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<link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (eu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupula"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Jarioa" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:AzkenAldaketak&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kupula rootpage-Kupula skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Kupula" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Kupula" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Kupula" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Kupula" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hitza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hitza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hitza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hitza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ezaugarriak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osagaiak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osagaiak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Osagaiak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osagaiak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eraikuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eraikuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eraikuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eraikuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hastapenak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hastapenak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hastapenak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hastapenak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erromatar_Inperioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erromatar_Inperioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Erromatar Inperioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erromatar_Inperioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bizantziar_Inperioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bizantziar_Inperioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bizantziar Inperioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bizantziar_Inperioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mundu_islamikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mundu_islamikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mundu islamikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mundu_islamikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kupula_ortodoxoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kupula_ortodoxoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Kupula ortodoxoak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kupula_ortodoxoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erdi_Aroa_eta_Pizkundea_Europa_mendebaldean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erdi_Aroa_eta_Pizkundea_Europa_mendebaldean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Erdi Aroa eta Pizkundea Europa mendebaldean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erdi_Aroa_eta_Pizkundea_Europa_mendebaldean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barrokoa_eta_neoklasizismoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrokoa_eta_neoklasizismoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Barrokoa eta neoklasizismoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrokoa_eta_neoklasizismoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XX._mendea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XX._mendea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>XX. mendea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XX._mendea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Motak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diametro_handienak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diametro_handienak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diametro handienak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diametro_handienak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kupula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 103 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koepel" title="Koepel – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koepel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppel" title="Kuppel – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kuppel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupula" title="Cupula – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cupula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C" title="गुम्बज – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुम्बज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="قبة – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula" title="Cúpula – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cúpula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnb%C9%99z" title="Günbəz – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Günbəz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="گونبز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گونبز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D2%99" title="Көмбәҙ – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көмбәҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Купал – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Купал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Купал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Купал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Купол – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Купол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="গম্বুজ – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গম্বুজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupola" title="Kupola – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kupola" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula" title="Cúpula – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cúpula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Нартол – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нартол" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B2" title="گومبەز – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گومبەز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupole" title="Kupole – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kupole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%83%D1%80" title="Мăкăр – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мăкăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromen" title="Cromen – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cromen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppel" title="Kuppel – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuppel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppel" title="Kuppel – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuppel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τρούλος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρούλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome" title="Dome – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Dome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupolo" title="Kupolo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kupolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula" title="Cúpula – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cúpula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppel" title="Kuppel – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuppel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="گنبد – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنبد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupoli" title="Kupoli – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kupoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B4me_(architecture)" title="Dôme (architecture) – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dôme (architecture)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koepel_(boukunde)" title="Koepel (boukunde) – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koepel (boukunde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruinneach%C3%A1n" title="Cruinneachán – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruinneachán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E9%A0%82" title="圓頂 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="圓頂" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula" title="Cúpula – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cúpula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="כיפה (מבנה) – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיפה (מבנה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="गुम्बज़ – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुम्बज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome" title="Dome – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dome" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupola" title="Kupola – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kupola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupola" title="Kupola – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kupola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9" title="Գմբեթ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գմբեթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A7%D5%A9" title="Գմբէթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գմբէթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cupola" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubah" title="Kubah – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kubah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupolo" title="Kupolo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kupolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvolf%C3%BEak" title="Hvolfþak – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hvolfþak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cupola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="ドーム – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="გუმბათი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუმბათი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C9%96e" title="Kiɖe – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kiɖe" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Күмбез – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күмбез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%9F" title="ಗುಮ್ಮಟ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಮ್ಮಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%94_(%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95)" title="돔 (건축) – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="돔 (건축)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Krom" title="To Krom – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="To Krom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%B7" title="Күмбөз – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күмбөз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholus" title="Tholus – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tholus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma" title="Doma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Doma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupolas" title="Kupolas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kupolas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupols" title="Kupols – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kupols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobah" title="Gobah – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gobah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Купола – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Купола" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="അർധകുംഭകം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർധകുംഭകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9F" title="घुमट – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="घुमट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubah" title="Kubah – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kubah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppel" title="Kuppel – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kuppel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE" title="डोम – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डोम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koepel_(bouwkunst)" title="Koepel (bouwkunst) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koepel (bouwkunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppel" title="Kuppel – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kuppel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppel" title="Kuppel – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kuppel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%B2la" title="Copòla – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Copòla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6" title="ਗੁੰਬਦ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁੰਬਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopu%C5%82a_(architektura)" title="Kopuła (architektura) – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kopuła (architektura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="گنبد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گنبد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BApula" title="Cúpula – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cúpula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom" title="Dom – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Купол – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Купол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Сабарай – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сабарай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupola" title="Kupola – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kupola" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome" title="Dome – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupola" title="Kupola – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kupola" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupola" title="Kupola – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kupola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupola" title="Kupola – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kupola" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Купола – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Купола" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupol" title="Kupol – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kupol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuba_(jengo)" title="Kuba (jengo) – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuba (jengo)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குவிமாடம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குவிமாடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%82" title="గుమ్మటం – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుమ్మటం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Гунбад – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гунбад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1" title="โดม – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โดม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungaw" title="Lungaw – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lungaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubbe" title="Kubbe – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kubbe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6mb%C3%A4z" title="Gömbäz – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Gömbäz" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бопурук – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бопурук" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Купол – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Купол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="گنبد – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنبد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbaz" title="Gumbaz – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gumbaz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_v%C3%B2m" title="Kiến trúc vòm – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc vòm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbory%C3%B3" title="Simboryó – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Simboryó" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E9%A1%B6" title="圆顶 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圆顶" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Шала – kalmykera" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шала" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmykera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C" title="קופאל – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קופאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E9%A0%82" title="圓頂 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圓頂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8E%E2%81%BF-t%C3%A9ng" title="Îⁿ-téng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Îⁿ-téng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E9%A0%82" title="圓頂 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圓頂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12493#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kupula"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Kupula" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Kupula" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&oldid=9911105" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Kupula&id=9911105&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKupula"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKupula"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kupula"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kupula&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Dome" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12493" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1-Wikipedia10000" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_guztiek_izan_beharreko_artikuluen_zerrenda/3._maila" title="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau Wikipedia guztiek izan beharreko artikuluen zerrendaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/20px-Wikipedia-1000.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/30px-Wikipedia-1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikipedia-1000.png/40px-Wikipedia-1000.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Santa_Maria_del_Fiore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore.jpg/250px-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore.jpg/375px-Santa_Maria_del_Fiore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> elizaren kupula, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> arkitektoarena, <a href="/wiki/Florentzia" title="Florentzia">Florentzian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Santuario_De_Loyola,_Basque_Country,_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Santuario_De_Loyola%2C_Basque_Country%2C_Spain.jpg/250px-Santuario_De_Loyola%2C_Basque_Country%2C_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Santuario_De_Loyola%2C_Basque_Country%2C_Spain.jpg/375px-Santuario_De_Loyola%2C_Basque_Country%2C_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Santuario_De_Loyola%2C_Basque_Country%2C_Spain.jpg/500px-Santuario_De_Loyola%2C_Basque_Country%2C_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loiolako_Santutegia" title="Loiolako Santutegia">Loiolako santutegiko</a> basilikaren kupula, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Fontana" title="Carlo Fontana">Carlo Fontana</a> arkitektoarena, <a href="/wiki/Azpeitia" title="Azpeitia">Azpeitian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kupula</b> gehienetan <a href="/wiki/Esfera" title="Esfera">esfera</a> erdiko itxura duen <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(arkitektura)" title="Ganga (arkitektura)">ganga</a> da<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gutxi batzuetan <b>gopoil</b><sup id="cite_ref-gopoil_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gopoil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ere esaten zaio. Itxura <a href="/wiki/Elipse" title="Elipse">eliptikoa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Poligono" title="Poligono">poligonala</a> ere izan dezake, eta gehienetan lau <a href="/wiki/Petxina" title="Petxina">petxina</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Danbor_(arkitektura)" title="Danbor (arkitektura)">danbor</a> baten gainean eusten da. Goialdean, ohiko itxuraz gain, <a href="/wiki/Lanterna" title="Lanterna">lanterna</a> bat edo <a href="/wiki/Okulu" title="Okulu">okulu</a> bat ere izan dezake. </p><p>Kupulek arkitektura historia handia dute, <a href="/wiki/Historiaurre" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiaurre">historiaurretik</a> luzatzen dena, eta <a href="/wiki/Lur" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lur">lurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elur" title="Elur">elurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harri" title="Harri">harria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zur" title="Zur">zura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adreilu" title="Adreilu">adreilua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormigoi" title="Hormigoi">hormigoia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beira" title="Beira">beira</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Plastiko" title="Plastiko">plastikoa</a> oinarri hartuta eraiki dira mendeetan zehar. Kupulekin lotutako sinbolismoak barnean hartzen ditu tradizio zerutiarrak, hiletakoak eta gobernukoak, denborarekin garatuz joan direnak horiekin batera. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Antzinako Mesopotamian</a> aurkitu dira kupulak, eta horrek azal dezake formaren hedapen zabal eta goiztiarra. Antzinako munduko persiar, <a href="/wiki/Garai_helenistikoa" title="Garai helenistikoa">helenistiko</a>, erromatar eta txinatar arkitekturan aurkitzen dira <a href="/wiki/Antzinaroa" title="Antzinaroa">Antzinaroan</a>, baita herri indigenen eraikuntza tradizional garaikide batzuetan ere. Kupuladun egiturak ohikoak ziren <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_arkitektura" title="Bizantziar arkitektura">bizantziar</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Islamdar_arkitektura" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamdar arkitektura">islamdar</a> arkitekturan, eta <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Europa" title="Mendebaldeko Europa">Mendebaldeko Europako</a> adibide ugari daude Erdi Aroan. <a href="/wiki/Pizkundetar_arkitektura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizkundetar arkitektura">Pizkundetar arkitekturan</a> ere erruz erabilia, estiloarekin batera hedatu zen <a href="/wiki/Aro_Modernoa" title="Aro Modernoa">Aro Modernoan</a> Europa osora eta gero Mundura. Matematikan, materialetan eta ekoizpen-tekniketan izandako aurrerapenek, kupula mota berriak sortu zituzten. Mundu Modernoko kupulak aurki daitezke eraikin erlijiosoetan, ganbera legegileetan, kirol estadioetan eta hainbat egitura funtzionaletan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hitza">Hitza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hitza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Hitza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kupula</i> hitza <a href="/wiki/Italiera" title="Italiera">italierazko</a> <i>cupola</i> hitzetik dator, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latinezko</a> <i>cupella</i> eta <a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grezierazko</a> κύπελλον, <i>kupellon</i> hitzetik, "<i><a href="/wiki/Katilu" title="Katilu">katilu</a> txikia</i>" esan nahi duena (<i>kupa</i> = <i><a href="/wiki/Kopa" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kopa">kopa</a></i> edo <i>katilua</i>). Hitza, beraz, estalki honen forma bereizgarriarekin lotzen da, azpikoz gora dagoen katilu batena. </p><p>Euskaraz, <i>gopoil</i> ere erabiltzen da Iparraldean, baina gutxi<sup id="cite_ref-gopoil_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gopoil-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, jatorri etimologiko bera duena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarriak">Ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ganga generikoarekin duen ezberdintasun konstruktiboa da kupulan <a href="/wiki/Bulkada" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulkada">bulkadak</a> berdinak direla bere abioaren <a href="/wiki/Perimetro" title="Perimetro">perimetro</a> osoan<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osagaiak">Osagaiak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Osagaiak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Osagaiak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kupula eusten duen oinarria, <a href="/wiki/Horma" title="Horma">horma</a> jarraituz edo <a href="/wiki/Arku_(arkitektura)" title="Arku (arkitektura)">arkuz</a> osatua izan daiteke. Oinarria <a href="/wiki/Zilindriko" class="mw-redirect" title="Zilindriko">zilindrikoa</a> denean, espazioaren estaldura kupula sinple baten bidez eraiki daiteke. Kupularen oinarriaren eta basamentuaren forma <a href="/wiki/Karratu" title="Karratu">karratu</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Poligonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poligonal">poligonalaren</a> arteko trantsizioa ebazteko, sarritan <a href="/wiki/Tronpa_(arkitektura)" title="Tronpa (arkitektura)">tronpak</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Petxina" title="Petxina">petxinak</a> bezalako trantsizio-elementuak erabili ohi dira. Kupularen eta trantsizio-elementuen artean, <a href="/wiki/Danbor_(arkitektura)" title="Danbor (arkitektura)">danbor</a> zilindriko edo <a href="/wiki/Zinborio" title="Zinborio">zinborio</a> bat jartzen da, normalean leihoekin zulatua, barruko espazioa argiztatzea ahalbidetzen duelarik. Argiztapena goiko <a href="/wiki/Lanterna" title="Lanterna">lanterna</a> baten bidez ere osa daiteke; linterna hori kanpotik ikus daiteke, multzoaren gailurreko elementu formal gisa. </p> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kupolvalv.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kupula horma zilindriko gainean"><img alt="Kupula horma zilindriko gainean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kupolvalv.svg/226px-Kupolvalv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kupolvalv.svg/340px-Kupolvalv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kupolvalv.svg/453px-Kupolvalv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kupula horma zilindriko gainean</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Penditifkuppel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kupula petxina gainean."><img alt="Kupula petxina gainean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Penditifkuppel.svg/206px-Penditifkuppel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="138" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Penditifkuppel.svg/308px-Penditifkuppel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Penditifkuppel.svg/411px-Penditifkuppel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kupula <a href="/wiki/Petxina" title="Petxina">petxina</a> gainean.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Penditifkuppel-mit.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kupula danbor eta petxina gainean."><img alt="Kupula danbor eta petxina gainean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Penditifkuppel-mit.svg/159px-Penditifkuppel-mit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Penditifkuppel-mit.svg/239px-Penditifkuppel-mit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Penditifkuppel-mit.svg/319px-Penditifkuppel-mit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kupula danbor eta petxina gainean.</div> </li> </ul></center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eraikuntza">Eraikuntza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eraikuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Eraikuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Benetako kupulak <a href="/wiki/Ziriharri" title="Ziriharri">ziriharri</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Dobela" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobela">dobela</a> izeneko piezez osatuta daude, goiko <a href="/wiki/Giltzarri" title="Giltzarri">giltzarri</a> batekin zeinak esfortzuak arku edo ganga batean bezala orekatzen dituena, baina hiru dimentsiotan. Kanpoko argiari bide ematen dion <a href="/wiki/Okulu" title="Okulu">okulu</a> zenitala ahalbidetzeko, edo helburu bera duen lanterna batentzako, giltzarriaren ordez <a href="/wiki/Konpresio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Konpresio">konpresio</a>-indarrak eusten dituen <a href="/wiki/Uztai" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Uztai">uztai</a> bat jar daiteke. Goiko uztai hau, sarri, dobeladun arku oso bat (boribil osoa) da, baina antzina <a href="/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze">brontzezkoa</a> zen, egonkortasuna eta iraunkortasuna ziurtatzeko (<a href="/wiki/Agriparen_Panteoia" title="Agriparen Panteoia">Agriparen Panteoian</a> esaterako). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kupula garrantzi handiko elementua izan da <a href="/wiki/Arkitektura" title="Arkitektura">arkitekturaren</a> historian. <a href="/wiki/Historiaurre" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiaurre">Historiaurretik</a>, hainbat materialez egindako <a href="/wiki/Arku_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Arku (argipena)">arkuak</a> eraiki izan dira <a href="/wiki/Ekialde_Hurbila" title="Ekialde Hurbila">Ekialde Hurbilean</a>, kupularen aurrekariak direnak. <a href="/wiki/64" title="64">64ko</a> Erromako Sute Handiaren ostean, etxeko arkitekturan kupulak eraikitzen hasi zen, <a href="/wiki/Neron" title="Neron">Neronen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i> jauregian. Hainbat monumentu eraikitzeko erabili izan da, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Agriparen_Panteoia" title="Agriparen Panteoia">Erromako Panteoian</a> (<a href="/wiki/I._mendea" title="I. mendea">I. mendekoa</a>). Erromaren eraginez, <a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia" title="Santa Sofia">Hagia Sofia</a> eliza, <a href="/wiki/VI._mendea" title="VI. mendea">VI. mendekoa</a>) eta Islamdar arkitekturan (<a href="/wiki/Arrokaren_Kupula" title="Arrokaren Kupula">Arrokaren Kupula</a>, <a href="/wiki/VII._mendea" title="VII. mendea">VII. mendea</a>) ere erruz erabili izan da. Panteoiko kupula antzeratuz, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Brunelleschik</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> katedralaren kupula eraiki zuen, <a href="/wiki/Florentzia" title="Florentzia">Florentzian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelok</a> ere <a href="/wiki/San_Petri_basilika" title="San Petri basilika">San Petri Vatikanokoaren</a> kupula eraiki zuen. Erromako eta Florentziako adibide hauek eragin handia izan zuten <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europako</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ipar_Amerika" title="Ipar Amerika">Ipar Amerikako</a> arkitekturan, <a href="/wiki/Pizkundetar_arkitektura" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizkundetar arkitektura">Pizkundetik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrokoa" title="Barrokoa">Barroko</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Neoklasizismo" title="Neoklasizismo">Neoklasizismoa</a> arte. Islamaren munduan, kupulen garai gorena <a href="/wiki/XVI._mendea" title="XVI. mendea">XVI.</a> eta <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII. mende</a> artean izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Otomandar_Inperioa" title="Otomandar Inperioa">otomandarrek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavidar_Inperioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavidar Inperioa">safavidarrek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mogol_Inperioa" title="Mogol Inperioa">mogolek</a> kupula goratuak erabili zituztenean eraikin erlijiosoei transzendentzia zerutiarra emateko asmoz. Garai honetako maisulanak dira, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Meskita_Urdina" title="Meskita Urdina">Sultan Ahmed meskita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xahren_meskita" class="mw-redirect" title="Xahren meskita">Xahren meskita</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_meskita" title="Badshahi meskita">Badshahi meskita</a>. Kupula ugarik, batez ere pizkundetar eta barrokoek, <i><a href="/wiki/Lanterna" title="Lanterna">lanterna</a></i> izeneko egituratxo bat daukate gailurrean, aireztapena ahalbidetu eta argia sartzen uzteko. Egituratxo hau bizantziar arkitekturan sortu zen, eta mendeetan zehar dekorazio elementu garrantzitsu bihurtu dira. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herrian</a> ezaguna da <a href="/wiki/Loiolako_Santutegia" title="Loiolako Santutegia">Loiolako santutegiko</a> basilikaren kupula, barroko erromatarreko estiloan, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Fontana" title="Carlo Fontana">Carlo Fontana</a> arkitekto italiarrak diseinatua eta, besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Inazio_Ibero" title="Inazio Ibero">Inazio Iberok</a> eraikia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hastapenak">Hastapenak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hastapenak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Hastapenak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zibilizazioaren hastapenetatik kupula izunak eraiki izan dira material ezberdinekin, horietako asko oraindik ere darabiltenak adibidez Asia erdialdeko <a href="/wiki/Yurta" title="Yurta">yurtak</a>, inuiten <a href="/wiki/Iglu" title="Iglu">igluak</a>, Italia hegoaldeko <i>trulli</i> eta Sardiniako <i>nuraghi</i> delakoak. Forma angeluzuzeneko gelen erabilera gero eta handiagoarekin, estalki mota hau, hil-arkitekturara mugatuta geratu zen, adibidez, <i><a href="/wiki/Tholos" title="Tholos">tholos</a></i> hilobietan. <i>Tholos</i> garrantzitsuenetako bat, <a href="/wiki/Atreoren_altxorra" title="Atreoren altxorra">Atreoren altxorra</a> da, <a href="/wiki/Mizenas" title="Mizenas">Mizenasen</a> (K.a. 1250 inguru). 145 metroko diametroa duen kupula fizun bat eratzen duen <a href="/wiki/Arkitrabe" title="Arkitrabe">arkitrabe</a>-harrizko eraikina da. Kupularen erabilera, hala ere, ez zen oso ohikoa izan <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia">Antzinako Grezian</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioa</a> arte ez ziren hasi kupulak eraikitzen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erromatar_Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erromatar Inperioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Erromatar Inperioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pantheon.drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pantheon.drawing.jpg/220px-Pantheon.drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pantheon.drawing.jpg/330px-Pantheon.drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pantheon.drawing.jpg/440px-Pantheon.drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agriparen_Panteoia" title="Agriparen Panteoia">Agriparen Panteoiaren</a> ebaketa (<a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroma</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Erromatar Inperioan askoz maizago erabili zen kupula. Multzo <a href="/wiki/Terma" title="Terma">termal</a> eta jauregi erromatar handienek kupulak izan zituzten estalki bezala. Erromako kupulen eraikuntzaren gailurra <a href="/wiki/Agriparen_Panteoia" title="Agriparen Panteoia">Agriparen Panteoia</a> izan zen, teknika tradizionalekin inoiz gainditu ez den <a href="/wiki/Argi_(ingeniaritza)" title="Argi (ingeniaritza)">argi libre</a> batekin, eta, hori lortzeko, <a href="/wiki/Altzairu" title="Altzairu">altzairua</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Hormigoi_armatu" title="Hormigoi armatu">hormigoi armatua</a> erabili behar izan zen egituran. </p><p>Panteoiaren kupula <a href="/wiki/Esferaerdi" title="Esferaerdi">esferaerdikoa</a> da, hormigoiz osatua, <a href="/wiki/Toba" title="Toba">toba</a> txintxorrekin eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eskoria_bolkaniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eskoria bolkaniko (sortu gabe)">eskoria bolkanikoarekin</a>. Kupularen kanpoaldea <i>opera latericia</i> <a href="/wiki/Apareilu" class="mw-redirect" title="Apareilu">apareiluarekin</a> gaineztatu zen. Adreilu bipedalak (60x60x7 cm inguru) ere erabili ziren geruza horizontaletan, eraztun gisa<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere garaian eraikitako kupularik handiena da, bere diametroa 43,44 m delarik, barnealdea argiz betetzen duen 8,9 metroko <a href="/wiki/Okulu" title="Okulu">okulu</a> zabal batez koroatua. Egitura-egonkortasuna hormigoia erabiliz lortu zen, <a href="/wiki/Adreilu" title="Adreilu">adreiluz</a> estalia, <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_arkitektura" title="Erromatar arkitektura">erromatar arkitekturaren</a> ezaugarria dena, eta bere pisua arintzeko zenbait teknika erabiliz, kupularen lodiera pixkanaka murriztuz edo <a href="/wiki/Trabertino" title="Trabertino">trabertinoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Pumita" title="Pumita">pumitaz</a> (apar harriz) ordezkatuz goialdean. </p><p>Eraikinaren barnean <a href="/wiki/Esfera" title="Esfera">esfera</a> perfektu bat inskriba daiteke, zerua irudikatzen duena. Gainera, balio sinboliko batzuekin batera, batez ere ikuspuntu gnomiko, geometriko eta mekanikoak, ondorengo arkitekto belaunaldiei eredu bezala balio izan dietenak. Erromatar kupula eta bere deribatu <a href="/wiki/Arkitektura_paleokristau" title="Arkitektura paleokristau">paleokristaua</a>, ia beti zilindro-formako edo oinarri karratuko, <a href="/wiki/Oktogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oktogonal">oktogonal</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Dodekagonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodekagonal">dodekagonaleko</a> prismadun <a href="/wiki/Zinborio" title="Zinborio">zinborio</a> baten gainean eraiki ziren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bizantziar_Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bizantziar Inperioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bizantziar Inperioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg/220px-Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg/330px-Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg/440px-Hagia-Sophia-Laengsschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia" title="Santa Sofia">Santa Sofiaren</a> kupula (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbulen</a>), 532 eta 537 artean eraikia.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bizantziar_Inperioa" title="Bizantziar Inperioa">Bizantziar Inperioan</a>, erromatarren gaitasun teknologikoaren oinordekoa zena, kupulen eraikuntza teknikak, kubo baten gainean egitura inposatzea lortu arte eboluzionatu zuen, trantsizioko elementu arkitektonikoak erabiliz, <a href="/wiki/Petxina" title="Petxina">petxina</a> kasu, <a href="/wiki/Tronpa_(arkitektura)" title="Tronpa (arkitektura)">tronpan</a> eratorriko zena, <a href="/wiki/Arkitektura_erromaniko" title="Arkitektura erromaniko">arkitektura erromanikoan</a> ohikoa den ganga koniko bat. </p><p>Garaiko adibide nagusia <i>Άγια Σοφία</i> da, Konstantinoplako <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia" title="Santa Sofia">Santa Sofia</a> eliza, gaur egun Istanbulen dagoena, <a href="/wiki/VI._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="VI. mende">VI. mendean</a> eraikia <a href="/wiki/Justiniano_I.a" title="Justiniano I.a">Justiniano I.a</a> enperadorearen erregealdian. Eliza, 77x71 metroko espazio angeluzuzen bat da. Erdiko kupulak 31,87 metroko diametroa eta 56,60 metroko garaiera ditu. Ez du zinboriorik, eta leihoen bidez banatutako lau petxina eta berrogei <a href="/wiki/Hormabular" title="Hormabular">hormabular</a> perimetraletan bermatzen da. <a href="/wiki/Kupulaerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupulaerdi">Kupulaerdi</a> batzuekin batera, eta argi-jokoaren eta arte bizantziarraren <a href="/wiki/Mosaiko" title="Mosaiko">mosaiko</a> tipikoen arteko barne-konbinazioa gehituta, grabitate eta materialtasun ezaren sentsazioa ematen dute, eta hori, hainbat bidetatik, hurrengo mendeetako arkitektura sakratuaren etengabeko bilaketa bihurtuko zen. </p><p>Garaiko beste eraikin nabarmen bat <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Vitale_di_Ravenna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Vitale di Ravenna (sortu gabe)">San Vitale di Ravenna</a> eliza da, <a href="/wiki/547" title="547">547an</a> sagaratua, oinarri oktogonal bat eratzen duten <a href="/wiki/Pilastra" title="Pilastra">pilastren</a> gainean 16 m diametroko kupuladun oinplano zentrala duena. Sant'Apollinare in Classe eta Sant'Apollinare Nuovo elizekin batera, Italiako <a href="/wiki/Antzinate_Berantiarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Antzinate Berantiarra">Antzinate Berantiarreko</a> monumentu talderik garrantzitsuena da, guztiak, <a href="/wiki/Honorio" title="Honorio">Honorio</a> enperadoreak <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> 402an <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Mendebaldeko Erromatar Inperioa">Mendebaldeko Erromatar Inperioaren</a> hiriburu izendatu zuenetik eraikiak. Aldi berean, 1453an otomandarrek Konstantinopla konkistatu zutenean, Santa Sofia mundu islamdarreko <a href="/wiki/Meskita" title="Meskita">meskitentzako</a> eraikin eredugarria izatera pasa zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mundu_islamikoa">Mundu islamikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Mundu islamikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Mundu islamikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg/220px-Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg/330px-Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg/440px-Dehio_10_Dome_of_the_Rock_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3935" data-file-height="2923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arrokaren_Kupula" title="Arrokaren Kupula">Arrokaren Kupularen</a> ebaketa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kupula, <a href="/wiki/Zutabe" title="Zutabe">zutabearen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arku_(arkitektura)" title="Arku (arkitektura)">arkuarekin</a> batera, <a href="/wiki/Islamdar_arte" title="Islamdar arte">islamdar artearen</a> elementu arkitektoniko nagusia izan zen. Erromatik jarauntsi zuen, eboluzio paleokristau eta bizantziarraren bidez, zeruko gangaren esanahi kosmologikoa, oro har <a href="/wiki/Biziaren_zuhaitza" title="Biziaren zuhaitza">biziaren zuhaitzaren</a> barneko apaindura-motiboarekin osatua, alderantzikatua irudikatzen duena lurraren eta <a href="/wiki/Paradisu" title="Paradisu">paradisuaren</a> arteko <a href="/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria">simetria</a> perfektuaren sineskera. </p><p>Adibide garrantzitsu eta goiztiarrenetako bat, <a href="/wiki/Arrokaren_Kupula" title="Arrokaren