio programming through its nightly <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio_Mystery_Theater" title="CBS Radio Mystery Theater">CBS Radio Mystery Theater</a> during week. This was the lone holdout of dramatic programming, which ran from 1974 to 1982, though shorter runs were given to the <a href="/wiki/General_Mills_Radio_Adventure_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="General Mills Radio Adventure Theater">General Mills Radio Adventure Theater</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Zero_Hour_(American_radio_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Zero Hour (American radio series) (page does not exist)">The Zero Hour</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sears_Radio_Theater" title="Sears Radio Theater">Sears/Mutual Radio Theater</a> in the 1970s – early 1980s; otherwise, most new dramatic radio was carried on public and to some extent religious stations.<a href="#cite_note-dun143-91">[91]</a> The CBS Radio Network continues to this day, offering hourly newscasts, including its centerpiece CBS World News Roundup in the morning and evening and its weekend sister program <a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Weekend_Roundup" title="CBS News Weekend Roundup">CBS News Weekend Roundup</a>, and various other segments such tip segments from various other sources. On November 17, 2017, CBS Radio was sold to Entercom, becoming the last of the original Big Four radio networks to be owned by its founding company.<a href="#cite_note-entercom-8k-20171116-92">[92]</a> Although the CBS parent itself ceased to exist when it was acquired by Westinghouse Electric in 1995, CBS Radio continued to be run by CBS until its sale to Entercom. Prior to its acquisition, ABC Radio was sold to <a href="/wiki/Citadel_Broadcasting" title="Citadel Broadcasting">Citadel Broadcasting</a> in 2007 (and is now a part of <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks" title="Cumulus Media Networks">Cumulus Media</a>), while Mutual (now defunct) and <a href="/wiki/NBC_Radio_Network" title="NBC Radio Network">NBC Radio</a> were acquired by <a href="/wiki/Westwood_One_(1976%E2%80%932011)" title="Westwood One (1976–2011)">Westwood One</a> in the 1980s. Westwood One and CBS were under common ownership from 1993 to 2007; the former would be acquired outright by <a href="/wiki/Dial_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Global">Dial Global</a> in October 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television_years:_Expansion_and_growth">Television years: Expansion and growth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Television years: Expansion and growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cbs-building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cbs-building.jpg/220px-Cbs-building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cbs-building.jpg/330px-Cbs-building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cbs-building.jpg/440px-Cbs-building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CBS_Building" title="CBS Building">CBS Headquarters</a> in New York City</figcaption></figure> CBS's involvement in television dates back to the opening of experimental station W2XAB in New York City on July 21, 1931, using the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">mechanical television</a> system that had more or less been perfected in the late 1920s. Its initial broadcast featured New York mayor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Walker" title="Jimmy Walker">Jimmy Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Smith" title="Kate Smith">Kate Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>. The station boasted the first regular seven-day broadcasting schedule in American television, broadcasting 28 hours a week. Announcer-director Bill Schudt was the station's only paid employee; all other talent was volunteer. W2XAB pioneered program development including small-scale dramatic acts, monologues, pantomime, and the use of projection slides to simulate sets. Engineer Bill Lodge devised the first synchronized sound wave for a television station in 1932, enabling W2XAB to broadcast picture and sound on a single shortwave channel instead of the two previously needed. On November 8, 1932, W2XAB broadcast the first television coverage of presidential election returns. The station suspended operations on February 20, 1933, as monochrome television transmission standards were in flux, and in the process of changing from a mechanical to an all-electronic system. W2XAB returned to the air with an all-electronic system in 1939 from a new studio complex in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Station</a> and a transmitter atop the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a>, broadcasting on channel 2.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> W2XAB transmitted the first color broadcast in the United States on August 28, 1940.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On June 24, 1941, W2XAB received a commercial <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_construction_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting construction permit">construction permit</a> and program authorization as WCBW. The station went on the air at 2:30 p.m. on July 1, an hour after rival WNBT (channel 1, formerly W2XBS and now <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBC</a>), making it the second authorized, fully commercial television station in the United States. The FCC issued permits to CBS and NBC at the same time, and intended WNBT and WCBW to sign on simultaneously on July 1, so no one station could claim to be the "first". <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_1941.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/CBS_1941.svg/220px-CBS_1941.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/CBS_1941.svg/330px-CBS_1941.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/CBS_1941.svg/440px-CBS_1941.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>CBS logo used from 1941 to 1951</figcaption></figure> During the period of the USA's participation in World War II, commercial television broadcasting was reduced dramatically. Towards the end of the war, however, it began to ramp up again, with an increased level of programming evident from 1944 to 1947 on the three New York television stations which operated in those years: the local stations of NBC, CBS and <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a>. As RCA and DuMont raced to establish networks and offer upgraded programming, CBS lagged, advocating an industry-wide shift and restart to UHF for their incompatible (with black and white) color system. The FCC putting an indefinite <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission#Freeze_of_1948" title="Federal Communications Commission">"freeze"</a> on television licenses that lasted until 1952 did not help matters. Only in 1950, when NBC was dominant in television and black and white transmission was widespread, did CBS begin to buy or build their own stations (outside of New York City) in Los Angeles, Chicago, and other major cities. Up to that point, CBS programming was seen on such stations as <a href="/wiki/KTTV" title="KTTV">KTTV</a> in Los Angeles, in which CBS – as a bit of insurance and to guarantee program clearance in that market – quickly purchased a 50% interest, partnering with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. CBS then sold its interest in KTTV (now the West Coast flagship station of the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a> network) and purchased outright Los Angeles pioneer station KTSL in 1950, renaming it KNXT (after CBS's existing Los Angeles radio property KNX), later to become <a href="/wiki/KCBS-TV" title="KCBS-TV">KCBS-TV</a>. In 1953, CBS bought pioneer Chicago television station WBKB, which had been signed on by former investor Paramount Pictures (and would again become a sister company of CBS decades later) as a commercial station in 1946, and changed that station's call sign to <a href="/wiki/WBBM-TV" title="WBBM-TV">WBBM-TV</a>, moving the CBS affiliation away from <a href="/wiki/WGN-TV" title="WGN-TV">WGN-TV</a>. WCBS-TV would ultimately be the only station (as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit">[update]</a>) built and signed on by CBS. The rest of the stations would be acquired by CBS, either in an ownership stake or outright purchase. In television's early years, the network bought Washington, D.C. affiliate WOIC (now <a href="/wiki/WUSA_(TV)" title="WUSA (TV)">WUSA</a>) in a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> in 1950, only to sell its stake to the newspaper in 1954 due to tighter FCC ownership regulations. CBS would also temporarily return to relying on its own UHF technology by owning WXIX in Milwaukee (now <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">CW</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WVTV" title="WVTV">WVTV</a>) and WHCT in Hartford (now <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a> affiliate <a href="/wiki/WUVN" title="WUVN">WUVN</a>). However, as UHF was not viable for broadcasting at the time (due to the fact that most television sets of the time were not equipped with UHF tuners), CBS decided to sell those stations off and affiliate with VHF stations <a href="/wiki/WITI_(TV)" title="WITI (TV)">WITI</a> and WTIC-TV (now <a href="/wiki/WFSB" title="WFSB">WFSB</a>). In Milwaukee alone, CBS has gone through several affiliation changes since 1953, when its original primary affiliate <a href="/wiki/WCAN-TV" title="WCAN-TV">WCAN-TV</a> (now defunct) first signed on the air. Prior to WCAN's sign-on, selected CBS programming aired on <a href="/wiki/WTMJ-TV" title="WTMJ-TV">WTMJ-TV</a>, an NBC affiliate since 1947. In February 1955, when WCAN went off the air for good, CBS moved its programming to WXIX, which it had purchased several months earlier. In April 1959, CBS decided to move its programming to WITI, the city's newer VHF station at the time. In turn, CBS shut down WXIX, sold its license to local investors, and returned to the air that July as an independent station. The first WITI-CBS union only lasted exactly two years, as the network moved its programming to <a href="/wiki/WISN-TV" title="WISN-TV">WISN-TV</a> on April 2, 1961, with WITI taking the ABC affiliation; the two stations reversed the network swap in March 1977, with WITI returning to the CBS station lineup. CBS was later forced back onto UHF in Milwaukee due to an <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_broadcast_TV_realignment" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 United States broadcast TV realignment">affiliation agreement with New World Communications</a> in 1994; it is now affiliated with <a href="/wiki/WDJT-TV" title="WDJT-TV">WDJT-TV</a> in that market, which has the longest-lasting relationship with CBS of any Milwaukee station that carried the network's programming. More long-term, CBS bought stations in Philadelphia (<a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU</a>, now owned by NBC) and St. Louis (KMOX-TV, now <a href="/wiki/KMOV" title="KMOV">KMOV</a>), but would eventually sell these stations off as well. Before buying KMOX-TV, CBS had attempted to purchase and sign on the channel 11 license in St. Louis, now <a href="/wiki/KPLR-TV" title="KPLR-TV">KPLR-TV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> CBS did attempt to sign on a station in Pittsburgh after the freeze was lifted, as it was the sixth-largest market at the time, but had just one commercial VHF station in DuMont-owned WDTV, while the rest were either on UHF (the modern-day <a href="/wiki/WPGH-TV" title="WPGH-TV">WPGH-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/WINP-TV" title="WINP-TV">WINP-TV</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public television</a> (<a href="/wiki/WQED_(TV)" title="WQED (TV)">WQED</a>). Although the FCC turned down CBS's request to buy the channel 9 license in nearby Steubenville, Ohio and move it to Pittsburgh (that station, initially CBS affiliate WSTV-TV, is now NBC affiliate <a href="/wiki/WTOV-TV" title="WTOV-TV">WTOV-TV</a>), CBS did score a major coup when Pittsburgh-based <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Electric</a>, co-founder of NBC, bought WDTV from struggling DuMont and opted to affiliate the now-recalled <a href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">KDKA-TV</a> with CBS instead of NBC (like <a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a> radio) due to NBC extorting and coercing Westinghouse to trade <a href="/wiki/KYW_(AM)" title="KYW (AM)">KYW</a> radio and WPTZ (now <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a>) for Cleveland stations <a href="/wiki/WTAM" title="WTAM">WTAM</a>, WTAM-FM (now <a href="/wiki/WMJI" title="WMJI">WMJI</a>), and WNBK (now <a href="/wiki/WKYC" title="WKYC">WKYC</a>); the trade ended up being reversed by order of the FCC and the Department of Justice in 1965 after an eight-year investigation.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Had CBS not been able to affiliate with KDKA-TV, it would have affiliated with eventual NBC affiliate WIIC-TV (now <a href="/wiki/WPXI" title="WPXI">WPXI</a>) once it signed on in 1957 instead.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This coup would eventually lead to a much stronger relationship between Westinghouse and CBS. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1970:_Dominance_and_broad_appeal">1945–1970: Dominance and broad appeal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1945–1970: Dominance and broad appeal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_1946.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CBS_1946.svg/220px-CBS_1946.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CBS_1946.svg/330px-CBS_1946.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CBS_1946.svg/440px-CBS_1946.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="54" /></a><figcaption>Logo used from 1946 to 1951</figcaption></figure> The mid-1940s "talent raid" on NBC had brought over established radio stars, who became stars of CBS television programs as well. One reluctant CBS star refused to bring her radio show <a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Husband" title="My Favorite Husband">My Favorite Husband</a> to television unless the network would recast the show with her real-life husband in the lead. <a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a> debuted in October 1951, and was an immediate sensation, with 11 million of the 15 million total television sets watching (a 73% <a href="/wiki/Ratings_share" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratings share">share</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Paley and network president Frank Stanton had so little faith in the future of Lucille Ball's series that they granted her wish and allowed her husband <a href="/wiki/Desi_Arnaz" title="Desi Arnaz">Desi Arnaz</a> to take financial control of the comedy's production. This was the foundation of the Ball-Arnaz <a href="/wiki/Desilu_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Desilu Productions">Desilu</a> empire, and is now considered a template for series production; it also served as the template for some television conventions that continue to exist including the use of <a href="/wiki/Multi-camera_setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-camera setup">multiple cameras to film scenes</a>, the use of a <a href="/wiki/Studio_audience" title="Studio audience">studio audience</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rerun" title="Rerun">airing of past episodes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndication</a> to other television outlets.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The phenomenal success of the primetime, big-money quiz show <a href="/wiki/The_$64,000_Question" title="The $64,000 Question">The $64,000 Question</a>, propelled its creator Louis G. Cowan, first to an executive position as CBS's vice-president of creative services, then to the presidency of the CBS television network itself. When quiz show scandals involving "rigged" questions surfaced in 1959, he was fired by CBS. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_Color_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CBS_Color_Logo.svg/220px-CBS_Color_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CBS_Color_Logo.svg/330px-CBS_Color_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/CBS_Color_Logo.svg/440px-CBS_Color_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>While its first airing in color would occur in 1951, CBS would adopt regular programming entirely in color by the 1966–1967 season.<a href="#cite_note-tvobscurities.com-100">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> CBS dominated television, now at the forefront of American entertainment and information, as it once had radio.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1953, the CBS television network would make its first profit,<a href="#cite_note-CC-101">[101]</a> and would maintain dominance on television between 1955 and 1976.<a href="#cite_note-CC-101">[101]</a> By the late 1950s, the network often controlled seven or eight of the slots on the "top ten" ratings list with well-respected shows such as <a href="/wiki/Route_66_(TV_series)" title="Route 66 (TV series)">Route 66</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/James_T._Aubrey" title="James T. Aubrey">James T. Aubrey</a> (1958–1965), CBS was able to balance prestigious television projects (befitting the "Tiffany Network" image), with more low culture, broad appeal programs. As such, the network had challenging fare like <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Defenders_(1961_TV_series)" title="The Defenders (1961 TV series)">The Defenders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Side/West_Side" class="mw-redirect" title="East Side/West Side">East Side/West Side</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show" title="The Andy Griffith Show">The Andy Griffith Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies" title="The Beverly Hillbillies">The Beverly Hillbillies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomer_Pyle,_U.S.M.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.">Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilligan%27s_Island" title="Gilligan's Island">Gilligan's Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> This success would continue for many years, with CBS being bumped from first place only due to the rise of ABC in the mid-1970s. Perhaps because of its status as the top-rated network, CBS felt freer to gamble with controversial properties like the <a href="/wiki/Smothers_Brothers" title="Smothers Brothers">Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a> (and its many spinoffs) during the late 1960s and early 1970s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971–1986:_"Rural_purge"_and_ratings_success">1971–1986: "Rural purge" and ratings success</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1971–1986: "Rural purge" and ratings success">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rural_purge" title="Rural purge">Rural purge</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/CBS,_Inc._v._Federal_Communications_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission">CBS, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission</a></div> By the end of the 1960s, CBS was very successful in <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">television ratings</a>, but many of its shows, including <a href="/wiki/The_Beverly_Hillbillies" title="The Beverly Hillbillies">The Beverly Hillbillies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayberry_R.F.D." title="Mayberry R.F.D.">Mayberry R.F.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petticoat_Junction" title="Petticoat Junction">Petticoat Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassie_(1954_TV_series)" title="Lassie (1954 TV series)">Lassie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hee_Haw" title="Hee Haw">Hee Haw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_Acres" title="Green Acres">Green Acres</a>, were appealing to older and more rural audiences, rather than to the young, urban, and more affluent audiences that advertisers sought to target. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Silverman" title="Fred Silverman">Fred Silverman</a>, who would later head <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> and later <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, made the decision to cancel most of those otherwise hit shows by mid-1971 in what became colloquially referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Rural_purge" title="Rural purge">rural purge</a>", with Green Acres cast member <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buttram" title="Pat Buttram">Pat Buttram</a> remarking that the network canceled "anything with a tree in it".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> CBS also cancelled the variety shows of <a href="/wiki/Red_Skelton" title="Red Skelton">Red Skelton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan" title="Ed Sullivan">Ed Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Gleason" title="Jackie Gleason">Jackie Gleason</a> not only because of aging demographics but also reportedly due to the escalating expenses of these programs. While the "rural" shows got the axe, new hits like <a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show" title="The Mary Tyler Moore Show">The Mary Tyler Moore Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bob_Newhart_Show" title="The Bob Newhart Show">The Bob Newhart Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannon_(TV_series)" title="Cannon (TV series)">Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Jones" title="Barnaby Jones">Barnaby Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kojak" title="Kojak">Kojak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Sonny_%26_Cher_Comedy_Hour" title="The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour">The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour</a> took their place on the network's schedule and kept it at the top of the ratings through the early 1970s. The majority of these hits were overseen by then-East Coast vice president <a href="/wiki/Alan_Wagner" title="Alan Wagner">Alan Wagner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-105">[105]</a> 60 Minutes also moved to the 7:00 p.m. slot on Sundays in 1975, and became the first ever primetime television news program to enter the Nielsen Top 10 in 1978. One of CBS's most popular shows during the period was <a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a>, which ran for 11 seasons from 1972 to 1983, and was based on the hit <a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> <a href="/wiki/MASH_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="MASH (film)">film of the same name</a>. The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2-hour <a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Farewell,_and_Amen" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen">series finale</a>, in its initial airing on February 28, 1983, had peak viewership of up to 125 million Americans (77% of all television viewership in the U.S. that night), which established it as the most watched television episode in the United States. It also held the distinction of having the largest single-night primetime viewership of any television program in U.S. history, until it was surpassed by the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, which has taken the record consistently since 2010 (through the annual championship game alternates between being broadcast by CBS and rival networks Fox and NBC). Silverman also first developed his strategy of <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-off (media)">spinning new shows off</a> from established hit series while at CBS, with <a href="/wiki/Rhoda" title="Rhoda">Rhoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(TV_series)" title="Phyllis (TV series)">Phyllis</a> spun from The Mary Tyler Moore Show, <a href="/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)" title="Maude (TV series)">Maude</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Jeffersons" title="The Jeffersons">The Jeffersons</a> from <a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Good_Times" title="Good Times">Good Times</a> from Maude. After Silverman's departure, CBS dropped to second place behind ABC in the 1976–77 season, but still rated strongly, based on its earlier hits and some new ones, including <a href="/wiki/One_Day_at_a_Time_(1975_TV_series)" title="One Day at a Time (1975 TV series)">One Day at a Time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_(American_TV_series)" title="Alice (American TV series)">Alice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Grant_(TV_series)" title="Lou Grant (TV series)">Lou Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati" title="WKRP in Cincinnati">WKRP in Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard" title="The Dukes of Hazzard">The Dukes of Hazzard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapper_John,_M.D." title="Trapper John, M.D.">Trapper John, M.D.