Kupula">Arrokaren Kupula</a> da, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a> bederatzigarren kalifak eraikia <a href="/wiki/687" title="687">687</a> eta <a href="/wiki/691" title="691">691</a> bitartean, <a href="/wiki/Mahoma" title="Mahoma">Mahoma</a> paradisura igo zela uste den <a href="/wiki/Arroka" title="Arroka">arroka</a> estaliz. Kupula, 21,37 metroko diametroarekin, oinarri oktogonalerako trantsizio gisa balio duen <a href="/wiki/Danbor_(arkitektura)" title="Danbor (arkitektura)">danbor</a> zilindriko baten gainean dago. Oktogonoaren <a href="/wiki/Erpin" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Erpin">erpin</a> bakoitza <a href="/wiki/Puntu_kardinal" title="Puntu kardinal">puntu kardinalen</a> arabera orientatuta dago, eta <a href="/wiki/Estrados" title="Estrados">estradosa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrezko</a> <a href="/wiki/Xafla" title="Xafla">xafla</a> leundu eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urreztatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urreztatu (sortu gabe)">urreztatuz</a> estalia dago, eguzki izpiak islatzean Jerusalemgo eraikin ederrenetakoa bihurtuz. Eraikuntzaren ikuspuntutik, harriaren ordez <a href="/wiki/Zur" title="Zur">zurrez</a> egina izateagatik bereizten da, <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">siriar</a> zurgintzaren tradizioan kontserbatzen den adibide bakanetako bat delarik. Nabarmendu beharreko beste ezaugarria, geruza bikoitzeko kupularen lehen adibideetako bat izan zela da, <a href="/wiki/Brunelleschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelleschi">Brunelleschik</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fioren</a> berreskuratuko zuen sistema, baina <a href="/wiki/Adreilu" title="Adreilu">adreiluzko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ziriharri" title="Ziriharri">ziriharrien</a> bidez. Kanpoko kupulak <a href="/wiki/Arku_goratu" class="mw-redirect" title="Arku goratu">arku goratuaren</a> profila duen bitartean, <a href="/wiki/Intrados" title="Intrados">intradosa</a>, bizitzaren zuhaitzaren motiboekin biziki apaindua dagoena, guztiz hemisferikoa da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kupula_ortodoxoak">Kupula ortodoxoak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kupula ortodoxoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Kupula ortodoxoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Foto_di_SANDRO_E_CRISTINA_-_http-www.panoramio.com-user-307073_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Foto_di_SANDRO_E_CRISTINA_-_http-www.panoramio.com-user-307073_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Foto_di_SANDRO_E_CRISTINA_-_http-www.panoramio.com-user-307073_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Foto_di_SANDRO_E_CRISTINA_-_http-www.panoramio.com-user-307073_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Foto_di_SANDRO_E_CRISTINA_-_http-www.panoramio.com-user-307073_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Foto_di_SANDRO_E_CRISTINA_-_http-www.panoramio.com-user-307073_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Foto_di_SANDRO_E_CRISTINA_-_http-www.panoramio.com-user-307073_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Basilio_katedrala" title="San Basilio katedrala">San Basilio katedralaren</a> erraboil-kupulak.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Errusia" title="Errusia">Errusiar</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Ortodoxoa" title="Eliza Ortodoxoa">Eliza Ortodoxoen</a> ohiko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erraboil-kupula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erraboil-kupula (sortu gabe)">erraboil-kupulak</a> berezko asmakizuna da<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mongoliar aurreko eraginetatik abiatuta, XII. mendetik aurrerako eraikuntza adibideekin (Interzesioaren eliza Nerl ertzean <a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165eko</a> eta Pereslavl-Zaleskiko katedrala 1152-57koa), Mogol arkitekturak eta islamak Asian zabaldutako estiloaren lehen adibideak XV. mendekoak diren bitartean. Antzinako eliza errusiarretan, bereziki <a href="/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> antzinako hiriburuan, kupulek bizantziar estiloaren eredu esferikoa jarraitzen zuten bitartean, ondorengo eraikinek erraboil-kupulaak erabiltzen hasi ziren, <a href="/wiki/Klima_azpiartiko" title="Klima azpiartiko">klima nordikoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Elur" title="Elur">elurrik</a> ez pilatzeko modu bereziki baliagarria. Eragin ortodoxoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persiar_arkitektura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persiar arkitektura (sortu gabe)">persiar arkitekturari</a> eta ekialdeko eskualdeei transmititu zitzaien, 1630ean eraikitako <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahalaren</a> kupula ikonikoek frogatzen duten bezala. </p><p>Adibiderik ezagunena <a href="/wiki/San_Basilio_katedrala" title="San Basilio katedrala">San Basilio katedrala</a> da, <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a> eta <a href="/wiki/1561" title="1561">1561</a> bitartean <a href="/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku">Moskun</a> eraikia <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV.a_Errusiakoa" title="Ivan IV.a Errusiakoa">Ivan Izugarriaren</a> aginduz, <a href="/wiki/Kazango_khanerria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazango khanerria">Kazango khanerriko</a> konkista ospatzeko. Guztira hamar dorrek koroatzen dute, erraboil-kupulekin, eta katedrala sortu zenetik Moskuko ikur bat izan da, ekialdearen eta mendebaldearen arteko sintesigune bezala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erdi_Aroa_eta_Pizkundea_Europa_mendebaldean">Erdi Aroa eta Pizkundea Europa mendebaldean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erdi Aroa eta Pizkundea Europa mendebaldean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Erdi Aroa eta Pizkundea Europa mendebaldean"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Brunelleshi-and-Duomo-of-Florence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Brunelleshi-and-Duomo-of-Florence.png" decoding="async" width="179" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> katedralaren ebaketa (<a href="/wiki/Florentzia" title="Florentzia">Florentzia</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Erdi Aroan, mendebaldeko Europan, kupula handiak eraikitzeko gaitasuna pixkanaka galdu zen, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Aldamio" title="Aldamio">aldamio</a> gero eta garaiagoak eta erresistenteagoak eraikitzeak zekartzan zailtasun teknikoengatik, eraikitzen ari zen kupula <a href="/wiki/Giltzarri" title="Giltzarri">giltzarriaz</a> "itxi" arte jasateko modu bezala. Hala ere, tamaina txiki eta ertaineko kupulak eraikitzen jarraitu zen, bereziki eraikin ospetsuenetan, hala nola, jauregi-kaperetan eta katedraletan. <a href="/wiki/Gurutzadak" title="Gurutzadak">Gurutzaden</a> garaian Jerusalemgo <a href="/wiki/Hilobi_Santuaren_eliza" title="Hilobi Santuaren eliza">Hilobi Santuaren</a> basilika berreraiki zen, musulmanekiko gerran suntsitua, kupula ateburudun enpiriko baten bidez. Kristautasunaren erdigune horren eraginak Europako hainbat hiritan ugaltzea ekarri zuen. Kupula zaharrenetako bat <a href="/wiki/Pisako_Bataiotegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisako Bataiotegia">Pisako Bataiotegian</a> dago, XI. mendekoa. Milurtekoaren ondoren gertatutako <a href="/wiki/Hirigintza" title="Hirigintza">hiri-garapen garrantzitsuari</a> esker, teknika hori azkar zabaldu zen eta, ondorioz, <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(arkitektura)" title="Ganga (arkitektura)">gangadun</a> eta kupuladun eraikinak egin ziren berriro. </p><p>Gero eta eraikin handiagoak, garaiagoak eta handizaleagoak sortzeko lehian, Florentzian <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> katedrala eraikitzen hasi ziren eta hasieratik <a href="/wiki/Abside" title="Abside">absideak</a> kupula handi baten bidez koroatzea aurreikusi zen. Francesco Talenti arkitektoak XIV. mendean katedralaren oinplanoa handitu zuenean, inork ez zekien nola eraiki proiektuan ordura arteko kupularik handiena zena. <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> izan zen, XV. mendearen lehen erdian, <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_arkitektura" title="Erromatar arkitektura">erromatar arkitektura</a> aztertu ondoren, barne aldamioak erabiltzea saihesten zuen irtenbide bat diseinatu zuena. Konponbidea, bi kupula eraikitzea izan zen, bata bestearen barruan, bata besteari eusten zirenak begi-bistako sendogarrien bidez. Eraikuntza sistema hau, lehen aldiz, Iranen agertu zen XIV. mendean <a href="/wiki/Soltaniyehko_kupula" title="Soltaniyehko kupula">Soltaniyehko kupulan</a>, 1302 eta 1312 artean eraikia Soltaniyeh hirian, Egiptora mende beraren erdialdean pasatuz. </p><p>Brunelleschiren konponbidea <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangeloren</a> inspirazio zuzena izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Pizkunde_Berantiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizkunde Berantiar">Pizkunde Berantiarreko</a> proiekturik garrantzitsuenaren kupula diseinatu behar izan zuenean, Vatikano Hiriko <a href="/wiki/San_Petri_basilika" title="San Petri basilika">San Petri basilika</a>. Kupula biribil handi bat sortu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroma</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kristautasun" title="Kristautasun">kristautasun</a> guztia menderatzen zituena. Saihets sendoek egituraren pisua deskargatzen dute, kanpoko oskolaren eta <a href="/wiki/Intrados" title="Intrados">intradosaren</a> forma eta bolumena hobeto kontrolatuz. <a href="/wiki/Estrados" title="Estrados">Estradosa</a> pixka bat handituta dago, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txarrantxatze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txarrantxatze (sortu gabe)">txarrantxatze</a> apur bat <a href="/wiki/Hiperboliko" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiperboliko">hiperbolikoekin</a>, eraikinaren goranzko lerroak agerian utziz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrokoa_eta_neoklasizismoa">Barrokoa eta neoklasizismoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Barrokoa eta neoklasizismoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Barrokoa eta neoklasizismoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_(1755)..gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_%281755%29..gif/220px-St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_%281755%29..gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/St_Paul%27s_Engraving_by_Samuel_Wale_and_John_Gwynn_%281755%29..gif 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Paulo_katedrala_(Londres)" title="San Paulo katedrala (Londres)">Londresko San Paulo katedralaren</a> kupuluaren ebaketa, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> arkitektoarena (<a href="/wiki/1676" title="1676">1676</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Europa iparraldean dauden kupula barroko nabarmenenak <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisen</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Londres" title="Londres">Londresen</a> eraiki zituzten. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Hardouin-Mansart" title="Jules Hardouin-Mansart">Jules Hardouin-Mansartek</a> 1670ean diseinatu zuen Saint-Louis-des-Invalides eliza, Parisko <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_des_Invalides" title="Hôtel des Invalides">Hôtel des Invalides</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_XIV.a" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis XIV.a">Luis XIV.aren</a> enkarguz. Bere kupula, 24 metroko diametrokoa, bi zinborio garairen gainean altxatzen da, leiho handiek zulatuak, argiz distiratzen duen barnealdea ahalbidetzen dutenak. <a href="/wiki/San_Paulo_katedrala_(Londres)" title="San Paulo katedrala (Londres)">Londresko San Paulo katedralaren</a> kupulak (1676), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> arkitektoarena, barne kupula hemisferiko bat du, 30,8 metrokoa, <a href="/wiki/Harlangaitz" title="Harlangaitz">harlangaitzezko</a> egitura <a href="/wiki/Koniko" title="Koniko">koniko</a> bat <a href="/wiki/Lanterna" title="Lanterna">lanterna</a> garai baten euskarri bezala, eta kanpoko kupula mehe bat zurezko egituraren gainean. </p><p>Testuinguru neoklasikoan, Madrilgo <a href="/wiki/San_Frantzisko_Handiaren_Errege_Basilika" title="San Frantzisko Handiaren Errege Basilika">San Frantzisko Handiaren</a> kupulak (Francisco Cabezas, Antonio Plo eta Francesco Sabatini, 1761-1770) 33 metroko diametroa du. <a href="/wiki/Parisko_Panteoia" title="Parisko Panteoia">Parisko Panteoiarena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Germain_Soufflot" title="Jacques-Germain Soufflot">Jacques-Germain Soufflot</a> arkitektoarena (1774-1790), 27 metro. <a href="/wiki/Frantziako_Iraultza" title="Frantziako Iraultza">Frantzia iraultzailean bezala</a>, non Panteoia helburu zibiko bati dedikatuko ziona (gizon-emakume ospetsuen lurperatzea), berriki independentzia lortutako <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuetan</a> kupulak demokraziaren ikur instituzional bihurtu ziren, <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washingtongo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_Kapitolioa" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako Kapitolioa">Kapitolioa</a> kasu William Thorntonek egindako diseinutik abiatuta. Altzairuz indartutako kupula 1863an osatu zen, 27,4 metroko diametroa du eta Estatu Batuetako lurralde osoko estatu-eraikin ugarirentzat inspirazio iturri izan zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XX._mendea">XX. mendea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «XX. mendea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: XX. mendea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/XX._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XX. mende">XX. mendeko</a> garapen teknologikoak erabat aldatu zuen kupulen eraikuntza-irizpidea. 1930ko hamarkadan <a href="/wiki/Hirugarren_Reicha" title="Hirugarren Reicha">Hirugarren Reicharen</a> garaian, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> arkitekto nagusiak <a href="/wiki/Welthauptstadt_Germania" title="Welthauptstadt Germania">Welthauptstadt Germania</a> hiria diseinatu zuen, bere irudikapen gorena <i>Große Halle</i> (euskaraz "areto handia") izen zena. Egitura erraldoi bat zen, munduko kupularik handiena edo <i>Volkshalle</i> izango zuena, 290 metroko garaierarekin, bere hodei eta euri propioak izango zituela esaten zena. Baina ez zen inoiz eraiki, <a href="/wiki/Bigarren_Mundu_Gerra" title="Bigarren Mundu Gerra">mundu gerra</a> piztu baitzen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula_geodesiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupula geodesiko (sortu gabe)">Kupula geodesikoa</a>, 1947an <a href="/wiki/Richard_Buckminster_Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Buckminster Fuller">Richard Buckminster Fuller</a> arkitekto eta asmatzaile estatubatuarrak patentatu zuen, egitura oso egonkorreko hiru dimentsioko modulu arinen ondoan jartzean datzana. Adibidez, 1967an <i>La Biosphère de Montréal</i> eraiki zuen <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montrealen</a>, 76 metroko diametroa duen egitura. Kupula geodesikoen sorkuntza topologikoa <a href="/wiki/Eulerren_erlazio" title="Eulerren erlazio">Eulerren poliedroentzako teoreman</a> oinarritzen da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Pier Luigi Nervi</a> arkitekto italiarrak 1960ko hamarkadatik aurrera hormigoi armatuzko kupulak diseinatzeko egindako berrikuntzei esker, <a href="/wiki/Argi_(ingeniaritza)" title="Argi (ingeniaritza)">argi</a> handiak estali ahal izan ziren, <a href="/wiki/Kasetoi" title="Kasetoi">kasetoidun</a> lauzen eta <a href="/wiki/Kofratu_galdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofratu galdu">kofratu galduen</a> bidez. XIX. mendearen amaieratik altzairuaren teknologian izandako aurrerapen ikusgarriei esker, era berean, bitarteko euskarririk gabeko espazio handiak estali ahal izan dira, kirol estadioetan adibidez. Erabilitako sistema ohikoenak dira: <a href="/wiki/Tenkagailu" title="Tenkagailu">tenkagailuak</a>, hiru dimentsioko egitura erretikulatuak eta <a href="/wiki/Katenaria" title="Katenaria">katenariak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motak">Motak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Motak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hainbat dira kupula motak, itxuraren eta egituraren arabera: </p> <ul><li>Kupula esferiko: <a href="/wiki/Esfera" title="Esfera">esfera</a> itxurako kupula</li> <li>Kupula beheratu edo apaldu: esfera erdia baino beheratuagoa dena</li> <li>Kupula goratu edo zorrotz: esfera erdia baino goratuagoa dena</li> <li>Kupula elipsoidala: oinarria <a href="/wiki/Elipse" title="Elipse">elipse</a> itxura duena.</li> <li>Erraboil-kupula: <a href="/wiki/Erraboil" title="Erraboil">erraboil</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Tipula" title="Tipula">tipula</a> itxura duen kupula, gehienetan islamdar arkitekturan eta eliza ortodoxoetan erabilia</li> <li>Petxina-kupula: <a href="/wiki/Petxina" title="Petxina">petxinen</a> gainean eraikia</li> <li>sare-kupula: kupularen egitura sare itxura duena</li> <li>kupula geodesiko</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diametro_handienak">Diametro handienak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Diametro handienak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Diametro handienak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taula honek diametro handienak izan dituzten kupulak sailkatzen ditu, garaika antolatuak: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1px; border:1px solid #cccccc;"> <tbody><tr align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="cccccc"> <th width="9%"><b>Garaia</b> </th> <th width="4%"><b>Diametroa</b> </th> <th width="16%"><b>Izena</b> </th> <th width="16%"><b>Kokapena</b> </th> <th width="13%"><b>Egilea</b> </th> <th width="42%"><b>Oharra</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>K.a. 1250–<br />K.a. I. mendea </td> <td>14,5 m <sup id="cite_ref-Structurae.de:_Atreoren_altxorra_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structurae.de:_Atreoren_altxorra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atreoren_altxorra" title="Atreoren altxorra">Atreoren altxorra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizenas" title="Mizenas">Mizenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grezia" title="Grezia">Grezia</a> </td> <td>Miznasko hiri-estatua </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mentsula" title="Mentsula">Irtenune</a>-kupula </td></tr> <tr> <td>K.a. I. mendea–<br />K.a. 19 </td> <td>21,5 m <sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Merkurioren tenplua </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiae (sortu gabe)">Baiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioa</a> </td> <td>Lehen kupula monumentala<sup id="cite_ref-Jürgen_Rasch_118_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jürgen_Rasch_118-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K.a. 19–<br />II. mende hasiera </td> <td>25,0 m <sup id="cite_ref-Werner_Heinz_60-64_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_Heinz_60-64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agriparen_Termak" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriparen Termak">Agriparen Termak</a>,<br /><small>'Arco della Ciambella'</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioa</a> </td> <td>Kupuladun lehen termak Erroman <sup id="cite_ref-Werner_Heinz_60-64_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_Heinz_60-64-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>II. mende hasiera–<br />128 </td> <td>30,0 m <sup id="cite_ref-Jürgen_Rasch_119_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jürgen_Rasch_119-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trajanoren_Termak" class="mw-redirect" title="Trajanoren Termak">Trajanoren Termak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioa</a> </td> <td>Kupula erdia </td></tr> <tr> <td>128–1436 </td> <td>43,4 m <sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agriparen_Panteoia" title="Agriparen Panteoia">Panteoia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">Erromatar Inperioa</a> </td> <td>Orain arte munduko handiena armatu gabeko hormigoiz.<sup id="cite_ref-Romanconcrete.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romanconcrete.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendebaldeko kupula eraikuntzaren arketipoa<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werner_Müller_253_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_Müller_253-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1436–1881 </td> <td>45,52 m </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erroma" title="Erroma">Erroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a> </td> <td>Florentziako artxibarruti katolikoa </td> <td>Kupula oktogonala. Orain arte munduko handiena adreiluz eta morteroz eginikoa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881–1902 </td> <td>46,9 m <sup id="cite_ref-E._P._Copp_385_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E._P._Copp_385-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Devonshire Royal Hospital </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buxton" title="Buxton">Buxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erresuma_Batua" title="Erresuma Batua">Erresuma Batua</a> </td> <td>Cotton Famine Relief Fund </td> <td>Arbelez estalitako burdinazkoa (Robert Rippon Duke ark.