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)" title="Dallas (1978 TV series)">Dallas</a>, which was the biggest hit of the early 1980s and holds the record for the most watched non-series finale television episode in the U.S. – the primetime telecast of the <a href="/wiki/Who_Done_It_(Dallas)" title="Who Done It (Dallas)">resolution episode</a> of the internationally prominent "<a href="/wiki/Who_Shot_J.R.%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Who Shot J.R.?">Who Shot J.R.?</a>" cliffhanger on November 21, 1980. By 1982, ABC had run out of steam and NBC was in dire straits, with many failed programming efforts greenlighted by Silverman during his tenure as network president. CBS nosed ahead once more thanks to the major success of Dallas (and its spin-off <a href="/wiki/Knots_Landing" title="Knots Landing">Knots Landing</a>), as well as hits in <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Crest" title="Falcon Crest">Falcon Crest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnum,_P.I." title="Magnum, P.I.">Magnum, P.I.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Simon" title="Simon & Simon">Simon & Simon</a>, and 60 Minutes. CBS also acquired the broadcast rights to the <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament">NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament</a> in 1982, which it now broadcasts every March since. CBS bought Emmy-winning documentary producer Dennis B. Kane's production company and formed CBS/Kane Productions International. The network managed to pull out a few new hits over the next couple of years, including <a href="/wiki/Kate_%26_Allie" title="Kate & Allie">Kate & Allie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newhart" title="Newhart">Newhart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cagney_%26_Lacey" title="Cagney & Lacey">Cagney & Lacey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_and_Mrs._King" title="Scarecrow and Mrs. King">Scarecrow and Mrs. King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a>. However, this resurgence was short-lived, as CBS had become mired in debt as a result of a failed takeover effort by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a>, which CBS chairman Thomas Wyman successfully helped to fend off. The network sold its St. Louis owned-and-operated station KMOX-TV, and allowed the purchase of a large portion of its shares (under 25 percent) by <a href="/wiki/Loews_Corporation" title="Loews Corporation">Loew's Inc.</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tisch" title="Laurence Tisch">Laurence Tisch</a>. Collaboration between Paley and Tisch led to the slow dismissal of Wyman, with Tisch taking over as chief operating officer and Paley returning as chairman.<a href="#cite_note-Sterling,_C._H._1990-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986–2002:_Tiffany_Network_in_distress">1986–2002: Tiffany Network in distress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1986–2002: Tiffany Network in distress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_1981_(Sports).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CBS_1981_%28Sports%29.svg/220px-CBS_1981_%28Sports%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CBS_1981_%28Sports%29.svg/330px-CBS_1981_%28Sports%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CBS_1981_%28Sports%29.svg/440px-CBS_1981_%28Sports%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>CBS logo used from 1981 to 2016, used for sports programming</figcaption></figure> By the end of the <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1987–88 United States network television schedule">1987–88 season</a>, CBS had fallen to third place behind both ABC and NBC for the first time. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/The_Cosby_Show" title="The Cosby Show">The Cosby Show</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miami_Vice" title="Miami Vice">Miami Vice</a> debuted on NBC and immediately garnered high ratings, helping NBC rise back to first place by the <a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1985–86 United States network television schedule">1985–86 season</a> with a slate that included several other hits such as <a href="/wiki/Night_Court" title="Night Court">Night Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_Ties" title="Family Ties">Family Ties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Girls" title="The Golden Girls">The Golden Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)" title="The Facts of Life (TV series)">The Facts Of Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/L.A._Law" title="L.A. Law">L.A. Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/227_(TV_series)" title="227 (TV series)">227</a>. ABC had also rebounded with hits such as <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)" title="Dynasty (1981 TV series)">Dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_the_Boss%3F" title="Who's the Boss?">Who's the Boss?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel_(American_TV_series)" title="Hotel (American TV series)">Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Full_House" title="Full House">Full House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Growing_Pains" title="Growing Pains">Growing Pains</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_Years" title="The Wonder Years">The Wonder Years</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roseanne" title="Roseanne">Roseanne</a>. Some of the groundwork had been laid as CBS fell in the ratings, with hits Simon & Simon, Falcon Crest, Murder, She Wrote, Kate & Allie, and Newhart still on the schedule from the most recent resurgence, and to-be-hits <a href="/wiki/Designing_Women" title="Designing Women">Designing Women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murphy_Brown" title="Murphy Brown">Murphy Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jake_and_the_Fatman" title="Jake and the Fatman">Jake and the Fatman</a>, and newsmagazine <a href="/wiki/48_Hours_(TV_program)" title="48 Hours (TV program)">48 Hours</a> all debuting in the late 1980s. CBS was also still getting decent ratings for 60 Minutes, Dallas, and Knots Landing. During the early 1990s, CBS would bolster its sports lineup by obtaining the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_CBS" title="Major League Baseball on CBS">broadcast television rights</a> to <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> (MLB) from <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_ABC" title="Major League Baseball on ABC">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_on_NBC" title="Major League Baseball on NBC">NBC</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Olympics_on_CBS" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics on CBS">Winter Olympics</a> from <a href="/wiki/ABC_Olympic_broadcasts" title="ABC Olympic broadcasts">ABC</a>, despite losing the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> (NBA) to <a href="/wiki/NBA_on_NBC" title="NBA on NBC">NBC</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_NBA_season" title="1989–90 NBA season">1989–90 NBA season</a>. Under network president Jeff Sagansky, CBS was able to earn strong ratings from new shows <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis:_Murder" title="Diagnosis: Murder">Diagnosis: Murder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dr._Quinn,_Medicine_Woman" title="Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman">Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walker,_Texas_Ranger" title="Walker, Texas Ranger">Walker, Texas Ranger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picket_Fences" title="Picket Fences">Picket Fences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Exposure" title="Northern Exposure">Northern Exposure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evening_Shade" title="Evening Shade">Evening Shade</a> and a resurgent Jake and the Fatman. CBS was briefly able to reclaim first place during the <a href="/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1992–93 United States network television schedule">1992–93 season</a>. However, CBS's programming slate skewed toward an older demographic than ABC, NBC, or even the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox network</a>. In 1993, CBS made a breakthrough in establishing a successful <a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_(franchise)" title="The Late Show (franchise)">late-night talk show</a> franchise to compete with NBC's <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show" title="The Tonight Show">The Tonight Show</a> when it signed <a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a> away from NBC after the <a href="/wiki/Late_Night_(NBC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Night (NBC)">Late Night</a> host was passed over as <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Carson" title="Johnny Carson">Johnny Carson</a>'s successor on Tonight in favor of <a href="/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a>. Despite having success with the <a href="/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Show with David Letterman">Late Show with David Letterman</a>, CBS as a whole suffered in 1993. CBS lost the rights to two major sports leagues; it terminated its rights to MLB after losing approximately $500 million over a four-year span, and MLB reached a <a href="/wiki/The_Baseball_Network" title="The Baseball Network">new contract with NBC and ABC</a>. On December 17, 1993, in a move that surprised many media analysts and television viewers, Fox – then a fledgling network which had begun to accrue several popular programs in the Nielsen Top 20 during its seven years on air – outbid CBS for the broadcast rights to the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Conference" title="National Football Conference">National Football Conference</a> (NFC), stripping CBS of <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) telecasts for the first time since CBS began broadcasting games from the pre-<a href="/wiki/AFL-NFL_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="AFL-NFL merger">merger</a> NFL in 1955. Fox bid $1.58 billion for the NFC television rights, significantly higher than CBS's reported offer of $290 million to retain the contract.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The acquisition of the NFC rights, which took effect with the <a href="/wiki/1994_NFL_season" title="1994 NFL season">1994 NFL season</a> and led to CBS being nicknamed "Can't Broadcast Sports",<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> resulted in Fox <a href="/wiki/1994%E2%80%931996_United_States_broadcast_TV_realignment" class="mw-redirect" title="1994–1996 United States broadcast TV realignment">striking a series of affiliation deals</a> with longtime affiliates of each of the Big Three networks. CBS bore the brunt of the switches, losing its <a href="/wiki/KSAZ-TV" title="KSAZ-TV">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/WITI_(TV)" title="WITI (TV)">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/WJW-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WJW-TV">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/WJBK" title="WJBK">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTBC_(TV)" title="KTBC (TV)">Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDFW" title="KDFW">Dallas-Fort Worth</a>, <a href="/wiki/WSFX-TV" title="WSFX-TV">Wilmington, North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/WTVT" title="WTVT">Tampa-St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/KECY-TV" title="KECY-TV">Yuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/WAGA-TV" title="WAGA-TV">Atlanta</a> affiliates to Fox; eight of those stations were owned by <a href="/wiki/New_World_Pictures#New_World_Communications" title="New World Pictures">New World Communications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nytbusinessdigest-109">[109]</a> Most of the stations with which CBS ended up affiliating to replace the previous affiliates it lost to Fox were former Fox affiliates and <a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">independent stations</a>, but had limited local news presence prior to joining CBS. CBS attempted to fill its loss of the NFL by going after the rights to the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL), which it again lost to <a href="/wiki/NHL_on_Fox" title="NHL on Fox">Fox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In early 1995, CBS would begin to rebuild its sports division by acquiring the rights to additional <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_on_CBS" title="NASCAR on CBS">NASCAR</a> races. However, CBS would be stripped of its contract with <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> in December 1999, and <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_on_Fox" title="NASCAR on Fox">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_on_NBC" title="NASCAR on NBC">NBC</a> acquired the rights in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The loss of the NFL, along with an ill-fated effort to court younger viewers, led to a drop in CBS's ratings. One of the affected shows was the Late Show with David Letterman, which saw its viewership decline in large part due to the affiliation switches, at times even landing in third place in its timeslot behind ABC's <a href="/wiki/Nightline" title="Nightline">Nightline</a>. As a result, NBC's <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno" title="The Tonight Show with Jay Leno">The Tonight Show with Jay Leno</a>, which had previously been dominated by the Late Show, became the top-rated late-night talk show.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> However, CBS was able to produce some hits during the mid-1990s such as <a href="/wiki/The_Nanny" title="The Nanny">The Nanny</a>, <a href="/wiki/JAG_(TV_series)" title="JAG (TV series)">JAG</a> (which moved to the network from NBC), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hope" title="Chicago Hope">Chicago Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosby_(TV_series)" title="Cosby (TV series)">Cosby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cybill" title="Cybill">Cybill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touched_by_an_Angel" title="Touched by an Angel">Touched by an Angel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Everybody_Loves_Raymond" title="Everybody Loves Raymond">Everybody Loves Raymond</a>. During this time, several longtime affiliates beside the ones that were defected to Fox also defected from CBS in markets such as <a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston</a> (<a href="/wiki/WGWW" title="WGWW">WJSU-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakersfield">Bakersfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/KERO-TV" title="KERO-TV">KERO-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> (<a href="/wiki/WBAL-TV" title="WBAL-TV">WBAL-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> (<a href="/wiki/WHDH-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WHDH-TV">WHDH-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> (<a href="/wiki/WCPO-TV" title="WCPO-TV">WCPO-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> (<a href="/wiki/KMGH-TV" title="KMGH-TV">KMGH-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_California" title="Eureka, California">Eureka</a> (<a href="/wiki/KIEM-TV" title="KIEM-TV">KIEM-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evansville" class="mw-redirect" title="Evansville">Evansville</a> (<a href="/wiki/WEHT-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WEHT-TV">WEHT-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a> (<a href="/wiki/KTVF" title="KTVF">KTVF</a>), <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint</a> (<a href="/wiki/WEYI-TV" title="WEYI-TV">WEYI-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a> (<a href="/wiki/KFSN-TV" title="KFSN-TV">KFSN-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a> (<a href="/wiki/WBAY-TV" title="WBAY-TV">WBAY-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington</a> (<a href="/wiki/WCHS-TV" title="WCHS-TV">WCHS-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a> (<a href="/wiki/WJXT" title="WJXT">WJXT</a>), <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> (<a href="/wiki/WBIR-TV" title="WBIR-TV">WBIR-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a> (<a href="/wiki/WHAS-TV" title="WHAS-TV">WHAS-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan" title="Marquette, Michigan">Marquette</a> (<a href="/wiki/WLUC-TV" title="WLUC-TV">WLUC-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> (<a href="/wiki/WTVJ" title="WTVJ">WTVJ</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a> (<a href="/wiki/WLNE-TV" title="WLNE-TV">WLNE-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a> (<a href="/wiki/WOWT" title="WOWT">WOWT</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (<a href="/wiki/WCAU-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WCAU-TV">WCAU-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Raleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh">Raleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/WTVD-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WTVD-TV">WTVD-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a> (<a href="/wiki/WHEC-TV" title="WHEC-TV">WHEC-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> (<a href="/wiki/KSL-TV" title="KSL-TV">KSL-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> (<a href="/wiki/KXTV" title="KXTV">KXTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> (<a href="/wiki/KIRO-TV" title="KIRO-TV">KIRO-TV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/WSES" title="WSES">WCFT-TV</a>) and <a href="/wiki/West_Palm_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="West Palm Beach">West Palm Beach</a> (<a href="/wiki/WTVX" title="WTVX">WTVX</a>). Most of these stations were wooed away by NBC, which had lifted out of last place to become the #1 network between the late 1980s and early 2000s, while WGWW, KERO-TV, WCPO-TV, KMGH, WEHT-TV, KFSN, WBAY, WCHS, WHAS, WLUC, WLNE, WTVD, KXTV and WCFT went to ABC, WJXT and WTVX became independent stations and KIRO and WLYH went to UPN. Ironically, WBAL was an NBC affiliate prior to swapping stations with <a href="/wiki/WMAR-TV" title="WMAR-TV">WMAR-TV</a> in 1981 and WBAL became a CBS affiliate, only to return to NBC in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In the case of WTVD and KFSN, both station remain ABC owned and operated stations, while WCAU and WTVJ became NBC owned and operated stations. KIRO-TV had since rejoined the network,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> while WHDH became an independent station.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In case of the two Alabama stations, it became Howard Stirk-owned stations.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1997–98 United States network television schedule">1997–98 season</a>, CBS attempted to court families on Fridays with the launch of a family-oriented comedy block known as the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Block_Party" title="CBS Block Party">CBS Block Party</a>. This block consisted of shows like <a href="/wiki/Meego_(TV_series)" title="Meego (TV series)">Meego</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Gregory_Hines_Show" title="The Gregory Hines Show">The Gregory Hines Show</a>, all but the last coming from <a href="/wiki/Miller-Boyett_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller-Boyett Productions">Miller-Boyett Productions</a>. The lineup failed to compete against ABC's <a href="/wiki/TGIF_(ABC)" class="mw-redirect" title="TGIF (ABC)">TGIF</a> lineup, as Meego and Hines were canceled by November. That winter, CBS aired its last Olympic Games to date with its telecast of the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nagano_(city)" title="Nagano (city)">Nagano</a>. In 1997, CBS regained the NFL through its acquisition of the broadcast television rights to the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Conference" title="American Football Conference">American Football Conference</a> (AFC), effective with the <a href="/wiki/1998_NFL_season" title="1998 NFL season">1998 season</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The contract was struck shortly before the AFC's emergence as the dominant NFL conference over the NFC, spurred in part by the turnaround of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> during the 2000s. With the help of the AFC package, CBS surpassed NBC for first place in the <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1998–99 United States network television schedule">1998–99 season</a>, although it was beaten by ABC the following year. CBS gained additional hits in the late 1990s and early 2000s with series such as <a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Queens" title="The King of Queens">The King of Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nash_Bridges" title="Nash Bridges">Nash Bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judging_Amy" title="Judging Amy">Judging Amy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Becker_(TV_series)" title="Becker (TV series)">Becker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yes,_Dear" title="Yes, Dear">Yes, Dear</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002–present:_Return_to_first_and_Fox_rivalry">2002–present: Return to first and Fox rivalry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2002–present: Return to first and Fox rivalry">edit</a>]</div> Another turning point for CBS came in the summer of 2000, when it debuted the summer reality shows <a href="/wiki/Survivor_(American_TV_series)" title="Survivor (American TV series)">Survivor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(American_TV_series)" title="Big Brother (American TV series)">Big Brother</a>, which became surprise summer hits for CBS. In January 2001, CBS debuted the <a href="/wiki/Survivor:_The_Australian_Outback" title="Survivor: The Australian Outback">second season</a> of Survivor after its broadcast of <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXV" title="Super Bowl XXXV">Super Bowl XXXV</a>, and scheduled it on Thursdays at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time; it also moved the investigative crime drama <a href="/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation" title="CSI: Crime Scene Investigation">CSI</a> (which had debuted that fall in the Friday 9:00 p.m. time slot) to follow Survivor at 9:00 p.m. on Thursdays. The pairing of the two shows was both able to chip away at and eventually beat NBC's Thursday night lineup. During the 2000s, CBS found additional successes with a slew of police procedurals, several of which were produced by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bruckheimer" title="Jerry Bruckheimer">Jerry Bruckheimer</a>. These included <a href="/wiki/Cold_Case" title="Cold Case">Cold Case</a>, <a href="/wiki/Without_a_Trace" title="Without a Trace">Without a Trace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Minds" title="Criminal Minds">Criminal Minds</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series)" title="NCIS (TV series)">NCIS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Mentalist" title="The Mentalist">The Mentalist</a>, along with CSI spinoffs <a href="/wiki/CSI:_Miami" title="CSI: Miami">CSI: Miami</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSI:_NY" title="CSI: NY">CSI: NY</a>. CBS also featured several prominent sitcoms like <a href="/wiki/Still_Standing_(American_TV_series)" title="Still Standing (American TV series)">Still Standing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_and_a_Half_Men" title="Two and a Half Men">Two and a Half Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/How_I_Met_Your_Mother" title="How I Met Your Mother">How I Met Your Mother</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Old_Christine" title="The New Adventures of Old Christine">The New Adventures of Old Christine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_Engagement_(TV_series)" title="Rules of Engagement (TV series)">Rules of Engagement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a>, as well as the reality show <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_(American_TV_series)" title="The Amazing Race (American TV series)">The Amazing Race</a>. CBS's programming slate, buoyed largely by the success of CSI, briefly led it to retake first place in the ratings from NBC during the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2002–03 United States network television schedule">2002–03 season</a>. The 2000s also saw CBS finally make ratings headway on Friday nights, a perennial weak spot for CBS, with a focus toward drama series such as <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer" title="Ghost Whisperer">Ghost Whisperer</a> and the relatively short-lived but acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arcadia" title="Joan of Arcadia">Joan of Arcadia</a>. CBS became the most watched American broadcast television network once again in the <a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2005–06 United States network television schedule">2005–06 season</a>. The next year, Fox overtook CBS for first place, becoming the first non-<a href="/wiki/Big_Three_television_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three television networks">Big Three</a> network to earn the title as the most watched network overall in the United States. Fox's first-place finish that season was primarily due to its reliance on <a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a> (the longest reigning number-one primetime U.S. television program from 2004 to 2011) and the effects of the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Writers_Guild_of_America_strike" title="2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike">2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike</a>. CBS retook its place as the top-rated network in the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2008–09 United States network television schedule">2008–09 season</a>, where it has remained every season since, except 2023, when it was beaten by NBC.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Fox and CBS, both having ranked as the highest rated of the major broadcast networks during the 2000s, tend to nearly equal one another in the 18–34, 18–49, and 25–54 demographics. NCIS, which has been the flagship of CBS's Tuesday lineup for much of its run, became CBS's highest-rated drama during the 2007–08 season. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_logo_(2011).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CBS_logo_%282011%29.svg/220px-CBS_logo_%282011%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CBS_logo_%282011%29.svg/330px-CBS_logo_%282011%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/CBS_logo_%282011%29.svg/440px-CBS_logo_%282011%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>CBS logo used from 2011 until 2015, using Proxima Nova Bold font. This logo was also used by CBS All Access until it rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a> in 2021.</figcaption></figure> The 2010s saw additional hits for CBS, including the drama series <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Wife" title="The Good Wife">The Good Wife</a>; the police procedurals <a href="/wiki/Person_of_Interest_(TV_series)" title="Person of Interest (TV series)">Person of Interest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Bloods_(TV_series)" title="Blue Bloods (TV series)">Blue Bloods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementary_(TV_series)" title="Elementary (TV series)">Elementary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series)" title="Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)">Hawaii Five-0</a>, and NCIS spin-off <a href="/wiki/NCIS:_Los_Angeles" title="NCIS: Los Angeles">NCIS: Los Angeles</a>; the reality series <a href="/wiki/Undercover_Boss_(American_TV_series)" title="Undercover Boss (American TV series)">Undercover Boss</a>; and the sitcoms <a href="/wiki/2_Broke_Girls" title="2 Broke Girls">2 Broke Girls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_%26_Molly" title="Mike & Molly">Mike & Molly</a>. The Big Bang Theory, one of several sitcoms from veteran writer/producer <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Lorre" title="Chuck Lorre">Chuck Lorre</a>, started off with modest ratings, but saw its viewership skyrocket, earning ratings of up to 17 million viewers per episode. It became the top-rated network sitcom in the United States by the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2010–11 United States network television schedule">2010–11 season</a>, as well as the second most watched American television program by the <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2013–14 United States network television schedule">2013–14 season</a>, when the series became the anchor of the network's Thursday lineup. Meanwhile, Two and a Half Men saw its ratings decline to respectable levels for its final four seasons following the 2011 firing of original star <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a> and the addition of <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a> as its primary lead. Until 2012, CBS ranked in second place among adults 18–49, but after the ratings declines Fox experienced during the <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2012–13 United States network television schedule">2012–13 season</a>, CBS was able to take the top spot in the demographic, as well as in total viewership (for the fifth year in a row) by the start of 2013. At the end of the 2012–13 season, the tenth season of NCIS took the top spot among the season's most watched network programs, giving CBS its first top-rated show since the 2002–03 season, when CSI: Crime Scene Investigation led Nielsen's seasonal primetime network ratings. The strength of CBS's <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2013–14 United States network television schedule">2013–14</a> slate led to a surplus of series on its <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="2014–15 United States network television schedule">2014–15 schedule</a>, with 21 series held over from the previous season along with eight new series, including moderate hits in <a href="/wiki/Madam_Secretary_(TV_series)" title="Madam Secretary (TV series)">Madam Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/NCIS:_New_Orleans" title="NCIS: New Orleans">NCIS: New Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scorpion_(TV_series)" title="Scorpion (TV series)">Scorpion</a>. The network also aired midseason hits <a href="/wiki/The_Odd_Couple_(2015_TV_series)" title="The Odd Couple (2015 TV series)">The Odd Couple</a> and CSI spinoff <a href="/wiki/CSI:_Cyber" title="CSI: Cyber">CSI: Cyber</a>. CBS also expanded its NFL coverage through a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/NFL_Network" title="NFL Network">NFL Network</a> to carry <a href="/wiki/Thursday_Night_Football" title="Thursday Night Football">Thursday Night Football</a> games during the first eight weeks of the NFL season.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On September 29, 2016, National Amusements, the owner of both CBS's parent company CBS Corporation and its sister company <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (2005–present)">Viacom</a>, sent a letter to both companies, encouraging them to merge back into one company.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The deal was called off on December 12.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> However, on January 12, 2018, it was reported that both CBS and Viacom were re-entering talks to merge.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On August 13, 2019, CEO <a href="/wiki/Shari_Redstone" title="Shari Redstone">Shari Redstone</a> announced that Viacom and CBS agreed to a merger which would reunite the two media giants after 14 years.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The two companies have also been reported as in talks to acquire <a href="/wiki/Lionsgate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionsgate">Lionsgate</a>, following the proposed <a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney" title="Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney">acquisition of 21st Century Fox and its assets</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">the Walt Disney Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> (the owner of NBC) have also shown interest in acquiring Lionsgate.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Lionsgate Vice Chairman <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Burns" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael R. Burns">Michael Burns</a> stated in an interview with <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> that Lionsgate was mostly interested in merging with CBS and Viacom.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Lorre" title="Chuck Lorre">Chuck Lorre</a> announced in May 2022 that <a href="/wiki/B_Positive" title="B Positive">B Positive</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Al" title="United States of Al">United States of Al</a> were both cancelled by CBS after two seasons.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/HFPA" class="mw-redirect" title="HFPA">HFPA</a> was rebranded to <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Foundation" title="Golden Globe Foundation">Golden Globe Foundation</a> on June 12, 2023,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and after that, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a> moved from <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> to CBS on January 7, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hearts_Abishola" title="Bob Hearts Abishola">Bob Hearts Abishola</a> aired its series finale on May 6, 2024,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Young_Sheldon" title="Young Sheldon">Young Sheldon</a> aired its series finale on May 16, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The series premiere of <a href="/wiki/Georgie_%26_Mandy%27s_First_Marriage" title="Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage">Georgie & Mandy's First Marriage</a> aired on October 17, 2024,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> while the series premiere of <a href="/wiki/Poppa%27s_House" title="Poppa's House">Poppa's House</a> aired on October 21, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS_television_news_operations">CBS television news operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: CBS television news operations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></div> Upon becoming commercial station WCBW in 1941, the pioneer CBS television station in New York City broadcast two daily news programs, at 2:30 and 7:30 p.m. weekdays, anchored by Richard Hubbell. Most of the newscasts featured Hubbell reading a script with only occasional cutaways to a map or still photograph. When Pearl Harbor was bombed on December 7, 1941, WCBW, usually off-the-air on Sundays to give the engineers a day off, took to the air at 8:45 p.m. that evening with an extensive special report. The national emergency even broke down the unspoken wall between CBS radio and television. WCBW executives convinced radio announcers and experts such as George Fielding Elliot and Linton Wells to come down to the station's Grand Central Station studios during the evening and to give information and commentary on the attack. Although WCBW's special report that night lasted less than 90 minutes, that special broadcast pushed the limits of live television in 1941, and opened up new possibilities for future broadcasts. As CBS wrote in a special report to the FCC, the unscheduled live news broadcast on December 7 was "unquestionably the most stimulating challenge and marked the greatest advance of any single problem faced up to that time". Additional newscasts were scheduled in the early days of the war. In May 1942, WCBW, like almost all television stations, sharply cut back its live program schedule and canceled its newscasts, as the station temporarily suspended studio operations, resorting exclusively to the occasional broadcast of films. This was primarily because much of the staff had either joined the service or had been redeployed to war-related technical research, as well as because it was necessary to prolong the life of the cameras, which were now impossible to repair due to the lack of parts available during wartime. In May 1944, as the war began to turn in favor of the Allies, WCBW reopened its studios and resumed production of its newscasts, which were briefly anchored by <a href="/wiki/Ned_Calmer" title="Ned Calmer">Ned Calmer</a> and then by Everett Holles.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> After the war, WCBW, which changed its call letters to <a href="/wiki/WCBS-TV" title="WCBS-TV">WCBS-TV</a> in 1946, introduced expanded news programs on its schedule. These were first anchored by Milo Boulton and later by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Edwards" title="Douglas Edwards">Douglas Edwards</a>. On May 3, 1948, Edwards began anchoring CBS Television News, a regular 15-minute nightly newscast on the rudimentary CBS television network, including WCBS-TV. Airing every weeknight at 7:30 p.m., it was the first regularly scheduled, network television news program featuring an anchor; the nightly <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Thomas" title="Lowell Thomas">Lowell Thomas</a> NBC radio network newscast was simulcast on television locally on NBC's WNBT (now <a href="/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBC</a>) for a time in the early 1940s, and Hubbell, Calmer, Holles and Boulton on WCBW in the early and mid-1940s, but these were local television broadcasts seen only in the New York City area. In contrast, the NBC Television Newsreel, the NBC television network's offering at the time which premiered in February 1948, was simply film footage with voice narration to provide illustration of the stories. In 1949, CBS offered the first live television coverage of the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. This journalistic tour-de-force was under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_A._Chester" title="Edmund A. Chester">Edmund A. Chester</a>, who was appointed to the post of Director for News, Special Events, and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_logo_(2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CBS_logo_%282015%29.svg/220px-CBS_logo_%282015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CBS_logo_%282015%29.svg/330px-CBS_logo_%282015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/CBS_logo_%282015%29.svg/440px-CBS_logo_%282015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>CBS logo used from 2015 until 2020, using Gotham Bold font. Although it was replaced by TT Norms Pro version of CBS logo on October 8, 2020, this logo still commonly in use for unofficial publication purposes.</figcaption></figure> In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled Douglas Edwards with the News, and became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts the following year, thanks to a new <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> connection. As such, Edwards used the greeting "Good evening everyone, coast to coast". The broadcast was renamed the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Evening_News" title="CBS Evening News">CBS Evening News</a> when <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a> replaced Edwards in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_technology_(1953–1967)">Color technology (1953–1967)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Color technology (1953–1967)">edit</a>]</div> Although CBS Television was the first with a working color television system, the network lost out to RCA in 1953, in part because its color system was incompatible with existing black-and-white sets. Although RCA – then the parent company of NBC – made its color system available to CBS, the network was not interested in boosting RCA's profits, and televised only a few specials in color for the rest of the decade. The specials included the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Star_Jubilee" title="Ford Star Jubilee">Ford Star Jubilee</a> programs (which included the first ever telecast of <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a>), as well as the 1957 telecast of <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_musical)" title="Cinderella (Rodgers and Hammerstein musical)">Cinderella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a>'s musical version of <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(TV_special)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aladdin (TV special)">Aladdin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Playhouse_90" title="Playhouse 90">Playhouse 90</a>'s only color broadcast, the 1958 production of <a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a>. The Nutcracker telecast (hosted by <a href="/wiki/June_Lockhart" title="June Lockhart">June Lockhart</a>) was based on the famous production staged annually since 1954 in New York, and performed by the New York City Ballet. CBS would later show two other versions of the ballet, a one-hour German-American version hosted by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Albert" title="Eddie Albert">Eddie Albert</a>, shown annually for three years beginning in 1965, and the popular <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov" title="Mikhail Baryshnikov">Mikhail Baryshnikov</a> production from 1977 to 1981. Beginning in 1959, The Wizard of Oz became an annual tradition on color television. It had been the success of NBC's 1955 telecast of the musical <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1954_musical)" title="Peter Pan (1954 musical)">Peter Pan</a>, which became the most watched television special of its time, that inspired CBS to telecast The Wizard of Oz, Cinderella, and Aladdin. From 1960 to 1965, the CBS television network limited its color broadcasts to only a few special presentations such as The Wizard of Oz, and only if the sponsor would pay for it. In the early 1960s, Red Skelton was the first CBS host to telecast his weekly programs in color using a converted movie studio. He tried unsuccessfully to persuade the network to use his facility for other programs, and was forced to sell it. Rival NBC was pushing for the use of color at the time. Even ABC had several color programs beginning in the fall of 1962, although those were limited due to financial and technical issues the network was going through. One particularly notable television special aired by CBS during this era was the Charles Collingwood-hosted tour of the <a href="/wiki/A_Tour_of_the_White_House_with_Mrs._John_F._Kennedy" title="A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy">White House with First Lady Jackie Kennedy</a>, which was broadcast in black and white. Beginning in 1963, <a href="/wiki/The_Lucy_Show" title="The Lucy Show">The Lucy Show</a> began filming in color at the insistence of its star and producer Lucille Ball, who realized that color episodes would command more money when they were eventually sold into syndication. Even this show, however, was broadcast in black and white through the end of the <a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1964–65 United States network television schedule">1964–65 season</a>. This would all change by the mid-1960s, when market pressure forced CBS Television to begin adding color programs to its regular schedule for the <a href="/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1965–66 United States network television schedule">1965–66 season</a> and complete the transition to the format during the <a href="/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_United_States_network_television_schedule" title="1966–67 United States network television schedule">1966–67 season</a>. By the fall of 1967, nearly all of CBS's television programs were in color, as was the case with those aired by NBC and ABC. A notable exception was <a href="/wiki/The_Twentieth_Century_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twentieth Century (TV series)">The Twentieth Century</a>, which consisted mostly of newsreel archival footage, but even this program used at least some color footage by the late 1960s. CBS, which had reluctantly purchased a handful of the early RCA color cameras from its archrival in the 1950s, began deploying the new color studio cameras from <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> by 1965, which bore the <a href="/wiki/Norelco" class="mw-redirect" title="Norelco">Norelco</a> brand name at that time.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In 1965, CBS telecast a new color version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella. This version, starring <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Ann_Warren" title="Lesley Ann Warren">Lesley Ann Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Damon" title="Stuart Damon">Stuart Damon</a> in the roles formerly played by <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Cypher" title="Jon Cypher">Jon Cypher</a>, was shot on videotape (at its <a href="/wiki/Television_City" title="Television City">Television City</a> complex in Los Angeles) rather than being telecast live, and would become an annual tradition on the network for the next nine years. In 1967, NBC outbid CBS for the rights to the annual telecast of The Wizard of Oz, and the film moved to NBC beginning the following year. However, in 1976, CBS reacquired the television rights to the film, with the network continuing to broadcast it through the end of 1997. CBS aired The Wizard of Oz twice in 1991, in March and again the night before Thanksgiving. Thereafter, it was broadcast the night before Thanksgiving. By the end of the 1960s, CBS was broadcasting virtually its entire programming lineup in color. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conglomerate">Conglomerate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conglomerate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">CBS Broadcasting Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_logo_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CBS_logo_%282020%29.svg/220px-CBS_logo_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CBS_logo_%282020%29.svg/330px-CBS_logo_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CBS_logo_%282020%29.svg/440px-CBS_logo_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="288" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. (1927–1928)</li><li>Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (1928)</li><li>Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. (1928–1974)</li><li>CBS, Inc. (1974–1997)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a> (until 1995) <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a> (1995-present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: CBS (until 1995)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">September 18, 1927 (97 years ago) (1927-09-18)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Judson" title="Arthur Judson">Arthur Judson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Paley" title="William S. Paley">William S. Paley</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CBS_Entertainment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Entertainment Group">CBS Entertainment Group</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Prior to the 1960s, CBS's acquisitions, such as American Record Corporation and Hytron, had mostly related to its broadcasting business. During the 1950s and early 1960s, CBS did operate a CBS-Columbia division, which manufactured phonographs, radios, and television sets; however, the company had problems with product quality, and CBS never achieved much success in that field. In 1955, CBS purchased animation studio <a href="/wiki/Terrytoons" title="Terrytoons">Terrytoons</a> from its founder <a href="/wiki/Paul_Terry_(cartoonist)" title="Paul Terry (cartoonist)">Paul Terry</a>, not only acquiring Terry's 25-year backlog of cartoons for the network, but continuing the studio's ongoing contract to provide theatrical cartoons for <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century Fox">20th Century Fox</a> well into the 1960s. During the 1960s, CBS began an effort to diversify its portfolio and looked for suitable investments. Their acquisitions eventually led to a restructuring of the corporation into various operating groups and divisions. In 1965, CBS acquired electric guitar maker <a href="/wiki/Fender_Musical_Instruments_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Musical Instruments Corporation">Fender</a> from <a href="/wiki/Leo_Fender" title="Leo Fender">Leo Fender</a>, who agreed to sell his company due to health problems. The purchase also included that of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_piano" title="Rhodes piano">Rhodes electric pianos</a>, which had already been acquired by Fender. The quality of the products manufactured by these acquired companies fell dramatically, resulting in the terms "pre-CBS" to refer to products of higher quality and "CBS" for mass-produced products of lower quality. In other diversification attempts, CBS would buy and later sell a variety of other properties. This included sports teams, especially the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> baseball club; book and magazine publishers, such as <a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Publications" title="Fawcett Publications">Fawcett Publications</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Day" title="Woman's Day">Woman's Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Rinehart_and_Winston" class="mw-redirect" title="Holt, Rinehart and Winston">Holt, Rinehart and Winston</a>); map-makers and toy manufacturers like <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Toys">Gabriel Toys</a>, Child Guidance, Wonder Products, Gym Dandy, and Ideal; <a href="/wiki/X-Acto" title="X-Acto">X-Acto</a>;<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and distributors of educational films and <a href="/wiki/Film_strips" class="mw-redirect" title="Film strips">film strips</a>, namely Bailey Films Inc. and Film Associates of California. CBS eventually merged the two film companies into a single company, BFA Educational Media. CBS also developed an early <a href="/wiki/Home_video" title="Home video">home video</a> system called EVR (Electronic Video Recording), but was never able to launch it successfully. William Paley attempted to find the one person who could follow in his footsteps. However, numerous successors-in-waiting came and went. By the mid-1980s, investor Laurence Tisch had begun to acquire substantial holdings in CBS. Eventually, he gained Paley's confidence and, with his support, took control of CBS in 1986. Tisch's primary interest was turning profits. When CBS faltered, underperforming units were given the ax. Among the first properties to be jettisoned was the Columbia Records group, which had been part of the company since 1938. In 1986, Tisch also shut down the <a href="/wiki/CBS_Technology_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Technology Center">CBS Technology Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut" title="Stamford, Connecticut">Stamford, Connecticut</a>, which had started in New York City in the 1930s as CBS Laboratories and had evolved to become the company's technology research and development unit. Through its <a href="/wiki/CBS_Productions" title="CBS Productions">CBS Productions</a> unit, the company produced a few shows for non-CBS networks, like NBC's <a href="/wiki/Caroline_in_the_City" title="Caroline in the City">Caroline in the City</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbia_Records">Columbia Records</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Columbia Records">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a></div> Columbia Records was acquired by CBS in 1938. In 1962, CBS launched <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_International" title="CBS Records International">CBS Records International</a> to market Columbia recordings outside of North America, where the Columbia name was controlled by other entities. In 1966, CBS Records was made a separate subsidiary of the Columbia Broadcasting System.