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902–1913 </td> <td>59,45 m <sup id="cite_ref-West_Baden_Dome_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_Baden_Dome-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>West Baden Springs Hotel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Baden_Springs_(Indiana)" title="West Baden Springs (Indiana)">West Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a> </td> <td>Lee Wiley Sinclair </td> <td>Altzairuzko eta beirazkoa (Harrison Albright ark.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913–1930 </td> <td>65,0 m <sup id="cite_ref-Jahrhunderthalle_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahrhunderthalle-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Hala Ludowa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">Polonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alemaniar_Inperioa" title="Alemaniar Inperioa">Alemaniar Inperioa</a> </td> <td>Hormigoi armatuzkoa (Max Berg ark.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930–1955 </td> <td>65,8 m <sup id="cite_ref-Structurae.de:_Großmarkthalle_Leipzig_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structurae.de:_Großmarkthalle_Leipzig-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Leipzig merkatu aretoa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania">Alemania</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Hormigoi armatuzkoa (Franz Dischinger ark.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–1957 </td> <td>101,5 m <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Bojangles' Coliseum </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlotte" title="Charlotte">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a> </td> <td>Thompson and Street </td> <td>Altzairuzkoa (Odell and Associates ark.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957–1965 </td> <td>109 m <sup id="cite_ref-Belgrade_Fair_(Beogradski_Sajam),_Hall_1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belgrade_Fair_(Beogradski_Sajam),_Hall_1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Belgradoko feria (1. aretoa) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrad" title="Belgrad">Belgrado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td>Belgradoko feria </td> <td>Munduko handiena aurreatezatutako hormigoiz. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–1975 </td> <td>195,5 m <br /><small>(642 ft)</small> <sup id="cite_ref-encarta_Kuppel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encarta_Kuppel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Astrodome_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Astrodome-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Reliant Astrodome </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a> </td> <td>H.A. Lott, Inc. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–1992 </td> <td>207 m <sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Astrodome_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Astrodome-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Louisiana Superdome </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a> </td> <td>Blount International<sup id="cite_ref-Air_University_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Air_University-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Altzairuzkoa (Nathaniel Curtis ark.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992–2001 </td> <td>256.0 m <sup id="cite_ref-Georgia_Dome_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgia_Dome-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Georgia Dome </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">Estatu Batuak</a> </td> <td>Brasfield & Gorrie </td> <td><i>Tentsegritate</i> egitura </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001–2009 </td> <td>274 m <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Ōita estadioa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita" title="Ōita">Ōita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japonia" title="Japonia">Japonia</a> </td> <td>Kisho Kurokawa </td> <td>Sabai tolesgarria </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009–2013 </td> <td>275 m </td> <td>Cowboys Stadium </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arlington_(Texas)" title="Arlington (Texas)">Arlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak">AEB</a> </td> <td>HKS, Inc. </td> <td>Sabai tolesgarria </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013-<i>egun</i> </td> <td>310 m </td> <td>Singapurko estadio nazionala </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singapur" title="Singapur">Singapur</a> </td> <td>Arup Associates + DPA </td> <td>Sabai tolesgarria </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danbor_(arkitektura)" title="Danbor (arkitektura)">Danbor (arkitektura)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.euskadi.net/harluxet/">Kupula</a> sarrera Harluxet hiztegi entziklopedikoan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gopoil-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-gopoil_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gopoil_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehu.eus/ehg/cgi/zehazki/bila?m=has&z=c%FApula">Gopoil</a> Zehazki hiztegian</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFEsther_Alegre,_Genoveva_Tusell_eta_Jesús_López2010">Esther Alegre, Genoveva Tusell eta Jesús López.  (2010). <i>Técnicas y medios artísticos. </i> Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, 98 or. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9961-002-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-84-9961-002-3">978-84-9961-002-3</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">García y Bellido, Antonio. <i>Arte romano</i> (1955). Consejo Superior, 376 or. <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Errusieraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Errusieraz)</b></span> Б.А.Рыбаков. «Окна в исчезнувший мир (по поводу книги А.В.Арциховского «Древнерусские миниатюры как исторический источник»). В кн.: Доклады и сообщения историч. факультета МГУ. Вып. IV. М., 1946. С. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structurae.de:_Atreoren_altxorra-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Structurae.de:_Atreoren_altxorra_6-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0003185">Atreoren altxorra</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24_7-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24_7-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Mark,_Paul_Hutchinson_24_7-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Robert Mark, Paul Hutchinson: "On the Structure of the Roman Pantheon", <i>Art Bulletin</i>, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1986), p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jürgen_Rasch_118-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Jürgen_Rasch_118_8-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Rasch, 1985, 118or.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Heinz_60-64-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Heinz_60-64_9-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Heinz_60-64_9-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Werner Heinz: "Römische Thermen. Badewesen und Badeluxus im römischen Reich", München 1983, <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3-7774-3540-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/3-7774-3540-6">ISBN 3-7774-3540-6</a>, p.60-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jürgen_Rasch_119-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Jürgen_Rasch_119_10-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Rasch, 1985, 119 or.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romanconcrete.com-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Romanconcrete.com_11-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.romanconcrete.com/">Romanconcrete.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werner_Müller_253-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Werner_Müller_253_12-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Werner Müller: "dtv - Atlas Baukunst I. Allgemeiner Teil: Baugeschichte von Mesopotamien bis Byzanz", 14. Aufl., 2005, <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/3-423-03020-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/3-423-03020-8">ISBN 3-423-03020-8</a>, p.253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E._P._Copp_385-13"><a href="#cite_ref-E._P._Copp_385_13-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">E. P. Copp: "The Devonshire Royal Hospital Buxton", <i>Rheumatology</i>, Vol. 43 (2004), p.385</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_Baden_Dome-14"><a href="#cite_ref-West_Baden_Dome_14-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Wayne Curtis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121015506/http://preservationonline.org/">"Back home in Indiana"</a>, <i>Preservation</i>, Vol. 59, No. 3 (2007), pp.40-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahrhunderthalle-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Jahrhunderthalle_15-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO World Heritage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1165">Centennial Hall in Breslau</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Structurae.de:_Großmarkthalle_Leipzig-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Structurae.de:_Großmarkthalle_Leipzig_16-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000042">Leipzig Market Hall</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmhpf.org/Surveys&rCharlotte%20Coliseum%20Update.htm"><i>Survey and Research Report on the Charlotte Coliseum. </i></a> cmhpf.org</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belgrade_Fair_(Beogradski_Sajam),_Hall_1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Belgrade_Fair_(Beogradski_Sajam),_Hall_1_18-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sajam.co.rs/index.php?lang=en&st_location=home/o_nama_v01/mapa_sajma__hale/hala_1&st_version=active">Belgrade Fair (Beogradski Sajam), Hall 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta_Kuppel-19"><a href="#cite_ref-encarta_Kuppel_19-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Encarta: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830030156/http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555109/Kuppel.html">Kuppel</a>. 