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> CBS sold the CBS Records Group to <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> on November 17, 1987, initiating a Japanese buying spree of American companies, including <a href="/wiki/MCA_Inc." title="MCA Inc.">MCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pebble_Beach_Golf_Links" title="Pebble Beach Golf Links">Pebble Beach Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Center" title="Rockefeller Center">Rockefeller Center</a>, and even the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a>, which continued into the 1990s. The record company was rechristened as <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music Entertainment</a> in 1991, as Sony had a short-term license on the CBS name. Sony purchased its rights to the Columbia Records name outside the United States, Canada, Spain and Japan from <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a>. Sony now uses Columbia Records as a label name in all countries except Japan, where Sony Records remains their flagship label. Sony acquired the Spanish rights when Sony Music merged with <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a> in 2004 as <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a>; Sony bought out BMG's share in 2008. CBS Corporation formed a new record label named <a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_(2006)" title="CBS Records (2006)">CBS Records</a> in 2006. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a>]</div> In 1967, CBS entered the publishing business by acquiring <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Rinehart_%26_Winston" class="mw-redirect" title="Holt, Rinehart & Winston">Holt, Rinehart & Winston</a>, a publisher of trade books and textbooks, as well as the magazine <a href="/wiki/Field_%26_Stream" title="Field & Stream">Field & Stream</a>. The following year, CBS acquired the medical publishing company <a href="/wiki/Saunders_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunders (publisher)">Saunders</a> and merged it with Holt, Rinehart & Winston. In 1971, CBS acquired Bond/Parkhurst, the publisher of <a href="/wiki/Road_%26_Track" title="Road & Track">Road & Track</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cycle_World" title="Cycle World">Cycle World</a>. CBS greatly expanded its magazine business by purchasing Fawcett Publications in 1974, bringing in such magazines as Woman's Day. In 1982, CBS acquired British publisher <a href="/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)" title="Cassell (publisher)">Cassell</a> from <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In 1984, it acquired the majority of the publications owned by <a href="/wiki/Ziff_Davis" title="Ziff Davis">Ziff Davis</a>. CBS sold its book publishing businesses in 1985. The educational publishing division, which retained the Holt, Rinehart & Winston name, was sold to <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace Jovanovich">Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</a>; the American trade book division, renamed <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>, was sold to the West German publisher <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Holtzbrinck</a>. Cassell was sold in a management buyout.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> CBS exited the magazine business through the sale of the unit to its executive Peter Diamandis, who later sold the magazines to <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_M%C3%A9dias" title="Hachette Filipacchi Médias">Hachette Filipacchi Médias</a> in 1988, forming <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_Media_U.S." title="Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.">Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS_Musical_Instruments_division">CBS Musical Instruments division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: CBS Musical Instruments division">edit</a>]</div> Forming the CBS Musical Instruments division, the company also acquired Fender (1965–1983), Electro-Music Inc. (<a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speakers</a>) (1965–1980), <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Drums" title="Rogers Drums">Rogers Drums</a> (1966–1983), <a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway</a> pianos (1972–1985), <a href="/wiki/Gemeinhardt" title="Gemeinhardt">Gemeinhardt</a> flutes, <a href="/wiki/Lyon_%26_Healy" title="Lyon & Healy">Lyon & Healy</a> harps (in the late 1970s), <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Instruments" title="Rodgers Instruments">Rodgers</a> (institutional) organs, and <a href="/wiki/Gulbransen" title="Gulbransen">Gulbransen</a> home organs. The company's last musical instrument manufacturer purchase was its 1981 acquisition of the assets of then-bankrupt <a href="/wiki/ARP_Instruments" title="ARP Instruments">ARP Instruments</a>, a developer of electronic synthesizers. It is widely held that the quality of Fender guitars and amplifiers declined significantly between 1965 and 1985, outraging Fender fans. Because of this, CBS Musical Instruments division executives executed a leveraged buyout in 1985, and created Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. At the same time, CBS divested itself of Rodgers, along with Steinway and Gemeinhardt, all of which were purchased by holding company Steinway Musical Properties. The other musical instrument manufacturing properties were also liquidated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_production">Film production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Film production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CBS_Films" title="CBS Films">CBS Films</a></div> CBS made a brief, unsuccessful move into film production in the late 1960s, when they created <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Center_Films" title="Cinema Center Films">Cinema Center Films</a>. The studio released such films as the 1969 <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen" title="Steve McQueen">Steve McQueen</a> drama <a href="/wiki/The_Reivers_(film)" title="The Reivers (film)">The Reivers</a> and the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Finney" title="Albert Finney">Albert Finney</a> musical <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1970_film)" title="Scrooge (1970 film)">Scrooge</a>. This profitless unit was shut down in 1972; the distribution rights to the Cinema Center library today rest with Paramount Pictures for home video (via <a href="/wiki/CBS_Home_Entertainment" title="CBS Home Entertainment">CBS Home Entertainment</a>) and theatrical release, and with CBS Television Distribution for television syndication; most other ancillary rights remain with CBS. Ten years after Cinema Center ceased operations, in 1982, CBS tried again to break into the film industry by co-founding <a href="/wiki/TriStar_Pictures" title="TriStar Pictures">TriStar Pictures</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>. Despite releasing box office successes such as <a href="/wiki/The_Natural" title="The Natural">The Natural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Places_in_the_Heart" title="Places in the Heart">Places in the Heart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rambo:_First_Blood_Part_II" title="Rambo: First Blood Part II">Rambo: First Blood Part II</a>, CBS felt the studio was not making a profit, and sold its stake in TriStar to Columbia Pictures' then-corporate parent <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a> in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Today, Tristar is now under <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures" title="Sony Pictures">Sony Pictures Entertainment</a>. In 2007, CBS Corporation announced its intent to re-enter the feature film business, slowly launching CBS Films and hiring key executives in the spring of 2008 to start up the new venture. The CBS Films name had been used previously in 1953, when it was briefly used as CBS's distributor of off-network and first-run syndicated programming to local television stations in the United States and internationally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_video">Home video</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Home video">edit</a>]</div> CBS entered into the home video market when it partnered with <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (MGM) to form <a href="/wiki/MGM/CBS_Home_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="MGM/CBS Home Video">MGM/CBS Home Video</a> in 1978. The joint venture was dissolved in 1982, after MGM purchased <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>. CBS later partnered with 20th Century Fox to form <a href="/wiki/CBS/Fox_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS/Fox Video">CBS/Fox Video</a>. CBS's duty was to release some of the film titles released by TriStar Pictures under the CBS/Fox Video label. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CBS_Toys_Division">CBS Toys Division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: CBS Toys Division">edit</a>]</div> The CBS Toys Division of CBS Inc. purchased Child Guidance, Creative Playthings of Framingham, Massachusetts and Hagerstown, Maryland; Gilbert; Gym-Dandy of Bossier City, Louisiana; Hubley; Ideal; Kohner; and Wonder Products of Collierville, Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> CBS entered the <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> market briefly through its acquisition of Gabriel Toys (renamed CBS Toys). It published several arcade adaptations and original titles under the name CBS Electronics for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> and other consoles and computers; it also produced one of the first karaoke players. CBS Electronics also distributed all <a href="/wiki/Coleco" title="Coleco">Coleco</a>-related video game products in Canada, including the <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a>. CBS later sold Gabriel Toys to <a href="/wiki/View-Master" title="View-Master">View-Master</a>, which eventually ended up as part of <a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_owners">New owners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New owners">edit</a>]</div> By the early 1990s, profits had fallen as a result of competition from cable television and video rentals, as well as the high cost of programming. About 20 former CBS affiliates switched to the rapidly rising Fox network in the mid-1990s, the first of which were reportedly <a href="/wiki/KDFX-CD" title="KDFX-CD">KDFX</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs, California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KECY-TV" title="KECY-TV">KECY</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>, which made the switch in August 1994. Many other television markets lost their CBS affiliate for a while. The network's ratings were acceptable, but it struggled with an image of stodginess. Laurence Tisch lost interest and sought a new buyer. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_sullivan_theater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ed_sullivan_theater.jpg/220px-Ed_sullivan_theater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ed_sullivan_theater.jpg/330px-Ed_sullivan_theater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ed_sullivan_theater.jpg/440px-Ed_sullivan_theater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Theater" title="Ed Sullivan Theater">Ed Sullivan Theater</a> in Manhattan, the former studio of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Show_with_David_Letterman" title="Late Show with David Letterman">Late Show with David Letterman</a> which now houses <a href="/wiki/The_Late_Show_with_Stephen_Colbert" title="The Late Show with Stephen Colbert">The Late Show with Stephen Colbert</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Westinghouse Electric Corporation">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-1990s, CBS formed an affiliate relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> partially in reaction to a <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_broadcast_TV_realignment" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 United States broadcast TV realignment">1994 agreement</a> between Fox and <a href="/wiki/New_World_Pictures" title="New World Pictures">New World Communications</a>, which resulted in the loss of many of CBS's longtime affiliates owned by New World. In response, CBS began affiliating with UHF stations in Detroit and Cleveland, namely former Fox affiliate <a href="/wiki/WOIO" title="WOIO">WOIO</a> and low-rated ethnic independent WGPR-TV (now <a href="/wiki/WWJ-TV" title="WWJ-TV">WWJ-TV</a>), which CBS eventually purchased. This was, however, only after CBS failed to woo <a href="/wiki/WXYZ-TV" title="WXYZ-TV">WXYZ-TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/WEWS-TV" title="WEWS-TV">WEWS-TV</a>, the respective longtime ABC affiliates in those markets (the latter of which had been a CBS affiliate from 1947 to 1955), to replace departing affiliates <a href="/wiki/WJBK" title="WJBK">WJBK</a> and <a href="/wiki/WJW_(TV)" title="WJW (TV)">WJW-TV</a>. The <a href="/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company" title="E. W. Scripps Company">E. W. Scripps Company</a> actually used this situation as leverage to sign a group-wide affiliation deal with ABC that kept the network on WXYZ and WEWS.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Included in the Scripps deal was Baltimore NBC affiliate <a href="/wiki/WMAR-TV" title="WMAR-TV">WMAR-TV</a>, which had been affiliated with CBS from 1948 to 1981. With this agreement, WMAR-TV was able to displace longtime ABC affiliate and Westinghouse-owned <a href="/wiki/WJZ-TV" title="WJZ-TV">WJZ-TV</a>, which had long been the Baltimore market's dominant station, while WMAR-TV had been in a distant third and had even nearly lost its broadcast license in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> WJZ-TV's loss of the ABC affiliation did not sit well with Westinghouse. Even before the New World deal, the company had been seeking a group-wide affiliation deal of its own, but it accelerated the process after the Scripps–ABC agreement.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In July 1994, Westinghouse signed a long-term deal to affiliate all five of its television stations, including WJZ-TV, with CBS.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/KPIX" class="mw-redirect" title="KPIX">KPIX</a> in San Francisco and <a href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">KDKA-TV</a> in Pittsburgh were already longtime affiliates of the network, while <a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a> in Philadelphia and <a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a> in Boston were longtime affiliates of NBC. The network decided to sell off its Philadelphia owned-and-operated station <a href="/wiki/WCAU" title="WCAU">WCAU</a> to NBC, even though it was rated much higher locally than KYW-TV at the time. While WJZ-TV and WBZ-TV switched to CBS in January 1995, the KYW-TV swap was delayed after CBS discovered that an outright sale of channel 10 would have resulted in massive taxes on the proceeds from the deal.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> To solve this, CBS, NBC, and Westinghouse, known also as Group W, entered into a complex ownership/affiliation deal in November 1994 (which was scheduled to take effect in the fall of 1995). NBC traded <a href="/wiki/KCNC-TV" title="KCNC-TV">KCNC-TV</a> in Denver and <a href="/wiki/KUTV" title="KUTV">KUTV</a> in Salt Lake City (which had been acquired by NBC earlier that year) to CBS in return for WCAU, which, for legal reasons, was considered an even trade. CBS then traded controlling interest in KCNC and KUTV to Group W in return for a minority stake in KYW-TV. As compensation for the loss of stations, NBC and CBS traded transmitter facilities in Miami, with the NBC-owned <a href="/wiki/WTVJ" title="WTVJ">WTVJ</a> moving to channel 6 and the CBS-owned WCIX moving to channel 4 as <a href="/wiki/WFOR-TV" title="WFOR-TV">WFOR-TV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> On August 1, 1995, Westinghouse announced it was acquiring CBS outright for $5.4 billion;<a href="#cite_note-Westinghouse-CBS-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> the deal was completed on November 24.<a href="#cite_note-upi-cbswestinghousecomplete-158">[158]</a> Under the name Group W, it had been one of the major broadcasting group owners of commercial radio and television stations since 1920, and was seeking to transition from a station operator to a major media company with its purchase of CBS. Except for KUTV, which CBS sold to <a href="/wiki/Four_Points_Media_Group" title="Four Points Media Group">Four Points Media Group</a> in 2007 and is now owned by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a>, all of the stations involved in the initial Westinghouse deal as well as WWJ-TV remain owned-and-operated stations of the network to this day. Westinghouse's acquisition of CBS turned the combined company's <a href="/wiki/All-news_radio" title="All-news radio">all-news radio</a> stations in New York City (<a href="/wiki/WHSQ" title="WHSQ">WCBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/WINS_(AM)" title="WINS (AM)">WINS</a>) and Los Angeles (<a href="/wiki/KNX_(AM)" title="KNX (AM)">KNX</a> and <a href="/wiki/KFWB" title="KFWB">KFWB</a>) from bitter rivals to sister stations. While KFWB switched from all-news to news/talk in 2009, WINS and WCBS remain all-news stations. WINS, which had pioneered the all-news format in 1965, generally restricts its news coverage to the five core <a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">New York City boroughs</a>, while WCBS, with its much more powerful signal, covers the surrounding tri-state metropolitan area. In Chicago, Westinghouse's <a href="/wiki/WMAQ_(AM)" class="mw-redirect" title="WMAQ (AM)">WMAQ</a> began to feature long-form stories and discussions about the news. It often focused on business news so as to differentiate itself from <a href="/wiki/WBBM_(AM)" title="WBBM (AM)">WBBM</a>. This lasted until 2000, when an FCC ownership situation resulted in CBS Radio's decision to move its all-sports network <a href="/wiki/WSCR" title="WSCR">WSCR</a> to WMAQ's signal and to sell off the former WSCR facility. In 1997, Westinghouse acquired the <a href="/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Infinity Broadcasting Corporation">Infinity Broadcasting Corporation</a>, which owned more than 150 radio stations, for $4.9 billion. Also that year, Westinghouse created CBS Cable, a division formed upon the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/The_Nashville_Network" title="The Nashville Network">the Nashville Network</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network" title="Paramount Network">Paramount Network</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Country_Music_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Music Television">Country Music Television</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Gaylord_Entertainment_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaylord Entertainment Company">Gaylord Entertainment Company</a>, and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Discovery_People" title="Discovery People">CBS Eye on People</a>, which was later sold to <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery Communications">Discovery Communications</a>. CBS also owned the Spanish-language news network <a href="/wiki/Telemundo_Puerto_Rico_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemundo Puerto Rico (TV channel)">CBS Telenoticias</a>. Following the Infinity purchase, operation and sales responsibilities for the CBS Radio Network were handed to Infinity, which turned management over to Westwood One, a major radio program syndicator that Infinity managed. Westwood One had previously purchased the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Broadcasting_System" title="Mutual Broadcasting System">Mutual Broadcasting System</a>, NBC's radio networks, and the rights to use the "NBC Radio Networks" name. For a time, CBS Radio, NBC Radio Networks, and CNN's radio news services were all under the Westwood One umbrella. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit">[update]</a>, Westwood One continues to distribute CBS radio programming, but as a self-managed company that put itself up for sale and found a buyer for a significant amount of its stock. The same year the company purchased Infinity, Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation, and its corporate headquarters were moved from Pittsburgh to New York City. To underline the change in emphasis, all non-entertainment assets were put up for sale. Another 90 radio stations were added to Infinity's portfolio in 1998, with the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Systems" title="American Radio Systems">American Radio Systems</a> Corporation for $2.6 billion. In 1999, CBS paid $2.5 billion to acquire <a href="/wiki/King_World_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="King World Productions">King World Productions</a>, a television syndication company whose programs included <a href="/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show" title="The Oprah Winfrey Show">The Oprah Winfrey Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeopardy!" title="Jeopardy!">Jeopardy!</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(American_game_show)" title="Wheel of Fortune (American game show)">Wheel of Fortune</a>. By the end of 1999, apart from the retention of rights to the name for brand licensing purposes, all pre-CBS elements of Westinghouse's industrial past were gone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viacom">Viacom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Viacom">edit</a>]</div> By the 1990s, CBS had become a broadcasting giant. However, in 1999, entertainment conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(original)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (original)">Viacom</a>, which had been created by CBS in 1952 as <a href="/wiki/CBS_Television_Film_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Television Film Sales">CBS Television Film Sales</a> to syndicate old CBS series and was eventually spun off under the Viacom name in 1971, announced it was taking over its former parent in a deal valued at $37 billion. Completed on April 26, 2000, upon which Viacom became the second largest entertainment company in the world. Incidentally, Viacom had purchased Paramount Pictures, which had once invested in CBS, in 1994. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CBS_Corporation">CBS Corporation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: CBS Corporation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBS_2018.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CBS_2018.svg/220px-CBS_2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CBS_2018.svg/330px-CBS_2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CBS_2018.svg/440px-CBS_2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>CBS logo used from 2018 until 2020, using Garage Gothic font. Used concurrently with 2015 logo until it was rebranded on October 8, 2020.