2009-10-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica_Astrodome-20">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Astrodome_20-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_Astrodome_20-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-39947/Astrodome">Astrodome</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Air_University-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Air_University_21-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223193451/http://www.au.af.mil/au/goe/eagle_bios/2001/blount_2001.asp">Air University: Eagle Biography: Winton M. "Red" Blount</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgia_Dome-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Georgia_Dome_22-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Building Big Databank: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/georgia.html">Georgia Dome</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> Online/<a href="/w/index.php?title=WGBH-TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGBH-TV (sortu gabe)">WGBH</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230532/http://www.windfallfilms.com/show/1078/Episode+9++Dome.aspx">"Big Bigger Biggest - Series 2: Episode 9 - Dome", Windfall Films Ltd.</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupula&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12493" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12493">Q12493</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domes">Domes</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q12493%22">Q12493</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX533586">XX533586</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119318943">119318943</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119318943">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4166190-4">4166190-4</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85038905">sh85038905</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph722204">ph722204</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300001280">300001280</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/dome-architecture">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12493" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q12493">Q12493</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Domes">Domes</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q12493%22">Q12493</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236165"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eliz_arkitekturaren_elementuak" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Navbox" title="Txantiloi:Navbox"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Navbox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Navbox (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Navbox&action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eliz_arkitekturaren_elementuak" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Eliz arkitekturaren elementuak</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Eremuak</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abside" title="Abside">Abside</a> · <a href="/wiki/Absidiolo" title="Absidiolo">Absidiolo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Deanbulatorio" title="Deanbulatorio">Deanbulatorio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gurutzadura" title="Gurutzadura">Gurutzadura</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kapera" title="Kapera">Kapera</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klaustro" title="Klaustro">Klaustro</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koru" title="Koru">Koru</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kripta" title="Kripta">Kripta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nartex" title="Nartex">Nartex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Habearte" title="Habearte">Nabe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Presbiterio_(arkitektura)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbiterio (arkitektura)">Presbiterio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sakristia" title="Sakristia">Sakristia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transeptu" title="Transeptu">Transeptu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mendebaldeko_fatxada" title="Mendebaldeko fatxada">Mendebaldeko fatxada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Kanpoaldea</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arkitrabe" title="Arkitrabe">Arkitrabe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arkibolta" title="Arkibolta">Arkibolta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Atari_(arkitekturako_gune_zabala)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Atari (arkitekturako gune zabala)">Atari</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliz_inguru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliz inguru (sortu gabe)">Eliz inguru</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ezkila" title="Ezkila">Ezkila</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dorre" title="Dorre">Dorre</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fatxada" title="Fatxada">Fatxada</a> · <a href="/wiki/Friso" title="Friso">Friso</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hormabular" title="Hormabular">Hormabular</a> · <a href="/wiki/Horma-hobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Horma-hobi">Horma-hobi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Garguila" title="Garguila">Garguila</a> · <a href="/wiki/Harburu" title="Harburu">Harburu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Janba" title="Janba">Janba</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kanpai-horma" title="Kanpai-horma">Kanpai-horma</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kanpandorre" title="Kanpandorre">Kanpandorre</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karga-horma" class="mw-redirect" title="Karga-horma">Karga-horma</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laterna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laterna (sortu gabe)">Laterna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lesena" title="Lesena">Lesena</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paramentu" title="Paramentu">Paramentu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pinakulu" title="Pinakulu">Pinakulu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Portale" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Portale">Portale</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ostiko-arku" title="Ostiko-arku">Ostiko-arku</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiburio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiburio (sortu gabe)">Tiburio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tinpano_(arkitektura)" title="Tinpano (arkitektura)">Tinpano</a> · <a href="/wiki/Txapitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Txapitel">Txapitel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zinborio" title="Zinborio">Zinborio</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Barnealdea</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aldare" title="Aldare">Aldare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Albo-nabe" title="Albo-nabe">Albo-nabe</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argizulo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argizulo (sortu gabe)">Argizulo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arkupe" title="Arkupe">Arkupe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arrosa_leiho" title="Arrosa leiho">Arrosa leiho</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beirate" title="Beirate">Beirate</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erretaula" title="Erretaula">Erretaula</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(arkitektura)" title="Ganga (arkitektura)">Ganga</a> · <a href="/wiki/Giltzarri" title="Giltzarri">Giltzarri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Habearte" title="Habearte">Habearte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kapitel" title="Kapitel">Kapitel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Klerestorio" title="Klerestorio">Klerestorio</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kupula</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemiziklo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemiziklo (sortu gabe)">Hemiziklo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hormarte" title="Hormarte">Hormarte</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imajinak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imajinak (sortu gabe)">Imajinak</a> · <a href="/wiki/Matroneo" title="Matroneo">Matroneo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mosaiko" title="Mosaiko">Mosaiko</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nerbio_(arkitektura)" title="Nerbio (arkitektura)">Nerbio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Petxina" title="Petxina">Petxina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pilare" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilare">Pilare</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tribuna" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tribuna">Tribuna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Triforio" title="Triforio">Triforio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zinborio" title="Zinborio">Zinborio</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zoladura" title="Zoladura">Zoladura</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zutabe" title="Zutabe">Zutabe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>Bestelakoak</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Arku_(arkitektura)" title="Arku (arkitektura)">Arku</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arkuarte" title="Arkuarte">Arkuarte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Behe-erliebe" title="Behe-erliebe">Behe-erliebe</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorretxo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorretxo (sortu gabe)">Dorretxo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gablete" title="Gablete">Gablete</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gingil_(arkitektura)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gingil (arkitektura) (sortu gabe)">Gingil</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hagaburu" title="Hagaburu">Hagaburu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Idi-begi" title="Idi-begi">Idi-begi</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukulu_(arkitektura)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukulu (arkitektura) (sortu gabe)">Kukulu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lorehandi" title="Lorehandi">Lorehandi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Harburu" title="Harburu">Harburu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mentsula" title="Mentsula">Mentsula</a> · <a href="/wiki/Okulu" title="Okulu">Okulu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trazeria" title="Trazeria">Trazeria</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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