</figcaption></figure> Having assembled all the elements of a communications empire, Viacom found that the promised synergy was not there. As such, in 2005, Viacom announced it would split the company into two separately operated but commonly controlled entities,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> with CBS becoming the center of CBS Corporation. As the legal successor to the old Viacom, the company's properties included the broadcasting entities (CBS and <a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a>, the latter of which later merged with <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/The_WB" title="The WB">WB</a> to form the CW; the Viacom Television Stations Group, which became <a href="/wiki/CBS_Television_Stations" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Television Stations">CBS Television Stations</a>; and CBS Radio); <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television" title="Paramount Television">Paramount Television</a>'s production operations (now known as <a href="/wiki/CBS_Studios" title="CBS Studios">CBS Studios</a>); Viacom Outdoor advertising (renamed <a href="/wiki/Outfront_Media" title="Outfront Media">CBS Outdoor</a>); <a href="/wiki/Showtime_Networks" title="Showtime Networks">Showtime Networks</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Parks" title="Paramount Parks">Paramount Parks</a>, which the company sold on June 30, 2006 to <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Fair" title="Cedar Fair">Cedar Fair</a>. The other company, which retained the Viacom name, kept Paramount Pictures, assorted <a href="/wiki/MTV_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Networks">MTV Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Entertainment Television">BET Networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Famous_Music" title="Famous Music">Famous Music</a>, the last of which was sold to <a href="/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a> in May 2007. As a result of the Viacom/CBS corporate split and other recent acquisitions, CBS (under the moniker CBS Studios) owns a massive film and television library spanning nine decades. These include acquired material from Viacom and CBS in-house productions and network programs, as well as programs produced by Paramount and others originally aired on competing networks such as ABC and NBC. Series and other material in this library include I Love Lucy, <a href="/wiki/The_Honeymooners" title="The Honeymooners">The Honeymooners</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)" title="The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)">The Twilight Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)" title="Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)">Hawaii Five-O</a> (both the original and current remake), <a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fugitive_(1963_TV_series)" title="The Fugitive (1963 TV series)">The Fugitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Love_Boat" title="The Love Boat">The Love Boat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)" title="Little House on the Prairie (TV series)">Little House on the Prairie</a> (U.S. television rights only), <a href="/wiki/Cheers" title="Cheers">Cheers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Becker_(TV_series)" title="Becker (TV series)">Becker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_Ties" title="Family Ties">Family Ties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happy_Days" title="Happy Days">Happy Days</a> and its spin-offs, <a href="/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch" title="The Brady Bunch">The Brady Bunch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a> (distribution rights on behalf of copyright holder <a href="/wiki/Lucasfilm" title="Lucasfilm">Lucasfilm</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evening_Shade" title="Evening Shade">Evening Shade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duckman" title="Duckman">Duckman</a>, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and its spin-offs, the CBS theatrical library (including <a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1970_film)" title="Scrooge (1970 film)">Scrooge</a>), <a href="/wiki/Judge_Judy" title="Judge Judy">Judge Judy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judge_Joe_Brown" title="Judge Joe Brown">Judge Joe Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judge_Mills_Lane" title="Judge Mills Lane">Judge Mills Lane</a>, and the entire <a href="/wiki/Terrytoons" title="Terrytoons">Terrytoons</a> library from 1930 forward. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paramount_Global_and_CBS_Studios">Paramount Global and CBS Studios</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Paramount Global and CBS Studios">edit</a>]</div> Paramount Global is owned by National Amusements, the Sumner Redstone-owned company that controlled the original Viacom prior to the split. <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Home_Entertainment" title="Paramount Home Entertainment">Paramount Home Entertainment</a> continues to handle DVD and Blu-ray distribution for the CBS library. In August 2019, Viacom and CBS reunited as ViacomCBS to invest in more films and television and to become a bigger player in the growing business of streaming video. The deal was completed on December 4, 2019. Paramount Global has a combined library with over 140,000 TV episodes and 3,600 film titles, including the <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible" title="Mission: Impossible">Mission: Impossible</a> franchises.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bartow-1"><a href="#cite_ref-bartow_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErik_Barnouw1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Barnouw" title="Erik Barnouw">Erik Barnouw</a> (1966). A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500474-8"><bdi>978-0-19-500474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tower+in+Babel%3A+A+History+of+Broadcasting+in+the+United+States+to+1933&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-19-500474-8&rft.au=Erik+Barnouw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Digest/1927/Radio-Digest-1927-09.pdf">"Columbia System Ready to Go"</a> (PDF). Radio Digest. Vol. XXII, no. 2. May 1927. pp. 5 and 20. Retrieved July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Digest&rft.atitle=Columbia+System+Ready+to+Go&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5+and+20&rft.date=1927-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-Radio-Digest%2F1927%2FRadio-Digest-1927-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow223-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartow223_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartow223_3-1">b</a> Barnouw, Tower, p. 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow224-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartow224_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartow224_4-1">b</a> Barnouw, Tower, p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Bergreen1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Bergreen" title="Laurence Bergreen">Laurence Bergreen</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/looknowpaylaterr00berg">Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting</a>. New York City: Doubleday and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/looknowpaylaterr00berg/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-61966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-61966-2"><bdi>978-0-451-61966-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Look+Now%2C+Pay+Later%3A+The+Rise+of+Network+Broadcasting&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Co.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-451-61966-2&rft.au=Laurence+Bergreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flooknowpaylaterr00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg56-6"><a href="#cite_ref-berg56_6-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 56. The station changed frequencies again to 880 kHz in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>'s 1941 <a href="/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement" title="North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement">reassignment of stations</a>; in 1946, WABC was renamed <a href="/wiki/WHSQ" title="WHSQ">WCBS</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-berg61-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg61_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg61_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg61_7-2">c</a> Bergreen, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow251-8"><a href="#cite_ref-bartow251_8-0">^</a> Barnouw, Tower, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-halfirst-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halfirst_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halfirst_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halfirst_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halfirst_9-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (1979). <a href="/wiki/The_Powers_That_Be_(book)" title="The Powers That Be (book)">The Powers That Be</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-02-527021-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-02-527021-2">978-7-02-527021-2</a>. p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargoldfirst-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bargoldfirst_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bargoldfirst_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik_Barnouw1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Barnouw" title="Erik Barnouw">Erik Barnouw</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenwebhistory00barn">The Golden Web: A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 1933–1953</a>. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenwebhistory00barn/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-500475-5"><bdi>978-0-19-500475-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Web%3A+A+History+of+Broadcasting+in+the+United+States%2C+1933%E2%80%931953&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-19-500475-5&rft.au=Erik+Barnouw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenwebhistory00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> In 1943, the FCC would force NBC to sell off its Blue network, which then became ABC. Barnouw, Golden, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-hal26-12"><a href="#cite_ref-hal26_12-0">^</a> Halberstam, pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg60-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg60_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg60_13-1">b</a> Bergreen, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-hal26a-14"><a href="#cite_ref-hal26a_14-0">^</a> Halberstam, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-hal24-15"><a href="#cite_ref-hal24_15-0">^</a> Halberstam, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg69-16"><a href="#cite_ref-berg69_16-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 69 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Halberstam, p. 26, and Barnouw, Tower, p. 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg63-18"><a href="#cite_ref-berg63_18-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow240-19"><a href="#cite_ref-bartow240_19-0">^</a> Barnouw, Tower, p. 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow2401-20"><a href="#cite_ref-bartow2401_20-0">^</a> Barnouw, Tower, pp. 240–241 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow241-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartow241_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartow241_21-1">b</a> Barnouw, Tower, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow242-22"><a href="#cite_ref-bartow242_22-0">^</a> Barnouw, Tower, p. 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol96-23"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol96_23-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 94n9 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol62-25"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol62_25-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicinthemail.com/audiohistoryLP.html">"LPs historic"</a>. Musicinthemail.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426151404/http://www.musicinthemail.com/audiohistoryLP.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LPs+historic&rft.pub=Musicinthemail.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicinthemail.com%2FaudiohistoryLP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg99-27"><a href="#cite_ref-berg99_27-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg105-28"><a href="#cite_ref-berg105_28-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol17-29"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol17_29-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol18-30"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol18_30-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol22-31"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol22_31-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol21-32"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol21_32-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg90-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg90_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg90_33-1">b</a> Bergreen, p. 90 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartow2456-34"><a href="#cite_ref-bartow2456_34-0">^</a> Barnouw, Tower, pp. 245–246 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg107-35"><a href="#cite_ref-berg107_35-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg109-36"><a href="#cite_ref-berg109_36-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-hal38-37"><a href="#cite_ref-hal38_37-0">^</a> Halberstam, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg110-38"><a href="#cite_ref-berg110_38-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol78-39"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol78_39-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-hal39-40"><a href="#cite_ref-hal39_40-0">^</a> Halberstam, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg112-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg112_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg112_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg112_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg112_41-3">d</a> Bergreen, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol140-42"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol140_42-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg114-43"><a href="#cite_ref-berg114_43-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg1145-44"><a href="#cite_ref-berg1145_44-0">^</a> Bergreen, pp. 114–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-hal40-45"><a href="#cite_ref-hal40_45-0">^</a> Halberstam, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol276-46"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol276_46-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol88-47"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol88_47-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg96-48"><a href="#cite_ref-berg96_48-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund%20Chester&pg=PA166">Dissonant Divas In Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109230902/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&pg=PA166&dq=Eva+Garza&hl=en#v=onepage&q=Edmund%20Chester">Archived</a> January 9, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7316-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7316-2">978-0-8166-7316-2</a> p. 152–153 Edmund Chester and "La Cadena De Las Americas" on google.books.com </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql_sDwAAQBAJ&dq=CBS+Pan+American+Orchestra+Alfredo+Antonini&pg=PT74">Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America. Han, Benjamin M. Rutgers University Press, 2022 La Cadena de las Americas, Edmund Chester, William S. Paley La cadena de Las Americas on Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206070142/http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Viva+America">"Viva America"</a>. Radiogoldindex.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Viva+America">the original</a> on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viva+America&rft.pub=Radiogoldindex.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiogoldindex.com%2Fcgi-local%2Fp2.cgi%3FProgramName%3DViva%2BAmerica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettel1967" class="citation book cs1">Settel, Irving (1967) [1960]. A Pictorial History of Radio. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67-23789">67-23789</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1475068">1475068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+Radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1475068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67-23789&rft.aulast=Settel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql_sDwAAQBAJ&dq=CBS+Pan+American+Orchestra+Alfredo+Antonini&pg=PT74">Beyond the Black and White TV: Asian and Latin American Spectacle in Cold War America. Han, Benjamin M. Rutgers University Press, 2022 La Cadena de las Americas, Edmund Chester, William S. Paley Alfredo Antonini, La Cadena De Las Americas, cultural diplomacy on Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotv/columbiabroa.htm">"Columbia Broadcasting System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" title="Museum of Broadcast Communications">Museum of Broadcast Communications</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708075228/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/columbiabroa.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Broadcasting+System&rft.pub=Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Feotv%2Fcolumbiabroa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol139-55"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol139_55-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol138-56"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol138_56-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol165-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bargol165_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bargol165_57-1">b</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol166-58"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol166_58-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg167-59"><a href="#cite_ref-berg167_59-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-WOJCNationalNotice-60"><a href="#cite_ref-WOJCNationalNotice_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-jan-06-1938-2865128/">"Negro Hour broadcast over CBS as 'Wings Over Jordan': Rev. Settles and choir are given national notice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Call_and_Post" title="Call and Post">Call and Post</a>. Cleveland, Ohio. January 6, 1938. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206212000/https://newspaperarchive.com/entertainment-clipping-jan-06-1938-2865128/">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/NewspaperArchive" title="NewspaperArchive">NewspaperArchive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Call+and+Post&rft.atitle=Negro+Hour+broadcast+over+CBS+as+%27Wings+Over+Jordan%27%3A+Rev.+Settles+and+choir+are+given+national+notice&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1938-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fentertainment-clipping-jan-06-1938-2865128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1941/1941-03-31-BC.pdf">"Their Organizations Winners of the 1940 Peabody Awards"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting-Broadcast Advertising</a>. Vol. 20, no. 12. March 31, 1941. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151400/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1941/1941-03-31-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved December 17, 2021 – via World Radio History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting-Broadcast+Advertising&rft.atitle=Their+Organizations+Winners+of+the+1940+Peabody+Awards&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1941-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1941%2F1941-03-31-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg168-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg168_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg168_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg168_62-2">c</a> Bergreen, p.168 </li> <li id="cite_note-hal31-63"><a href="#cite_ref-hal31_63-0">^</a> Halberstam, p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg169-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg169_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg169_64-1">b</a> Bergreen, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg170-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg170_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg170_65-1">b</a> Bergreen, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg171-66"><a href="#cite_ref-berg171_66-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol168-67"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol168_67-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol1689-68"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol1689_68-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, pp. 168–169 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol171-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bargol171_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bargol171_69-1">b</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol172-70"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol172_70-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol155-71"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol155_71-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol156-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bargol156_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bargol156_72-1">b</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol284-73"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol284_73-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol285-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bargol285_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bargol285_74-1">b</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg179-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg179_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg179_75-1">b</a> Bergreen, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg180-76"><a href="#cite_ref-berg180_76-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg181-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg181_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg181_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg181_77-2">c</a> Bergreen, p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol245-78"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol245_78-0">^</a> Barnouw, p. 245 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg183-79"><a href="#cite_ref-berg183_79-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg153-80"><a href="#cite_ref-berg153_80-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 153. Goldmark also invented the 33-1/3 r.p.m. microgroove Long-Play phonograph record that made the RCA-Victor 78s quickly obsolete. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922013759/http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/CBS_Chronology_rev_h_edit.htm">"CBS Color Television System Chronology"</a>. Novia.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/CBS_Chronology_rev_h_edit.htm">the original</a> on September 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Novia.net&rft.atitle=CBS+Color+Television+System+Chronology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novia.net%2F~ereitan%2FCBS_Chronology_rev_h_edit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol243-82"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol243_82-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg1557-83"><a href="#cite_ref-berg1557_83-0">^</a> Bergreen, pp. 155–157. Shortly after ruling in favor of NBC, FCC chairman Charles Denny resigned from the FCC to become vice president and general counsel of NBC: Barnouw, Golden, p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg1589-84"><a href="#cite_ref-berg1589_84-0">^</a> Bergreen, pp. 158–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol295-85"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol295_85-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol2878-86"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol2878_86-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, pp. 287–288 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol288-87"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol288_87-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-bargol290-88"><a href="#cite_ref-bargol290_88-0">^</a> Barnouw, Golden, p. 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-berg230-89"><a href="#cite_ref-berg230_89-0">^</a> Bergreen, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-dun742-90"><a href="#cite_ref-dun742_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Dunning1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dunning_(radio_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dunning (radio historian)">John Dunning</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onairencyclop00dunn/page/742">On The Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio</a>. 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Retrieved 2017-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Form+8-K&rft.pub=Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.au=Entercom+Communications+Corp.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1067837%2F000119312517344727%2Fd460737d8k.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xab.html">"W2XAB – CBS, New York"</a>. Earlytelevision.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018041706/http://www.earlytelevision.org/w2xab.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=W2XAB+%E2%80%93+CBS%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Earlytelevision.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlytelevision.org%2Fw2xab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922013759/http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/CBS_Chronology_rev_h_edit.htm">"CBS Color Television System Chronology"</a>. Novia.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novia.net/~ereitan/CBS_Chronology_rev_h_edit.htm">the original</a> on September 22, 2013. 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Retrieved July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+Circle+is+Complete%2FNine-year+history+of+that+trade+in+Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1964-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1964%2F1964-08-03-BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1955/1955-06-20-BC.pdf">"Pittsburgh Ch. 11 Grantee to be CBS-TV Primary Outlet"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting (magazine)">Broadcasting Telecasting</a>. June 20, 1955. pp. 89–90. 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August 15, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184358/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-i-love-lucy-dominated-222960">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved July 20, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=How+%27I+Love+Lucy%27+Dominated+Ratings+From+Its+Start&rft.date=2011-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-i-love-lucy-dominated-222960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Elrick, Ted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/0307-July-2003/I-Love-Lucy.aspx">I Love Lucy Directing the first multi-camera film sitcom before a live audience</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214213/http://www.dga.org/Craft/DGAQ/All-Articles/0307-July-2003/I-Love-Lucy.aspx">Archived</a> September 23, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Directors Guild of America</a> Quarterly, July 2003 Retrieved July 20, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-tvobscurities.com-100"><a href="#cite_ref-tvobscurities.com_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/color60s/">"Color Revolution: Television In The Sixties – TVObscurities"</a>. tvobscurities.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103093236/http://www.tvobscurities.com/articles/color60s/">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tvobscurities.com&rft.atitle=Color+Revolution%3A+Television+In+The+Sixties+%E2%80%93+TVObscurities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvobscurities.com%2Farticles%2Fcolor60s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotv/paleywillia.htm">"Paley, William S"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" title="Museum of Broadcast Communications">Museum of Broadcast Communications</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018015417/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/paleywillia.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2017. 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Retrieved July 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=classictvhistory.com&rft.atitle=East+Side%2FWest+Side&rft.aulast=Bowie&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classictvhistory.com%2FEpisodeGuides%2Feast_side_west_side.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20000903070554/http://www.kenberry.com/ken_berry_interview.htm">"Ken Berry interview"</a>. KenBerry.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenberry.com/ken_berry_interview.htm">the original</a> on September 3, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KenBerry.com&rft.atitle=Ken+Berry+interview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenberry.com%2Fken_berry_interview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Harkins2005" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Harkins (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dtehLu1cissC&pg=PA203">Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon</a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518950-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518950-7"><bdi>0-19-518950-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816223952/https://books.google.com/books?id=dtehLu1cissC&pg=PA203">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hillbilly%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+an+American+Icon&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-518950-7&rft.au=Anthony+Harkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdtehLu1cissC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-105"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Hevesi2007" class="citation news cs1">Dennis Hevesi (December 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/arts/22wagner.html">"Alan Wagner, 76, First President of the Disney Channel, Is Dead"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116110359/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/arts/22wagner.html?_r=2&pagewanted=print">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved June 22, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Alan+Wagner%2C+76%2C+First+President+of+the+Disney+Channel%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=2007-12-22&rft.au=Dennis+Hevesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F22%2Farts%2F22wagner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sterling,_C._H._1990-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Sterling,_C._H._1990_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._H._SterlingJ._M._Kittross1990" class="citation book cs1">C. H. Sterling; J. M. Kittross (1990). Stay Tuned: A concise history of American broadcasting (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_California" title="Belmont, California">Belmont, California</a>: Wadsworth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stay+Tuned%3A+A+concise+history+of+American+broadcasting&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=1990&rft.au=C.+H.+Sterling&rft.au=J.+M.+Kittross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114000616/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/21/sports/nbc-gets-final-nfl-contract-while-cbs-gets-its-sundays-off.html">"NBC Gets Final N.F.L. 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Retrieved June 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NBC+Gets+Final+N.F.L.+Contract+While+CBS+Gets+Its+Sundays+Off&rft.date=1993-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F12%2F21%2Fsports%2Fnbc-gets-final-nfl-contract-while-cbs-gets-its-sundays-off.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein1993" class="citation web cs1">Weinstein, Steve (December 22, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-22-ca-4554-story.html">"The Saga of CBS (Can't Broadcast Sports?) and the Fox: Television: Is CBS' eye bloodied? How costly was Fox's Hail Mary play? An analysis of the NFL possession of the decade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018015039/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-12-22/entertainment/ca-4554_1_cbs-sports-president">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+CBS+%28Can%27t+Broadcast+Sports%3F%29+and+the+Fox%3A+Television%3A+Is+CBS%27+eye+bloodied%3F+How+costly+was+Fox%27s+Hail+Mary+play%3F+An+analysis+of+the+NFL+possession+of+the+decade.&rft.date=1993-12-22&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-12-22-ca-4554-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytbusinessdigest-109"><a href="#cite_ref-nytbusinessdigest_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1994" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Bill (May 24, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/us/fox-will-sign-up-12-new-stations-takes-8-from-cbs.html">"Fox Will Sign up 12 New Stations; Takes 8 from CBS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625021414/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/24/us/fox-will-sign-up-12-new-stations-takes-8-from-cbs.html?pagewanted=4">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fox+Will+Sign+up+12+New+Stations%3B+Takes+8+from+CBS&rft.date=1994-05-24&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F05%2F24%2Fus%2Ffox-will-sign-up-12-new-stations-takes-8-from-cbs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandomir1994" class="citation news cs1">Sandomir, Richard (September 10, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/10/sports/hockey-fox-outbids-cbs-for-nhl-games.html">"Fox Outbids CBS for N.H.L. Games"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234334/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/10/sports/hockey-fox-outbids-cbs-for-nhl-games.html?sq=National+Hockey+League+Fox&scp=4&st=nyt">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fox+Outbids+CBS+for+N.H.L.+Games&rft.date=1994-09-10&rft.aulast=Sandomir&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F09%2F10%2Fsports%2Fhockey-fox-outbids-cbs-for-nhl-games.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000918001829/http://www.motorsportstv.com/2001_tv_deal.htm">"2001 TV Deal"</a>. motorsportstv.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motorsportstv.com/2001_tv_deal.htm">the original</a> on September 18, 2000. 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December 4, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214093024/http://www.fcc.gov/blog/making-good-promise-independent-minority-ownership-television-stations">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+FCC+Blog&rft.pub=Federal+Communications+Commission+%28FCC%29&rft.date=2014-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fblog%2Fmaking-good-promise-independent-minority-ownership-television-stations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almediapage.info/">"Alabama Broadcast Media Page"</a>. Alabama Broadcast Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210035255/http://almediapage.info/">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2014. 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Retrieved November 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Georgie+%26+Mandy%E2%80%99s+First+Marriage%E2%80%99+Premiere%3A+Co-Creator+Steve+Holland+Explains+The+Tango%2C+Return+Of+Meemaw+%26+That+Rocking+Trailer&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Lynette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2024%2F10%2Fgeorgie-mandys-first-marriage-co-creator-steve-holland-premiere-interview-1236119017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruso2024" class="citation web cs1">Caruso, Nick (October 21, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvline.com/recaps/poppas-house-premiere-recap-episode-1-pilot-cbs-1235355208/">"Poppa's House Premiere Recap: Damon Wayans' Grumpy DJ Beefs With His New Female Co-Host — Grade It!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TVLine" title="TVLine">TVLine</a>. Retrieved November 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVLine&rft.atitle=Poppa%E2%80%99s+House+Premiere+Recap%3A+Damon+Wayans%E2%80%99+Grumpy+DJ+Beefs+With+His+New+Female+Co-Host+%E2%80%94+Grade+It%21&rft.date=2024-10-21&rft.aulast=Caruso&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvline.com%2Frecaps%2Fpoppas-house-premiere-recap-episode-1-pilot-cbs-1235355208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906063204/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/pub/libs/images/usr/7533_h.jpg">"Everett Holles 1944 WCBW Newscast"</a>. Indiana University Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.iu.edu/pub/libs/images/usr/7533_h.jpg">the original</a> on September 6, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+University+Archives&rft.atitle=Everett+Holles+1944+WCBW+Newscast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.iu.edu%2Fpub%2Flibs%2Fimages%2Fusr%2F7533_h.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Conway" class="citation book cs1">Mike Conway. "The Birth of CBS-TV News: Columbia's Ambitious Experiment at the Advent of U.S. Commercial Television". The Origins Of Television News In America. New York City: Peter Lang Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+CBS-TV+News%3A+Columbia%27s+Ambitious+Experiment+at+the+Advent+of+U.S.+Commercial+Television&rft.btitle=The+Origins+Of+Television+News+In+America&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+Publishing&rft.au=Mike+Conway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eyesofageneration.com/cameras-page/norelco-television-cameras-eyes-of-a-generation/">"Norelco Cameras – Eyes Of A Generation…Television's Living History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002233035/http://eyesofageneration.com/cameras-page/norelco-television-cameras-eyes-of-a-generation/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2019. Retrieved Apr 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norelco+Cameras+%E2%80%93+Eyes+Of+A+Generation%E2%80%A6Television%27s+Living+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feyesofageneration.com%2Fcameras-page%2Fnorelco-television-cameras-eyes-of-a-generation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael" class="citation web cs1">Michael, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofminiatures.info/history.php">"History of The House of Miniatures Brand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327203550/http://www.houseofminiatures.info/history.php">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+The+House+of+Miniatures+Brand&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houseofminiatures.info%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0igEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1">"Lieverson to Helm Group; Other Changes Made in the CBS Guard"</a>. Billboard. Nielsen Business Media Inc. June 18, 1966. pp. 1, 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122152333/http://books.google.com/books?id=0igEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Lieverson+to+Helm+Group%3B+Other+Changes+Made+in+the+CBS+Guard&rft.pages=1%2C+10&rft.date=1966-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0igEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/18/business/macmillan-unit-acquired-by-cbs.html">"Macmillan Unit Acquired by CBS"</a>. The New York Times. May 18, 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901192756/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/18/business/macmillan-unit-acquired-by-cbs.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2019. Retrieved 2018-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Macmillan+Unit+Acquired+by+CBS&rft.date=1982-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F05%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fmacmillan-unit-acquired-by-cbs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822234057/http://philipsturrock.com/experience.html">"Philip Sturrock"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philipsturrock.com/experience.html">the original</a> on August 22, 2018. Retrieved 2018-03-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philip+Sturrock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philipsturrock.com%2Fexperience.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/16/business/cbs-sells-stake-in-tri-star-inc.html">"CBS Sells Stake In Tri-Star Inc"</a>. The New York Times. November 16, 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125165839/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/16/business/cbs-sells-stake-in-tri-star-inc.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CBS+Sells+Stake+In+Tri-Star+Inc.&rft.date=1985-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F11%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fcbs-sells-stake-in-tri-star-inc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.toyassociation.org/App_Themes/tia/pdfs/events/centenary/theycametoplay.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302005423/https://www.toyassociation.org/App_Themes/tia/pdfs/events/centenary/theycametoplay.pdf">Archived</a> March 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Toy Industry Association | Page 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://cpsc.gov/manufacturer/gabriel-industries">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814054345/https://cpsc.gov/manufacturer/gabriel-industries">Archived</a> August 14, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Creative Playthings, a unit of Gabriel Industries, a division of CBS Inc., New York, N.Y. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/17/business/company-news-tv-stations-shift-to-abc.html">"COMPANY NEWS; TV Stations Shift to ABC"</a>. The New York Times. June 17, 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111215200/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/17/business/company-news-tv-stations-shift-to-abc.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved October 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COMPANY+NEWS%3B+TV+Stations+Shift+to+ABC&rft.date=1994-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F06%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-tv-stations-shift-to-abc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1994/BC-1994-06-20.pdf">"ABC pre-empts CBS in Cleveland, Detroit"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_and_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting and Cable">Broadcasting and Cable</a>. June 20, 1994. p. 7. Retrieved July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+and+Cable&rft.atitle=ABC+pre-empts+CBS+in+Cleveland%2C+Detroit&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1994-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1994%2FBC-1994-06-20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Zurawik1991" class="citation news cs1">David Zurawik (September 13, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/09/13/smith-family-seeks-to-take-channel-2-wbff-owners-move-could-shift-wmar/">"Smith family seeks to take Channel 2; WBFF owners' move could shift WMAR"</a>. Baltimore Sun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213185614/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-09-13/business/1991256061_1_wbff-smith-family-channel">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Smith+family+seeks+to+take+Channel+2%3B+WBFF+owners%27+move+could+shift+WMAR&rft.date=1991-09-13&rft.au=David+Zurawik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1991%2F09%2F13%2Fsmith-family-seeks-to-take-channel-2-wbff-owners-move-could-shift-wmar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Media Business; Group W's Negotiations". The New York Times. July 11, 1994. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Media+Business%3B+Group+W%27s+Negotiations&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1994-07-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1994" class="citation news cs1">Carter, Bill (July 15, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/15/business/the-media-business-cbs-to-add-three-affiliates-in-deal-with-westinghouse.html">"CBS to Add Three Affiliates in Deal With Westinghouse"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023121452/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/15/business/the-media-business-cbs-to-add-three-affiliates-in-deal-with-westinghouse.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CBS+to+Add+Three+Affiliates+in+Deal+With+Westinghouse&rft.date=1994-07-15&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F07%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-media-business-cbs-to-add-three-affiliates-in-deal-with-westinghouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1994/BC-1994-07-18.pdf">"CBS, Group W Form Historic Alliance"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_and_Cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting and Cable">Broadcasting and Cable</a>. July 18, 1994. p. 14. Retrieved July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+and+Cable&rft.atitle=CBS%2C+Group+W+Form+Historic+Alliance&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1994-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1994%2FBC-1994-07-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/kenmatz.html">"The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia – Ken Matz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423000255/http://www.broadcastpioneers.com/kenmatz.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Broadcast+Pioneers+of+Philadelphia+%E2%80%93+Ken+Matz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastpioneers.com%2Fkenmatz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Jicha1994" class="citation news cs1">Tom Jicha (November 22, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110703093638/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-11-22/news/9411210600_1_wcix-nbc-programs-stations">"CBS, NBC changing channels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sun-Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-Sentinel">South Florida Sun-Sentinel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Publishing" title="Tribune Publishing">Tribune Publishing</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1994-11-22/news/9411210600_1_wcix-nbc-programs-stations">the original</a> on July 3, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=CBS%2C+NBC+changing+channels.&rft.date=1994-11-22&rft.au=Tom+Jicha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.sun-sentinel.com%2F1994-11-22%2Fnews%2F9411210600_1_wcix-nbc-programs-stations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westinghouse-CBS-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Westinghouse-CBS_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallie_Hofmeister1995" class="citation news cs1">Sallie Hofmeister (August 2, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-08-02-mn-30646-story.html">"CBS Agrees to Buyout Bid by Westinghouse : Entertainment: $5.4-billion merger would create biggest TV, radio empire. But the deal faces obstacles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217204725/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-08-02/news/mn-30646_1_tv-station">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2014. Retrieved March 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=CBS+Agrees+to+Buyout+Bid+by+Westinghouse+%3A+Entertainment%3A+%245.4-billion+merger+would+create+biggest+TV%2C+radio+empire.+But+the+deal+faces+obstacles.&rft.date=1995-08-02&rft.au=Sallie+Hofmeister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1995-08-02-mn-30646-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1995" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Jane (August 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-compared-to-cbs-a/120486439/">"Compared to CBS, ABC Is the Happiest Place on Earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. pp. F, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-networks-tale-of/156928006/">F5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241012092827/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-compared-to-cbs-a/120486439/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Compared+to+CBS%2C+ABC+Is+the+Happiest+Place+on+Earth&rft.pages=F%2C+F5&rft.date=1995-08-10&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-los-angeles-times-compared-to-cbs-a%2F120486439%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-upi-cbswestinghousecomplete-158"><a href="#cite_ref-upi-cbswestinghousecomplete_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/11/22/CBS-deal-to-close-Friday/8559817016400/">"CBS deal to close Friday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. November 22, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212336/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/11/22/CBS-deal-to-close-Friday/8559817016400/">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=CBS+deal+to+close+Friday&rft.date=1995-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1995%2F11%2F22%2FCBS-deal-to-close-Friday%2F8559817016400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Rosenthal2005" class="citation news cs1">Phil Rosenthal (September 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/09/16/moonves-ready-to-play-hardball-in-viacom-split/">"Moonves ready to play hardball in Viacom split"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tribune_Publishing" title="Tribune Publishing">Tribune Publishing</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815051557/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2005-09-16/business/0509160202_1_leslie-moonves-cbs-and-upn-radio-division-infinity-broadcasting">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Moonves+ready+to+play+hardball+in+Viacom+split&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft.au=Phil+Rosenthal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2005%2F09%2F16%2Fmoonves-ready-to-play-hardball-in-viacom-split%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ktla.com/2019/08/13/cbs-viacom-to-reunite-as-media-giants-bulk-up-for-streaming/">"CBS, Viacom to Reunite as Media Giants Bulk Up for Streaming"</a>. KTLA. 2019-08-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218165956/https://ktla.com/2019/08/13/cbs-viacom-to-reunite-as-media-giants-bulk-up-for-streaming/">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KTLA&rft.atitle=CBS%2C+Viacom+to+Reunite+as+Media+Giants+Bulk+Up+for+Streaming&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fktla.com%2F2019%2F08%2F13%2Fcbs-viacom-to-reunite-as-media-giants-bulk-up-for-streaming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+CBS" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:">Flagship assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports" title="CBS Sports">CBS Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_HQ" title="CBS Sports HQ">CBS Sports HQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_Network" title="CBS Sports Network">CBS Sports Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> (12.5%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:"><a href="/wiki/BET_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="BET Networks">BET Media Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET" title="BET">BET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET_Her" title="BET Her">BET Her</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Jams" class="mw-redirect" title="BET Jams">BET Jams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Soul" title="BET Soul">BET Soul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET%2B" title="BET+">BET+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:"><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_and_Stations" title="CBS News and Stations">CBS News and Stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_Radio" title="CBS News Radio">CBS News Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">O&O</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCBS-TV" title="KCBS-TV">KCBS-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC-TV" title="KCNC-TV">KCNC-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDKA-TV" title="KDKA-TV">KDKA-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOVR" title="KOVR">KOVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPIX-TV" title="KPIX-TV">KPIX-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTVT" title="KTVT">KTVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KYW-TV" title="KYW-TV">KYW-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBBM-TV" title="WBBM-TV">WBBM-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBZ-TV" title="WBZ-TV">WBZ-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCBS-TV" title="WCBS-TV">WCBS-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WCCO-TV" title="WCCO-TV">WCCO-TV/KCCW-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WFOR-TV" title="WFOR-TV">WFOR-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJZ-TV" title="WJZ-TV">WJZ-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWJ-TV" title="WWJ-TV">WWJ-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_station_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent station (North America)">Ind.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCAL-TV" title="KCAL-TV">KCAL-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KMAX-TV" title="KMAX-TV">KMAX-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPYX" title="KPYX">KPYX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSTW" title="KSTW">KSTW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTXA" title="KTXA">KTXA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBFS-TV" title="WBFS-TV">WBFS-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WKBD-TV" title="WKBD-TV">WKBD-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLNY-TV" title="WLNY-TV">WLNY-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPKD-TV" title="WPKD-TV">WPKD-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WPSG" title="WPSG">WPSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSBK-TV" title="WSBK-TV">WSBK-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTOG" title="WTOG">WTOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WUPA" title="WUPA">WUPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_TV" title="Start TV">Start TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WBXI-CD" title="WBXI-CD">WBXI-CD</a></li></ul></li> <li>Network <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fave_TV" title="Fave TV">Fave TV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:">Production & distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Studios" title="CBS Studios">CBS Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ticket_Entertainment" title="Big Ticket Entertainment">Big Ticket Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions" title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">CBS Eye Animation Productions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Eye_Animation_Productions#Late_Night_Cartoons,_Inc." title="CBS Eye Animation Productions">Late Night Cartoons, Inc.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Media_Ventures" title="CBS Media Ventures">CBS Media Ventures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabl" title="Dabl">Dabl</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; background:">Digital media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_MoneyWatch" title="CBS MoneyWatch">CBS MoneyWatch</a></li> <li>CBS Sports Digital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBSSports.com" title="CBSSports.com">CBSSports.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/247Sports" title="247Sports">247Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxPreps" title="MaxPreps">MaxPreps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Watch" title="CBS Watch">CBS Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last.fm" title="Last.fm">Last.fm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Streaming" title="Paramount Streaming">Streaming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount%2B_original_programming" title="List of Paramount+ original programming">original programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount%2B_original_films" title="List of Paramount+ original films">original films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)#Streaming_service" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_TV" title="Pluto TV">Pluto TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noggin_(brand)#Mobile_apps" title="Noggin (brand)">Noggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_24/7" title="CBS News 24/7">CBS News 24/7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_HQ" title="CBS Sports HQ">CBS Sports HQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks" title="Paramount Media Networks">U.S. media networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks#MTV_Entertainment_Group" title="Paramount Media Networks">MTV Entertainment Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMT_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="CMT Music">CMT Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_TV" title="Logo TV">Logo TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTVU" title="MTVU">MTVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(American_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (American TV channel)">MTV Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(TV_network)" title="MTV Live (TV network)">MTV Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Entertainment_Studios" title="MTV Entertainment Studios">MTV Entertainment Studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Animation" title="MTV Animation">MTV Animation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network" title="Paramount Network">Paramount Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_(American_TV_channel)" title="Pop (American TV channel)">Pop TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_Networks" title="Showtime Networks">Showtime Networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Movie_Channel" title="The Movie Channel">The Movie Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flix_(TV_network)" title="Flix (TV network)">Flix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Land" title="TV Land">TV Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Group" title="Nickelodeon Group">Nickelodeon Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_at_Nite" title="Nick at Nite">Nick at Nite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr." title="Nick Jr.">Nick Jr. (block)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel" title="Nick Jr. Channel">Nick Jr. Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">NickMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeenNick" title="TeenNick">TeenNick</a></li> <li>Production <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awesomeness_(company)" title="Awesomeness (company)">Awesomeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Animation_Studio" title="Nickelodeon Animation Studio">Nickelodeon Animation Studio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Digital" title="Nickelodeon Digital">Nick Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar_Studios" title="Avatar Studios">Avatar Studios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paws,_Inc." title="Paws, Inc.">Paws, Inc.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Animation" title="Paramount Animation">Paramount Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Players" title="Paramount Players">Paramount Players</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Movies" title="Nickelodeon Movies">Nickelodeon Movies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Home_Entertainment" title="Paramount Home Entertainment">Paramount Home Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Music" title="Paramount Music">Paramount Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_International_Pictures" title="United International Pictures">United International Pictures</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a> (49%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures#As_a_Paramount_Global_subsidiary" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks" title="Paramount International Networks">International networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Template:Paramount Networks Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Template talk:Paramount Networks Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount Networks Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Networks_Americas121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_Americas" title="Paramount Networks Americas">Paramount Networks Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Latin American TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Latin American TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(European_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (European TV channel)">Club MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_00s" title="MTV 00s">MTV 00s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s" title="MTV 80s">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (European TV channel)">MTV Hits Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(international_TV_channel)" title="MTV Live (international TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Latin American TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Latin American TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">NickMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeenNick" title="TeenNick">TeenNick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network" title="Paramount Network">Paramount Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Internacional" title="Telefe Internacional">Telefe Internacional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Latin American TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Brazilian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Brazilian TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_00s" title="MTV 00s">MTV 00s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Live (European TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Brazilian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Brazilian TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Latin American TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic">NickMusic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(international)" title="Paramount Network (international)">Paramount Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Internacional" title="Telefe Internacional">Telefe Internacional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telefe" title="Telefe">Telefe</a> <ul><li>Córdoba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Rosario" title="Telefe Rosario">Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefe_Santa_Fe" title="Telefe Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_dos_Fundos" title="Porta dos Fundos">Porta dos Fundos</a> (51% JV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIS_Productions" title="TIS Productions">TIS Productions</a> (majority stake)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brasil" title="MTV Brasil">MTV Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_MegaHits" title="VH1 MegaHits">MTV Hits Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (Latin American TV channel)">MTV Hits Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Jams" class="mw-redirect" title="BET Jams">MTV Jams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WJPX" title="WJPX">MTV Puerto Rico</a> (licensed)</li> <li>Nick 2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)#International_versions" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel" title="Smithsonian Channel">Smithsonian Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Brazilian_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Brazilian TV channel)">VH1 Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic (European TV channel)">VH1 Classic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic">VH1 Classic United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 (European TV channel)">VH1 Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 HD">VH1 HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Latin_American_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Latin American TV channel)">VH1 Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_MegaHits" title="VH1 MegaHits">VH1 MegaHits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_Soul" title="BET Soul">VH1 Soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks" title="Paramount Media Networks">Paramount Media Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks" title="Paramount International Networks">Paramount International Networks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Template:Paramount Networks EMEAA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Template talk:Paramount Networks EMEAA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount Networks EMEAA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Networks_EMEAA182" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_EMEAA" title="Paramount Networks EMEAA">Paramount Networks EMEAA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MTV_Global" title="MTV Global">MTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Africa" title="MTV Africa">MTV Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Base_(African_TV_channel)" title="MTV Base (African TV channel)">MTV Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV (French TV channel)">France and Francophone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (French TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Global" title="MTV Global">Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(European_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (European TV channel)">Club MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_00s" title="MTV 00s">MTV 00s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s" title="MTV 80s">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s" title="MTV 90s">MTV 90s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (European TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(International_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Live (International TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Indian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Indian TV channel)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Israeli TV channel)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Italian TV channel)">MTV Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Japan" title="MTV Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Portuguese_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Portuguese TV channel)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Spanish TV channel)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Mandarin" title="MTV Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 80s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 90s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 90s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon" title="Nickelodeon">Nickelodeon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Sub-Saharan_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Sub-Saharan African TV channel)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Asian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Asian TV channel)">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Malaysian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Malaysian TV channel)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Philippine_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Philippine TV channel)">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Global" title="Nickelodeon Global">Central/Eastern Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Ukrainian_TV_programming_block)" title="Nickelodeon (Ukrainian TV programming block)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Croatian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Croatian TV channel)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Serbian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Serbian TV channel)">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Slovenian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Slovenian TV channel)">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Danish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Danish TV channel)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(European_TV_network)" title="Nickelodeon (European TV network)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Flemish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Flemish TV channel)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(French_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (French TV channel)">France and French-speaking Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Junior" title="Nickelodeon Junior">Nickelodeon Junior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Teen" title="Nickelodeon Teen">Nickelodeon Teen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(German_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (German TV channel)">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(German_TV_channel)#Austrian_channel" title="Nickelodeon (German TV channel)">Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Schweiz" title="Nickelodeon Schweiz">German-speaking Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Greek_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Greek TV channel)">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Plus" title="Nickelodeon Plus">Nickelodeon Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Spanish_and_Portuguese_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Spanish and Portuguese TV channel)">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Israel)" title="Nickelodeon (Israel)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic_(Dutch_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic (Dutch TV channel)">NickMusic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Scandinavian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Scandinavian TV channel)">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Swedish TV channel)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Turkish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Turkish TV channel)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Walloon_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Walloon TV channel)">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Pakistani_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Pakistani TV channel)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeenNick#International_versions" title="TeenNick">TeenNick</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel" title="Nick Jr. Channel">Nick Jr.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Sub-Saharan_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (Sub-Saharan African TV channel)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Russian TV channel)">CIS, Ukraine and Georgia (previously Russia and Belarus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(German_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (German TV channel)">Germany, Austria and Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Greek_TV_programming_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (Greek TV programming block)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Israeli_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Israeli TV channel)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Portuguese_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Portuguese TV channel)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Scandinavian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Scandinavian TV channel)">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Southeast_Asian_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Southeast Asian TV channel)">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Turkish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nick Jr. (Turkish TV channel)">Turkey</a></li> <li>Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (Middle Eastern and North African TV channel)">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(Sub-Saharan_African_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicktoons (Sub-Saharan African TV channel)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(European_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (European TV channel)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(German_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (German TV channel)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(American_TV_channel)#International_versions" title="Nicktoons (American TV channel)">Scandinavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Russian TV channel)">CIS and Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Belgian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Belgian TV channel)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(French_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (French TV channel)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(German_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (German TV channel)">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(German_TV_channel)#Austrian_subfeed" title="Comedy Central (German TV channel)">Austrian subfeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(German_TV_channel)#Swiss_subfeed" title="Comedy Central (German TV channel)">Swiss subfeed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Hungarian TV channel)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Comedy_Central" title="Hot Comedy Central">Hot Comedy Central (Israel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy Central (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polsat_Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Polsat Comedy Central Extra">Polsat Comedy Central Extra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Romanian_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Romanian TV channel)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Spanish TV channel)">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(international)" title="Paramount Network (international)">Paramount Network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(Czech_Republic)" title="Paramount Network (Czech Republic)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Paramount Network (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Network_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Paramount Network (Spanish TV channel)">Spain</a></li> <li>Paramount Channel (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BET</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BET_(French_TV_channel)" title="BET (French TV channel)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_International" title="BET International">Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego_(TV_channel)" title="Ego (TV channel)">Ego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_One" title="Game One">Game One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-One" title="J-One">J-One</a></li> <li>JVs with <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks_International" title="AMC Networks International">AMC Networks International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_Cafe" title="Film Cafe">Film Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Reality" title="CBS Reality">CBS Reality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super!" title="Super!">Super!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5Spike" title="5Spike">5Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Action_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="CBS Action (Polish TV channel)">CBS Action Poland</a></li> <li>Comedy Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Family_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central Family (Dutch TV channel)">Family Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Swedish TV channel)">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindernet" title="Kindernet">Kindernet</a></li> <li>MTV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Adria)" title="MTV (Adria)">Adria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Africa" title="MTV Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Austrian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Austrian TV channel)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Belgian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Belgian TV channel)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Czech_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Czech TV channel)">Czech Republic and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Mandarin" title="MTV Mandarin">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Danish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Danish TV channel)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Estonian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Estonian TV channel)">Eesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Finnish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Finnish TV channel)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Greek_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Greek TV channel)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Hungarian TV channel)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Indonesian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Indonesian TV channel)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Lithuanian_%26_Latvian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Lithuanian & Latvian TV channel)">Lithuania and Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Middle_Eastern_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Middle Eastern TV channel)">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV (New Zealand TV channel)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Nordic_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Nordic TV channel)">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Norwegian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Norwegian TV channel)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Pakistani_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Pakistani TV channel)">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Philippine_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Philippine TV channel)">Original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Pinoy" title="MTV Pinoy">MTV Pinoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTVph" title="MTVph">MTVph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Romanian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Romanian TV channel)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Russian TV channel)">Russia, CIS and Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Asian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Asian TV channel)">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Swedish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Swedish TV channel)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Swiss_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Swiss TV channel)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Thailand" title="MTV Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Turkish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Turkish TV channel)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Ukrainian_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Ukrainian TV channel)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Base_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV Base (French TV channel)">MTV Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brand_New" title="MTV Brand New">MTV Brand New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brand_New_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Brand New (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Brand_New_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="MTV Brand New (Dutch TV channel)">Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li>MTV Classic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (Australian TV channel)">Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Classic (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Club MTV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (Australian TV channel)">Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li>MTV Hits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (European TV channel)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Idol" title="MTV Idol">MTV Idol</a></li> <li>MTV Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Greek_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Greek TV channel)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_24" title="MTV Music 24">MTV Music 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Plus" title="MTV Plus">MTV Plus</a></li> <li>MTV Pulse <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Pulse_(French_TV_channel)" title="MTV Pulse (French TV channel)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Pulse_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="MTV Pulse (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Rocks_(European_TV_channel)" title="MTV Rocks (European TV channel)">MTV Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2_Pop" title="MTV2 Pop">MTV2 Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Russian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Russian TV channel)">Nickelodeon Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOOB" title="QOOB">QOOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Dutch TV channel)">The Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Flanders" title="TMF Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Nederland" title="TMF Nederland">Nederland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Dance" title="TMF Dance">TMF Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_NL" title="TMF NL">TMF NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_Pure" title="TMF Pure">TMF Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Danish_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Danish TV channel)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 (European TV channel)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH-1_(German_TV_channel)" title="VH-1 (German TV channel)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Polish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 (Polish TV channel)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(Italian_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (Italian TV channel)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic (European TV channel)">VH1 Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks#Former_networks" title="Paramount International Networks">VIVA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Austria" title="VIVA Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_(German_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA (German TV channel)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" title="VIVA (Hungarian TV channel)">Hungary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Media_Networks" title="Paramount Media Networks">Paramount Media Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_International_Networks" title="Paramount International Networks">Paramount International Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow S.p.A.">Rainbow S.p.A.</a> (30%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount_channels" title="List of Paramount channels">List of Paramount channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Template:Paramount Networks UK & Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Template talk:Paramount Networks UK & Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount Networks UK & Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Networks_UK_&amp;_Australia397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom & Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Comedy Central Extra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_(television_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend (television channel)">Legend</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legend_(television_channel)#Legend_Xtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend (television channel)">Legend Xtra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 80s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 80s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 90s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 90s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)#Nick_Jr._Too/Nick_Jr._2" title="Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr. Too</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Crime_(AMC_Networks)" title="True Crime (AMC Networks)">True Crime</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_Crime_Xtra" title="True Crime Xtra">True Crime Xtra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UK-only7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK-only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5Action" title="5Action">5Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Select" title="5Select">5Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Star" title="5Star">5Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5USA" title="5USA">5USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshake!" title="Milkshake!">Milkshake!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My5" title="My5">My5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Live_(International_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Live (International TV channel)">MTV Live</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Network_Holdings" title="Ten Network Holdings">Ten Network Holdings</a> (Australia & New Zealand)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_(TV_station)" title="ADS (TV station)">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVQ" title="TVQ">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATV_(Australian_TV_station)" title="ATV (Australian TV station)">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEN_(TV_station)" title="TEN (TV station)">Sydney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multichannels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_10#10_HD" title="Network 10">10 HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Bold_Drama" title="10 Bold Drama">10 Bold Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Peach_Comedy" title="10 Peach Comedy">10 Peach Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (Australian TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You.tv" title="You.tv">you.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gecko_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecko (TV channel)">gecko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="CMT (Australian TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">MTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (Australian TV channel)">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (Australian TV channel)">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Hits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickelodeon (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NickMusic_(Australia_and_New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="NickMusic (Australia and New Zealand)">NickMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OzTAM" title="OzTAM">OzTAM</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canwest" title="Canwest">Canwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Network_10" title="List of programs broadcast by Network 10">Network 10 programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5Spike" title="5Spike">5Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_daily" title="10 daily">10 daily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BET_International" title="BET International">BET International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Justice" title="CBS Justice">CBS Justice</a>1</li> <li>MTV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Base" title="MTV Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Classic_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTV Classic (British and Irish TV channel)">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Club MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Extra" title="MTV Extra">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Flux" title="MTV Flux">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (British and Irish TV channel)">Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(Australian_and_New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (Australian and New Zealand TV channel)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_OMG" title="MTV OMG">OMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Rocks_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Rocks (British and Irish TV channel)">Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Shows" title="MTV Shows">Shows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicktoonsters" title="Nicktoonsters">Nicktoonsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Smithsonian Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Smithsonian Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Spike (Australian TV channel)">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_TV" title="Spree TV">Spree TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Guide" title="Ten Guide">Ten Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMF_(UK_%26_Ireland)" title="TMF (UK & Ireland)">TMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="VH1 (British and Irish TV channel)">VH1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Classic_(European_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="VH1 Classic (European TV channel)">Classic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH2" title="VH2">VH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Viva (British and Irish TV channel)">Viva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>175% with <a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a></li> <li>2with <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks_International_UK" title="AMC Networks International UK">AMC Networks International UK</a></li> <li>333% with <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Paramount_Global" title="List of assets owned by Paramount Global">Miscellaneous holdings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Broadcast_Center" title="CBS Broadcast Center">CBS Broadcast Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sullivan_Theater" title="Ed Sullivan Theater">Ed Sullivan Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Consumer_Products" title="Paramount Consumer Products">Paramount Consumer Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global_Content_Distribution" title="Paramount Global Content Distribution">Paramount Global Content Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_(company)" title="Philo (company)">Philo</a> (unknown stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_dos_Fundos" title="Porta dos Fundos">Porta dos Fundos</a> (51%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhoSay" title="WhoSay">WhoSay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct/former holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AXS_TV" title="AXS TV">AXS TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellator_MMA" title="Bellator MMA">Bellator MMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(retailer)" title="Blockbuster (retailer)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNET" title="BNET">BNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Cable" title="CBS Cable">CBS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_People" title="Discovery People">CBS Eye on People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Films" title="CBS Films">CBS Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Home_Entertainment" title="CBS Home Entertainment">CBS Home Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Innertube" title="CBS Innertube">CBS Innertube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Productions" title="CBS Productions">CBS Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Records_(2006)" title="CBS Records (2006)">CBS Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Telenoticias" title="CBS Telenoticias">CBS Telenoticias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chowhound" title="Chowhound">Chowhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNET_Video" title="CNET Video">CNET Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Download.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Download.com">Download.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UrbanBaby" title="UrbanBaby">UrbanBaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZDNET" title="ZDNET">ZDNET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SmartPlanet" title="SmartPlanet">SmartPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechRepublic" title="TechRepublic">TechRepublic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Films" title="Comedy Central Films">Comedy Central Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ComicBook.com" title="ComicBook.com">ComicBook.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM%2B" title="MGM+">Epix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famous_Music" title="Famous Music">Famous Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FindArticles" title="FindArticles">FindArticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_FM" title="Free FM">Free FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GameFAQs" title="GameFAQs">GameFAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameRankings" title="GameRankings">GameRankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Bomb" title="Giant Bomb">Giant Bomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GameTrailers" title="GameTrailers">GameTrailers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonix" title="Harmonix">Harmonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDNet_Movies" title="HDNet Movies">HDNet Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFilm" title="IFilm">IFilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Infinity Broadcasting Corporation">Infinity Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurge_Pictures" title="Insurge Pictures">Insurge Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_World" title="King World">King World Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroLyrics" title="MetroLyrics">MetroLyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieTickets.com" title="MovieTickets.com">MovieTickets.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopets" title="Neopets">Neopets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Carroll_Theatre_(Los_Angeles)" title="Earl Carroll Theatre (Los Angeles)">Nickelodeon on Sunset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_Records" title="Nickelodeon Records">Nick Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnGamers" title="OnGamers">onGamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Digital_Entertainment" title="Paramount Digital Entertainment">Paramount Digital Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Famous_Productions" title="Paramount Famous Productions">Paramount Famous Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Parks" title="Paramount Parks">Paramount Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Stations_Group" title="Paramount Stations Group">Paramount Stations Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Television_Studios" title="Paramount Television Studios">Paramount Television Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Vantage" title="Paramount Vantage">Paramount Vantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_S.p.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow S.p.A.">Rainbow S.p.A.</a> (30%) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardel_Entertainment" title="Bardel Entertainment">Bardel Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Film">Colorado Film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout.com" title="Scout.com">Scout.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shockwave_(game_portal)" title="Shockwave (game portal)">Shockwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_Television" title="Spelling Television">Spelling Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV.com" title="TV.com">TV.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clicker.com" title="Clicker.com">Clicker.com</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting-Paramount_Theatres" title="American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres">United Paramount Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VersionTracker" title="VersionTracker">VersionTracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1_Uno" title="VH1 Uno">VH1 Uno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom18" title="Viacom18">Viacom18</a> (13%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_Entertainment_Store" title="Viacom Entertainment Store">Viacom Entertainment Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VidCon" title="VidCon">VidCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting" title="Westinghouse Broadcasting">Westinghouse Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Licensing_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Licensing Corporation">Westinghouse Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldvision_Enterprises" title="Worldvision Enterprises">Worldvision Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIC_Video" title="CIC Video">CIC Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Western_Industries" title="Gulf and Western Industries">Gulf and Western Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Amusements" title="National Amusements">National Amusements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932005)" title="Viacom (1952–2005)">Viacom (1952–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom (2005–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of CBS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS,_Inc._v._FCC" title="CBS, Inc. v. FCC">CBS, Inc. v. FCC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_CBS_Corporation_and_Viacom" title="Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom">Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_merger_of_CBS_and_Viacom" title="2019 merger of CBS and Viacom">2019 merger of CBS and Viacom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_merger_of_Skydance_Media_and_Paramount_Global" title="Proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global">Proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Paramount_Global" title="Criticism of Paramount Global">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_News_controversies_and_criticism" title="CBS News controversies and criticism">News</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paramount_Global_television_programs" title="List of Paramount Global television programs">Television programs</a></li> <li>Buildings and facilities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBS_Building" title="CBS Building">CBS Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Astor_Plaza" title="One Astor Plaza">One Astor Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radford_Studio_Center" title="Radford Studio Center">Radford Studio Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&oldid=1274680761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_CBS&oldid=1274680761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CBS" title="Category:CBS">CBS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950s_in_American_television" title="Category:1950s in American television">1950s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1960s_in_American_television" title="Category:1960s in American television">1960s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_American_television" title="Category:1970s in American television">1970s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980s_in_American_television" title="Category:1980s in American television">1980s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_in_American_television" title="Category:1990s in American television">1990s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_in_American_television" title="Category:2000s in American television">2000s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_American_television" title="Category:2010s in American television">2010s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020s_in_American_television" title="Category:2020s in American television">2020s in American television</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_television_in_the_United_States" title="Category:History of television in the United States">History of television in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_television_channels" title="Category:History of television channels">History of television channels</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2008" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 17:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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